The Status of CSP Development

DISH STIRLING

POWER TOWER

CLFR

Tom Mancini CSP Program Manager Sandia National Laboratories 505.844.8643 DISH STIRLING [email protected]

[email protected] 1 Presentation Content • Brief Overview of Sandia National Laboratories • Background information • Examples of CSP Technologies − Parabolic Trough Systems − Power Tower Systems − − Dish Stirling Systems • Status of CSP Technologies • Cost of CSP and Resource Availability • Deployments • R & D Directions

[email protected] 2 Four Mission Areas

Sandia’s missions meet national needs in four key areas: • Nuclear Weapons • Defense Systems and Assessments • Energy, Climate and Infrastructure Security • International, Homeland, and Nuclear Security

[email protected] 3 Research Drives Capabilities

High Performance Nanotechnologies Extreme Computing & Microsystems Environments

Computer Materials Engineering Micro Bioscience Pulsed Power Science Sciences Electronics

Research Disciplines 4 People and Budget

. On-site workforce: 11,677 FY10 operating revenue . Regular employees: 8,607 $2.3 billion 13% . Over 1,500 PhDs and 2,500 MS/MA 13% 43% 31% Technical staff (4,277) by discipline:

(Operating Budget)

Nuclear Weapons Defense Systems & Assessments Energy, Climate, & Infrastructure Security International, Homeland, and Nuclear Security

Computing 16% Math 2% Chemistry 6% Physics 6% Other science 6% Other fields 12%

Electrical engineering 21% Mechanical engineering 16% Other engineering 15%

5 Sandia’s NSTTF

Dish Engine Engine Test Rotating Testing Facility Platform Established in 1976, we provide ………. • CSP R&D NSTTF • Systems analysis and FMEA

• System and Tower Testing Solar Furnace component testing and support

NATIONAL SOLAR THERMAL TEST FACILITY

[email protected] 6 Labs Support the DOE Program

The CSP Programs at Sandia and the National Laboratory (NREL) support the DOE Technology Program. We perform R&D on CSP components and systems • Advanced component development • Systems Analysis DOE (STEP) • Direct Industry Support • Testing and evaluation SANDIA NREL • Market Development Activities • “Reality” brokers on the status of technologies

[email protected] 7 What is CSP?

TROUGH CLFR POWER TOWER DISH

• Comprise three generic system architectures: line focus (trough and CLFR), point focus central (power tower), and point focus distributed (dish engine). • Convert the sun’s energy to thermal energy and it to power a heat-engine generator. • Typically, are utility-scale (> 100 MW). • Capable of providing dispatchable power for peaking and intermediate loads (storage or hybridization). • Utilize, mostly commodity items (turbines, glass, steel, aluminum, piping, controls, etc). • Can employ wet or dry cooling for heat rejection.

[email protected] 8 Concentrator Optics

Linear Concent Point-Focus Central Point-Focus Distributed • Parabolic 2-D • Parabolic 3-D shape • Parabolic 3-D shape shape • Heliostats track in • Tracks on Sun in • Focal Length ~ 3m azimuth and elevation azimuth and elevation • Tracks E to W • Focal Length ~ 100 m • Focal Length ~ 4 m • CR ~ 30 to 40 • CR ~ 800 • CR ~ 3000 • Fresnel reflector may be utilized DESCRIBE TRACKING AND AIMING

[email protected] 9 SEGS Plants

• Nominal capacity: 354 MW • Constructed 1985 - 1991 • 9 Sites in • Hybrid -- 25% dispatchable • Total reflec area > 2.3 Mill. m2 • More than 117,000 HCEs • 30 MW increment based on regulated power block size • Total annual average solar- to-electric conversion efficiency 12%

[email protected] 10 Solar One

Nev Solar One (US 2007) • 64 MW Capacity • 357,200m² Solar Field • 30 Minutes TES • Minimal Fossil fuel • 16 months Construction • 250 Acre solar field, 400 acre TTL • 30 minutes of TES • Capital: $266 million • 105% of planned performance

[email protected] 11

Operational schematic of Nevada Solar One

[email protected] 12 Andasol 1 Plant in

Andasol 1 (Spain 2009) • Nominal Capacity: 44.9 MW • Capital Inv: 300 million € • 549,380 m2 of trough Two- Tank MS TES • 7 full-load hours of storage Capacity: 880 MWh • 2 Stor Tankd: 13 m X 38 m 28,500 tons of salt • Flow Rate: 948 kg/s • Cold Tank Temp: 292°C Andasol 1 • Hot Tank Temp: 384°C

[email protected] 13 Andasol 1 MS Storage

2-Tank Molten Salt Storage • 60% NaNO3 and 40% KNO3 • Melting Point of Fluid: 221°C • Storage Capacity: 880 MWh • Storage Tank Size: 13 m X 38 m • 28 ,500 tons of salt • Flow Rate: 948 kg/s • Cold Tank Temperature: 292°C • Hot Tank Temperature: 384°C

[email protected] 14 The Value of Thermal Storage THERMAL STORAGE • Addresses the intermittency of the solar resource • Decouples solar energy collection and generation • Has high value because power production can match utility needs -- dispatchability • Is lower cost because storage is cheaper than incremental turbine cost • Increases the of Solar 2 Plant Schematic the plant showing a two-tank Molten Salt Storage molten-salt thermal • Two tank demo at Solar 2 and storage system being utilized in Andasol 1, 2

[email protected] 15 CLFR Designs Continuous Linear Fresnel Reflector • Approximates a line-focus trough collector • May be lower cost because it doesn’t use curved mirrors, has a fixed receiver tube and places the reflectors near ground level -- reducing wind loads

[email protected] 16 Solar Two Results Molten-Salt Power tower: The Solar Two experiments of the mid 1990s validated the molten-salt power tower approach. • 10 MWe Capacity • 1996 - 1999 • Molten Salt WF/TES • Receiver η = 88% • η of Storage > 98% • Dispatchability demonstrated

[email protected] 17 Molten-Salt Power Tower Power Tower or “Central Receiver”

Energy collection is uncoupled from power production

[email protected] 18 PS 10 and PS 20 Power Towers

PS 10 (Spain 2006) • 11 MW mw Capacity • Once-through steam boiler • 1 Hour thermal storage (steam) • 624 heliostats (120 m² each) • Tower height 115 m • 73 GWhr/Annually PS 20 (Spain 2009) • 20 mw Capacity • Once-through steam boiler • 1 Hour thermal storage (steam) • 1255 heliostats (120 m² each) • Tower height 162 m • 135 GWhr/Annually

[email protected] 19 PS 10 Steam Cycle

Once-through steam boiler

[email protected] 20 PS 10 -- Direct Steam Storage

For PS 20 • 4 sequentially operated tanks • Charge at 250ºC/40 bar steam • Operates at 20 bar/50% turbine operation for 1 hour

[email protected] 21 Brightsource Energy Power Tower

• Direct Solar-to-Steam • High Temp. – 5500 C 200MW • Air Cooled Power Block • Construction started late 100MW 2010 • First 130 MW Plant to start operation in late 2012 – 100MW early 2013

Las Vegas 40 miles

[email protected] 22 eSolar Power Tower • Modular 46-MW stand. units • Small, flat mirrors • Pre-fabricated, mass-produced components (200,000 per 46- MW plant) • Low profile installation (requiring much less steel and no ground penetration) • Rapid field deployment (one subfield in ~2-3 weeks without heavy equipment) • Software control of mirror calibration and tracking • Semi-automated cleaning [email protected] 23 Molten-Salt Power Tower

• GemaSolar under construction in Spain • Operation in Spring of 2011 • Heliostat Aperture Area: 318,000 m² • Tower Height: 150 m • Turbine Capacity: 17.0 MW • Storage Type: 2-tank, molten- salt direct • Storage Capacity: 15 hrs • Receiver Inlet Temp: 290°C Receiver Outlet Temp: 565°C

[email protected] 24 25 kW Dish Stirling System

• 1.5 MW SES Maricopa Dish Stirling Power • Commissioned Jan 2010 • 60 Dishes • 25 kW Systems • 87 m2 collector • Peak system efficiency 31.25%

[email protected] 25 3 kW Dish Stirling System

• Utility/DG System • 90 kW Capacity • (1 MW planned) • 3 kW systems • 120/240 Volts AC • 1 cylinder FPSE • Linear Alternator

[email protected] 26 Summary of CSP Systems

Trough System Charact Steam Power Tower Charact • Operating Temp: 390 C • Operating Temp: 250 C • Operating Fluid: synthetic oil • Operating Fluid: water/steam • Energy Storage: 2 tank MS • Energy Storage: steam • Annual Eff: ~ 14 % • Annual Eff: ~ 10 %

Dish Stirling System Charact MS Power Tower Charact • Operating Temp: 450 C • Operating Temp: 565 C • Operating Fluid: Hydrogen • Operating Fluid: MS • Energy Storage: None • Energy Storage: 2 tank MS • Annual Eff: ~ 22 % • Annual Eff: ~ 19 %

[email protected] 27 Status of CSP Technologies • Trough systems are the most commercially mature of the CSP technologies. • Dish Stirling systems are capable of the highest solar-to-electric efficiency of the three technologies. • Molten-salt power towers most effectively integrate thermal storage into the operation of a CSP plant. • There is no simple way to integrate thermal storage into a dish system. • Trough systems are currently incorporating thermal storage in the form of two-tank MS systems. • The power blocks in trough and power tower systems currently utilize wet cooling. Dish systems have captive radiators reducing water usage.

[email protected] 28 U. S. CSP Resource Potential

Filters applied: • Direct-normal solar resource. • Sites > 6.75 kwh/m2/day. • Exclude environmentally sensitive lands, major urban areas, etc. • Remove land with slope > 1%. • Only contiguous areas > 10 km2 Solar Solar Generation U.S. Electrical Capacity Land Area Capacity Capacity State (mi2) (MW) GWh is 1,000 GW AZ 19,279 2,467,663 5,836,517 CA 6,853 877,204 2,074,763 CO 2,124 271,903 643,105 Annual power generation NV 5,589 715,438 1,692,154 NM 15,156 1,939,970 4,588,417 TX 1,162 148,729 351,774 of 4,000,000 GWh UT 3,564 456,147 1,078,879 Total 53,727 6,877,055 16,265,611

[email protected] 29 Transmission in the West

Proposed Transmission in west proposed Renewable Energy Transmission Initiative (RETI) in CA. To support renewable generation an provide transmission corridors Renewable Energy Transmission Authority (RETA) NM 30% renewable capacity on transmission WGA’s Renewable Energy Zones

[email protected] 30 Government Incentives for CSP • Federal Incentive: ─ Investment Tax Credit of 30% through 2016 ─ DOE Loan guarantee program • State Incentives: ─ Renewable Portfolio Standards ─ Solar “set asides” ─ State production tax credits ─ Property and sales tax relief ─ Possible state loan guarantee programs • Internationally: Feed-In Laws ─ Spain (~ 47US¢/kWh) ─ Guaranteed purchase

[email protected] 31 Cost Goals for Utility-Scale Power

[email protected] 32 Spain has led the way! Feed-In Law incentives have created a favorable environment for the growth of CSP in Spain.

• 582 MW Operational • 749 MW in construction • ~ 5 GW in provisional registration (40 projects) • > 10 GW of Grid access applications

[email protected] 33 Operating CSP Systems Worldwide

UNITED STATES Project Name Location/Utility Size (MW) Status Technology Start Date Company In the U. S.

SEGS U S CA/SCE 354 Operation Parabolic trough 1985 - 1991 FPL Energy Saguaro U S AZ/APS 1 Operation Parabolic trough 2006 Aciona • 509 MW of Operating CSP Nevada Solar One U S NV/NVEnergy 64 Operation Parabolic trough 2007 Aciona Kimberlina Power Plant U S CA/PG&E 5 Operation Linear Fresnel 2008 Ausra/AREVA Plants Sierra Sun Tower U S CA/SCE 5 Operation Power tower 2009 eSolar Keahole Solar Demo U S HI/HELCO 2 Operation Parabolic trough 2009 Maricopa Solar Demo U S AZ/SRP 1 Operation Dish/engine 2010 SES / Tessera Sp;ar In the ROW Cameo Hybrid U S CO/Xcel 2 Operation Trough ISCC 2010 Martin Solar Energy Ctr. U S FL/FPL 75 Operation Trough ISCC 2010 NextEra Energy REST OF THE WORLD 509 • 609 MW of Operating CSP Liddell Australia 1 Operation Linear Fresnel 2004 Solar Ht Power Ltd. PS 10 Spain 11 Operation Power tower 2007 Abengoa Plants 1 Spain 1 Operation Linear Fresnel 2008 Novatec Solar Esp. PS 20 Spain 20 Operation Power tower 2009 Abengoa Of the 1115 MW of operating Andasol 1 Spain 50 Operation Parabolic trough 2009 Solar Millennium Andasol 2 Spain 50 Operation Parabolic trough 2009 Solar Millennium plants Liddell Phase 2 Australia 3 Operation Linear fresnel 2009 AREVA Solnova 1 Spain 50 Operation Parabolic trough 2010 Abengoa Solnova 3 Spain 50 Operation Parabolic trough 2010 Abengoa • 1068 MW are troughs, Solnova 4 Spain 50 Operation Parabolic trough 2010 Abengoa Avarado 1 Spain 50 Operation Parabolic trough 2010 Acciona Palma del Rio II Spain 50 Operation Parabolic trough 2010 Acciona • 36 MW are towers, Majadas de Tietar Spain 50 Operation Parabolic trough 2010 Acciona Extrasol 1 Spain 50 Operation Parabolic trough 2010 ACS / Cobra Puertollano Ibersol Spain 50 Operation Parabolic trough 2010 Iberdrola Ren. • 10 MW are Linear Fresnel La Florida Spain 50 Operation Parabolic trough 2010 Real SAMCA Ain Beni Mathar ISCC * Morocco 20 Operation Nat. gas / trough 2011 Abengoa 606 • 1.5 MW are dishes

[email protected] 34 CSP Project Development

United States Size Start Name Location/Utility Status Technology Company (MW) Operation Constructio Keahola Solar One U S HI/HELCO 5 Parabolic trough 2011 Sopogy n Constructio In the U. S. Beacon U S CA/LADWP 250 Parabolic trough 2012 NextEra Energy n Constructio Ivanpah PG&E 1 U S CA/PG&E 126 Power tower 2012 BrightSource Energy n Constructio Ivanpah PG&E 2 U S CA/PG&E 133 Power Tower 2013 BrightSource Energy n 1500 MW of CSP Plants Constructio • Ivanpah SCE U S CA/SCE 133 Power tower 2013 BrightSource Energy n Constructio Solana U S AZ/APS 280 Parabolic trough 2013 Inc. n Constructio under Construction Genesis One U S CA/PG&E 125 Parabolic trough 2013 NextEra Energy n Constructio Blyth – Phase I, II U S CA/SCE 484 Parabolic trough 2013 Solar Millennium n Remainder of the World 1536 Helioenergy 1 Spain 50 Construction Parabolic trough 2011 Abengoa • 6512 MW of CSP Plants Helioenergy 2 Spain 50 Construction Parabolic trough 2011 Abengoa Palma del Rio I Spain 50 Construction Parabolic trough 2011 Acciona Extresol 1 Spain 50 Construction Parabolic trough 2011 ACS / Cobra under development Extrasol 2 Spain 50 Construction Parabolic trough 2011 ACS / Cobra Manchasol Spain 50 Construction Parabolic trough 2011 ACS / Cobra Lebrija 1 Spain 50 Construction Parabolic trough 2011 / Valoriza Ener. Andasol 3 Spain 50 Construction Parabolic trough 2011 Solar Millennium Part. Valle 1 Spain 50 Construction Parabolic trough 2011 Torresol Energy In the ROW Valle 2 Spain 50 Construction Parabolic trough 2011 Torresol Energy Gemasolar Spain 17 Construction Power tower 2011 Torresol Energy La Dehasa Spain 50 Construction Parabolic trough 2011 SAMCA Renovables Astexol 2 Spain 50 Construction Parabolic trough 2011 Dioxipe Solar Puerto Errado 2 Spain 30 Construction Linear fresnel 2011 Novatec Solar Espana • 842 MW of CSP Plants Renovalia Spain 1 Construction Dish/engine 2011 Renovalia Energy Casas de los Pinos Spain 1 Construction Dish/engine 2011 Renovalia Energy Hassi R’mel ISCC * Algeria 20 Construction Nat. gas / trough 2011 Abengoa under Construction El Kuraymat ISCC * Egypt 20 Construction Nat. gas / trough 2011 Solar Millennium Logrosan I Spain 50 Construction Parabolic trough 2012 Abengoa Logrosan II Spain 50 Construction Parabolic trough 2012 Abengoa Archimede * S. Africa 5 Construction Nat. gas / trough Unknown Iberdrola / Mitsui PEGASE * France 1 Construction Power Tower Unknown CNRS Agua Prieta II * Mexico 12 Construction Parabolic trough Unknown CFE Cloncurry Solar Sta Australia 10 Construction Power Tower Unknown Lloyd Energy Syst Ltd Acme Rajasthan India 10 Construction Power tower Unknown Acme Rajasthan Solar One India 10 Construction Parabolic trough Unknown Entegra Priola * Italy 5 Construction Parabolic trough Unknown ENEL / ENEA 842

[email protected] 35 SunShot Initiative “accelerate and advance existing DOE research efforts by refocusing its solar energy programs … to make large- scale solar energy systems cost competitive without subsidies by the end of the decade.” ($1 /Watt, ~ 6 ¢/kWhr) CSP Subprogram Approach: • Develop high-efficiency (50% to 60%) power cycles • Reduce the cost of solar collection (i.e., concentrators < $100/m2). • Develop thermal storage materials and systems operating at temperatures compatible with the high- efficiency power cycles (up to 1300 C). • Develop solar collection technologies that can be rapidly installed with minimal site disruption.

36 Sandia R & D Areas • Develop advanced heliostat design concepts: self deploying, self aligning ……… • Model advanced systems using Brayton, SC Steam, SC CO2, and CC power plants. • Develop high-temperature HTFs and TES materials and components, especially heat exchangers. • Review and characterize materials requirements and availability for high-temperature systems and identify development pathways. • Develop receiver designs and BOP concepts for high- temperature, advanced power cycles.

37 EXTRA SLIDES

[email protected] 38 Solar Concentrators

Line Focus Systems

Heliostats – Power Tower Point Focus

Dishes – Distributed Point Focus [email protected] 39 CSP Solar Receivers

Line Focus Power Tower Dish

[email protected] 40 Collectors and Optical Performance

3D Solidworks model CFD simulations of FEA analysis of loads of heliostat at Sandia flow over heliostat on facet

41 High-Temperature Receiver Design

Identify the commercial-scale (350 MWt, 800 oC) solid particle receiver with lowest LCOE

North face

Solid Particle Receiver 2008 Test.5 MWt Face-down >300 oC High-Temperature Receiver Design

North-face temperaturesParticle recirculation improves collection efficiency

North-Facing Face-Down

Receiver Receiver Particle Injection 300°C 300°C Temperature Particle Equilibrium 819°C 769°C Temperature at Outlet Radiative Losses 6.5% 11.4% Convective Losses 20.9% 9.6% Thermal Efficiency 72.3% 78.9%

Objectives and Approach

• Objectives and Approach ─ Identify selective absorber coatings and application methods suitable for tower receivers (≥ 600 °C) • Higher fluxes and temperatures • Exposed to air (no vacuum) • Solar and thermal spectral bands overlap more ─ Evaluate optical properties of various formulations • Want high solar absorption (>0.9) to absorb flux with low thermal emissivity (<0.3) to prevent thermal losses ─ Evaluate thermal-spray Solar Two methods receiver Spectral Emissive Power

Tower receiver

Trough receiver

700 K

Spectral blackbody emissive power as a function of wavelength and temperature (adapted from Incropera and DeWitt, 1985). Molten Salt Test Loop: Test system configuration

• The test system is designed for reconfiguration • Facility users provide skid- mounted experiments

Central Receiver Hardware Parabolic Trough Hardware Valves Flex Hoses Instrumentation – High Temperature, Pressure, & Ball Joints Flow Rotating Expansion Joints Pressure Reducers – Mesh/Orifice Heat Collection Elements – Supports, Heat Exchangers – Coolers/Heaters Bellows, Seals, Coatings Receivers - Distribution Manifolds, Tubing, Solar Collector Element – Full Coatings, Welds, Thermal Cycling Strategies Tracking Trough Module Component Heating Strategies – Impedance, Freeze Recovery Resistive Line Heating – Impedance, Resistive, Steam Jacket

Central Receiver Test Platform

Central receiver test system – 6 A molten salt receiver o under test at Sandia MWth capacity, operation to 650 C Thermal Storage Summary

• Relatively inexpensive thermal energy storage differentiates CSP from other renewable energy technologies ─ Storage systems and components must be developed and demonstrated to reduce technical risk and overall system cost • FY11 Activities: ─ Development of salt-service hardware, with an increasing emphasis on operation at the conditions required for central receiver storage systems ─ Continuation of our efforts to develop low-melting-point, high-temperature-stability molten salts ─ Design and construction of test facilities to support thermal storage R&D

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