The Status of CSP Development
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The Status of CSP Development DISH STIRLING POWER TOWER CLFR Tom Mancini CSP Program Manager Sandia National Laboratories PARABOLIC TROUGH 505.844.8643 DISH STIRLING [email protected] [email protected] 1 Presentation Content • Brief Overview of Sandia National Laboratories • Background information • Examples of CSP Technologies − Parabolic Trough Systems − Power Tower Systems − Thermal Energy Storage − Dish Stirling Systems • Status of CSP Technologies • Cost of CSP and Resource Availability • Deployments • R & D Directions [email protected] 2 Four Mission Areas Sandia’s missions meet national needs in four key areas: • Nuclear Weapons • Defense Systems and Assessments • Energy, Climate and Infrastructure Security • International, Homeland, and Nuclear Security [email protected] 3 Research Drives Capabilities High Performance Nanotechnologies Extreme Computing & Microsystems Environments Computer Materials Engineering Micro Bioscience Pulsed Power Science Sciences Electronics Research Disciplines 4 People and Budget . On-site workforce: 11,677 FY10 operating revenue . Regular employees: 8,607 $2.3 billion 13% . Over 1,500 PhDs and 2,500 MS/MA 13% 43% 31% Technical staff (4,277) by discipline: (Operating Budget) Nuclear Weapons Defense Systems & Assessments Energy, Climate, & Infrastructure Security International, Homeland, and Nuclear Security Computing 16% Math 2% Chemistry 6% Physics 6% Other science 6% Other fields 12% Electrical engineering 21% Mechanical engineering 16% Other engineering 15% 5 Sandia’s NSTTF Dish Engine Engine Test Rotating Testing Facility Platform Established in 1976, we provide ………. • CSP R&D NSTTF • Systems analysis and FMEA • System and Tower Testing Solar Furnace component testing and support NATIONAL SOLAR THERMAL TEST FACILITY [email protected] 6 Labs Support the DOE Program The CSP Programs at Sandia and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) support the DOE Solar Energy Technology Program. We perform R&D on CSP components and systems • Advanced component development • Systems Analysis DOE (STEP) • Direct Industry Support • Testing and evaluation SANDIA NREL • Market Development Activities • “Reality” brokers on the status of technologies [email protected] 7 What is CSP? TROUGH CLFR POWER TOWER DISH • Comprise three generic system architectures: line focus (trough and CLFR), point focus central (power tower), and point focus distributed (dish engine). • Convert the sun’s energy to thermal energy and it to power a heat-engine generator. • Typically, are utility-scale solar power (> 100 MW). • Capable of providing dispatchable power for peaking and intermediate loads (storage or hybridization). • Utilize, mostly commodity items (turbines, glass, steel, aluminum, piping, controls, etc). • Can employ wet or dry cooling for heat rejection. [email protected] 8 Concentrator Optics Linear Concent Point-Focus Central Point-Focus Distributed • Parabolic 2-D • Parabolic 3-D shape • Parabolic 3-D shape shape • Heliostats track in • Tracks on Sun in • Focal Length ~ 3m azimuth and elevation azimuth and elevation • Tracks E to W • Focal Length ~ 100 m • Focal Length ~ 4 m • CR ~ 30 to 40 • CR ~ 800 • CR ~ 3000 • Fresnel reflector may be utilized DESCRIBE TRACKING AND AIMING [email protected] 9 SEGS Plants • Nominal capacity: 354 MW • Constructed 1985 - 1991 • 9 Sites in California • Hybrid -- 25% dispatchable • Total reflec area > 2.3 Mill. m2 • More than 117,000 HCEs • 30 MW increment based on regulated power block size • Total annual average solar- to-electric conversion efficiency 12% [email protected] 10 Nevada Solar One Nev Solar One (US 2007) • 64 MW Capacity • 357,200m² Solar Field • 30 Minutes TES • Minimal Fossil fuel • 16 months Construction • 250 Acre solar field, 400 acre TTL • 30 minutes of TES • Capital: $266 million • 105% of planned performance [email protected] 11 Nevada Solar One Operational schematic of Nevada Solar One [email protected] 12 Andasol 1 Plant in Spain Andasol 1 (Spain 2009) • Nominal Capacity: 44.9 MW • Capital Inv: 300 million € • 549,380 m2 of trough Two- Tank MS TES • 7 full-load hours of storage Capacity: 880 MWh • 2 Stor Tankd: 13 m X 38 m 28,500 tons of salt • Flow Rate: 948 kg/s • Cold Tank Temp: 292°C Andasol 1 • Hot Tank Temp: 384°C [email protected] 13 Andasol 1 MS Storage 2-Tank Molten Salt Storage • 60% NaNO3 and 40% KNO3 • Melting Point of Fluid: 221°C • Storage Capacity: 880 MWh • Storage Tank Size: 13 m X 38 m • 28 ,500 tons of salt • Flow Rate: 948 kg/s • Cold Tank Temperature: 292°C • Hot Tank Temperature: 384°C [email protected] 14 The Value of Thermal Storage THERMAL STORAGE • Addresses the intermittency of the solar resource • Decouples solar energy collection and generation • Has high value because power production can match utility needs -- dispatchability • Is lower cost because storage is cheaper than incremental turbine cost • Increases the capacity factor of Solar 2 Plant Schematic the plant showing a two-tank Molten Salt Storage molten-salt thermal • Two tank demo at Solar 2 and storage system being utilized in Andasol 1, 2 [email protected] 15 CLFR Designs Continuous Linear Fresnel Reflector • Approximates a line-focus trough collector • May be lower cost because it doesn’t use curved mirrors, has a fixed receiver tube and places the reflectors near ground level -- reducing wind loads [email protected] 16 Solar Two Results Molten-Salt Power tower: The Solar Two experiments of the mid 1990s validated the molten-salt power tower approach. • 10 MWe Capacity • 1996 - 1999 • Molten Salt WF/TES • Receiver η = 88% • η of Storage > 98% • Dispatchability demonstrated [email protected] 17 Molten-Salt Power Tower Power Tower or “Central Receiver” Energy collection is uncoupled from power production [email protected] 18 PS 10 and PS 20 Power Towers PS 10 (Spain 2006) • 11 MW mw Capacity • Once-through steam boiler • 1 Hour thermal storage (steam) • 624 heliostats (120 m² each) • Tower height 115 m • 73 GWhr/Annually PS 20 (Spain 2009) • 20 mw Capacity • Once-through steam boiler • 1 Hour thermal storage (steam) • 1255 heliostats (120 m² each) • Tower height 162 m • 135 GWhr/Annually [email protected] 19 PS 10 Steam Cycle Once-through steam boiler [email protected] 20 PS 10 -- Direct Steam Storage For PS 20 • 4 sequentially operated tanks • Charge at 250ºC/40 bar steam • Operates at 20 bar/50% turbine operation for 1 hour [email protected] 21 Brightsource Energy Power Tower • Direct Solar-to-Steam • High Temp. – 5500 C 200MW • Air Cooled Power Block • Construction started late 100MW 2010 • First 130 MW Plant to start operation in late 2012 – 100MW early 2013 Las Vegas 40 miles [email protected] 22 eSolar Power Tower • Modular 46-MW stand. units • Small, flat mirrors • Pre-fabricated, mass-produced components (200,000 per 46- MW plant) • Low profile installation (requiring much less steel and no ground penetration) • Rapid field deployment (one subfield in ~2-3 weeks without heavy equipment) • Software control of mirror calibration and tracking • Semi-automated cleaning [email protected] 23 Molten-Salt Power Tower • GemaSolar under construction in Spain • Operation in Spring of 2011 • Heliostat Aperture Area: 318,000 m² • Tower Height: 150 m • Turbine Capacity: 17.0 MW • Storage Type: 2-tank, molten- salt direct • Storage Capacity: 15 hrs • Receiver Inlet Temp: 290°C Receiver Outlet Temp: 565°C [email protected] 24 25 kW Dish Stirling System • 1.5 MW SES Maricopa Dish Stirling Power • Commissioned Jan 2010 • 60 Dishes • 25 kW Systems • 87 m2 collector • Peak system efficiency 31.25% [email protected] 25 3 kW Dish Stirling System • Utility/DG System • 90 kW Capacity • (1 MW planned) • 3 kW systems • 120/240 Volts AC • 1 cylinder FPSE • Linear Alternator [email protected] 26 Summary of CSP Systems Trough System Charact Steam Power Tower Charact • Operating Temp: 390 C • Operating Temp: 250 C • Operating Fluid: synthetic oil • Operating Fluid: water/steam • Energy Storage: 2 tank MS • Energy Storage: steam • Annual Eff: ~ 14 % • Annual Eff: ~ 10 % Dish Stirling System Charact MS Power Tower Charact • Operating Temp: 450 C • Operating Temp: 565 C • Operating Fluid: Hydrogen • Operating Fluid: MS • Energy Storage: None • Energy Storage: 2 tank MS • Annual Eff: ~ 22 % • Annual Eff: ~ 19 % [email protected] 27 Status of CSP Technologies • Trough systems are the most commercially mature of the CSP technologies. • Dish Stirling systems are capable of the highest solar-to-electric efficiency of the three technologies. • Molten-salt power towers most effectively integrate thermal storage into the operation of a CSP plant. • There is no simple way to integrate thermal storage into a dish system. • Trough systems are currently incorporating thermal storage in the form of two-tank MS systems. • The power blocks in trough and power tower systems currently utilize wet cooling. Dish systems have captive radiators reducing water usage. [email protected] 28 U. S. CSP Resource Potential Filters applied: • Direct-normal solar resource. • Sites > 6.75 kwh/m2/day. • Exclude environmentally sensitive lands, major urban areas, etc. • Remove land with slope > 1%. • Only contiguous areas > 10 km2 Solar Solar Generation U.S. Electrical Capacity Land Area Capacity Capacity State (mi2) (MW) GWh is 1,000 GW AZ 19,279 2,467,663 5,836,517 CA 6,853 877,204 2,074,763 CO 2,124 271,903 643,105 Annual power generation NV 5,589 715,438 1,692,154 NM 15,156 1,939,970 4,588,417 TX 1,162 148,729 351,774 of 4,000,000 GWh UT 3,564 456,147 1,078,879 Total 53,727 6,877,055