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Characterization of West Texas Intermediate Crude Oil

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Characterization of West Texas Intermediate Crude Oil CHARACTERIZATION OF WEST TEXAS INTERMEDIATE CRUDE OIL, AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRUE BOILING POINT, DENSITY, AND VISCOCITY CURVES FOR THE OIL WITH THE HELP OF ASTM STANDARD. By Prasad S. Mudgal Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree Of MASTER OF ENGINEERING Major Subject: Petroleum Engineering At DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY Halifax, Nova Scotia March, 2014 © Copyright by Prasad S. Mudgal, 2014 I DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY PETROLEUM ENGINEERING The undersigned hereby certify that they have read and recommend to the Faculty of Graduate Studies for acceptance a thesis entitled “CHARACTERIZATION OF WEST TEXAS INTERMEDIATE CRUDE OIL, AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRUE BOILING POINT, DENSITY, AND VISCOCITY CURVES FOR THE OIL WITH THE HELP OF ASTM STANDARD.” by Prasad Subhash Mudgal in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering. Dated: March, 2014 Supervisor: _________________________________ Reader: _________________________________ II DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY DATE: March, 2014 AUTHOR: Prasad Subhash Mudgal TITLE: CHARACTERIZATION OF WEST TEXAS INTERMEDIATE CRUDE OIL, AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRUE BOILING POINT, DENSITY, AND VISCOCITY CURVES FOR THE OIL WITH THE HELP OF ASTM STANDARD. DEPARTMENT OR SCHOOL: Petroleum Engineering DEGREE: Master Of Engineering CONVOCATION: October YEAR: 2014 Permission is herewith granted to Dalhousie University to circulate and to have copied for non- commercial purposes, at its discretion, the above title upon the request of individuals or institutions. _______________________________ Signature of Author The author reserves other publication rights. Neither the thesis nor extensive extracts from it may be printed or otherwise reproduced without the author’s written permission. The author attests that permission has been obtained for the use of any copyrighted material appearing in the thesis (other than the brief excerpts requiring only proper acknowledgement in scholarly writing), and that all such use is clearly acknowledged. III Table of Contents LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ VI LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... VII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS ...................................................................... VIII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... X ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. XI 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Project Objectives: ........................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Overview of the Project Report:....................................................................................... 4 1.3 Roadmap of Project Work ................................................................................................ 5 2 GENERAL LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................... 6 2.1 Different Physical Properties and Parameters .................................................................. 6 2.2 Characterization of Petroleum Fractions ........................................................................ 15 2.2.1 Development of TBP curve .................................................................................... 15 2.2.2 Prediction of Hydrocarbon Properties .................................................................... 19 3 LITERATURE REVIEW FOR EXPERIMENTAL METHODS ......................................... 32 3.1 Boiling points and Distillation curves ............................................................................ 32 3.1.1 Laboratory TEST METHODS ................................................................................ 33 3.1.2 True Boiling Point Method ..................................................................................... 37 3.1.3 Equilibrium Flash Vaporization .............................................................................. 37 3.2 Density, Specific Gravity and API Gravity .................................................................... 39 3.2.1 Laboratory Test Methods ........................................................................................ 39 3.3 Kinematic Viscosity ....................................................................................................... 45 3.3.1 Laboratory Test Methods ........................................................................................ 45 4 EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEMS AND PROCEDURES ......................................................... 48 4.1 Boiling Points/ Distillation Curves ................................................................................ 48 4.1.1 ASTM D2892.......................................................................................................... 48 4.2 Density or Specific Gravity Measurement ..................................................................... 55 4.2.1 ASTM D1298.......................................................................................................... 55 4.3 Kinematic Viscosity Measurement ................................................................................ 57 IV 4.3.1 ASTM D445............................................................................................................ 57 4.3.2 ASTM D2893.......................................................................................................... 61 4.4 Error and Accuracy of Equipment ................................................................................. 63 5 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ............................................................ 64 5.1 True boiling Points ......................................................................................................... 64 5.2 Density Curve ................................................................................................................. 69 5.3 Molecular Weight Curve ................................................................................................ 73 5.4 Kinematic Viscosity ....................................................................................................... 77 5.5 WTI crude oil Assay ...................................................................................................... 80 6 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................... 82 7 SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE WORK ............................................................................. 84 8 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................... 85 V LIST OF TABLES TABLE 5.1-DISTILLATION OBSERVATIONS FOR THE CRUDE OIL ..................................................... 64 TABLE 5.2-PREDICTION OF COMPLETE TBP CURVE ....................................................................... 66 TABLE 5.3-THE SPECIFIC GRAVITIES, DENSITY, AND API GRAVITIES ACCORDING TO PETROLEUM FRACTIONS .............................................................................................................................. 69 TABLE 5.4-PREDICTION OF DENSITIES AT 20℃ .............................................................................. 70 TABLE 5.5-PREDICTION OF THE COMPLETE DENSITY CURVE .......................................................... 71 TABLE 5.6-PREDICTION OF MOLECULAR WEIGHTS ......................................................................... 73 TABLE 5.7-PRESENTATION OF EXPERIMENTAL AND PREDICTED VALUES OF KINEMATIC VISCOSITIES. ............................................................................................................................................... 77 TABLE 5.8- WTI CRUDE ASSAY DEVELOPED FROM THE RESULTS OBTAINED .................................. 80 VI LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 2.1-WINN NOMOGRAM FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF PETROLEUM FRACTIONS. (DAUBERT T E, 1997) ............................................................................................................. 26 FIGURE 3.1-A TYPICAL TRUE BOILING CURVE FOR A PETROLEUM FRACTION .................................. 32 FIGURE 3.2-D2887 NORMAL-PARAFfiN CALIBRATION STANDARD CHROMATOGRAM. (WORKMAN, 2008) ...................................................................................................................................... 36 FIGURE 3.3-ASTM, TRUE BOILING POINT, EFV CURVES FOR NAPHTHA- KEROSENE BLEND. ........ 38 FIGURE 3.4-A TYPICAL HYDROMETER (COURTESY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING ........................... 40 FIGURE 3.5-OSCILLATION TYPE DIGITAL DENSITY METER (FURTADO A, 2009) ........................... 41 FIGURE 3.6-A TYPICAL PYCNOMETER (COURTESY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING ........................... 43 FIGURE 3.7-A LIPKIN BICAPILLARY PYCNOMETER (COURTESY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING ......... 44 FIGURE 3.8-A TYPICAL SUSPENDED LEVEL GLASS VISCOMETER (CANNON INSTRUMENT COMPANY, 2009) ...................................................................................................................................... 46 FIGURE 3.9-A BROOK FIELD VISCOMETER ALONG WITH SPINDLE SET. ..........................................
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