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Title: Great Voyages of Discovery, Circumnavigators and Scientists 1764-1843

Author(s): Jacques Brosse

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~ Jacques Brosse

Circumnavigators and Scientists , 1764-1843

Translated by Stanley Hochman

Preface by Fernand Braude!

-- rs·(71\J=· r .· D - ~I & 0 - II 0 I - 'I

' i; "

Facts On File Publications New York, New York • Oxford, England The Russians in the Paci i~ 1803-1829

, ~ ' .• .' I ... / .­ . ~ - I '/, • .. . ( ~ .

' . .• ., . ... ~ . t • .' . . • • ., . . ' Fron1 l{amchatka to the Marquesas: Krusenstern's Voyage, 1803-1806

TllL' principal preoccupation of Peter the Gn:at this time to o btain furs on the American coast and P T ar dill.~ fl•l}!f 1\t'l .: r·hw·\ Runk h.Jd hccn ro draw Huss ia fro m it s secular iso!Jtion sell the:n in Macao. l! ft'r'H'd by tht· wll.lhtt .m b ~~f / 1nnh y u f.,f,md c'PI . '1J~YI I W. I X 16 l.IIIH '. ~ ' • IJdr .md mJkc It I! HO a modern power. Open to the Adam I van Uohann) von K rusenstcrn under­ f; ,, , a dr.w·m.l..' hr L cJ~t~ r i .' , , o utside \\·o rl d . it would be endowed with an army stood this problem. H aving served in the British VPvage pnrorc:-.yw: ;-~ urour du .1nd L''> pn·ulh· a nan·. corresponding to the role he navv. he had had the opportunity to sail aboard a ll ll lllde: th,· U-:.?6 "'T'l''''mnu rli!/t/1!1//i c,{lll' 1/ ,J/1•'11,/ / 1 . / ',HI • [> /11' 1• ' \\'Jiltl". h,· h.1d \\Tested Azo\· from the Turks. and sn·cral m omhs in C anton. During hi s voyages . It 'LT \'t'cl .ls .111 ll)'t'lllllg un the L3l.1 ck Se.t. HJ\·ing K ruscnstcrn had beL·onH· con,·inccd that Hussia had d,·,· l.m:d \\' .If llll s,,·eckn in order to gJin access to to be linked to hn American colo nies by sailing the lLtltt c. he succeeded in establi shing himself at across the Pacific and ro unding Cape Horn. and es­ the nHl uth of the Nn·a. where St. Petersburg was peciall y that the fur trade had to be ca rried out from lt>tl ndl'll. In 171h. the tsar disp.Hchl'li frclm Okh­ the colonies directly tu Canron. He wrote the H.u s­ c>hk. <>n th e Sibni.m co.1st, a vesst·l th .ll ,,·,ts to as­ si.tn Mmistn of Tr.tLk, Saimonov. a m emorandum 'ltrl' th e tirst m .1ririme li J iSLln with the Kam chatka showing how the obstacles to such trade could be J' L' lllltsul.t. dht·u,·c rcd twetltY ye.trs ,·:triter. and to o\·crcomc. He recu\·ed no reply. But, in 1R01. /,~ , ,,, 1.'1'• ' 1! ' ' "'lll.t: "'·"'''''l tl lll l'il< ll expl o re the Kuriks. In 1725. Petn I. ,,·ho was to Akx.mdcr I ascended the throne. and he soon tumL·d rr.nr>o J..:. , , !~~ ,),u, · .md 1111tu · Ht•r•~ die that sa me year. decided to bunch a g rea t expe­ his attention to these questions, which had been ~~ /h t fr.'i 011 th1 · 1.dU11d ,,f Owhyu. .'';twt"mba 2X. 1816 . l.1 rlw:-?raph hr ditio n ch:1rgcd with veri fying if Siberia and North neglected by his father. The foll owing year, Kru­ L C lwns ( l1thftMht·qrlf t:atumufr . America \\Ttl' or \Vcre no t separated by the sea, and senstern sent the new Minister of the Navy, M ord- P J passage nca r the pole linking the At­ l.tntic Jnd th e l'Jcitic. Commanded h\· Vi rus Ber­ in g. the npedlt1on did not leave until 172H; it fi xed the posttl un u f the stuit th.lt sc p.tr.lte' Asia fro1n America. On a seco nd voyage. in 1741 1- 174 1. dur­ ing which he was to die, Bering and his lieutenan t, Akbn· linch C hirko v. discovned A!Jska and the !\ kuttJn lsl,mds. After 173Y, two Hu ss i.m ships l.mded .lt >c'\·,·ral points on the J apanese littoral; in 1743. K hmitn·s koi reco nnoitered the coJst of Sib­ enJ fr o nt Okhobk to the Kamchatka peninsula. Afterward. Russ ian mcrchanrs org:mized voy­ .tgL·, dcs tgncd to bring back from the A mniL-an n o rtll\\'l' ~ t fur' tlut they sold at suh>tJntial profits to tlw Chlm', e. who were particularlv pJrtial to sea uttn >kins. This com m erce, initially unregul atL·d, kd to the loss of nuny ships and. n·entuJll y, to a r.1 p1d dcprccLlti on o f the fauna: it w.ts tin.tlly regu­ l.trt zed h,· the ri ch mcrchanr ChelikoY. who. with some d1 tticulty. managed to unite all those w ho pa rtt cif'dted in thi o, commerce in a "H.ussian-Amer­ tc-.tn C<'ntp.my" \\·hich established trJcling post> protected h,· ,mall fort> in .tlmost all the A kutian blamk Nt·n-rthdess. thmgs remained ditticult. The nlmpktch· tsobted scnlcmcnts co uld not exist \\·ttho ut tt> tld .1nd equipment sent on-rl.tnd from .\f,m .mr/ ll'tlPfltJ/1 r•/ f..: ,, ,d,,Hhl l :nl! ra• •m.t: hy L,, <.' h.:u "''' p, ,, .1 Husst,t .md then >lnppcd from Oklh>ts k to the dr,w •rng fr,,, I ( ;,,, ,_q·t rl1· ,'\ aw l­ Akutt .tm bY sea. Two yea rs passed hcfur,· the col­ .\ ,wr•t'flr ', V••\ ' J ~t' ' p1 1ttHt''Lj l ll'\ 1 1 I Ji,f,/i, ,tJII'q uf fltl fr r,lr.llr , l t1f1 1 / ht'/r• lected furs ,,.l'tl' >old . J> they tirst had tll be shipped ~ · Htll/ filii / f>h Mr'h J to Okhtlt>k: tt took western sa il o rs onlY a third of

117 ; l!c l\LI '>IAN' IN T HE ~A C IFIC . IHilJ -1>\2'1

vinov, ,1 second memorandum that was strongly Krusenstern's Ships and Cre ws supported by the M ini ster of Tratk. C ount Ro­ manzot'. .1 great p.Jtron of the scienn:s. T he em­ pero r named K rusenstcrn captain and as ked him to

orry out hi s plans himsdf. The N. ~/) };'/. H[) A : 450- ton Eng li sh vessel: Kruscnsrnn had not toreSt't'n this possibility. let( tro n1 KromtJd t, K/7/ I HII.l: In fa ct, recently m arried and ",twai t in~~ the j oy of rcturm·d 10 Kronstadt. 8/IWI HIJ6; crew; 85 men. being a father." he had even pbnned to lea ve the - snvin · Jlld devo re himsdf to his [nnily. However, Commander: Ad:11n l vJn Uohann) V'.Hl Kn1 ~c n :, t crn. (Jp- on August 7. 1802, he was "named the commander tain-linncnan t (ca ptain). of two ships tkstincd for the north west coast of AmeriCJ." These ships were still to be found. since Lieutenants: I st. C:hevJiicr M>l-31'\' I LH nl.l! JO V: .:::! nd. Fe- the Russian navy had no vessels c.1pabk o f under­ dor de Hombcrg: 3rd, l'it·rre GuiO\:.atdJ ev: 4th. I k rnaJnn von Locwenstern: 5th. 13 J ron von lklhngsb.tusen. ta king such a voyage. K ruscnstern chose as his sec­ ------ond in command a Captain Li siansky. who had First d octor: Ur. C J rl E s pe nb e r ~. served with him in the British navy and been to America and the Indies, and smt him first to Ham­ Surgeon: Jolunn Sydham. I - burg in the company of the shipbuilder Kasumov Naturalists: Dr. Tilcsiu s von TilenJu. llJro n G. H. von and then to London. where he bought two vessels, Langsdo rtf. one of -ISO tons and the other of 370 tons. T hey were ch mtmed the Nadezhda (Hope) and the Nev.1. In Astronomer: J. K. Horner. Londo n. Li siansky had also obtained anti-scorbu­ ti cs and a variety of medicines. During this time, Cadets: Otto von Ko tzebue. Moritz von Kotzebue. K rusenstnn had turned to the German universities Russian embassy to Japan: Hesanov. cham beriJin to the in order to recruit sciemists fo r the expedition, fo r emperor. ambassador: Hermann de Fn dcrin . chief of st.! If: in this matter Russia was still-and would long re­ Count l'edor Tolstoi, licuteru nt of the guards; Or. Bnnkin, main--dependent on Cermany. The m en selected medical doctor and botmisr: EtJennt' Kurlamlizov. Aead- wne th<· .tstroll<)lller J- K. Horner. ti-om Zuri ch. and t'lll Y pJinter. .1 Leipzig docto r. W. G. Tilesiu s V<)ll Tilenau, who was .dsn .1 n.Jturalisr and .1 ,Jra ft snun. A Gtittingen T he N LI 'A . .170-ton Eng li>h ve>Sd : JL!t ur.di st. l;_ 1-1. von L.mdsd.,rtf t.trdily .tsked rn let( trona Kronst.J : he Ll kl'n .dong .tnd ,·;lll g ht up w uh rh,· , hips .lt Co­ re lllmed 10 KronStJdt, H/ 4/IHI II>; [lL' nhagen. where he W.J S .Jcccpted on board: he was Crl'w: 5 ~ m en . f<) LJUit the expediti on at Kamd utb. The German poet August von Ko tze bue. who lud ofti cial duties Commander: Yu ri Lisiansky. CJpt.lll'-

1n St. l'etnsburg. pt·rstuded Kruscnstc-rn to take Lieutenants: I st. Pa vel Arbu>o,-: ~ n d. l'<>v.da chk m: 3rd. Jlnng two of his sons w ho were n.tvy cadets: Otto Fedor Ko \'L·dJev: 4th, Va sd1 Bng . .tn d M<>rnz. tht· n tiftccn .md ti.nlrtt·cn years old. re­ spectively. Doctor: I Jr. L.JhJucl. Whdc h,· w as pn:parmg tht• expedition. Kru­ St'nstnn was clurgcd with J second responsibility: llt- was to transport to J apan Jn JmbassadoriJimis­ sion directed by N. P. Resanov. the son-in-law o f T he sailors strolled thro ugh the streets of SJnta H, ,,zdr.m ht• m,d fr1' 1!. , fl lt~ li' l'f t"J hy f J!, \Il l •. 1/,1/ !H.J fr .•t ,, / t/tr J...."rtl q"."l.•f(rl/ C hdikov .md a chambnlain of dlt' emperor's. As C ruz, a cit y. Krusenstern wrote. " in which nne L' n­ ' \f'l ,/1/lt ''l , f ~lhff, l/IJ ,· -Ji ll" 1/ ,I/1, •1/.I {, nnptTi.d plenipotentiary. l{ezaJJ O\' w.1s to renew with counters more disgusting objects rlu n Jnvwhcre else l'.:n· Pl~t • r,• l•y fe.m h,•r t " f'l"'''·h , the N ip ponese empire relations origin.1ll y estab­ in the world: all that is to be seen an:: ra gged and li shed by a tirst mission in 17\12, which had o b­ disgustin gly di seased beggars o f· both sexe; and all uincd permission tor an unarmed Russian vessel to ages, prostitutes, drunken sai lo rs. and shameless go to Nagasa ki . In .J ddition. ti vc Japanese who had thieves." The Russian o ffi cns wen:: hospitJbly re­ been shipwrecked in the Aleutians in 1796 wert.: w ceived by the go vernor, the MJrquis de Ia Casa be returned to their country. "It is difficult, " Kru­ Cahigal . Kruscnstern proudly noted: "The strange senstem wrote. ·'to imagine nastier men. They were ideas that arc current about Russ ia and Huss1ans in dlrly, l.t zy . .d\\'a VS in 3 b :~d tL'IIIp t·r. and highl y lll:l ­ disunt l.mtls contributed m ore rh .m J li trk to the li cious." surprise o f our hosts w hen they SJ\\ ' th.n these H y­ Arriv1n g in KronstJdt fr om Lo ndo n on June pcrboreJ II S lost no thing w ht•n co mpared with the 5. 1803, the :\ladczhda and the .\'cl'.l set sail on Au­ cleverest peoples o f southern Europe." gust 7 and reached Copenhagen on the eig hteenth. In a month, the ships reached the l3 r dZi liJn but it w as a nwnth bdo re thev were able to It-a ve. coas t. At sea, La ngsdorff made microsco pe stlldiL·s beca use so me o f the sa lted fo ods that had been of the man nc an imalcules that in some places nJJ de loJJed had to be rcp!Jced. There was only a one­ the sea phosphorescent. T iksius Jl so did resea rch on da y stopover at Falmouth on the English coast be­ the marine microfauna; during the voyage. he be­ fo re the ,\l,ulc:: hda and the ,\ '1'1'.1 set sail for Tener­ gan studying diphycs--animals native to warm ifc. where they anchored from October 18 to 27 . seas--which floa ted by means of two swimming

118 1\.IH !..., f-N"T FH N\ VOY AGF. I ~J\- I l'\11(,

Polar C~rcle

HUSS IAN TARTARY NORTH AMERICA

Nadezhda Bay Ju ly 1805

AL E U T!.~ !\' ISLANDS

Romar,zof

nt>.t\ sf!'/ j ~

JAPA N

• - voyage of Kru senstern: 1803- 1806

- voyage of Kotzebue: 18 15- 1818 - voyage of Lutke: 1826-1829 0 600 1200 km

hrlk The scil'lltiqs who worked on shipboard k ssly." The Cape was rounded on March 3. Luck­ T/11· Uu ss ttm s "' tht' /Jat! ht . duri ns thL·se very lo ng voyages were fo rtunate in ily, there were no sick men aboard the two ships, I Xl il- I Xc 'l. tins n·g.1rd ; th ey h.td .1n ibble an Jhundant and whi ch, on Mard1 24, were separated sooner than had l 't~Y • 1,t! t' ,,( J..:m y rutt·m . 181/l- I XI! o. lllllst.nnh· ruK wed suppl y o f m.lterial. and were been foreseen. According to plan, if this happcn.:d. I '''Y•lJ!l' t~( l\.or :du t r, JX /5- JXI H. d1u s .1bk to mJ kL· considerable progress in a field they were to rendezvous at the Marguesas, w ward l 'f'}'O.('t ' of Lijrkc. I X16 - I X!fJ . thJt sc1t:nce had onl y JU St begun to study. w h1 ch the Nadezhada, having g iven up the idea of In Braz il. K rusenstcrn chose as the site of his visiting Easter ls!Jnd, immediately set sail. stopon-r ~.mta C.lta ri n.l Island. south of Ri o, and tints WJ> Jble to JH> id the port "in which forei gn­ ers, especiall y if they arrive aboard m erchant vcs­ Deserters and Marquesans :- cl s. arc subjected to all sorts of humiliating fo r­ m.dHJL's ... Since the .'\'n •,J was in need of repairs, he As they were about to anchor at Nuka Hiva rL· mained at Santa Catarina tlve weeks. and an ob­ on May 7, 1804, the Russians were surprised to sec " ·rvato n · "''as set up in Fort Santa C ruz. Delavs a European approach in a canoe fl yi ng a white fla g. having accumulated smce the departure from It was an Englishman named Roberts, who. like the Kromtadt. Kruscnstern was afraid that at this time natives, w as naked and wore o nly a bel t around his of vear he would run into storms at Cape H o rn . waist. Roberts had been set down in the M arguesas " '1/.il- wne .JSsailt:d hy cold. fog, and contrJry winds. by the crew of a mt:rchanr vessel for having n·fuscd Ex tremely violent blasts of wind accompa­ to participate in a plot against the captain. For two med bv hail and snow fo ll owed one another cease- years, he had lived on Santa Cristina Island and, for

11 9 rllr HU"IAN\ IN TilE PAC IFIC. U

J )t \ /UI~I4Hh t ·cJ llfh.dH/,W( •'( .\ 'uA.•,J J few bits o f iron. the men would o tTer little girls J l w.s ,Jtmc·J .mJ (, J( (,I,,,·,J l :fl \!I,I:'Ht \! of ten and twelve. One girl w ho w.1s no t ,·,·e·n eight ,., ,,m \'\)\ J j..:l" .lll(l)U f J u 11 \0i hk ... ur offered herself "without the lc:Jst shame ... IJ .'\:lJJ,d,d.JL't 1.~ . \. · , . ,,.J,/S/t

I Hrh{Hllht' / 111o!/ c'

hy ./1- .mf.,,, c J>l~t•tl" h 1 The most beautiful tattoos i11 the world

The Russians were charmed b y these people. According to Krusenstcm. the M arquesans were the handsomest m en he had seen. bur he rcpro.1ched them for their indift(: rl'llCl' and .!pJth y. I k nuri,·ed w ith JS!Unishrnent tlu t in its natural st.ltL' their skin was white; only the tJ ttoos and the o il w ir h which they coated themselves m.1d c it appear bi.ll·k ish. All seem ed in excell ent health. The w utne11 h.1d h.lr­ m onio us fe.nures, but they w erL· ;, null . slh ,rt . .1nd walked awk w.ardl y. On the very first dJy, the king of Nu~ . l Hi vJ. TJpcya Kettenovie. had come on board. He w .1 s " tattooed everywhere. even o n Iu s hL'.Id . ;,everal are.1s o f w hi ch had been expressly ;, havcd t( >r tin;. purpo se." I k returned the next lll orlli11g .ICCO nl­ panied b y his la mily. They were J;, tuunded b v the mirro rs in the commander's cabin and "cx.unincd th L· h.H·ks of them t( >r some L'xplau.Hinn o f thl' ll l.lr­ ve luus cfti:ct." Afterw.1rd. every rim<· T .q>e·v.l l'll­ tered K rti Senstern 's cabin. he would ru ;, h to the St.llldin g m irro r .md rL·m ai n loo~111 g .11 him -.e lf. " nft<' ll t(>r lwur;, ... tilL' p.1 s1 ' L'\.L' ll ..n Nuk.1 I !i v.J. \\·hne ilL· lud nur­ K ru;.e Jl , tLTil tuu~ .l Lh·.!l ll.l gL· li t. th~> " f' f'Url ll­ riL· d a rcbtive o f the isiJnd's kin!;. 1-k m t(>r med them n ity to <'Xa mine the cxtraordinclry l'vl.Hquc,.m tJt­ th.lt thL-re w.1s Jlso on the isl.md .1 French deserter. tDos. "When they r L·:~ c hnl the .1ge of m.m huod. the .1 lll o rul enemv n f his w hom he WJ rti L'd the Ru >- Nuk.1 Hi vJns t.Htoo then· en tin· bo d1 e· ;, <<·ith .1 pn­ S l.lll ~ .1g.lii1 SL f(:ctiun .Kh ieved nowhne d ;L· . It i, .1 true p.lllltlllg Un these J ist.uH isl.m Lk 11 was aln·ad y pus,i­ n1 a,k u p of d ift(:rent ekm<'lltS urduunh· thn· hk ttl cncpL'.lllS w ho were nwre clll)u'e b i.J c·k. w hi ch g radually chJ il !;L.., llllll .1 d.1rk <•r IL·ss vu lunurily li< · in ~ .llll \lll!; the nan n·s. T lw v bluL' . .. H owever. only rhe king. hi s t:llhn . .1nd thL· lud .J clupt L· d the local litl--styk .m d WLTe m ust oftL·n hi g h pncst w nL· t.lttuonl fro m he.1d t• ' t·, H1 l : th L· " ·dl trL'.lt,·d . They WLTL' L' S<'. q'ed En~ li s h connns !own in till' soci.d suk .1n indi vidu.d \\·.1s. rhe t(·wn ur d L·s ertns. or sometimL'S .ldve·nwrns of every na­ his t.Jttoos, :~ nd some had none Jt .!II. T hese pJim­ tilllld iity who had de libcratclv chosen to live in ex­ ings were done b y true professio nal artists. one o f de. In the decades tlut fo ll owed. there were more whom established himself on bo.1rd J nd l.lltrrunJte comp.1nions ... thunder cuuld lw L'xp lai ncd by thL· ,·.1nnun.1Lk ., ex­ Women. eager to seduce the s.n lo rs, " s wam around changed by the ships in the rl

120

"~" ' ... " ' - ' • • ""'~ ~.... < •• • • • . ' Fre·n,·hm.m. jl J> t·ph C:Jbn. \\·hom the l ~ u s s i Jn s were tiom of th.: " industry ofJa pan. the richness of whose i.Hcr tbnt,. i,;rtlsen, rcrn \\',t' .1hk ttl \'1, 1! .I lll ·>l.ll ..1 ,-tt'" IU \\ ill e·h \\' .1, ll\ll.dh· t(>r hid­ In ( k tc 1bn l i-ll 14. the f\',uit· .:: Jr d, r e11tered the v.tst de!l l<' l<'r c t~ n cr,_ 1-.lt-h t'.ltlllh· lud It ''"''"· Unlv b.t\' LJ I. N.lg.lsakt , the only po rt open to Eu rnpL·a n the men .l ll t: ndcd funeral rite'!,'; a pi~ \\·o uld be be~ shi ps. Foll owing widespread conversions made i11 hcJJcd .1n d otTncd to the gods. then it, Aes h would the six teenth n·rttury by St. Francis Xavier and his he e.1ten b,- those prt·,ent . ( l'i ~s were ~e ner a ll y e.Hen comp.t ni o ns-conversions that had resulted in vio­ unh· unckr the· >e e·ircumstanres.) T he de.1d m.m's lt:nt pl'rsccution- the N ipponese empire had closed hl,,j,. '"''uld then be rubbed with coconut oil to in on itself The Dutch had been permitted to found p re,~-r, ·e· Il fro m putrd~lct i on , after w hi ch it would a sm JI! permanent settlement, rdegated to the ar­ be·cu me ,J, hJrd as .1 rock . At the end of twelve titicial islet of Deshima in the Nagasaki roads: but nhlllth>. dw corpse \\·as cut to pi eces 111 a new cer­ thn · were ca refull y watched and subjected to in ­ em nn\· .md the bones placed in the m o rai. nur;tcrabk vexatio;ts. Their trading post, however. ( )n M .t \' II the .'\.<'1'<1 reached N ukJ Hi,·a, Jnd was the· only chan nel for relations between Japan and th e r'"'' s h t p ~ SJ1kd at the end o f the month fo r the Eu rope. \ .in,he·tch biJnLk \\·here K rusenst,·rn p!Jnned to The arrival o f a Russ ian ship brought about a ' ''!'''" ''''' n rhe cxpe,lirro n . But the ll.lwai.lll' h.1d Ill'\\. \\',JVL' of >e' \·nity. "hom the tirst to the IJ>t he·, <'n~t · L''.t~ cnt .md would exc h J n ~e p l ~> only for moment o f o ur stay we h:tve been prisoners !'1'''·,·, ,, ,-ci m e d u n the· M.!r­ ~" e111 shn re. but even tu tak e a lo ngboat any dis­ q tt<·,·.lll'. the·,- "'et.ne·d .. ,·en· supcriu r ·" to iiitcl h­ I )r,IIJ 'HI I,'• •' / /,11/ ~ '' " ' '" mh,Jhl/tHl / • of t.mn· from the ship . . " If the Jap.tm'St' consented .\. " ul..· o~ Jl u•.z v( l \',I J-:.1 ' Arotmd liH: ~cn, · c .u~t l tndu, rn·. .. Un.1hk to ~e t the provisions to rcp.tir the !':.rdc::: !Jd,r at their expense. it was be­ Wm ld l• y C II LIII.I: IIJ,, rff. lXI .? he \\ .lnt e,l. Krtl\enstcrn ek ciekd lO he.1d fo r K.Jnl­ cause thL')' hoped to sec her leave that much fastn. / : n_ l! r<~• ' "JX f• y_l C . Ht'I J.: clutk.r rm me,hateh·. LisiJnsky cho -. c to re m ain in ( H,h/111/lrf,/llt' du :\JJHI'IHir d 'l•u fll lr!' No sooner had the ship arrived tlu n some m agis­ '"uurl'll f, Ptm .' . PhMn ti:' Hihl . du rh c '> .tn,!"·ich hl.mds fl>r some time before goin !:! trates. o r l>mrio s, had come o n board. They in­ Alu .•nmJ I /JhnrdJ J w KndtJk J, l.md IIe:tr the AmericJn co.tst. quirn l after the route takm by the ship, pointed o ut It tO Ll k the ,1\i,u/c:::hda thtrty-ti \'e t!J ys , but. o n w here she was to anchor, and contlscated all pow­ JulY l'i. she reached Pctropavlovsk in A\'acha Bay. der and weapons, including the hunting rifles of the C oum Rll manzof had asked that they look to r a land officers. Only the soldiers in the ambassador's guard th.tt dw Sp.tniards believed was rich in gold and sil­ rem ained armed, at the express request of the la t­ \'l'r .md which was to be found to the east ofjapan. ter, who finall y obtained permission to li ve on shore; Neit her the Dutchman De Vries in I (J43 nor La howe·vcr, by a typicall y Japanese paradox, the prince l'cr<)ll " ' m 17R7 hJd been able to tind it. K rusen­ of Fisen insisted o n sl'llding his own boat for him. stern " ·as con\'inced that this isl.md d id not exist. "She was enormo usly large and magnificent-her At Pem>padovsk. LangsdorfT left the expeditio n and length being 120 feet-and the sides shone with the \\Tnt o n:rland to return to Europe by way of Sib­ m ost dazzling lacquer; m atting and precious rugs Art ~ti r i

lwli J hy .H trhrl Ditftcr wa' mcorrectly m arked on earlier m aps. T he ~ t> o d weather had returned. and fro m a dis­ t.IIH'L.' une could ad mire the m o untainous land­ ' cJpe' topped by high peaks and also get indica -

121 THI Rli"IAN'> iN T HE PACIFIC. 180J-I M29

1

,.,,. , '\1<1... .: If. ~ .1 m ,• w l/,111 1 : 11 \I,:: ' ' 1 · ~ , H · ;1"1/. c ./1! 1/.11: •'11.1/: /'.il r /'I J,> ! ,• hy)r .mh,•t ' i'h,•! , f• •

>Jnov w.1s not permitted to go to Edo, the imperial 1s kindness. They brought us fioh \\'lthout rc:s idcnC<: . Attn J tiw-month wJit, on April 3, 1805, asking anything in return . " Though relations an off1cial brought J. respo nse to hi s request: The between the navigators and the peJcd'ul Amus were ,· mperor refused to receive him .md returned ,dl hi s excl'iknt, the J.lpa nese who controlle-d th e ports ot >.'; Ifts, t(Jr h,· h.1d nu intemion ~ u ns . there \\'J.S nothing fo r the commander to do which he CJ II ed Patience and w hi ch is LJ Pe-r u usc ·s but qu,; th,· port. For the return w Kamchatka. De L 1n gk Bay. Krusenstt' rn therctore ,·ut ,·~" t to­ K rusenstan chose the longest route so th.n he might ward rhe Kmiks, which he tra versed. explore the westLTn coast of the Nipponese archi­ O n lune 6. the .\l,Jdc.:: lul,l was bJck Ill l'etro­ pe!Jgo----the coast tacing C hina-from south to north pavlovsk.- T he unfruitful mission em ba rked several ri ght up to the la rge island, Saghalien (Sakhalin), weeks later on the l'vfaria and returned to St. Pe­ discovered by La Perouse. Along the way he gave tersburg in O ctober. Krusenstern now had only to Russian names to the newly discovned capes dnd attend to the affairs o f the Russian-AmericJn Com ­ bavs. Having passed Tsugaru Strait, the Nadezhda pany, and he made a detailed on-site investigation reconnoitered the coasts of Yeso (Hokkaido), whose of its functioning. The status of its sa ilors and em­ name in Japanese m eans "land of the barbarians." ployees was extremely precarious. 1-!Jving come Its savage .1 spect contras ted with that of intensely there in ho pes of making their fo rtunes, they were cultivated Japan proper. stagnating under extremely primitive conditions in this frozen land, and they were subjectcd to cruel and tyrannical leaders. Exhausted by sickness, by The Aitws and the Tartars insufficient Jnd Irregularly av.Jilabk fo od, .llld hv bad trea tm ent, tew o f them saw their ho mes .l g.Jin . Havmg dropped anchor at the northern part Tht: tate of the colonists established on th,· Ameri­ of the island in Soya Bay, which was given Ro­ can coast was no m ore enviable. lllJnzofs name, the Russ ians entert'd imo contact O n July

122 'i Llm " LT<' ~ r e e t eJ bv rh c T artars with " swecpmg ~e, tur, ·;, .md embr.!CL's ." but their g reed was in f'.l lllful cuntr.Jq " ·irh the friendly disimcr,·st o f the . "->~n u,. 11·hom they h.1d driven fro m this p.!rt uf the J,J.J nd . K rmenstcn 1 did ntJt continue his cxplo ra­ tl<>l l 1<> tlw C<>." t' u f T.nt.1ry hn·.Ju ,,· he \\',JS fe.1rttd , ,r· l'\l llrll nt.\tl<)JJ '' lt h the .l rlll L' m p.ul\··s settlements o n Kodiak and Sitka Islands t L> the >ourh of the Alaskan peninsula. He had hrou~h r \\·i rh h im a large cargo that \\·as to be cx­ ch.l li~ c d fo r Chines<: g~>u d s. !Jut at Cam o n the s.1k l1t. the r·urs \\' JS hmdncd lw the hJd w ill of the .Iu­ Russian-American Compan y 's administrati o n-a ff, ,. ,u/fru :·r l .ltl h '.~ r . ,p h hr I ,m t: luHH", til<>ri tJ cs . .l!hl it took intcrmin.1bk ne ~o t! a ti o n s to criticism ro which he rctumed in his jc)]lmcy AnJ11 11 d (r,1m .1 Jr.w·m,\! h)' L ( ."Ill''"' ',, thr J<,u ,Jk· l.ll.mds 1 [i, hfh,the,lu t bnn~ it l1 ff T he Russ ians were no r abk ro leave the f1Tor /d published in 1il l 0- 1H 1 4; it led to the ll tJIWt~• dt · , g,ns /'1 11' 1• ' 1.1.: li 1hl l .lllt<)ll until Fehru:1rv (, _ 1 8116-- t w~nt\'-fo ur ho u rs elimination o f some abuses and considera bly im­ ll tlf .ll 'lll)fdl ) hefun u rdcrs for the seizure of the t\\'O \·esscls ar­ proved the situation of those depcndclll on rhe n,·ed t'n•m the Peking court. T he ships tran·rscd co mpany. A s for Lisiansky. he published an ac­ 'lll liNeva, which lud in great :-.t . I kkna .md .mo ther swp at Copenhagen. were pJrt been d ifferent from th at o f the Nadezhda. ha ck m K ro nsudt in August I i-\0(L The naturalists had brought back a harvest of In three \Tars and twelve d avs of navigatio n precious info rmation abo ut the flora and fauna of in .dl but unkt.wwn seas. Krusen s t ~rn had n ~t lost the countries visited, and they m ade a new contri­ a sm g lc man and he had broug ht his crew back in bution to the study of life in the then largely un­ ~ ood health. The Russian navy IJJd demonstrated kno wn seas. The results w ere contained in three tlu t it \\' .l S ca pable of competing with its powerful works published by Tilesius and L3ngsdorff Brittsh .md French partners. and d rew legitimate After having completed the acco unt of his pride from this. True, it had still been necessar y to voy age, K rusenstern left again in 1 RIS to explo re tu rn to Crear l:lrirain t <> procure the ships capable the Bering Strait and seck o ut the N o rthwest Pas­ of nuking su long a vovagc, but the fo ll owing ex­ sage. H e later published important h ydrographic ped iti o m left m Russian-built ships. studies, including the excellent Atlas 4 1h c Pa cific A, fo r the immniiare goal he lud set himself, O cean . Promoted in 1826 to rear admiral and din·c­ Krusm stnn had met it by creating a maritime link tor of the N aval Academy, h e was a m ember of the bet\\TL'n Russia pro per, Kamchatka. and the Rus­ scientific committee of the Ministry of the Navy and >I:tll colonies in N o rth America; :m d between the was thus able to help prepare the g reat expeditions IJ!tn .llld the Chinese market. Upon his return, tlut followed . In 1829, he was made a vice admi­ K rusenstcrn made a repo rt severely critical of the raL and, in 1841 , an admiral.

123 ••1 f

The poet Chamisso goes around the world: Kotzebue's voyages 1815-1826

The Russians had to w ait until the end of the commodate himsel f for the next thn:e ycdr s. "ThL· Napoleonic Wars before being able to organize an­ ca bin is about twelve feet square . ... On ei ther other voyage around the world. Though a private side were two bunks, two wall cupboards install ed individual took the initiative for this voyage, he was fo r sleeping purposes .... M y bunk and the three a man who was as rich as he was powerful. Nicho­ drawers underneath are the only space on this ship la s Petrovitch Romanzof. who had been Minister that belongs to me. . . In the cabin. to ur mm of Trade when Krusenstt:rn leti:, had, in 1807. be­ sleep. six men li ve. and seven men cat. . Be­ come Minister of Foreign Atfairs and then Grand tween meals, the painter and his drawing board take Chancell o r. Strongly interested in the arts and sci­ up two sides of the table, and the third side belongs ences, he willingly played the role of M aecm as. In to the o ffi cers. . . If an ybody wants to write or I H15. Ho m:mzof gave K rusenstern the responsibil­ in any way make usc of the table. he has to wait to it y to r preparing a new .:xpedition that would be take it over fo r a tCw fl eeting moments that arc d lJrged w ith reconno itering sever:d Pac ific is la nds parsimoniously counted and ava ri ciously em­ .1nd with once more .:xploring the no rthwest coast ployed; as tor me, I cannot work this way." To this of A m.:ric 1 south of the Berin g Strait to sec if a contincmcnt was soon added seasickness . "Jgainst p.t ss .l ~L' t el ll.tftin ll:t y could tin.tlly he t(Htnd. whi ch I ceaselessly struggle. but in v.tin "- .dl ot K ruscnstern had .1 o; nt .tl l l>r i~ built, christened which nude " this phase of the voy:1gc .1 tilll e o f it the 1?11rik, Jnd turned Its command over to the difticult .1pp rmticcship" to r the· unfortunate poL't. man who at tifteen had bee n his ck rk aboard the So\ln C hamisso was at odds w ith the captain. who .Y,Id<"::lzd,I- Otto von Ko tze bue. \vho for this pur­ constantly "co mplained about the natural history pose was made li cutL·nant commander. A yo ung m llcctions piling up" on the deck or be twL'L' n-Jecks; Es tom.m docto r, J. F. Eschscholtz. and the botani st w ith the second li eutenant, who was "sicklv and C. F. von Ledebo ur were designated as naturalists. irritable"; and even with the sai lors, who expressed but Ledebour h.1d to resign f.;r reasons of health. eno rmous contempt to r hi s research :md unhc, it.Jt­ The pm:t C: hJ misso--who h.Hl. J war e.trlier. been in gly th rew his harvests overboard. Though Es­ n1.1dL· f.1nwu s by the publica tion t)i· one o f the nl:ls­ chscholtz beca me his fri end. hi s relations with th e tapien:s of Gaman RomJ ti c litaature. The .\l,n­ pa inter C horis and particularl y with Wo rmskj('dd ue loll s History o( Peter Schinllih/- offcrcJ to replace him. Uorn in 178 1 at the C h:i tea u de Boncourt in \ ,•,.rl' 'H '•I • Jdl rri ~ h Jr,;u ·u by ·\. ,.,m '.'ll,mJUHl L lflh, I! '.Jl-'11 hy L ( ) ltll'l • C h.1m pagnc, Louis Charles AdelJide de C hamisso. ..md L..m.l!lum'' 1 B dd!Mht:I{IH' w ho afterward chose the Germ an name /\delbert ll.llhlt/.zl r , P.1n ~ p;,(l(,J \ ~ Brhl von C h.1misso. had whik still young immigrated llBerlin , w here he studied botany, anato m y . .md zoology. ''In my childhood," he w as to w ritL', "Conk had raised the curt.1in hiding a \\·orld th.lt was still as sedu cti \'L' as J f1ir y tak. ·· As .m .1dult. C hamisso lud J c·c idn i to li nd that world. t~rrr. i \ ComL' fr om Abo (Turku). Finland, w here >he \ had been equipped, the R11rik kti Kronstadt on Jul y _....---- \ 30. 1815. O n August Y. she WJ S in Copenl1.1 gcn, ' ' I \ \\·here Clumisso ca me on bo.1rd in the compan y of _I Linnendllt Morten Wormskjiild. w ho, 0 11 his re­ .! turn from a \'OVJge to Greenl and and Kam c.:h .nka, i' had as ked permiss ion to assist him as a voluntcn ( naturalist. Fro m the beginning. the poet was struck by ' the lim ited spa ce to w hi ch he would have to ac-

124 Kotzt:'bue's Ship and Crew

The kl 'kif-: . \ ' LT\' >nJJII 2-nlasted b n~. lXII tons ond 8 s m JJI I\ . . lll Jl ~ lll : kt! t'rum Kr ur!-..Udt. 7 JII 1 1H1:1: : fL'ltlrll L' d r\1 ~[ 1\·tvr'>buq.:. H.) J;-.!.J X. L·rn\··3.?ml' ll , ,J,· Jth>: I (of rubcrculllsJs). I- Con1n1ander: t ) Ul) nm J\. otn ·huc. hcu tcnJil t com­ ntJIJJcr .

I Lieut .. nants: I st. Clcb Simonovirch C hich marc·,· : 2nd. Inn .IJco\·k,·Jkh "'Jkhann. left sick in Pctro pa d ovsk. Juh' !Kih. IDoctor and naturalist : Dr. Joha nn Fnednch F. sc hscho ltz. INatur a list: AJclbcrt ,· on C han usso. ______

Assistant naturalist: LH:Llt l'llJilt JY1on~.._·n \'S:/orm~ k_ j t) ld. left I, rh\ l' \.pt· lilttun .H 1 \ · rru p.l\ 'k)\ ·~ k. Juh- 1K 1( l. j j l . . · - ---- · f'· ~ ~ .. ( - ' 1 Paintl~r: l (l l!l.., <. ' 1!\lrJ.., ------

\\'eTc' b.Jc!i\· str.li JJc·d. Wonw,kjiild ~ll t .1lon~ with no tiful palm tree with t'l:athcry fo lia ge which he b.Ip­ ( llt tl!'o flliH . Itl/tll !l.lrl.l. /fi , I ~~ ~~ Jt l /1 <'Il l' .IIlli \'lT \ . Slhlll 111.1d e kno\\·n his intc·ntion to ti zed C,><'<>S r<>IIJ Jud been t( )llowed a very diffcrellt ro ute from the one taken c H1/J/ . ,,," l f'hM rh . ) fr>llll\\'C'i l)\ K ru >c JJ.q crn twelve yc1r s e.nhn. A t'tn by Krusenstcm; Cape H orn was rounded antid sto ppmg at Pl ymouth from Sc·ptembcr 7 to 25, the storms, and, ascending the coast of Chile, the ship Rurik .mchorcJ at Santa C ruz de Tenerife and reached Talcahuano in Concepcion Bay on Febru­ rea ched Santa Catarina Island on the Brazilian coast ary 13 , 181 6. On the way, the naturalists o bserved on lkccmbcr 10. 1 ~ 15. O n board. when not on duty whales and dolphins. and colkrrcd the gigantic the m en amused themselves as best they could. austral algae that were characteristic of the region. Every Sunday there was a concert. "A chorus The arrival of the Rurik initially provoked bo th formed by the sail ors had band instruments avaii­ surprise and fear, for its fl ag was unknown, but thL· Jbk. and o ur lknsali cook played the violin ... Russians were nevertheless well received by the C: hamisso .md Eschscholtz devoted themselves to Spaniards, who gave ball s and banquets in thL·ir obsnv.1tions of marine animals that were fished for honor. from th e· deck \v ith the help of a cloth net attached On March 8, the Rurik left Concepcion Bay . to a po le . The two naturalists made an impo rtant On that date, Chamisso noted: "The voyage of discmTrv about mollusks known as salps: "The discovery ... begins here. " Until his arrival in >a rne spec ies has two very different basic fo rms ac­ A vacha Bay on June 19, Kotzebue sailed thro ugh cordtn g to the ,J !ternation of generations. " They also vast ocean spaces that had scarcely been entered since stud te d jcllyti sh and found several new species. the the heroic times of Le Maire and Schouten. On a c alephac~ about which Eschscholtz was later to March 28, at Easter Island, the poet finally touched publish a bJsic study- being of particular interest. on the unknown. Thus was realized "the first great C hamtsso was less and less sorry about hav­ pro mise of this voyage." mg j omed the expedition, and the sight of the nat­ "A large number of p<'ople awaited us pcace·­ ural splendo rs o f Brazil completely restored his en­ fully, noisily, and impatiently on the shore, dem­ thusias m . Here "the animal world is in harmo ny onstrating their childlike joy by agitated move­ w ith the vegetable world. The creeper form of tht' m ents on the beach. " However, an atmosphere of vegetati on corresponds to the climbing grip of the suspicio n and menace seemed to reign over the is­ birds and the corkscrew tail of the mammals, found land, and it was not to be explained until much later. even in beJsts o f prey .... In the insect world. In 1805, the American schooner Na11 cy had come to richness and splendor reign. and the butterfly ri vals the island in search of laborers; despite energetic re­ the humming bird .... When night fall s on this sistanct' by the Easter Islanders, the Americans seized green world, the animal world shines around its twelve men and ten women and kept them chained fires. The a1r. the thicket, and the earth arc filled fo r three days, freeing them only when land was with fl ashes and illuminate the sea." Here, "all is out of sight. The men immediately jumped over­ new for science." Indeed, Chamisso discovt'red board and perished, and the women had to be forc­ many new plants, among them an extremely beau- ibly restrained from following suit. Since then, the

12~ TH F H U ~~ I,O.NS IN THE P,O.CIFIC. UlO.l-IH:>

I IJ I

0

·\f!'ut:.JII 1-f.m,J , hltr·h J -1,,, ,n,:> ~~ .• ,/, ' I/; , ,, ,, " " •

islanders had been on the defensive. lizard, and some butterflies. The first discowry was The RussiJ ns spent only a few hours on Easter dedicated to Romanzof, the sponso r of the expedi­ ls!Jnd bdon: lcJving in search of new lands. The tion. and saluted with cannon and a double ration tir, t to be found may hJve been Schouten's Isk of for the crew, it being the Russian Easter. Kruscn­ Dogs and was therefore ca lled Doubtful Island, but stem 's name and that of the l?urik wen: givm to two the to ll ovnng one was certainlv unknown. Kotze­ small coral groups sighted ncar the Pallise r Jsl.mds bue decided to disembark there. "Despite the strong discovered by Cook. surf we mJnJged to land by mc·ans of a raft. One On April 30, the l'enrhyns- othcr low-lying bv one. the sa il o rs got on the rJtt and kt them­ islands linked by reefs and enclosing a lagoon----came selves be towed .dong .1 rope. profiting from a high into view. The natives, "vigorous, wdl bu dt. but wave to cross the reef .md reach the shore·." Though somewh.1t tr1ghtenin~ as they were covered not with thnc wnc· tr.Kes of lllllll.ln hJbiuuotl, dwy met no t.ltloos but with chest and back s urit~ tction s . the lllle: it seemed the· natives from neighboring isla nds most recent of which were bloody," soon became \\·otdd come to ti sh there. Ch.lllll SS O quickly com­ so numerous that they were madt· to keep their pi­ pleted his n.ltural history in ventorv .1s there was lit­ rogues on one side of the ship. S I!KC the crew was tk flora ;utd only J fnv.land .md ~ea birds. a >mJll unable to defend itself again st three hundred s.tv­ ago:s hungrv fur nails and pieces o t iron. Sn ·cr Jl cl.tys later. the Rurik was cast of the Marshall and Gilbert lslJnds. Thcro: Kotzebue discovered two n c' \\. is­ ! ;h tl'- ill f. ! r ~ l !L u" . 1..'1 .111r .J :r•tr.; l I ./I I . ,·d I ) / ,/11'1 11 '( ; ,, .l, I'•''' lands, dubbed K utusov and Suvarov. 1 ir.111u · , .rtlt,''(' ·'!'h' d hr l ( -,,,,:, On .June I Y. the R11rik o:ntned the vast :\ \· ,tcha .m.J L m'(ftllllc· 1 Bt l•/r ,,rl!c •fl h' Bay. It was the first time that Chamisso--who had tld//tll/,1/r·. f >,n u Ph Nt• ! ' Bd•l n,!{ Plh•rcl• never been to Russia and was only beginning to learn the language-"put toot on Russian soil. .. He was Jll the more surprised to tind himself in the home of an American, who had somehow ended up in this sn1Jll town of Petropavlovsk. before a " cunnmgly painted portrait on glass of Madame Reomin. the amiable friend of Madame de Stai'l. in whose home I had long enjoyed her friendly commerce." The month-long stopover in the capital o f Kamchatka was devoted to various excursions and above .dl to almost daily parries, somctimc·s on shore and otfcred to the navigators by their compatriots. sometimes shtpboard returns of hospitality. Licu­ tenam Chichmarcv's birthday was celebrated there "with an unbridled joy, especially .unong th o: s.til­ ors, as he· w.1s loved by all. " Second Lieutenant Sakharin, who was sick, had to lea ve the cxpeJi­ tion, and Wormskjold finally disembarked, after having often threatened to do so. It was only then that Kotzebue unveiled his navigation pi an, though only in part. During the

126 Kt\ 1/ IIH .• ., VU YALI ' · lhl=-t l h ~t.

,llll lllll'f ,,( 1::1 16. they h.1d to cutltcnt thcnbeln·> Nnrth\\·est 1'.1 SS.1gc . but they sLH)n saw that it was \'·:nh r cL · n nn o ltL'rlll~ .1 :-,., d l: . u H: h u r.1~ c Pll th e A nt t T­ .11 1 illusitlJ L The gulf to which it kd was C nok \ H...t11 L.l ,, h t .tn d prl'p.lrtllt!, fLH .1 :-, ~.,_' ,.: l)Jld ~ ttlnnlcr crui~c. (;uudlwpe B.1y. The sound 1\' ,JS ~, I\ Tn Kotzl'lllle \ 1\ h it !J 1\'UUJd be· dc'Hltcd tO ,l ckt.Jilcd l'X ploratio n n.1m e. In this vast .;ulf, the l<11ril: anch ored in the 1\'Jth th,· help .. t' e mplo n·cs of the l~u s; i :m-Amen­ :-.hl'i tl'l' uf C h:nnis>n, !s ian,! in little [,ch;,c ho ltz B.1y. ' ·"' ( ··.,llJ'.IIl \ .ll hl th ,· .I"tst.Jn te u( Akub in th,·ir ·1 h,· o fti cns kti tu ,· :-; pl llre th,· i ~d.1nd . "We h.td hhl.1r'. ·I,, ri ll'"' l'<'" f'k:' th,· <>J ll'-Sl'.lt l'icl.tr is \\·lut dJtnh,·,l th,· :-. c· >lnpes. ·• Ku t1cbue rnords undn rhe Jl 1c ht> r" · 1> r, , .1 C u".I,·k . Th iS , kit't' I> .1 long .mJ d.Hc Aug ust X. l tilf>. ""·nhuut noticmg that we \\'ere n.Jr rt>\\. '"'llll biJJdtT nLtde u f se.II skin and ending w.dk nw on 3 \TritJblc ircbng. Dr. E,ch scholtz 11 1 .1 l.lpnttlcc pu 111t. [ ,Trythmg is srrc·tched O\'c'r .1 fo und 7p .1rt of .1 ulus th.n h .1:1 m elt ed Jnd to hi'> hg ht 1\'0DLk n fr.Illll'\Hlrk . In the middle there Is .1 grc.H surprise noticed thJt the intnior ':f the ,·trcu l.n t>pentn g: the Jt Jan sits in it w tth uut­ llHltlllt.lill was made o f pure icc." In one ot thcsl' 'tretclll'd legs. In > trunk st! t· kmg up fmm the· o pen­ gash,·s. the n atu r Jlist found tht: teeth and usb o f a JJig HIS hght p.1dd k in lund. lm 1\·eapom bc­ llLllllnloth. The· iniJJbit.mts. w ho secml'd 11l'\'LT to ,·, >re lllln . IILI Jil t.IJn in g his b.1 lance likt· a horseman. h.l \'l' sc·cn J European. '.Va tched the ship in as tl>n­ he ' f' ''e,b o n·r tht· nw bik su rt'.I ce lik e .lJJ arrow " islnnem from the coast. Once cst.lblishcd in their ikt\\·,·cn t\\·o cruis,·s. in the wintn of lXI (>- o n-shore c :~mp , the Russians v.>c rc convinced they 1:-; 17. the R11 ril: dcsccnded ro the tropical islands for WL'fL' surromH.led b,· "America ns." In the middle of st'\·cr.tl TII OJ!th s. Un Juh · 17. she kft Pctropa,·­ the night. K o t z ebu~· decided ro h rc:~ k c.1 mp. Of this j,,, ' ~ fhre'l' d,!\'s l.i tl'r . .) hi gh. flll·k y ..lihl SIIU \\·­ ,kusi;lll, he \\TOt e· : "I ;-,1\\' no .>thcr w:l\' to t·sc.Ip e ,,,\ , 'Il'cJ i. ITJd tll.lt "}<>ll~l'l j [l'rJ'Jhl\- S.ld" <',lllll' JJlt O d t'.Jt h ... f lo\\T\'l:r . .I > C hamis, l> lltH e,, these lll l' JJ \'Jl'\\·: J[ 1\',h lkr11 Jg lsi.IJhl. ,,·hnc the unt(,rtun.ltt' ""·ere not lwsti k bur simp ly curio us." e,p},,rcr hJd dt,·,l .I nd been b uncd. On the t\\Tilt\·­ The Nuril: next t'ol lowcd the Asiat ic coast " in 'L'' cllth . tit ,. ,. rL·.Id lc'cl St. L,J\\TeTICl' lsl.nlll ,Jt the nrdn to get to kno\\· the pcopk w ho inhabit it allll l'Jltr.I JIL'e til rh,· lk rmg ~tr.lit. lnHi.tlly te.Irful. the to cnmp.1re them \\'ith the An1crica ns." They were "I.Inckr' \\·ere " 'Oil lo ud!\' asking the sailors tor to­ the C hukchi. an independent Eskimo tribe. "Thev h.lt'Cu . "Ha,·ing kJrneJ th,n l WJS their leader." recognize Russian sm-ercignty only to the extent that Korzdoue wro te. "the\' c1mc in turn to embrace llll' they pay tribute where they trade with the Rus­ b' ru hhuicc rh,·Jr JH l."'' :1g.1 inq mmc' Jnd ending th,·tr si .m s to mmu.t! ath·,lnt3gc. They welcomed us c'L' mphmcnb b,· spimng into thc1r hJnds. which thn · on shore as o fftcia l hosts-.uniably. but w ith ;1 so­ then p.Iss,·d on:r m ,. fare." The ship next emcred lemnity tlut deprived us of all spontaneity." the chJnnel in which on his third vopge Cook had The goal of the first cruise having been ,·xpl <> red three islJilds: Ko tzebue discovered several achieved, the R11rik set sail roward the south. stop­ u thcrs. ping once more in St. Lawrence B ay. On leaving To the north of Hering Strait, the Russians (August 29), she was struck by a violent storm and f,,und J g reat arm of the sea on the American coast; did not reach Unalaska Island in the Aleutians until th,.,. thought they h ad tinall\' discovered the September 7 . Kotzebue was received thnc b y the

i ·H' W l'(it y slop e.' ol C ham1 Ho ls/.md, u•llt'rt' l :.Hhschol!: du( tll'l'fi'J rJ u tlr Jb i ~ / ,, 11hl111m (l th '" :\tl_('rnr 1X Jfi LHiw.l!'"'l' h by L C hon' 1md lAtiJ!IumC from ll drawm.f! by CJwri 1 rB,bli,Hht'q,u· 'hHwtult. P. .m s. Plwt (' (I~ lfthf. tliJf ./f'Jr Mfh )

127 r H E HU'"IAN' IN THE PA CIF IC. lili >J- I!L"l

I 11< ;liJ: !.m ,c ,·i,I T.. :r,'ll ,,, !111

} / , 1 1 ~ ,/lo ,/11' / ; :Ji ,' l,'r.l ,l'ft !';' ( /1 , 11 I ,/lid

{ ,; I .' _'I iiith '1 !Il l d dt.t l l J// 1,' I '\' l ·;1<' 11 •

Htr !IL• litl •/11, ' Lliii !II..J h. fJ,/11 , / 'Ill I•' ( Hilt! 1/dl f!il!'[l h I

J~ent of the Russi.m-Arnerican Com pan y Jnd told During their stay in C.t! if()rnia. th e n.!tural ists hin1 <)f his needs fo r the second summer cruise. had colkncd and descnbed the sea lion. ur Cdifor­ Le.1vin g rhc purt o f Unal.lskJ on September I~ . the nia-e'-lred sea l, ,Jild a grc.tt 111.1n y birLk 1ncludi1Jg a , hip went to the Calitomia missions. where the crew "humming bird with dazzling p l umJ~e." Es­ w~rs to have a few weeks of re st before heading for chscholtz identified as nuny as three speciL·s of sai­ rhe South Seas. amander. Though the se.1son w.ts hardly favorable, "On October 2, at four in the aft t'rnoon, we C hamisso made several interesting discon'fic'S, in­ nude our c'lltry inro the port of San Francisco." The cluding the Eschsdiolu: i,l c ahfonncc~, be.llltiful P"P·' ­ Russi.11r s \H'fe recein·J there bv Jn officer of the vcrareae with brig ht yellow tlowers, and ( _- ,.

128 ' ,... ,

dispelled thc' . and th e ' n:kom<: was very ,·ord ial. Ch:tmissn rL'COrch.: " We were introduced ro the queens. tJII. qrnn~ women \\·ho were still :d­ ilh"l IK .Illllfu l In .1 st rJ\\. hu t. the\' were .dl strL· tchc·d uut ro~ct h cr on a tlour sofrl\' covered w ith ,khc.H <' nut.> . \'\'v h.1d w u ke <>ur pbres .1 n1 ong then!. The lnnb directed at m <· by the II L'i gh bt uneas\·. On tOI­ lowing [ ,clbcholtz. who had aln:ad v sli pped out of the hmbe. I kam cd from him th.H h i> queen had ex prc·,knl balb have all th e· allure of a buri al. The r di~ I o m cn emonies rak e up only .J few honrs. The Inten·.d, .1re iilkd w ah the most JCn-ous con­ ' crsJtiOih ,llld guc>d s me:t ls J rc· h.1d. . " C h.I m­ "'" \\'.IS dis.Ippoin ted . but if he h.1d h<'en so readil y .Jd mllted to the Cngn h.1d their L'.1rlicr initi.Ho r\' chara Lt cr; l )n the llther h.1nd . he WJ > enra pturc·d b y the huLl . the H.Jw ,ln.m tcsti,·al cbncc. " In the well-babnced . '· rll\·thm of the d.1nc<·. the human ti g urc is sho \\·n to ll!.lgmti,·,·,n .llh ·Jntagc. and as the m ovem,·nt be­ ~· --__._ ___ :;;~ ~ ~ ~-~;- ·: ._~ e< Hn e> hg htn ,md freer. it o ti ~' r s the sp<'C tack of the bc.IUtit'ul ,l,l!l<'l's tu be fu tll hl in n.ltllrl'. We sn·m t<> go () d of hi s pcnpk ... Thanks to him. 1he l ~ u ss i : 1n s be \\',ltd ling th e· nlL' tJmorphoses of antique st.ltu­ were able to set up an island garden in which they ( :n'H!'d .w l.:lfr .fr•m• thf lk mz.r!. Sea Jry; onh· the t'L-e t carry the dancer. He cnteres q ui­ sowed peas. corn, and other edible plants. C ham­ Lzlht'J!r•lph hy L. C how ,md eth·. His bud y unto lds, his arms, all his muscl es, isso fi nall y gave way ro rapture. "Nowhere else is Lml!IHmf. ( IJiMiMII(que nlltwnalr, H m .1. PhCII(I trh } stir . .md his fJcc beco mes animated . These the sky more beautiful. the temperature mo re ti:stiv.1ls nu ke the H awaii ans d runk w ith j oy." equable, t!1J n on these low islands. The sea and the O n Decembn 14, the Rllrik left the Sandw ich w ind balance o ne ano ther, and the brief passing h l.1nds .md once mo rt' turned in the direction of the shown s maintJin the forest in its lu xurian t green l\1.m.h.dls. visited the yea r bdore. There the Hus­ splendor." Until March 18. when they returned to >i ans discm·ered several new islands: N ew Year ls­ the Kutusov (Utirik) and Suvarov (Taka) groups Lmd (Miadi). the Ro mamof Archipelago (Wotjc). di scovered the previous yea r, the Rurik sa ikd from the br~e island of O tdia, the Kasen G roup (M al­ is!Jnd to island befo re reg retfull y k avin g these en­ odap). Jnd the T ernci G roup (Aur). These islands chanting places behind and returning toward the for med two more or less parallel lines . and the chain Bering Strait. which had to be reached in time. vi> it ed b\' the Russia ns w as the RatJk; the o ther. " April 13 was a terrible day on which my best hopes wh1ch "consists of nine groups,·· was the Ra lik. were des troyed ," Kotzebue w rote. The Rurik w as " The weakness o f the Ratak inhabitants eliminated hit by an extremely violent storm during w hich any suspicion about them; their gentleness and several men- including the commander- w ere in­ gencr<>s it y 111 .1 de them trust the foreigners who jured. domin ated them w ith all their power; w e becam e On April. 24, the Russ ians arrived safe and fncnds w ithout reservati ons." sound at Unalaska. Kadu was stupefi ed by the snow­ covered m ountains, whose existence he had never even suspected . T he equipmm t as ked for by Kotz­ Kadu ebue was almost ready, and it w as assembled in haste. O n June 29, the R urik departed with fifteen At R.1t ak. C hamisso met Kadu, "one o f the Aleuts and some bidars aboard. The naturalists had most beautifi.Il natures that I have met in all my life. had time to assemble a detail ed in ventory of the li t­ one of the men I have loved most. " Volunteering tle- known fl o ra and fauna of the Aleutians. T hey to snn· as an intermedia ry with the isl anders. Kadu had made a considerable coll ecti on that included wa' soon so atta ched to the Russians that he could northern sea birds and raptors, some $mall carni­ not k n T them. A fnend was also m ade o f an Ot­ vores and rodents, and the crani um of a whale that dla mhallltant. " w ho distinguished himself fro m the had been cut apart by the Aleuts. All these things othn s by hi > w it and intdligenn:. . Lagcdiack were carefull y wrapped and pl aced in large nailed under>tood that we intmded to introduce useful but and tar-scaled cases, which were under Kotzebue's still unkno wn plan t species to these isla nds for the personal protection.

129 The· Rurik WlS about to enter the Bering Strait would not otherwise be cared for. lktorc the wheu suddenly the commaudcr decided to go no assembled inhabitants of O tdia. KJdu wJs prn­ farther. On July 12, he wrote: "At twelve mid­ clairned our representative. H av1n g Jlrl·a d y nig ht, just Js we were prepariu g to an chor at the come to R.ttak three timc.: s, we.: sokmnlv pronnsed ; northern promontory, to our g reat ho rror we no­ that we would return after a whrle to vtsit hm1 Jlld tiec·d an ice tloe that stretched to the northeast as ask f(Jr Jn accounting." far as the eye could sec. . The cold air hit my Kotzebue was indeed to return to Otdia. but wok chest so stro ngly that I could not brea the and not until seven years EHer. The islanders ga \T him suffered an angiu.J attack iu which I kept faiming an cnthusi.l stic welcome. "Scvnal w aded out up to Jnd spittiug up bloo d. I reali zed that my coudition their wai,ts to be the first to g reet us. . . l-o ur o f was more dangerous than I had previo u sly admit­ my old friends lifted me from the.: launch and car­ l ted. . . I sent word to command headquarters that ried me to the shore, where Lagediack awaited me my health fo rced m e to return to Unalaska . ., This w ith o pen arms and j oyfull y pressed m e w hi s lapse o n K o tzebue's part was se verdy criticized by heart." But ''of all that we had broug ht tcJ H.u.1k, his m en, w ho greeted his d ecisio n with "silent and Monsieur von Kotzebue saw only a cat, which had downcast faces ." Chamisso strong ly regretted that gone feraL and a yam roo t." Kadu was gone: he the commander had not at least discussed the ques­ w as at Aur with King Lamari, and " thanks to his tion w ith the staff. Nevertheless, on the ship's re­ care the animals and plants that the king had tr Jns­ turn, C ount Ro manzof simply accepted Kotzebue's plantcd there had, it would appear, multiplied con­ report. siderably .,. " LJgcdiack secretly urged Kotzc·bue· to OnJuly 12, IHI7, therefo re. the expedition was seize power at Ratak and otTercd to help him do so. virtuallv o ver. But there was still the return to be As the ship was about to set sail , he broug ht his considned. in orhn words to ''un w ind back ward friend a b st giti: young co conut trc.:es that he w.mted what had been accomplished until now ," as C ham­ to be planted in Hussia, since he lud hcJrd there isso pur it with wry irritario u . On July 22, the Ru­ were none there." n/..· kft Un.tbsk.l, anchored at Oahu in the Saud­ Leaving the Marshalls on N ovnubn :; , IHI7, w ich lsbnds fr o m October 1 to 1-l. and hea ded fo r Kotzebue d ecided to sto p at GuJm in the M J ri.111 as. the MJrslnlls. where several lll'W islands were dis­ "This g reen an d seemed isl.1nd Sl'l'lned a gJrden of covered. deli g hts." wrote C h amisso; hnwevcr, "it w;1s only

! .m,/•,,lfh •' l !ht }(,Jtllk- f , J, md• At Otdi.l. the navigators were· received with a deserr. The missio nari es from Hlllnc h.1d \f.u h. llf \ r, illf'o'l,st:•' l I h ,ll/'111~ .md ckmo rJ str.ltions pf g reat JO Y. K.l chr . cnrichnl bv the r.1i scd th e· ir noss there: 44,001) lwnun bL' lll l:S h:1d JJ ), , .,_. ,,q,Js I'} ( ;,,. , / , f'h, n;pnicn ce· s <> f the· last t(:w months. "provecl him­ hee· 1r s.lnlli c·ed tc l it, .111d their sun·Jv<> r'. llli'\L · ~ I with IJ ' fl r.H .HI!! ,•f :/11• : llllhll, l/, ll , flrpo · t ,l~•' ' I ' l l ) {'lt .l•ol11t F/ic t.• f.lii ,J, ., , f',l/\1' self indct:aigabk and brimming with .rcti vity . the TagJis who had hlTn broug ht from Luwn. i h1 II h ilt < 1 11 f h t· h.J,/( •' { hrt·,Joifl111/ He w.ts still tirml v resolved w rc m.1in w ith us." hJd becom e a small sil ent nation, sJd .md , u b_Ju­ : ' ~' ' l..u ~·· '• ' " ' .usd ,, ;iJ, r ;•i.ulf• La ter. " his very ~. 1 y humo r ga\'L' wJy to :1 peacct! rl g.l[ed . ' J,J(;J'I (,1 t •f11 /11! 1t fi,J f r t \ 'lo l fl • ,,11 t I tho ,,,,,u rd " I Hd•fr,• th ,-,J ht" tJ,lfhliJ,d,·. g r.l\'it y" .tnd he .lnnounced th.lt he \HHrld ''renJJin At CuJm. C ha misso karned .!bout trq ' Jng­ I '. II I . / '1,, ,,, ' '. I ~ II • I II ,1( 1' II I,, I !· I .It Otdi.l to look .!Iter tlw .minJJis .md plam s, \\·hich sm o ke·d lwlo thurians th.tt arc th,· b.JSls t- the"· e· chinodcrnh for the zoologic d 11 1useu m 111 lkrlm . O n Janu.n y 17. !HI H. the Uu ri/.: Jnchurnl .It C .l\'lt e' in MJnila B.1y. C hamisso had tim e· to n1.1kc· .1 one­ week excursion. dim bing the slopes o f the T.1J I .1 nd co ll ecting nu merous insects. inc-luding the ph.hm.l . wh1ch looks like .1 living k a t'. The R11ri/.: lcti Ca\·itc on j.mu;1ry 2'J .rt the· <,rm e time .IS the L~l,llltinc out of Borde.Ju x . .1 rnnchant ship lln boJn.l w hich w:ts I >ussumicr, o ne· o r- till' best annnal coll ectors of till' Mus,·um of N .Jt urJI H i,­ tury in P.m s. T he Russians h .1 d .Jbu:1rd 'L'HT.d rn o n kcys , of w hich at least o m· he· lu nged tll .111 un­ known >pe·c ies: howevn. almust .dl died . e':\"'1' 1 t~ > r :1 p.1ir uf .1 spe·rie·s curllllHllr 111 I ti/O il . ·1 h,· , .. .lll l­ lll .He· d ll Ur ri gging .I S the·y lud thei r ll.ltl\·c· t'u re·, t . .. arri ving s .1t ~· ly 111 St. Petersburg . On J\ \.:r,·h 31 . 1H1H. the N11ri/.: enre·red T a ble- B.ty ..It th,· C.tpe. w here it l lll'l up \\ ith Freycine·t's [ ·r,mi,-. h c> rn _hrne I 6 ro 30. the· na\'ig.l[or-. stopped .rt PurtsnH Juth. Jnd this gave C h.nnisso time to go to Lu ndon. \\·hnL' he met severJI f.1muus scicutists: the n ·nn.rbk Sir Joseph 13Jnks. then scventy-tl vc: CJptJin j Jmes llumey. w ho l1.1d also been a compamon ut· C nok \: Sir l ~ohe rt Bro wn, who had travl'lcd w it h Flnllkr':

130 I •,.

,md tinJ!!y llJron C u vicr, who was pass ing through. O n August J. 11\1/l. th e R11rik dropped anchor 111 front of the· ho me of Count Hom:lll zof in St. Pe­ ter;, burg. The ,·ovagc had la sted three years. and there ~ud not be·cn a single dc:lth.

Kotzebue's seco11d ''oyage, 1823-1826

Alter hi > rctum to lkrlin. C hamisso remai ned thne and was named f1 rst the conservato r of the Bntaniu l Gardens and then the Hoya l Horticultur­ .di st. (He also married. and fa thered seven chil­ dren.) His re· puution .I S a poet continued to grow, e·, pecialh whe·q. in 1H2llm,d . Prn·ioush·. ,,·ith his nute·s t' lllllkd " l ~ e lll.lrh. s .111cl Ide."." he h.1d coll.lhcl r.lt ed '"' K

Promote·,!, tln hi s return, to captain-lieuten:mt limicolac, the Pata goni an seed snipe. and som e rep­ Sr . 1/dt•tht, ··a r1hL· /,,_H llt /1, ,- ,,f f.J" '' u r· the· M.1nne Cuards. Otto von Kotzebue Wds to tiles, such as the pustular hydrosaurus native to the A1 1f H I •' if ll'•lS f,,r htJdl'll the Hll rlk u rcumnJ\·lgJtt· the glnbe o nce more (1H2.1- 1H2h). S(,uth Seas. Of particular interest was his discovery on Apnl 24, I H/8. hy Su· Hudsc''' L 1'U'f' , .\'~ J pCl ll' •'" ·_, Jtllfer /.JIII(lgmph this tll !l e }!,, (l ·h.J sta yed in lbuk from April to May of 11\24---and Zonlogical At/<1 .< , the la st volumes of which ap­ tinall v to KJmchatka and the northwes t coast of peared posthumously. He died of exhaustion at the America. Initially conceived as a scientific expedi­ age of thirty-eight in 1831. tion. this voyage took on a politica l slant when The painter C horis did not live even that long. Kotzebue's extremely unfavorable report on the In 181 9, he went to Paris, where he rem ained fo r Protestant missions in the Pacific islands caused a eight years and learned lithography so as to be able scns:n io n. to reproduce his drawings himself. They were A mnctel·n-year-old doctor, H . F. E. Lenz, published from 1823 to 1826 in his Voyage pirror­ who was later to become fa m o us, joined the expe­ esque auraur dumonde, 1815-1818 (Picturesque Jour­ dition . Dr. Eschscholtz once again accompan ied ney Around the World 1815-1818). In 1827, he went Ko tze bue. He discovered a certain number of spe­ to Mexico, where he was killed in an ambush the cil·s new to science: several birds, including the foll owing year; he was thirty- three.

131 The first exploration of the Antarctic: Bellingshausen, 1819-1821

ln the in terval betwcm Kotzebue's voyages, the Shetlands, the Russians witnessed the Iince there lud been several other Russi.m expeditions. In battles f(Jught among the scakrs. Three n f the !RI7, even before the R11rik had returned, Captain eighteen ships prcseJH were sunk. and nobody VJsih· MikhJilovich Golovnin- who, in IR 13, had seemed concerned about the number uf de.1d . O ne b,·e n captured :H the Kuriks o n the Di , m<~ by the of the captains ekclared that he l1Jd kilkd sixty JapJm·sc and becn their prisoner to r two years-had thousa nd sea ls in a single season. Sickened b\· th es e ...nkd on the />; acre>. Ucllingshausetl w as sure th.H .dl the an­ luffed kno!...1burr.l (,I g tJnt thcrdi.lrc the tirst to sec In th e spring. Lkllings­ Ausrr.di .ln kin ~ti s hn ) . and .1 p.1rrnt protitm'-' fr o m hJusen hcJded north. cxplo re•d thL· Tuammus. an­ its refo und liberty flew to the top of th e I ·,,;tok's dwred .lt T Jhiti, sailed throug h the Fip IsLmds. then main mast. When a s<.~ dor w.1s " 'nt up to rc'II'I L'\' L' \\'l'IH to l'o rt Jackson and TJslllJiliJ before moving it. the frightened bi rcl flew to the bow, w hne luck­ south in November to take Jd\'aiJtage of the austr.d ily it accepted a perch that was extended ro it. Sll!lllller. Bellingshausen, his biographer concluded. was During his stopovcrs .md while on the seas. one of the last of the mJritimc explo rers m th e grand Lklltngsh,1usen worked as J n.lturalist. H e was the style established by Cook. Thanks to hi s Jccount tirst to o bse rve the so uthern migration of whales at of the voyage. we have a last g limpse uf the Ant­ the beginning of the ausn .1 l summer. In Van Die­ arctic Oc~:an bdl1rc it was thoroughly In va ded. Jnd men's Land, he noticed that, like the Tasmanians of the tropical islands befo re they beca me .1 world themselves. the is land faunJ were in the process of of adventurers. con victs, and persecuted natives becoming extinct. T he M an1uarie Islands near the dccimatt.:d by alcohol and v<.:nereal diseasc.: s bro ught Anureti c Circle had been ravaged by Sl'al hunters. by the white m an- before their beJchc, becJme !~ca c hing the watn s tlt:.l r Antarc:tica in De­ tin ged with b lood. bdilre· all the di s.1s tns foreseen 1 0 CL' tnbn 1:-QO, Bell ingshall SL'n disCLl\il'rni at n) s by C ook. LHitude and 9 ! 0 W longiwde the island he ca lled Wink lTuamotus.

132 The naturalists of the Senyavin, 1826-1829

·r he f',,·di' " .; r!I I' of Kotzebue ·, second \'O\'J f!: e returned to K ro nsudt on July HJ. 1):126 . O n Sep­ t,·m bn 1. J tll' w h · buil t , hip . the Sm y< Il'in, " \\'hich he ld the SL'.I excclknth but did not luve speed,,. lc: ft the sam e po rt . It \\'as commanded by Llitke, aide­ ,k -u mf' w T sar N ichoL s L who h :1 d mounted thL' d tr<> IlL' the· \ c' ,t r bc·t'l n e· .tnd tlll\\' pnllll muJcr.dOf!: JSt .t nd dra ftsm an : .lllcl ll.Jr cl il Kl[[l ir z. ,t reti red l'russi.m capt.lm .tnd .tn l'lll ll 1l' I H l ' r ll l fiHd l ) ~ J ~ t. 1\\ n te'Jh. \\ ·lw h .1 d .Jll"l turne·d thlrt \·. \\',!> th e· " '" of the LtnHHJ '> botJJllSt Francis K.1rl Mertens. He· l1.1 cl tw in been t ll l'.tri' lll stud\' .It the M u-, eum u f N .rtur.d Hi,tor\ and had established re l.1tions w ith

Juss rc·u. l.J nJarck , an d Humboldt; he had also vis­ • .'.&- lled Str J oseph Banks and Robert Brown in Lon­ •;." ·;;.._ . - --=~~-":"~::::-· b..:-: ... don. anci 111 Germany h:1d met w ith J ohan n Hcin­ hold Fo r;, tn These connecti ons had given him a "The streets were fill ed with people rushing here 1\. .t ltl~ h n i11 rhnr lw r. Sm ,,kdfi.lil . li.'Jli'lla cd JrtW I til( ht·.tms. Llllwgraph /l•ml u dr. w'l/1.~ hy /\ Prlstfi,, on as bouni-, t for th e Bellingshause n expediti on; but dinous shops arc cram med with J!l sorts o f goods cx /r ,wcd _lnlmlhc Vu y J ~ l' of dtt· his f.Jt hn had insisted that he first finish his studies. fr om Europe." It was Lent and the upper classes Scnvav ll l. (Bih/i ,Jtlu;quc• /l ,lfwn.J lc. In Huss ia. Mertens worked as a doctor and watched lived in strictest seclusion, but the crow d continu­ P.ms. Piw t,, ({'; lJJi J/ thll.IPihltCIJ ) fo r the first chance to sail otT. It was o ffered him ously amused itself. " T he cates are always full and by Kruscnstnn, w ho had thc- Academ y of Sciences there is music, singing , and dancing everyw here. " name him the Scti Y,Jl'itl naturali st. Mertens began a collection o f pla nts and most The ship let[ in the compan y of the lvfii/ler­ es peciall y of algae, specimens o f which were drawn comm,mdcd by a C:apu in Staniukovich- which ac­ by Postels as soon as they w ere gathered. He him­ com p:m tcd her as fi r as Valparaiso and then left fo r self sa\V to the mineralogical samples, w hile K ittlitz T ahiti, sailed to Ka m chatka, and, in August 1827, established an inventory o f C hilean birds. He dis­ visited the Aleutians. Afterward, the l\1ollcr stopped covered several little-known species, the m ost re­ for several months in Honolulu in the Sandwich Is­ markable of which w as the tapaculo-" covcr your la nds. In April 182):1 , Staniukovich was back in bottom "- with its constan tl y moving tail and rec­ Kamchatka. fr o m where he left to explore the ognizable "shrill and throbbing notes that follow one northern coast of the Alaskan peninsula. another and become lo wer and lower." T he two shi ps made their tirst stop at Tener­ From Valparaiso , the Russ ians went up the rfe in November l iQ6 . They were in Hio in Janu­ western coast of Ameri ca until Sitka Island, not far ary 1827, an d then, going around C ape Horn, from the Alaskan peninsula. The shoreli ne looked reached Concepcion in C hile on March 16 and Val­ savage: "Two steep mountains covered with virgin paraiso on the twenty-sixth. To give the Senya11i11 forest from the foot to the summit. . . All w as crt'w a res t aft er a seven-month voya ge, Liitkc re­ quiet and wild. . A navi gato r sailing o ff the m ai ned ashore until April 15. Since the effective coasts could sec the Russian fl ag fl oating over the liberati on o i C hile b y General San Martin in 1817 fo rtress." and the opening of the country's ports to ships of all nations, Valparaiso--which had previously been a si mpk. aimost wretched village- had become the New Archangel mos t important commercial center of the South Paci fi c. Its population had increased enormously. They had reached Novo-Arkangelsk, a fort

133 1 HE R U ~)IAN' IN fHE PA CIFIC , lllOJ- IK2'l

•. ~ ·~ • J Liitke's Ship and C rew .'---- ~·· \' -...... ;,;. ~' · ~- <~~- The S I:'NY A VIN: bark with an 8&-t'llO t ke el, ,·arrvmg I(, carronades, lik~ the Moller, constructed in the Okhu ship- yards especiall y fo r the expedition, launched May 1825: left from Kronstadt, September 1, 1826, with the corvette .\liilla, Captain Staniuk ovitch: the 2 ships sepJrat cd at Valpar.t iso in March 1827 and joined up again at Kam chatka Ill June 1828: returned with t h ~ Moller to Kronstadt, 'J/6/ 182'J: crew: 11 o tf1 ccrs and 51 men: deaths: 1, ill an accidcllt.

Commander: Captain-lieutenant Fedor Petrovitch Lutke.

Lieutenants: Zavalichinc, Abolechev.

Ensigns: Ratrnanov, Mayer, Butakov, Glazcllapp.

Midshipman: Pavel von Krusenstern (soil of the Jdnmal).

Surgeon and naturalist: Dr. Karl Heinnch Merten, .

Mineralogist and draftsman: Alexander l'ostcl s. I Ornithologist: Ba ron von Kittlitz. I ."\ , • r · ~•- Ark u ngd } k, J settlrmrrlf ,~{th e established in the bay of Sitka by the Russian­ RuHI.m -,'\mnu un Comp.my tH1 S itka American Company. The local population of Kal­ 1)/ur.d Lith(lg r.J ph /7 Qm u dr, W ' Ifl. ~ hy oches had burned it down in I H04 when the Neva, l 'l' tl KHtlr t: J;u V ov J ~ l- of the 'WIIVJ V I!l f Ur/1/ul{ht•qu t• rr.aitJn.Jit', commanded by Lisiansky, was at Sitka, but with fl am Photo :(' B1 hl. rt.Jt ./Ph oh?b ) Lisiansky 's aid, Governor Baranov had vanquished rh e Kalochcs .md reconstructed the fort. Novo­ Aleut, and mixed descent- he arrived at l'etropav­ Arkangelsk then had eight hundred inhabitants­ lovsk on September 25. There preparations were three hundred Russians, four hundred Aleuts, and made for the winter cruise, which was to be in the some haltbrccds fathered by the Russians on Aleut tropics . At Kamchatka, the naturalists assembled women. The colony was linked to the mother collections of rocks, algal:, birds, and nurinc an i­ co untry by ships that sa iled from Okhotsk in Si­ mals. beria only ,Jn ce a vcar. "Not ha ving had until now a tro pi ca l stJtion Tlunks to Krusenstern 's report, the status of for experiments with the invariabk pe·ndulum, I the company's employees lud improved signifi­ resolved to stop at Ualan Island I Kausaie 'J r Strong's can tl y: they received regular salaries and had the Island j." In 1824, this island had been visi ted by nght to free· lodging. The governors wne now navy Duperrcy, and it was in the sa me harbor thJt the ofticcrs. Novo-Arkangclsk was of extreme impor­ Smyaui11 dropped anchor on December -l. I H~H . ta nce, since all the Russian settlements in America Until April 1829, the Russian expedition was to re­ and even in the Kuriles on the Asian coast de­ main in the C arolines, which it sailed through in pended on it. Nevertheless, the ti:m had almost been every direction, discovering numero us i; !Jnds. ,dJa ndo ncd because of the pnsistcnt hostility of the which w ere explored and named. natives. U alan, the first stop, was mountainous and The Al euts of Unalaska, where the Swyavin covered with an all-but-impenetrable forest. Some remained from August 21 to 30, were, on the con­ eight hundred inhabitants lived along the shore. trary, already "Christians and showed a great dis­ They were of medium height, well built, md ex­ position to become civilized. Good, sturdy, and traordinarily agile; their brown skin. covered with skillful. they made the sea their true clcmmt." Next coconut oil, was tattooed, but w ithout g reat sk ill. goin g north to the Bering Sea. Llitke made brief They went nude, wearing only a belt woven of ba­ sropon·rs .Jt the isl:mds o f St. l;enrge an d St.. l';llll. tuna-tree bark . C ontent with breadfruit. ban .ttl.l '> , both of w hich were rovncd with moss and en­ and fi sh, they led an idle life, especiall y rhcir chtcfs, tire! y deforested. the most powerful of whom owned all the land and Farther to the north, the SC11yavi11 visited the lived apart. " A chief spends his life ca ri ng. sleep­ island Cook had spotted in 177H and named Gore in g. and sitting around in circles and talking ... The Island, unaware' that it had previously been discov­ people o f Ualan l1.1d neither w ea pons no r musica l ered by the Hussian navigator Sindt and named St. instruments. They knew nothing of w ar, :l!ld their Matthew. Llitke was the first to make a detailed re­ only distr.1ction was danci ng, in which the \\·omen connaissance of it. N ext he sa iled along the Asiati c were not allowed to join. Gentle and peace ful. they coast, and ha ving on the w ay vi sited Bering Is­ received th e navigators hospitabl y. The· natu ra li sts land- then inhabited by II() people of Russ ian, were always acco mpanied on their expeditions by Ill! , _'\lllH.A. ii <.., f ...,<) f- 1111·. \I-NYAVI N . IH2t.- IX.?1J

na tl v<:'> . who would clunb the trees for thc:m and to remain where they were. "A house of ship's be helpful 111 nt.ttt\' w.tvs. M t' rt<'li' fo und ;, tr.111 ge I'L1nk ing and ,til ,·ntr.lltcew.ty ,·overed w ith cloth " ''e·,·r, Jll Li L·olkctecl nt.lll )' fern'; Kntlitz dtSl'll\'­ . was the r<·s idencc of our hosts. A table, two n ed '>L'\'LT J i unkno \Ul birds ..mtong the·m the Car­ hammocks, a trunk. som e muskets, a Bible, sev­ olllle r.t il . snJJII .1nd black. of which he captured t\\'0 eral fi shing implements, and two L·ngr.Jvings forr un l rh .ll .tre· 11<'\\' 11 1 the Le·n in g r c~ d Muse um .111d nm­ the furnishings of this solitary human habiution in " 'kre·d ,·e n· preu n us. fo r no more hJ\'e' e·,·cr been the Bo nin I s land ~ .. Wtth ~ o m c di , appointment, t( >u nd. Nutlte·ro u, ti,h \\'LTC .dst' tJken t·ro m the Liitke thm kJrrll'd that Great Britain's Capt,t lll re<·f;, . mcluding J magnificent surgeon fi sh with o r­ Frederick Willi,lm 13cechev had visited and recon­ .lllg<· _1.1\\'S-.1 Llra\\·ing of w hich w.ts nl adc by l'os­ nnitcred these isLmd; a vc;r e<~rlicr . H e hJd ofTen·d rel s before tt was preserved in alcohoi-crusu­ to take Wittricn and Petersen with him, but, tlttnl-c ­ ce.tm. .md mollusks, which were: painted bv ing that another ship would come for them. they Mertens. lud refused. H owe\T r, weary o f w aiting and no On _IJ!luan· 3. li\2:-l, the SCII}'llt'ill !cit 10 make longer able to bear the solitude, thn· asked Liitke .1 tour ui the Jrchipc: l.t go. To the no rth west of to repatria te them. and h t agreed. Kittlitz had cap­ U.t!Jn. the n.l\·i gators found a prcvio ush · unch;nted tured two unkll()\\·n birds-the bush warbler and IJrge· htgh body of land surrounded by sm all groups the Bonin hawfinch. a rare species that was to dis­ of iskts and bordered by reefs. Its inhabitant> called apptar after 11)57. tt l'o nape. "·hich the Russians tran scri bed as Puy­ mpe·t. "'>clLlll boJt> \nth SJils began to appe.H. Fro m .1 dht.llll<'. the· l'uvntpet> began to sing .H the top The Chukchi o f. the·1 r \·oic"e·s. tel d.mn:. and to gesti cui.H c \\'ith thei r he.J Lh Jnd lund>... but o nce o n board, thev >l!Outed HJving returned tO Petropav)o,·sk on June 'J. .tn d Jll lllf'ed Jb ld 11e" .md itnportunit\· i n cre. 1 s in~ tl H· Asi:m , · u.t ~ t north o f K.tmch:ttl-ca . First f(l ll <'W- fr<>ll t ""'"'""! I ll ll !Oille't tt." Senng th.it he << ntld 11ot in !: .d o ng thi ~ p<·nimul:t. Lii tke. h avi n ~ routi r .1 C.1 pe K ronobki. s,l\\' K l yu cl tl'V,b va Sopka, .1 gt­ \\'ee·k l ii tkc k ti thi s ~ r oup of isl.111d s, whtch he c.tlkd g.mtic volcano; then he reached K:uaginski v b Lm d. thL· Sell\ .t\'111 bl.md,. In Jlltll.lf\'. he Jb<> di"·o,·ered Only the l<.u sst:tll ll cl\·igator Si ndt h.1d seen this p.trt Ng<1t 1k (Palau), prn·iously rumed Los Valiemes bv of the coast. T he land, o n ce inhahirc:d by the K o­ the· Sp.murd Lazeano. w ho had discovered the ar­ ryaks, about w ho m Liitke had been ordered to ob- chtpebgo in I (>36; and then the M ortlocks, recon­ tain information , w as n o w deserted. noitered in 17% by the Englishnun Wilson. Like M oving f:trther no rth, he nex t w ent alo ng the the U.d:mdcrs, the inhabitallts of these islands were coast and the islands exp.lorcd by the Bering expe­ " hospit.tbk, good , rescrved , and pleasant man­ ditio n in 1740- 1741, and he discovered the channel nncd. We lca m ed that the g roup of islands was that separatts the continent fro m A rakam chechen ,·alkd Lukunor. " To the n o rtheast w ere the Truk Island; it was nam<:d Sen yavin Strait. After visiting Islands. named Hogolcu Islands b y Duperrey, w ho what Bering had called Holy Cross Island, a small /)q~.u · turt' , ~f, w cxmrsitlll till l l.J/,m had vi stte·cl them in 1R2 4, and the N am onui ro group. group was sent along the Arudry River. They were Jsl.md t rh e C.m~lm t_•!. Lalw. l!rr1ph fnmr ,, drtw'r".l' hy ,.,,, f.:.rrr /11.:: Leaving the Caroli nes, Liitkc sailed toward the then in the land of the Chukch i, w ho inhabited the ( Hrhh oth fqllf· ll.lill'"d!t . Pans. f>ht~t .l M.1riJrLJ S .md was well recei ved b y the go\-ernor of northern c:nd of the i\siatic cominent ncar the 13er- (c... J311d . n.lf .l/'lwlt'f. 1 GuJm, Don J os<' M edinilla, who a year earlier had bel'll so hel p ful with the sick men on Dumont rik, El.Jtu, and Namo li aour, ;md finally, thanks to indications from the inhabitants of these is lands. Olimario and the Faraulcps. O n 1\pri l Y. the Russians left the tropics to head north ..trnving on M ay 1 at the Bonin Islands off the J apanese island of K yu sht-t, where they stayed u11t il the tiftcenth . The Smya11i11 dropped ancho r at ;;; - "-'._ .,,~,. . !'orr LIO\· d o n Peel Island, where there wne o ul v two mhJblt.mts. survivors o f the Briti~h w h .1 kr ll'i/l turvivors, but the two men-the Prussian Wittrien and the N o rwegian Petersen- had decided

131 T HE I W~SI AN' IN THE PACIFIC. lllU3-IH!9

13-30. 18::!9), the Smytwill was put into s11Jpe and reprovisinned. On February 13, she dropped an­ chor o n the coast of Sumatra at the entrance to Sunda Strait. On April 14, she was at the C.1pe and, on April JO. at St. Helena. After a brief stopover on the English coast, the ship reached K ronstadt on September 16, 182Y. having been on the seas tor three years. "The Se~~yavin had the joy of being visited by His Majesty the Emperor and dlJt sa me day she entered the port of Kronstadt and struck her colors." The geographic and h ydrographiC result ;, of the voyage were remark able. but even lllll, per­ haps, were those of the naturalists. Though they brought back only a small number of m,Jm mals. including some rare species of bats and a sea L Kitt­ litz alone had coll ected, prepared, and painted three hundred species or bi rd s. of which there \\'crt: 75() sampks. Mertens had done the sa me fo r 15tl spe­ cies of crw.taceans and sc vt·n hundn·d spec·IL' S of in­ sects, whereas Postcls painted ~-15 uf the thrL·,· hundred types of ti sh c.1ught Jlld tWL'JH y-three of the one hundred .!mphibians colkrtnl. The ti , h were ,lllcrw.l!'d identitied by C uvicr dunng a Vl\lt Kitt­ litz and l'nstds mJde to i'Jris. Postds, whu hJd hem respOibJhlc ti.Jr mineralogical research, bro ught h.1ck JJO speL·imens. In additiun , Mertens l1.1d Cllikcted more tlun fnur thousand plants. including twenty­ tive hundred ph:merogJms. and his collection o f .d­ g.Je was the largest ever lllJde. l )urin ~ rh c ,.lly.JgL·. thJrteL'n hundred drawmgs were made. ;, en·n hundrL·d by Postels, .'\5t l b y Mertens . .111d ~51l bY Kittlitz. No other expediticlll had enT brougiH b.1ck so genero us .1nd so L'xpcrtly executed .1 pl n<> ri.d re­ cord. lkca u o; e of this success. Ltitkc• ,,.J, ll.l llll'd .1 correspondent of the Ac1 dem y llf SciL'II Cl'' 111 l'.tr·l\ and J niL'lllher o f the one in St. Petersburg. ,,(which 1 .1 , •l l' '•'lllz.!, .I hr m.H I~' ' < 'l, •• •rr .:.i, in ~ Str.Jit. Thev proved L':•;tremch· hospitable, L' S­ he WJS to becur I ·,,y.z,•t.< i11 rll<· :r ,Ju " ''-' 1•1 \ ! \ ••( , f, H,!·ft.·rh q zn thcv "ere passionately fo nd. ;\,·cording to Llitke. p,,f,zr Sl' .z . nl 181 1 I<> 18l.J; sonn .1t'tn hi' return. 1!./(!tHI,dt fl.Ht • i'Jh l(,• l H, f./ th e Chukchi were divided imo t\\'O groups. one of he left Jgai n on the Sl'lly.zuitl for J m·w crui se Ll t' the 1/,l{ flh,lf(}• which wJs the NJmollo. scnkd .dung the river coasts o f Iceland and only afterward published his b.m ks. In the winter. :hev lived 111 hws oi wood and, Vc>)'d,l.'<' .4n>wu/ rlzc World by liz<' Corl't'lll' So1y.u·i t1 , 111 the suu1mc.:r, in huts 111 .1de uf sc.:a l skin; their al o ng with .m .Jti.J s reproducing some u f thL· dr.iw­ pnncipal tonds were walrus Jnd se.1 l. The RussiJns mgs bv Postds and Kittlitz. st.Jyed with them and onlv met members of the ~ 6n his second voyage, Llitke h.1d taken Mer­ other group, the "reindeer C hukd11. .. when the latter tens w ith him, though the latter had been in bad ,·isited the Namollo. ThL· reinckL· r r.1iscrs were no­ health during the tirst expedition. He neverthdess mads w ho li ved iu tents .1 !1 ye.1r ro und; they would behaved tl:.1rlcssly and refused to listen to prudent trade tanned reindeer skms for iron utensils o tTcred counsel. A "nervous fever" hJving broken o ut on bv l~u ss i.m trappns. board, Mertens devotedlv tended the sick. O n hi s R ctu rnin~ ro Pctrop.Jv]o,·,k 0 11 October 5, return to St. Petnsburg. he jOyously ~ri'L'tc · Li the ~~~t-1 . the Smy,zuitl stayed there tor tivc weeks and woman he had married the year bcti:Jre. but l11 s will: then returned toward the Carol ines before startin g and hi s brother thought he looked so ill th.Jt thcv b.1 ck to Europe. Until December. Ltitkc worked on persuaded him to take to his bed that w rv day. completing his exploration by ,·isiting the western Thirteen da vs Lner, on September 17. I RJO. he died isl.mds of this vast .1rchipelago. At M,mil a Oanu.J ry at the age of thirty-four.

136 Ill< lC , J! AI'I Iii:A I I •I<." T!ONAHY Or :,,W!t .AHW>. '> C IF!'Jl l\"1'> . AND ART !\T\

t ":J : -. 1 ~-.:: ~ ! ut:v_- :'<..111l tn ...l l1 ti 0 ! !he o >> Senori. Buth ol h1s !st son. Hyac mthe (he vo-:l mg an a rmy uf rei nforcements to fot ~: ; : . : r. •fn.::::: u: v-; hr..::h h f: p.::1:.s was lo h-.1ve 3. bvrn tn ; 785. 1788 . and A :nen cu, he encounte rs the worst re­ -~ i J: r .-::!" .1 :: 184 !846. C"':..,!11Tli 1n .. 1~ :n,.., ; 796). i 789 . member o i th,, Acaaemy of c..:. ~ .:w- 1 storms m tne A tic1n!K· and 1s giv e r ~ ~hr ll1 :::;, 'Cl:' d l. 1 ..:; • 6,-~ s\,,]1,."\ r h - t..--::5 17:~0 (,'(1!!1!TII. l!1dS tl1 C B r e ~c;t t~ : v :11 .:· kname- 'Tuu l W t~ uth e r Jack." b.,• ._J , ' !1•-· L·:. ~ --~, :r. ·~·- l r:­ SlJl~..J. Jf ,J I! . ; 7-d.:.. tt:IUSt'S tht: rank ..::' : ViCe .:: .: _se 2ach tnnP hP g~.J t ·s tu sen he meets ··· :-... -'·· ~· x r · ' n t. r. .:-. :3·:-<.u c!. '1 ~r m r ai. 1793. wdhJrG\': t· 1 ~ h1:3 iarm m J--..:-:nevlll..: lC<1ivodusJ. i '7 ~ 14. !mpnscr.ed In 7 ; ~ · ~ :. :. , ... , i ~ tc: n .:es tr ~."~ : !i ·4 to 9 4 1796. M e m ber of

• ;,_ 1 : l --:: . 1 I , : .. -~ ~ , • ~ ' ~ · • : , • :!:t il ~:: !i!.Jt~.. • 1!Jd t!h' ( ".• :l\1 l ! A ~~ tJ ,l!h' riH C\."11 7 .\ ' ;: '! ' ! • >. ' , / :' ~~ • ~ , ; :! ; J1 \/ )• ' I -,_ ! I·--.,._' 1 l • : ''t:. ·. .... 1 'Jb n .vmb•r u l !hv curr:nllSSJOn .. ') .: : .· ;· r. ~~·": 1:;::.-: : .. . :-.· L'n:. ~= · i rt";:Y ; :!n ~~ t !~t. · F: . r~··r, a c.m · :rnp.Jl(_H l 1799 , _.: . : r-.~ .:' !.~·'.'• -r :...:: : .! . ::.;;.;: .· •.: .~·.;'11t :: 0:. 180~ . -l !i,"'t>r ~~~ 'he Lt.:yh..n! or 1~ 1 , l :L h. • ~~- r:.c ...'h.. :-1-· .:: tL r1 ,r. !808. , - .._"~t

BROWN Robert. But n 111 M,mtrose !Scot· BUGH William. l.~ 11 n a: Tynt l n \Cor:.- l.... :nd ~ L_~ :::1 · 1773 1794 w :;stsla nt sut gcou A o n :!: • _, . ·:::-- 4 !''7t· : ·,~ sl ~ l lkl~·lt.' r ti .t.;· !L ::: ::..;.:.'")!tJsl! r.....' d!T11t.'ll! I 'qs 1s presen ted h · •,; . ' !. -=~ ...J k ~ .J f U V U YU :J t ~- :'l8~ . l..U·.:' ~ ll\· t!1e b...Jtcn 1s! :~orr L"c uu St1r a 1.:1 J. Banks. i •,:::· E:.:::.::J--. r.,:.:-; .:-:.: :::• e :q:.>ttO!lL r.. to:;:. \"..- iK· recommends hm1 t...· Flmders. 1801 - ~ : : : 1 : : . 'E- " :~c•:Jte nant ,,- " ' cot:. · JOC:) n~:. tu ro h st 1.J n th t.• l nve·stJaaror flm­ {,>in: Hp.'ll lttlu, ,,/fl / ,/ t /1 ", 11111 /t lr/11 ( It> r ::-. t0l. AIJ8 ~":11 I u n. AI JtJ.!~;t 1803 rv nllll!IS / 1 . 1 !1 1 / ltl ~ I•) .\ n / Uq' Ht •ld ,;, __; : :--; ::r .. !' 1f t~ .. ~~~ r : ~nn T '-1ii1:1 h. the L>t...J hmu a: For• lud:.s,;n 'NJt! J r. Ba1H3r a nJ .\..;r, ,.,J.t! .\!,JI'J/1111 1 .\ lll 'l ll/11 . .t-.: ; :. 1! ·:~ . ~('~ · r--•:i~· ,_..._.!: 1o ...1 :u,J:my hi ls• ~ ­ s1uvs m T,JsnJOJuu I1 Jf I 0 m unths Oct...Jbc-r L,•ll .i, ,n /'lh• t,• t( r/11 · . :: ~...: : ... :: ~t:· ~- .Jre ...:l ~ XJ r J J o nec m o luun-:r: l8C.J. re l '.l rn:: tc- £nq Jan .. ~ 1810. hDra n an 1/Jli ••'H /11 j )i/ol/( /> J .: : .. ~- t an.i ..:-:.:. ~a! ur o ~ !h ....- Sankr colle~.. · u o n s pL:b· -- .::.:;1 :: .. :::· ::- ;--; .. •:: : . .: .J~ ;:J ~ .?!C P:. :J!, :n:::: _r·; I .J · 1\ .:::.v "J t.· h',•licr.

:.:.: ,_.._ :.·r ~ · : ::: . .. . ·r·--·=- ! ""JC \ ~: ... n-·w lB~ I n hn~D••! t t!J t:> h.._)y,] l 1.; • : ; -: :. : ~- ... S, .. -!·..;"!': 12:~::, !:1 i-:·•flt!!1\: the hc :- b ..uJ u rr. li .. -: ; ; ~ . r~r~· L-2l n :.1;:;..:; t... Bunks h t::- has ; _;. .. :: .,·n . tr Jr.ster!l.•,; k !Lt."- '-3 nt: ~h M'l.:5€''.1m ·:.-:·:. ~~.._; w f'--J! hl~ : .... \ mmunaer-llJ -.+uo: :r, , 18. 7: '"'- !Jt.•r,_·. f1 t' r, '.~.- n 11•: l' dto..1t,):- 18 : ~ 7 t: :- S e:l indt..~~ ( A ntlli 8~~ ~- DK·s 111 Lll ld••l • .-il:- · ' \- ~ ' rf tin • 'l~ r ,• v: r!l.tll :t ,, ." •' !11 0 ll! ' l S.~::.. :.,sc ::.: :· · ~.· r : •..'Sj.:'><... l! J .._ illl ~ ; 111 ~.-~ nll • t ' : ~· ! tln. .> A'-·ude rn y · t." .: ::I..! •. ; ..: ;. rn. · .. ·· . - ~ \'. ~ 'n.' . ~ .r. ~ - ~ !. ~ ! S~ :Jt~ n ~..-- t::"'~ Jr. P,J Jl S ~J : ..::.: Jn Lc ndvr1 CARTERET Philip. 1764 17ob. lst IIC-II t,·t. 0 I ' l t~~1E. .::: !: · tw. l ~c•o rd the Tum>-~ I. By ro 11 t;Xpt?~ ~ . L ..."~ : 'i. !'l6b--ll69 , "(lJTlDlGnds the S wu l~~..w.­ BO UG AINYlLLE Hya cinlhe Yves Phi· BURNEY James. B l~I J. 1:. Llfh.J. ~.. n l7~U ·,'·." ~::l 1 s ·2XUPO.Jt !•.Jr 1 I /94 'JH:P l1Jrmrl l l I.JJc_ lippe Pote ntien. Baron de. D'- : r. ! ! 1 l:rt-.3: !7fi(l ('.J.blr J D t))' 1:1 tilL' NCI\)-' 1770. Vl))'Oge :r. ~ c uth} ; u mpt o n (i ia rnpshll o) 7'2]l J796. ... _t, . -0. ~:1 . 1 <2st s,•r: t1l L. A 1i c bu u .JO!l1 k. B o m ~;.ay as a st"Uman 1772- l '/7~. 2nd ·.- ~ .. ~ • ~~j~ s: :..1 --: t.:nt -:n thP Ecc-it Polytt>en hP .IIen a n! O!! th ...:- J'~dventuiL ·, CtXJk's 2nd CHAMISSO DE BONCO URT Louis :11 : .. t l&tk~ 1804 rnt .--! shipmJ.n on t:lt' voyage: on retu rn. pre5t-nlf; Oma1 tc• Lon ­ Charles Adelaide called Adelbert von. ; ... ;; Jr!.t Sat.:dm expedtti..Jn . 1 80~ u t­ don SCX"Iety and to h1 s S!Ste: F army. a wnter Exorn at the Chateau ue Boncour1 (Cham· : J• ·r:t;?..; 1~ r:--: e st..:r l: u: AdmJFll BruL>: Gt who was latt'r to becom.::- famous. 1776- JXlgnel. 178i. 1792. 1mmigrutes wtth h1s ~\. .! ...... :r,t- .SJS, heu!enant cornmunci.cr lm ! 780. lst heulcnllnt en the D1scover y rmn:ly to Hvllan . then to Wu11zbu rg. 1796 ::,"-· .., ':1::;; .. •:-;u d .--:e 1809 ~..-· o mmurhis the (\_x;k s 3rd voyage. 1782 ~ ~Gptm n . 1784. n c..• p.J:ge of the q uee11 o f Pruss1a :n Berhn :\.o·,_ :1-:..· ~f- ~ S3 JfU 18t i lft..JG IE' c zpt :::I:--: .. longer goes to sL>o. 1804 1816. puohshes i 79S ens1gn. !hen m 180 I heutenant of vun lC!-- . ::. . 9 serves vn the ingate Cybt?je. a o- hronolog!cal l>tsiory of South eas dts­ G:.itze's mfantry rt-g1rnent. 1802, his fam ­ - ~:.E .. .:r .at:'".. ."i Dy Ker-;Jcnou. 1n Indochtn .J :::c ·/ e n es which IS qrc"'8k:J as "a master ­ dv retu rns to France but he rernams Jr. .::n-..:i h ~ Jic .::.- c.: 1820. cvrrunands 1he cc· r· piece of lundarne;,tal e rudtl ton. ·· 1806, P;-cssta. 1804. with Varnhagen founds an v~ lt c ~~·!r.t: ..,....-hJ ch g0es tc the United member of the Royal Soctety. 1816. wn tes A.i manac oi th e Muse$. 1808. leaves the ~k.:\ •.:::;:) ;d: . Ct..:pt.:-.nn 182 4 1826. COIT: ­ a h1s tory of buccuneers u, A men ca. 1819 army cmd goes to France. w here h E:: m et~b :l i:::lnG,5: tne e.>.Te-d!tlon ot the T.l: t- tJs und thE· pubhshes ::J htstory of dtscoveri es m the lvlme de Stael. whom he follo ws to Cop­ t.SJ'•"" : .1.: ~ -" : e:_::-:-' pulJlJsht:?S } ~)L' :na f de J1 N.:J rtheast and of th ~ fi rst Bussian e xpedJ­ pe!. where he te rnatns 18 11 -- 1812. 181 2. n,;v,-::;.:::1 .::..--: 2.1:o ur dt:. globe !8Zb . tJons to the Eas1 1821, rear Gdnural. D1es at tne Untvers!ly of the Berlm baiamc-ai · :1 l ;, J..::.!l..JS the ScJp lon. 1838 . rear adm:­ tr. London, 1821 . gardens: :nar nes and eventually ho ~ ru! [),_, ,. tr. P ~n s. 10 '!811846. se·,en chtldren. 1821. publtshes '"Ideas an,i BUSSEUIL fran~ois Louis. Born m Nantes. Remarks" m Kotzebue's Re1se um d 1e \Ve l!. BOUGAINYJLLE Louis Antoine de . Born lli2.'1791. Becomes a doctor. 1824- 1826. 1827 Observations on Bolony and !h e m PCJcts. J l i i-"1729. Son of a notary at surgeon on the Th e (!s . expedition by H. Vegetable KmgJom. 1829. Salas y Gomec. Ch.::h2- 1ei. &~ .._• m es law\'er. 1751. student de Bvugamvdle. Next. voyages on the 183Q. FraueniJeoo und Leben . 1832. d r­ 01 .j A. embe:1 s. l7S3 ~ssJs!am mechcal Terps1chme to Braztl. the South Seas. and rectar of the Royal Herbanurn 111 Berhn. "'fn c·e: io r the PJcar<::! regm1tm t. 1754 - 1756 M adagascar. a nd on th e flore to Sene­ 1833. member of Prussia 's Academy oi ~.Jb!:s : -~es u T : cllie du caicul m:eyral. 17J8. gal Dtes m Goree . 6.'1 4•1835. One of the Sctences. 1835. pubhshes Vo yage Jo ur­ 1:.; M .._1:1tcL1lrr: s mde-de-ca:np he J£ pioneers m mmme fauna of the South At­ nal. 1836-1837. wo rks on a Ha waiian \.,. ::u ;-; l <::'l..l ,-i :__;, nng lhe attack on Fort Car d­ lanllc . grammar. Dtes in Be rlin. 8/21 11836. !..)!": ! "'59 ....::s colonel he negottates the s;;:renjer u! Q uebec. 1760 sent back 10 BYRON John. Born II 18:1723 at Newstead CHESNARD DE LA GIRAUDAIS fran· F'r .J. nct::' tc defend French mterest.s m Abbey. 2nd son of the 4th Boron Byron and <;ois. Born m St. Malo m 1727. Goes to sea Amen ca. 1763 . swttches to the nuvy w1th grand fa ther of !he poet Lord Byron. 1740. wt th hu; fat her a t the age of 5. 1759. com­ tlh' rc:n i: o: cap tam. 1763- 1766. estab­ m1d shtpma n on the Wager. Anson expe­ mands the Macha ul m a convoy for Can­ ::shes c: Fre;,ch settlemen t m the Falk­ d llton. !74!. shtpwrecked on the coast of ada m wh1ch Bougain ville sails on the lo c:c:c :766- 1759. vo yage on the Bou­ Pataaontc . ! 745 returns to Great Bntarn Cheztne . 176 1. fngate lieulenant. 1763. ~ .: e:..se .:.:me lfle Erode. 177 L publishes h1s and pub!tshes !us a ccount of the loss of corr.rnands !he Sphmx in the Bouga inv11le V o yJ ~~ a ...: !.J .J~ du m onde 1772. proposes lhe Wage: 17)8. dtotl!l(jlllshes htmself m exped1hon to the Falkla nds. 1767 - 1769 .Jr. t" X;_~J t l o ~ tc the north pole and IS Da ttles ogamsl France ana JS appomted commands !he £rotle m !he Bougauwtlle tdr nec a .:.) \\T: 1779 partJClpates m 111e comrnudore. 1764 -- 1766. voyage on the voyage around the w orid. A:-r~ e!l..:-~r. Revviuuo n a s a squadro n con.· Dolphin ana !he Tamar. ! 767, p ubhshes :nander !78! m Brest. h e marn es Fk>re An Acco unt or a Voyage ro und th e World CHORIS Louis. Born m lekatermoslav. de- L>nCJchamvMontendre. 1782. ts a,,. 111 !he Years I 764, I 765. and 1766. 1769. 3:2l/1795. mto a Germa n fmmly estab­ l ~t<..."'..J ;) H ('X ~ at Marttmquc and JS courl­ g overnor of Ne wfoundland 1775. rear hshed m Russta . 1813. patnle r of the set martJalt:"'\.i . 1r. d lSIJ race, h e Withdraw s to admtral. 1778. vtce a dnmal. 1779 , con- enhhc exped1hon of Marshall von Biber·

209 Englund. 1762 . rnarri< 's E!I zul>eth Bu tts. Samt M 1chel of the Bnhoh !:Gsl !nd!C! ! 763 , leaves for Newlound lon>aVes WICh Hos p1 tal. member of the Ruyo l Soci­ thG service for health reasons. J79: re­ e ty. I 7"76- 1779. 3rd voyage on the Reso c-o il ed to ac!Jve d uty , mudo :·aptcm. Dies \,lr ft. ol : ,., c"h.:m r"•' l.ull!•\•r,,rh lutron a nd the 0Js;·ove ry Dies on a t mt-Servan, 3110/1794. ' ,I J/.inm.lr/11 ,'7, •m .1 dr.l!o ' ;> l'( !•) O whyhee (H.:: wau). 2/1 4/ 1779. /.' rr -. JII i t H:hf,,,!;:,,/l u 1/.:u,•n. :f, 1 DUMONT D'URVILLE Ju les 5ebas tie n i .:1; . l'lr.•r ,• ~ lid•! rur / 11l,•r, h CROZIER francis Rawdon Moira. Born In Cesar. Bvrn m c.) nd &·~ u r Notrt?tl:J (Col Ireland m 1796. !810. )oms the navy. 182 1. vados ), 5.23!1790. mto a noble' ~ o:.J t p<.)() r heuten. 111t . --tcc--o mrx"lmes P ~ HTY \)t \ h ts :: nd family ! '97 . h:s tnthe1 J,.., : 81~- \ - 180'1. ex t.red!llt., n . !824 - 1825, r-ar!Jt :po tes In excellent stude nt at the lye&) u! <:ovn: btt:.; Porry's 3rd e xped JIJon m the Arct1c. 183 1 - with a fnend that c t 50 he w1 il be J rear 183:. :;cr..:es C; n the CO..Js ts of P,J rt Utr,i,.: lt! \.;u .J­ ..::~- ·: t~n l JS! f anc ;ms.t s. w orks :n the stu .:1c for a N o rtnw ~st Passage. iS ·-17 .) !\ tho tl-uer's ChevrE--tte . he h y d r ~ -"') r • li- r:s the ~ : ( ;trar .l md :earns li thogruphy. lllu~;­ d ~ It! --: o! Frcr:klm tnkes commnnc 1;{ th· · MaJJ!tJrrc nean tsk1n-J ~;. tl1t:> Da r J, ::nel!e~ · :cil.:'~ LL.i '/ -~.:u.,Je pittoresL!UC J~.Hc·u r ;u e xpt.....~ch t: o n. Sr-:-rmg 1848, ci tes ol ::>tG rvaiic n and the Black Sea. announces the :.f!SCOV· :; .:r:Je ( !8:::3 !0~6\ ~..1 n J pubi!shes V: ies t=> f WJ th Gil h 1s me r: . ery of thH Venus Jt-.. Mdo. J.9~l. L. u~l l C• !l o! .:•. : ::s·:qt\: .: :·-"' : e-.;:;vr:s 2ql11n 0XK: / .~s t 18~~.:. Hono1 l: e ute nant co rnm .J J H] ~ r . ...:untmun­ o::-·. J,..-, c 111 N,,." Orleuns. O n 3,1 918:8. DANA James Dwight. Born tn Utica tNew liv n oi h1 s OOtamcal studtes u t the M u­ :t..-"- ::v t- :~ !r.;m \ ', •r.:1 c r'...l z fo r an c x p~"'C.:::: o n !d Yci k). 2 12 !8 !3. 1838 1841. geoiO.J ISI and st:Ju m ot Na tura! H1sto ry !jj2Z. ;J ULlt: ~ ht~:.i ·:,,. :;-:tL' !'l•:T u l ~ f tJX.l L'C'(l!ld .::iJ0S~Vt? f O~ :1-:~:s mml;!"ralvgJst on the Peacock, \.Viikes ex­ at hts o wn e xp•:..-?'flSe fn umerur10 plun ­ . .: :l.' l m o n u mbush. ped lt!on : respons1ble later for munno zo­ tarum q uas Jn /nsuiJs A rclliJ." •"i..:\:l CLERKE Charles. Bv rn m 'Neather'Ietd vlogy. !842-1856. a t gove rnme:1 t ex· 1822 - 1825 . Duperre y's second !1 : .::e m · pense, p ublishe~:; h1s dt!:;covenes on mnnd on the Coqwlle. 182·\ tn v ~: e cap­ f::>sex l. 17 -1 3. , 755. c: nte rs th e Nuvy. ]".'6·1 qe{, Jo ..1y . ...:rustaceans. zooph ytes, o nd to m. 1826 - 1829. command:; th e A.;:rdabk..m~!s . 1873 .... J corr e!-i}.>Vnd.ant ol th o expedit ion . :829 captClm . p r (~son t:; h1 s J t: ll i l. ]"t-: f' _·, ;- rv,.,s tn iht..> An tdl c::_;, ' ':'0-­ Pans A ca c r:w 0 1 ScJencts. D rcs Ill Ne w cundtdllcy tc the A cademy .J l Sc!t:n:e::: but . T"! ' nudsh!pm .:. .H 1 e n the [n G eG·: r-<~ J: Hcwen iC.o n;o.e.~:Jc.ll) 4!1 4; 1895 IS no t e!ectec . l 830. mod~.: :-esi)l.: r:s: t:ie f,JT · .... ~ ::; L;t '.'-J Ut"' . .. ~:,-: ~ '7'7:, -~r;. : .It',. . ..:-o nvevm r:.J Charles X JnJ h1 ;:; lt. :r:: .: _; !n to ··_-: -: .;nt .... 1. t L ~::~ .,;, t-·.c; o.u'Jc r;, C .•:'{_· K. s .::r:~ : ·: . ·. - DARONDEAU Benoit Henri. cn lled Be­ : 1t-:. i7''6- i """"O :nuGte ,-:a t,latn ,-_~ : ~. noni. 3.rr. .:: ? a n~ 1805 18~~5. yr- !ductes :: ... : !. : ~; :h,•: :.; - ~~v . - .-y ,-·... -.v k s .3r.J -~·,_ ~r : . :. !rr•rn 1: 1 ~ =: .. : .:: . ~ P -':t"t~">t--:hmque. 18::::6 !B~9 ~. :: .; ~,· r: .:- l ~?.-: t! : -_·-: rr:mcnus t~ h.:> ·.:o':<:.:t: : takes !.:a n :r: J p:-ojt--ct :o sound ihe har­ ·- r, \J n •Lc- R. .:. _..;c/w : ) r,_ Dtes..:..! tut--cr~:J . bo:-s ~:r;d ;:- ..:. :-~5 -:..:: 1 F ranee's w estern ..... oust. : .2. :: K ; :::r:-: ~ ·:,...:: ·~ :::: - :2-J779 th ~ :1 :r: :s; •- ..33~. hydru raphs the !l ~) rth c n:.: :'CS' . :236- 1837, hydroyr :pher COM~ERSOt; Joseph Philibert. B~' " .:. on :h~- 2 :. :: : : ~-- V-::::l! _:mt e xpecJtlwn P:.1b~ ~ - :: ... ~ >Jr-.: _..:- r: .~· ~:;~ .r\n. _, : i :2. "1:.. ~ L::- hes .sc · : ~ :-.::: :::-;-_;.::.c r!ant 'N Vrk::> on hy­ .: r: ;I ...: :..:..:--::::-_;. i7--f ' ·.:i c•.:!cr ·::. i :r.c-·::;.c :r.(· d : c·..;r::;J!:·:· :::-.~ -?c::t!l Ln t.".J ~r.t-:-t t sm. Dtes m :: \i · r:!r·.... ·l! i0 r •.: :::rresr ,:.n as. ·::!th B E- ~::::; : : P.J rts :n iOC -? >-"' i~ : .;:..:: · ~ · ~ .:md L1r.nacus. ·.v [lv ,_:,-., ::-.r: ....r .:. :. ~ ; h.n: i· r :he ~Ju ee n 'J! S·A·._,,.::_ e: ...... DARWIN Charles. Born m Shrewsbury s:·... ll .:!'y' Me-JHerrrJ nean flsh. i 7J5. at F e rn t- ~ (Shropsh.rel 2! !2.!809. Son of Dr. Robe rt ;r,eets Voltcn c. who ·.vents tc keeo Corr:­ Dn :-·.v;n ..::na .:; randson of Dr . Erasmus ::-:e r s~-... n ·,\•: th hun .:..:s hrs secretory ;nrl :h·2 Dm·N:n. 181 7 ~10 ther d1es. 1825 .. J8:~7 . .: ..;ro," ll!L: r ·l l U·.l n ums!rctur .JI ! 11~ 8S tGl t:>S· : : ~ ~ bet.; Ins :::..-; :-:-.-?Cit::::i stud res ..-:::.1 the :Jmver ­ ~o::- : ·..1~es. : 7EQ mnr : 1es. I 762, h:s "N lh? ches stty vi Ecitr.L L.:-•,;; h. but soon -;Jives tht.:m up !' .;; r;:na ~:rth tu c.: son . !_76 4, takes it-?n:-:e to aevo te h e::.seii :c geclog·_; ·:rna !1!'1/t.: ra l ~:-.::r .c::: t ;ntc ~ ! !3 ser·nce; -:::JJ!t>.J to ?.::::s cy 3 h1 sto r-~· 1528 -~ 83 1 theolocuca1 stuates a t :: o:::- !·Jssh.. .-u 1~66. kmg s na1u rolist ..:1 1...1 · ·r. C hnsi s CdlE\,;c Cl1mbr;dge: ..1:-".Jst. 1766- i 768. nDturaitst o n the EtoJ.':...:. b~:-~on,es 3.::. Jgamvi!Ieexpediiicn. 12!2/1 768 . !ar. :is !ne r1dly WJ th :he botamst Hensluw a nd the geolo:;Jst SeegvJicic 1831-1836. naturalist ::-:-.the Ile ::ie France. where he works ·.·11 ::1 on :he Be:og:e FitzRoy e xredtl!on. 1838 P P-:. 1vrc . !770- i77 1, thek.:n gosksh~m · ~ /-t l,·· '\,·i•.: ,rrnr C:·,.u / ) wl/,'11! secre te:;.: 0f :he Geographical Srx.·tety. :-: . .:::k 8 o :.;tudy o! Madc:gcscar. · :. -:- ; e;-~ · .i'l I '·'!, 111 rudn '·' . i rl!'-'1}'/llr'll • 1839. marr:e:; h1s ...~ o usJ!I Emma We.-J.g : ... mmc rs :m stays 6 mt. mt hs. 'Norks .::. r: t~ -: ~-· , 11'1•'•' ' ·1! '1 1 , / ~r hlr,, //rr · ./ 11 < " l UI :,•tt.i/( . 'Nood ~-. : bl t sne s th e 3rJ vo l<1m e of F't tz­ : :-:· ~ 8 fl\ Ir1CP 1.\' llh !he (...'Cllnter J._-.,;_;:-· / '·' " I 'll •r, , • l ~d l/ ,~,,, /'!,,,, .;, ; RIY/ s ·: .. , ·_;::; -~: e i 8::9-1843, za<.:doqy ~...., t the :-:-~- 1 L- ~ rv ·t ~ !eun.;y, 3 iJ 1773. 8C'a;;.r:;. . :: ·L~ st-t: les W! th hts tu mlly a t Down Hc .. :se K e r:.~ J. Publts he s On the (Jr­ COOK James. Bo rn tr. Morton -In-C:evv· IgJn Gl Spec:~s l:.:y t'vfeans of Natural Se­ :..:~a (Yc"-r ks}ure'. i0.. 27, l728. As 2nc 0 1 3 lectJon ( 1829)· The VcniOtron of An1rna!s and ~ :-:1idi•? L .f :1 ·r peasant, !Jvef" :n :;cr::esucatJon •:. :~ _- ; , ;~i ---.~thJ .. _;;::._ . 7 4 l. !e-.Jves sd: .:..::l Picnrs u .od~ ' (1868 1· The Ues:en1 .: : .~!.:;~ 1 end SelectiOn :n Helauon exile or. the .:G rgo boat the :;e:ne Pub­ ::~ !~ ~; s : ::!:-t s~t. : ~ 4 ~ . cpprer:.t:cec ·..:.· ~ ~ to Sex .:s- · :::.:es at Down Huuse. lishes . 111 i83C-18JS. the Voyage de: As­ :~ .:t=>r ;n .:'"' t...::,:h ~s . ~ 742. cuDm b ~'" .:r. it--.:..:.­ 4 !9 1822: .s :Ou,e-:1 ;n Westminster Ao trolabe; m l 334- 1835 Vo yage pmc :esq ue _-;: · : ~-ak· v e ..:I t W~··utt · l. 1755 2nd ~n .:-:)I r: ­ bey. au tour du ."71cnde, a genera: surr.mar',l of :-:-:.J rd 0:1 ~1 col!:tr n'e jClr.S the Ro?a! !'-JlJ'r; voyages o f .:itscovery s1nce Magellan. _r. !hp En.:::le. i 757. deep -sea pt l ~ t on th ~ DUCLOS-GUYOT Pierre Nicolas. Born in 1837 - 1840. commands the e xpedJI!or. of the .- ·-· .-:Jt- rc: K-=- . 1758. commissioned by A ::::rm­ St. Malo. 12 ' 4. ! 7Z2. 1734. apprentice 1r1 Asrrolabe c: nd the Zeiee. 184 !. r·?U r cd­ ~ :: : Sat.:nC~,rs to set.: nO !he St. Lav.-r e :K · ~ Merchor.t Sc; ~ : I ce on the Duchesse. 1742- rwra1, beq t:ls wr:llng Voyage aL , ·1e ::.::. r:J (l tte r·t.~ to :he sea. 1760. re LHns t.:- 1743, cr:.S1Jn ..: m ...: ·hen lleuten ~1 nt o n :he Sud ~·81!8 42 . he dtes alcny ·N,th h1s

2lt l 11. •n. D1es c... ! yf' li ~ '.1: i•:'\"8 ~ a t Murt1mque. to the rep <.1bh..: . bu: he meets on ly -.....-1 1h :n ­ !E41 ~dtc rt.~nce cn ti-J , .. pur t \I 1h ~.,.... leude r ~ ' ! !! J" R..... vv lut1vn l'l~n d• .:' :t 1urh..:c-J u~ a trdtk)J DUPERHEY Louis Isadore. :, ·' " !! . FITZROY Robert. l- ..;rr.q tcn H...rl: ~ !. GPrn H_m y [JhJ:; m Oasp~! ! and p ..:. '/ .,;> !ly . : ~ PcJ:-1.:, J,I2.• J7 94 ·.vhll t"' tiw T~..~ rr .::_, r :~· J t :: .' i.'"-·'\'." E?-0' !! r-.:1 11 .1 __: ~ . ~; :- ; , : J: ,! ! "' ~ th·~ · [)1J..:' !l•.?SS .:.:; h..:>Jght. 1 1.. ~ li?\',__,1 ~: L :. S.·:. -: ... : : :...... L ::rh~s F'1tzH Jy, .::;: ·~1n cis...r~ .... : :ht::· :· .:!.-: . : :.:;: ::t 1r1 dr, ~..1 o t FORSTER Joha nn Rein hold. Born '" D:c· !L? l ~t M :: _:::...c·~~: ~ : ~ - :. 1..: :-..J· ·: :'"'_: nepL·.:·:: ::hc::u 'Polish Pruss. --: .. 1J :2 J7 2J. F ::3i ; ..:. ! th~ rr.m: ~ !-' ' :- ~ ... .-:: .-::.~' ~ -2 :; L :o:~ 2;11e rs .:: :Y..1 prea ...: h(;r m PnlSSiCI. :7oS. makes ::J 7 1 :: ! 1.": '·- . _; :_ . •.. . ;: .. : . '= . 'J . ~JC . 1 ~·- ~::o!1 td t c V n \'Cidv L l :ht· V. 1 .: . ! 5~ St... : :nt"· \ ' ·. : :- · .t~s m Lc.n~ :i ,, ;1 : ... 7i p ... L·II~hes ,r·:~·! ..1 ;:r..J ).hl.:- exri-· r I :i : ·::;;:. ~ ...... ~.:;;_- .J( South .~.m e; wof> s0ptf'ntnc n..1hs L.: :d N ...r vof ~ f. ~·­ 7 ·s .. :·!:...- ·. ; ::: ·:~:.~~ ~ l t•,), : r , : ~ · ~.- . • ::1....! ::: ~q- f... m~:.~ : h.~._-:, l t\:-'8 ! ~' ; ·: 1.·-•s ~ !. ttu ' BP•JcJ;•"' _-:t:>::i HL~:v:l."tonJm 1 7 ~ trr.nshtes Bnu 11m ; ,,•· : .:t! ~- : .::: . r .~ :3.· . ,-,..;- · .Jt. :. :>£, .... ~ ::1. ~ ... ~ , I p!...JJ I. St.....hl ... ~ w: 1... . ·· : ·!1 : -:;.l!l ~-..,1 z u h~ J k 1r: ·:!llc:.; VdYU:JO. l'r72 : '17.) nar 1..1r ...1h st t;!! ~ill' :: .• :; . -: 1. '.'t J!i .•.:': J! ~ ...J l ·.•: t.l!t... ·:-.~ - ! ! :h- .:.;.:! h1 s ..::ubu: . 18.31 !81t !~t.:ute nu!ll , ther: .=-tt.~soiut J u n . C00k s 2od v o yG t;~e . l 77t"' 1: 1 : 1.:._ ·=-·L· 3:-e ..::· ..._)C\? .J.l. .:~ 'J: u.: :-: ! J& : .J.ptatr •. c.:mmc n.l!:: l~t' Ee-Jgh"' e xpedJ­ 3 :J11mgen m La tm publ:shes DescnfJIWn sr. : ·.·:: ·:-.-:: .....- :- 1:;:-in J: the HurL..r...:.la : Ct.: rre m uc n. i839. ;>ubitshes the V<• yage oi the e> f S pec1e s of Plonrs Collected Du nng t!,e 1:. :J · : :-- .: .:::: :::· id ·t:.::le rs K :f:e c::x:::stE of _t._,j\'enture and the Bt--::: -;::ie cr:d then var­ Voyage 111 the S outh Seas· tn 1778, tn Lor,. :--:~ :- : .. ~ ..;:_ s. : :-~-e.::1s Frey ::: :net c: · trn? IOUS w orf_c: :m ·::Is: : ..: m .: :-:, y and meteorol­ :i.:m . h1 s O bservot1 .::ns M'"1de Dur:!J G a .::-c:.:-.:<:- ..~ : .3-:h.::l ...:es .._:: v::--. J.: i-. n o:: oe- ogy 184; - : 843 :-:-.<;;•f:""• .Y?:· oi f-'a rl!amen:. "v" oyage Round the IA/orici. ; 780 Fred""nck 1843 , ;]ove;r:. c·: :.:- : !·ie •:: :c·.::. ::m::. Heads t.'1e U has hnr1 com e tc r-i "J!le as 0 r..:rclesscr ,,; h1 etecroi,:>g;.· i_.!? p .J ;·•:-t.c r. · o: :!-1e Boarc:. v : natured h 1stv ry ana JJrecL: o t !he b.:-tc:n!­ Trade. 185:.. h:s w: rt" c nc h;s ulaes: .o,JJ gar::i e ns. I 787. pub!tshes a h1st ory ,o f DUPETIT-THOUARS Abel Aubert. 80rr. a1 daughter C.Je i6. :::i1 E. ;ss .... rear adrmral .J.J sco veries a nd v o vaae~ made m the :....:: ::- ~:.::: :~ .=:,t·>e nee :- Sa;..:n . ..:: 8 '3 :793 186 ! pubitshes c tre-..J: .se ..... !1 mett.?orobqy NDrth. The latter pc;n -of hts Ide ts s:Jo· f\; t_·~ :.--:. ·: :;.e Dv! ~Jms! L·~;~- 1\. -1~:-! o:::: Ju- ;:::·.:)!11 mlls s.l iCl.:ito 1!"": N :- :-·.·:.:ld (SdrrF_( .ienerl by the dt?llt L ,__.; h:s s.:.~ns. Dt•::>-:~ m . ...::-:- ::. _: -! ti -;; •;_::_ - ...:;.. . .::: :: . .-..:-! ~- 4 :

FLEURIOT DE LANGLE Paul An toine FREYCINET Louis Claude de Saulces de. M arie. ~ '- :- r. !:--: :~ . t- :: . .: ·e· : . ... : Kt.:.~ r bue ! .:::: : 3xn m M on!elimc.: : 6 ; 7 l-79. 1794. m L ! - - : :.:~' ; : • 1 ~ . : ,t .) . . : : ..:'. : J : :~ ;;e r - G ~ : -2 : .;;..> : .! . -?: : ""'..;4 ~.L~k cs se...-­ .~ .: 1:::-lmu n wtth Ius !.•r lther L.:: n~ Hcnn 011 : . .:: ~' _: _ "' ' J:, : .. - e: .J : · ::- :~-.J9T~ · .:; ~1 -:?: ·:·- "--: ::-.:!·"" :-s ..:. :· Ros;iy ·:1c-. Uepreux 1 800-~80 4 e n ~1gn c r. 1h c :::, :} L::::::.:-. ;· ~,_-.,.?L· _:;J-2-'. :.::t::::-lv tc S.1:-: .\' J:urahsre. BauJn. e xpec!JtK' fl . lB·J . :·:.-- ---:. : :~n :-::.• -;: . :.: ;:. .... r:_ .:-.:::;­ :-. ·.: m1:1 ~--:: u . l-1-" :1101..~ : :::2 r--;;J. ~· ..Jl _!J._ -,:-:J. ::- .:eu tenant cc) m m ..-: m n~r: ISO:> 1803 ,-~, r .-.· ·: .:: ..: : . · :~~ : :1~- Crv:.·- !2~( . o."· ~...... , : : :'_.' ~~ :·.d .~.· :. !J· - : ·1.. ~:· :; _.,..,::: th e -::i :r t.,.~r, H · ll: : ;1.:J.n d ~; the Cusul:u:-;a. 1804· 1805. c,"'l n j· · : .•:_; -:.~ :-:; _':...' 1 1!1.~!. -:: .· :: : :;. -; ~ -t;;. : "'23. :-7f. ::1:-:-::- ~ - -:.:· ·::.:!·. thl2 )l;;kt' ..::1! :: ::md.s the bn9 Vc .' :tgDw b i.Jt , st:L e x­ : t..<:: ~: : 1:-l.Jr =:l: ::- 4:: .~C r. J· : ·har:re ::: i : . 'h -o-- L- _:: :.·- .·: li.:.~ h a n: !78: i".au.slt>u. . 1s a ssJg ne- .....1 tc the Ma~ l Dt'pc:. ·: .t· !: J..J. !T <=" Rt..' :: ,-: .3 .:J ::ci-: - .Jr: · t:-an sp :> rl~ t.· .ll.;:1e: ::.: :ne US e n v oy~ . Cll-1816. IS c hargt?.:: vntil contmuHK l h:s :o · :.:.:: :--::;. . ·:~,.:::~· ...... ,~ ~ :;· :e~ -~.-::...... :__, :- t:..,J r. ~ ... :r. "': ! t. ;.:·. ··: .:_ .~ ...: : ~:rr. .:m d; th t"­ ::-te nd Peron 's VoyJ.J >? au.'; rt-·rrt?s _l!JS­ 1.. :-:/• ... · . ..; :=-:- :.·: . ""1 : ,1 - L>t ,: ;~ ...:.. s.:; \' .)\.O,.'. v.._l U\' _.; s:rct 1r. :h ~ ruJ 1 ::. :-. : : ...~ : ..: s.J r. Bay ciu ec t ~ ...:: :: aieo. 18 13. correSf>-'nJent of the lnsll· t!"J- ~ ... -: r. _::; .:: ·:-2:- :J r:i!Prll. JC: 4:':- VICE- c::Jml- oy Lc Pe r-.. :JSt: : 78~ .:'·:::JpiJin havmg tute. 1817-1820, tfi;]Gl e captClm . corr.­ r:::: . ~ .; ~ :::e;::,:;ry represer.Un'_) M cme·P' · prc..L~Unly retuse-.:] .:-;J rr.rn.:..::1:: :Jl the expe­ mands the Lhanu:.·· exoedttton . 1820, ~- ::~ . : ~2 :ne:nC:.e: o f tht: A cacit:·my .:d d;tJon 1:1 tcvor ot h: ~ !r.er..-:: La Pei t.- usc ht­ c-a ptam 182l. one o f the-founders oi the S.... -h?:- ..·-:::-_ :-·;e~ Ir: ?,J: Is 3 ~ 7 iS64. commanas :he A s : r ~:·.".1 i:. 'lt?. Mas5u.cred .::1 1 &.""Ctete de Geographte. 1824. pubilshee< an 'l.mtilc (Samoa). 12 1:: 1767. augmented edilton of Boudtn"s Voyage. ENTHECASTEAUX Antoine Raymond Jo· 1824- 1842 pubilshes Voyage autour du seph de Br..mi. Chevalier d '. B·orn ;:o the FLINDERS Matthew. ;).~ rn tn Donmnq tc•n monde sur t Urante. 1826. member _I .,Jwm: Rf1t1 1J,,JII /·or.Ha .uul hi• '' 'PI : ~.i: ~::: . :. ::=:-,trt:-.:" ...J 31eaux 1\.'..::rl. 1737 H:::: (Lmcolnshtre). 3'1 6 1774. 1789 enters 1he ot the Academy oi Sctences. la3C:. re· _l ,,h,um (; l'l '~~ - .-\llt'll)'l'll'U' iut;.-· ~ ;: · : ~sJ.!t"(i c.r the p .:;:ie."':1en : o! Fr~-­ nav'' anJ serves o r. the' !3c-!!erc ohon 179 i - p ia ces Rossel os d1recto r of maps a:1.d mg l . ll'irl ~ .( HiMtt•lh i·qur tlllfi,n~,zn .• . J)Jt,,,,, .r B1hl . ,,11 l.-1 rrh . ccrr.:-:-: ..::-.:J;. : the bc.1Jllff of Suilrc-n. a reh.:­ 2nd exoedttwn o n the Providence. l 79S, e ra by Gatmard: death of rus wtfe. Rose Ph(lfCh . ) tive ....-- : :--.. s. : 7 56 , aJs tmQ u:si-.es bmse!i a: midshiPman leciVes for New South Wal8s Ptnon. Dies at freyctnet. near Lon ol !nE· ; ...::··.::- ::: : Mmorca l77C. lleute nan: v:1th Gover :1o r Hunter .::nd George A . tDromel. 8118/1842 . ::::n::-.:::.:ie: ; 779 ass Jstc:-: : d1rect,:; r 0 1 E:Jss. 1796- 1797 . v1 s:! s vnth Bass the h.J:- ~ :: -: :-:::;. .:..rse nals. Follov-:::1g c m .1rc1er S.:" :..tthea st C"0CIS\ or A :lsl:--:llla 1798, w1:t-: FREYCINET Louis Henri de Saulces. : 0 n.:·: ... : ~ :Jy ,:: nephew. •.v e nts to :ec\·c­ B-.J.ss. lm1.shes tht · expi .~ r.::zh on ol Bass StrOJ ~ Baron de. Born a t Mo:1te hmar. 17Tl. O lder l~ lE.· .,;e:--:::e 1s na m ed con-. :n..Jnder v ! tht.-:. and satls at ounc Tcsmama. 1801 - 1803. brolher of Louts Claude. 1794. nndsh!p· n,n·c: .::..:t:.J:l v: the Indies. 1787-- :789 lngate ccpta1n comrn ..J nds the expedJtJ o rt man o n the Heoreux takes oart m M 8di­ gv ce::._: _,; th,:, lie de fmn.:c-. 1789. Ol\'t· on the lnvestJgato;. ir, Ue..:embe r 1803. he !e rranean bolll~s. 1800- 1804 , "enstgn on the sto r. .::--.. -:1 t 791- : 794. comrr.ands the ex­ ts tmpr!soned on the !Je de France. l81 C. Geographe. Boudtn expedttton: 1801. pt<:i::.2:·. of :ne Recherche a:1d the Esper· returns exhausted 10 England; prepares heutenant commander. !804- 1805. under Jf!('f- .~ 9 : rea:- adm1ra~ . 1792 v tce the Dublicauon o! h;s vovuae Dies m L:Jn - th E=- comm a nd o f LoUJs Claude o n the Vol­ a.:1r.: .:::~ bul he u1es o f scur.ry whtle still cio n·. 7 l9ii81 4. · - !Jgeur. 1806. commands the Phaeton; !uses at s.:--..:: - : ; 1793 1 belore he rece t\·es '.vord hts right arm. !8 11 , frt ga!e ca ptatn com· ~ t: :_,. :.. = -; m .....~ll.:J n FORSTER Johann Georg Adam. Born in mands the [!Jsa ond stands up to an e n· Nassenhuben. n ear Danz1g \Gdansk}, ttre English dtvision near Marlimque· has ESCHSCHOL TZ Johcmn Friedrich. &' m :n i l '27 • 1754 . Son al !. R Forster. 1765, a c­ a leg shuttered. 1816, captatn. 182 1-1 826. n,or,·:· ·!._,,·,,mJ) 11 1121 1793 Doct.' r of cumparues hts lath.er tc Russta. I 772 -- 1775 , governor of Bourbon Island. 1826. rear m~._-:: : .·.' m [\.:>1)Xll. 1815- 1818 . cl..xtoc and w1th hJ s iathe r. naturalist on th e Re solu­ admtral. 1827. g overnor of r rench Guy· ct-.! ttoc,: .. s: on the R"nk. Kotzebue e xpedt· tt on , Cook"s 2nd voyage. !777--1778. pub­ ana. 1828. baron. 1829. governor of tJ on. ~ 3::3 - 1826. ci-.x: tor and natura!Jst on ltshes in London Voyage Round the G uacielotSc.cf'~ Ahs ( 1829-1833). Dtes 5 19: l 83 I. J7?9 returns tu Gerrnany. i780, professor FURNEAUX Tobias. Born Ill Sloke Dam­ ai natural htstory m Kassel and. m 1784 . e re! (Devon). 1735. 1755-1766. smls on EYDOUX Fortune. Born tn 1802. Medtcai a1 Wdna. ,,.;here he a e ts h1s doctor's de­ va:nous sh1ps: Antilles. A incan coasts. the a .:x.·: . : ~ -1 u k es a sc!enhhc v oyage to Tan­ c ree ll1 mecilc me rlss hbran an of the Engltsh Channel. 1766- 1768 2nd lteutPn· '-ll£:~ _ ~3[- ;g3:_ suru eon and natural1s~ Eiector of M,Jyence. 1790-1791 . voyage ant on Dolphin. of Wal11s. hts c:oustn. 1 77~­ em !C.€ .' .::vo::re. 1st t..Ji:,lace voyage. !834- wtth A. von Humboldt to Belg1um. Hoi· i 775. commander of the Adventure. Ccx1i:·s 183: : :- ·...: 1s~ o n the tngate V1 ctone to the land England. and France. 1792. ts 2nd voyage . 1775. captatn. Dtes tn Swtiey. A!r:.'c::. c00sts . !836- 1837 surgeon and cte!"ullzed by the peopl" of Mayence to ask 9 1811781. zoob,::s· :o n the Bom te . Vmllant e xpedt· the Na twnal Convenuon to attach th ts ctty

21 1 GAIMAR D Joseph Paui. Born m Samt-Za­ ra nean naval forces. 1832, d 1rectc r gen­ cove ry. 1780, captam. 1782. me mber of the ,-h«r:•.' iV•lt l !796. 18 17- 1820, <.Jssrstcmt eral of the Map Depot. Dws m p_,,.,s. Royal Scx:Jety. 1783. 'Jet$ tuJ:x,,- ,"iosis. qoes ~m n;_.:-~ n u rh.! : cx:>logtst v n the UranJt..=> ll :!~ 1 18 3 9. to Ntce, w here he J 1es m ~._,'\· t .J L-er i 784. Frt.•ycmet t:-:·rped.!llo n. Makes severaltnps :u Hoiland 8.2!gJu m . anci G reat Bntam to HODGES William. Born m Lvndon. 1744 . KOTZEBUE. Otto von. Born m Revel (pre­ study :he scientific establtshments of the Student of Richard Wilson. pamts theater sent-day Tallinn. Estoma). 121 301178 7. 2nd navy. !826-! 829, surgeu n and naturalist decors and landscapes. 1772- 1775. pam:er son of the German wnte r A. F. F. '/Ofl on the Astrolabe. Dumont d'Urvrlle e xpe­ on the Re solu tJ on. Cook's 2nd voyage. Kotzebue . 1803, student at the S t. Peters­ drllon. 183 1-1832 goes to study a c holera 1775, goes to lnd Ja, where he makes b1s burg school fo r cadets whe n Krusenste rn cptdemtc m Po la nd. Prussta. A ustna . a nd fortune. 1777 . begms tv ti how a t the Royal tokes him ,,n h1s e xpoJ< litl Otl. 18 15- 1818. RusstLl lor the Academy ol Se~ enL'CS . 183S - Acade my. Dtes tn Bnxham ([Jevc n). lie utenant. comrnund :::i the R:1nk. Cap­ 1836, sur,;;eo n on the Reche rche !n 316!1 797. tam-heute nant of the gardes-manne. 1821. Greenland: 1836. pres1dent of the ScJen ­ publishes his Reise urn d"' Welt. 1823 - llllC Commlsslon o t Iceland. 1837. vo yage HOOKER Sir Jose ph Da lton. Born m 1826, commands the 2nd exre:irtJc n on the to Swede n. Norway. and Denmark. 1838 - Halcsworth (Sufl olk l. 6/301!8 17. 1839. doc­ Predpriyati ye. l830. Neu ..: lie1sc urn d(! 18.39 mokcs 2 ..:: Tutses to Iceland ...m th e tor of rncciJcm e m Glusgow, becames We lt m 18?3 1824 1825. un.:i 1&26. Recherche. 1839. d1rects the sc1e nllhc fn endly wJth Darwm. 1839- 1843, assist­ commJSSlCn lor e xpeditions to the Polar an! surgeon on the £rebus, J. C. Ross ex­ KRUSENSTERN Adam Ivan Uohann) Rit· Sees but no longer goes to sea. !844 peditJon. 1844 - 1847. pubilshes Flora ::nl­ te~ von. , Born m Haggud ([stoma). p:1bhshes Vo yage en Island <:? er au arc!Jca. 1846- 1847, botamst of :he 111!9/1770. 1787- 1789. se rves ;n the navy Groenland: 1847. Voyage en S ued e. en Geologlcal Survey ol Great Bntam. 1847. dunng the Russo-Swedish War. 1793. Sea!ldmavle et au Spitzberg . !848. re ­ member of the Royal SocJety. 1847-1351. serves on a British ship. 1797 - 1799. trav­ • \J nres. D1es ·~·ery poor m Pans, 1858. nnd 1s travels m the Htmalavas for Ke w G::J t­ els to the Indies a nd tc C antc. n .... n Br ttJsh bun e-.::i a t thf' expense of the government. de ns . i853 - 1855. publ;shes flora Novae me rchant shlp. 1803- 1806. c-.J rnmands the Ze!'andlaP. 1855, Cl SS!s tan t d1 rector d Kev.r ~xpech!J o n ub...""' . 1865. d1rector d Kew Gardens. 1873- Contnbut10 11 to th e Hyd roqruphy o: ~h e C!. rtlChaJd ;nd Deslontames. 18.11 - 181 4. 1578, president of the Roya i Soc1e ty 1874. Great Ocean. 18 J ~. expedlt!•>n 'o the A.rc ­ phormacJst of the naval forces m Ant ­ explores the Moroccan Atlas Mountmns: f! c m search of the Northwest Passage. werp. i8!7- i820 . pharmactst on the Ur­ !877, the Rocky Mounta:ns. 1885. leaves 1824- 1827, Atlas of the P:JCtf:c Ocean . amec Freyc:ne t expedttlon . !825. pl! b­ Ke w Garde ns. Dtes m Sunnmgdale IBerk­ 1826, rear admtral and d1rector 0 1 the l'la­ I!Slces Fiore des iles Maloumes. 1826. shtre), 12110119 11. val academy. member •Jl ·he scJenllftc bo1a:r ; of the Urame. 1828. correspondent committee o f the Mtmstrl ot the Navv o f l of the Academy of SCiences. 1830-1832. HUON DE KERMADEC Jean Michel. Born the St. Pe te rsburg A cad ~ my of SC!en.ces, ph..::: rrnac!st u nd botc mst o n the H ermm Je> : m Brest . 1748. trlto a famdy o f Brote n saJ!­ co rrespondmg member c;l the Pnns .:md ·: tsJts Bra::! C hllc Jnd Peru , !he n stays ors. Takes p:lrt m the battles led by O rvd­ Stockh olm Academtes of Science . . 829, m R;o, explort?s !he Mato G rosso a nd the ~ers and Lamotte-Picquet. 1786 - 1787. VICe VJCe admiral. 1841, adm1ra l. Dres Dn hts prc vmce ..J l Sao Pauio , a nd b nngs back .=htef o l naval stafi wnh d 'En trecastt"'C ux esta te o f Asz, n E~a r Revel (Estoma ). 3 000 plants. 1836- 1837. pharrnactst and ::) r. the Resolution at the tune o f voyage to 8/2411846. lx"tC: :1JSI (,r; :hP Bowte Vcu!lnnt ~: x o ~ J ?.hma. 1791 - 1794. captam. commands :he ·tv :"!. !837 :T.e:nber .: t ~h e A c ac.ie r:-~ · : ..: t !:... s;:>t.'f ct n r-e d Er.tr·:?Ca £t ec:~x e :·.t ant. ! 790. pL:.bltshl~ s fr::c: !; ·::o s pl..::nr :: ~ :.;rr. f :c 8umc nt J Urvi!le en the A.srrola be. :23"'""1- Syrwe ranorum. 1791 - 1794 c-... )!::msi r: :-:!hE­ 7~~~ : ~~7 6 :~ .~~ ~i;~~ ~;~~nB-~~o r:h:x~~~~~~ ~~ - : B40. co r.-'=': ti e ccptau; ::or..mc nds :he =e· .rt ec.l;erche. d 'Entreca$:EG:! :. .,:.:q:e-•j:·:;)n; ',1,'-:_:,, exf-""~; :; cm. l768- ! 771. 2nd conci •he1 .'e.:: Dum..:;n t d'Urntl e ·s 2nc ·.:0ya c;:e ! 3..; J i 794, prtsoner at Sema;-::n·.J : ... 96, ~ e · · .:- :1s :s' ::e'J. Ie r . ..::::t :.r. ·h to E.:Je a vour Cock s -:-:::;:t::1m . 184 2, c --rnmuna.s ihe Ge;;e ; .:o :] . w Fr:mce . 1799 r:·u b h ::m t · ~ .>:.: .·- . ~ ::·_ ; .. iu i ::.> l ·; ·ya .-:: t· ...... 2. ·u kes 8.-::mks to !cela:1c. ~d4 ~ bec,;~:1s publish1ng ;)u:r.ont a ·u rv:ile s yoy al}e : !Ti t:m b e r .)f th €.· )., _·ader.::· ol :~-:: ~ :~80 . s: lJeu tenant v n th~ Resch ·;::::.yage. i 352. rear acimirc l .:orr:mc :1c3 :: :t~ .Sc1er.ces. Repub i11..::..Jn JnC Jn': -3.:- ncpai · :JCn Cook s Jra voyage; alter the death of Le·;ant divtston. 1855. commands :he Pl­ liSt, l1ves m retm:rr1ent. spencimg the sum· C!erke . takes command of the expedition raeus e xpechtion. is named v1ce admlrcl. m ers tn a cottage nE'Clr Pan s. D:es m Pe ns, and bnn.;Js It to l.l conclusion. Caplc ir; he ::lJes l!1 To~ le n 1879. lt8, 1834. :e kes .::. ve r ·he x st left vacant bv CvcK c r c ~ ~ !l\"JI C : l H c ~pltal. Dtes in Gr~en·.v: c r: . JURIEN DE I.A GRA VIERE Pierre Roch. LAMANON Robert de Paul. Chevalier de. :i i ~ i 790. 3 l·; rn m 13 c nnat 1A iher ), :! 5tl 77':.. 1786. Born 111 Salon -de-Provence, 1752. imaally ..::.pprenllce !n Mer....:hant Serv 1.: e 0 n ;ne a sermnary student. i 774 bt...:O..J:ns 'NIJjkmg HAMELIN Jacques Felix Emmanuel. Bo rn :orvette Fc:vome. then on :he !:Jng He ros . tours thro ugh Provence, Sw 1tzerland . rhe m Hcntleur !Oii3/1768. 1786-1788. a smlor. : 79 1- 1794. volontmre on the [spe rance. Alps, and the Pyrenees. i 779 , m a cellar :::: espue fa mil'( Jbiec!Ions e mbarks on th0 -fEntrecasteaux expechlion: 1s m a de en­ on Rue Dauphme tn Pe1ns he discovers rhe .-\s1 e :o r the ~oa st of Angola. 1792. a sslst­ Slgc.. 1798. fng .::te captam. !803. 2.::p1.:11n . skeleto n of a !c,ssd what.:. :780--: 782. .Jnt t-:e im sman on the [ntreorenan~. i 793 . !809 m the batt le ot Sables d 'Oion!'le •:~:th publish es studies on the foss!is gt?oi.::>gy, ens:;:n e n :!-:e Proser ome .. 1795 . lieL:te i!­ :hree fna,:ues :orces 1he i.\'ithd :-a ·,: r: i : : 6 .:1nd mmeralogy oi !he M1o1. . 785. pnys1· c nr ..:-- :-: th·; .'1!::-: PTV F: .s~ n o usly wo unded :n Br:t1sh v:;s:::els. l8l 4. takes posse s Sl C !'l. J I ctst mHlerak:giSI. Lind mc tc-.~ r .J:.:qtst c r. the ti·. t:: len :iu r:r:..: 1he -c:pture Jf the B r-' W lc A.·. 5 .: .1rbon !slcnd. 1817. recr ..K imuol .::: nd. B o ~ ss o le . L~1 P&r ') tt~: ~ . ~ x~~~:. ~.,t : n . ls ~::il~-•d J/Ut In ~ ;...-~:~_· ·a pt.:::u: - n :h e H..:> v ,;:.··; ... r! ·.: ::: .:.... ,unl. : s.~Cl. ·: 1 .~(~ d l1n::r .d 1n(1 : ·(:·~ : , ! •.J t 1 u tu du (. :• Utrlt•n), l .J I l ~- tLen conm1>..:mds thtO> FrarernJte. 1800 1304 ~-r:Jn c o. IO. :..':?S m ?...:r .. > c-::..::1on-::l!: ::.e- Na ::.:.:- .::!:stt. Baudm e :<;,::t.· · ~ 5 1849. S .Ju v~mrs .::·un :::."Yl:rc l \l cbJ' ._._. .::: s LANGSDORFF Carl Heinrich. Baron von. d t:u n. IBOS . .:aptam. commands pc:-i C' l Jsse:nbie _j from his 'NrltJr.-;;s by hts s::: :1 Bo1n m Woll stem (Rhenish Hesse ). the Sou!o;;r.e fl eet corr.mJSSJ o nN at Lt.? Rear A<.:·k. whurn h £· · 1 • ; -~l.' II t -: : tJ • '~; i :-~ 1 l ~ ...... : kude :::' Le Ha·.. · re unJ Cht>r bU\..; ! ..: . tug·::I l 180'3. natura.Jst u 1 : ~· . ~ - .V...:c'e-;: .:.JrJ l6C: 8. cr c s~ ;'=" s the !nd1an Ocean. 18! 0. :n KING James. Born m C i11hc rve iLunc :1- Kr ~ Jse nstern exj:edltiOn. wi-.1 -.: h he ie-::ve:3 .'i1r f, •~ c f1h lJJff,J rl } f ,,,•J..:a. the :Oa ttl e of G randpori (lie de Fra nce! sr. Jre), 17)C. 1765 - 1770. serves unaer Pal­ :n Julv 1804 to cross S1bena. Jd61!8 0S. ar­ ;1/r ,,f,'\' r·lf'h r .~k o 1 m ,Jh,,tu /8 .;5 :ekes Cl r des1roys fou r Bnnsh fngo tes. Baron l!ser m New bundlond. then m the ~ ... 1edJ­ nves -In S t. Pe te rsburg. 181 2. pubhshes r .'\,,u,m.J( l '.• rrr,w l ;,;/lcry, L,,,:,/c''' of the Emptre and rear adm1ral. com · terranean. 1774- 1776. stuaJes m Pans. then Bermerkungen auf einer Reise urn die Welt l Ph .•r,• \l.wll .md p,,fyhl.mk· .f rh1 · mends an ":scaut (Sche!de) dJv tslon. then at Oxiord. 1776-- 1780. 2nd he utenar.t ::m the m d e n }ahre n 1803 bJs 1807. 1813. Russ1an 11/ll.• c ll•ll f'h ,•fch . J Q Brest sq Laciron . 1818. maJo r generai c: R2sol:Jrwn . Coc-k's 3rd v Jy age : 17'79, ::ite r :onsui general tn Braztl. 'N '-t .,re he : ol­ Tct.: :c n . thFn commander o f the ~ eaa e r - ·r.e .Jec!h :>t C lerk e . cc rnmands ·he iJ1 s- lec:s plants With Freyre !S3. 132 1- 1830. di- ·.

:··1.:: ~· : :~·- :" :-, .. ; ~; ;.:; , .,_;.;t.Jc' o.J lih JJ :~J !ht.• _; U .t'\'dk• t!xperitlll r1 JSJU 1832 . secretary Lenke e xpe dition. 1829 - 1830, satls agom ~n · x;. 1 :-o:·.:: · ,,~ .:.._;r:~:- . : ::-.~-" Ar ~J ::z. ;. N:-:r1 t...: the ccmmanJer and d ra ftsman on the cr. the Senyavm lor the coast of Ice land. f .._"J\' ;.., !1 1€- :st i...... :: pi c: ,~ E- E' XpE:·dJ IIOl1 . 18 J6 - ~Jes on h1s return to St. Petersbu r.:I . : ·.: :· · ! ! ,. . ;a~1 - t---.u:Ii. lt::' ! L'JI . tnt- B. ·:J:te Vodlant e x­ ~ . - 1830. peultr I 787 - 179J "pprentt ;::c, In :I.~, LESSEPS Jean-Baptiste Ba rthe le my. Baron :: .:=; .:han! serv1ce mukes several .... )\" +

..> . ..; ::.~ . :: .t:' r,t.- f 1:-: . .: J ; J .:: : -::o ~ de. ::0 ~ :--.• r. Se!e : ~7 1'7(; :::- S .): 1 ;::; : tne c .... t.· ...:: ;:es to th e Antilles .. . 793 . serves en t!-. E: .•. · :·-..~.:::1:.3 \X;;.r l7)9 1.3 ·,·; ..... u:-lc:e-..J. st..: . ·;::e:l'?rai v: F:-a nce i!"I St.. Pt:tersturg. t:- t.;; :::l!e Pr&Jeuse; hiS herOISm WinS ru m .:: .. : ·.:.: 1: .::. ;::::·.::: ..J :l o? :- ~ - Y::: 5nusr. s·:;:JJdrc n .. 1783 vice c:msui m f.: ronstadt. I 785- ~ 787 raool: oi ensign. 1796. promoted to heuten· __ :~· - " :c: .L. ::1e:. c ~ 1764 r.:::,.,· an· R.Jss1::r: mterprt-te:· c ' rc the Astrolabe. a r. t. 1800. heutena nt on the Natural!ste. ,·, .. . :-~- c, : nm.::~,~s tne Aciow. 1773- La Perouse exoed.J tlon · d1sembarks Bo :.>dm expedition. 1801. frigate captam: t .:K· ' ~ ;.._·.:::-· 11. !he- ::-am ~ JGJ~ :. s o l Bcn­ 10,7 1787 at P e :r c ~vl o vsl: . arnves at Ver­ o iler the death o f Baudm (]803). tol:es P • lr . .J •..: c:o:! Cmr.::: . i775 on the lie de smlles 101711788 1789, consul m Kron· command of the Geographe. which he f:- -: :1 •.:· :- !: : : ~ .n lo·.re v:n!-1 c v0ung Creole. stadt 1790 pubhshes the account of his i:mngs back to France. I 805. commands := ~ .... r. :- 5; __.J. .::.. ~ a:-:..:: w..Jnts tc m arry voyage rrom SllJen a 10 fro nee. 1793 con­ the 0Idon. IS taken to Great Bntam c~ a f JMtroJrt ,~( J.:m ..i l'rH tfrll J:uerur'i"X h)' .. ·_: ~ .::. • t<:·:~ 1770 1J-2u t e ncr.~ sJ: genera; Ir, S:. Fete:sburg. I 798 , charge pr. soner. 1806, freeci on givmg his worci }·. Lt'hmunn. 18 12 , 111 Vova(.!t' 7 ~: .. :-:-;. •.:: :, ::o?~ . 7 '-:: as C:Jmmancier o f :he d 'affmres m Constanun:>ple IS throv.. rn mtc tho: he will not re turn to a ctive servrce. Around tht' World. (BthilM.Iu•qur· d11 pnscn cr the l!!Tle of !he Egyptian Expedl ­ JS : ~ captam, commands th e port of Ver:­ .\ 1JJ 'I:tmt rf'hr stcllrc narurcllc. / 1,m, ttor... lB0:-181L. ge!1eral commisston8r of Ice 18 14 chief of the naval misst::m P/11 1(,• ~· Hdd. ell/ .~ 1 11 SI' W IJ l l'h ,t t1' /l. ! ::ommerc1ai relatwns vnth Russ1a. 1814 charged with reta lung possession of Mm· consul genera: :::nci charge d'alfmres m tmique and Guadeloupe. 1818-1821 g ov­ L1sbor. . !83 1 pu:Ohsnes a ne w edJtJ or. o! emo: of Bourbon Island. 1821. baron. 18: ~ :.::: ? e r~:.:.s-2 s ·: .:.- y::Jg E · :::-_· ;:;cmmn a!i r:-1:::: :- _:-:;mancier anc admm1 st ra tor of Cc·: + r,c!3 bPe :--. .::Js.:-: ·.re :- er: s ;:1.'P t:I8 s~n;:wrc~ K e:c:;e, French Gurano. 1827. rear a::!,.,.;:­ .. :-'JH."' ~ ::1 ~ .: ~~"\:' ~ ! ~ 6 :334. r...::. D1es o f po rcdys1s a t Bourbonne·.t-..- 5".:os. 811 11829 LESSON Rene Primeve re. B.)rn m R,x- ~ e ­ ! 1 f t 3 20 ~- ~g~ i8!€ :J h."JJ C ~ ll o l!i CL~ r Ll :J .:: ·h.•n ~ L :::: nJ ,~; ~ : !:1 ~~ h.:.l:- 'J C oJ thP R -...... ~hc·­ : •r! !::>.. : , ;;~: , ·1. ; , : :· tt•:. lSi? h1~ ~ fJr ~ t \\·Jl ...--. NASSAU -SIEGEN Char i<>~ Henri Nicho· . l :t ·:· lt~ . :._ ; s ~~: . ~ : ~· : _; J :;hJ!lt .;w ~0,lli anJ las Othon, Prince d'Orange et de. 5c• rll phcrm.:K ts: o:. 1!1E Co yu ;lll~ Dupen e y e x­ "' Pans, l / 6 1 174 ~. 1761. 2nd heutenant, peamon. 182~ p:1bl1she:: Voyage m Pd;-::z ." ..::8-ptam of dragoons, ob tams authon:::J ­ Cl.JII.)L'!' ::Ju .·11 o na'e j 83[ r1Jb!J shes }o urn :::.J tJ or. to ac-cornpnny B,)ugamville. 17Gb ci ur. V C' YJJ ~ _l> 1~t: 1 : '2S ..jll t:' . P r o i essc.' ~ CJ! : 7S9 o n :he Bo udc use. 1778 ta kes f.)a:-t Ir: rx)tc.ny o · lilt..., ncvai $..:·h)'-)! m Rocht?!.:)f: th ':;- Amen can Re volul!on , ratsm g a It ·· ·.,•.:here he 1s to remam tnP rest of h1s l!le. ~H en m lus name. 1783, ente rs the Russ1nn wr:tm g numerous works o r: natural h 1s· na..,-..-. I 788. defeats a Turbsh flee t m the --\\, !,, .. ~~ ~~ .. . tor;-·. 183 ~ ..--:h1ef pharrnr:c Jst m the navy Black Sea . 1789. admual. commands Ilk .. , - H1s 2nd wlle d1es a nd n; 1838. h1s ! 5-yocr­ Russran fl eet In the l3a11 Ic, defeats Ihe _.,- - ·,,_,n .·,· - · J. / Jt· L1 l hllardtcn· m 1799. ~ - old doughier. Dies ;n Rochefort, 41281!849. Swedish squa d ron commanded by Gus­ /:lr~rUI'/11, -.: hy Juliru Hr.J ill)', HOI tavus Ill. I 792. sent by Cathenne Ilto the ( B ihih 1tlrf ,fllt' tlaf/Clllalt", Pt~rH PlrNt' LESUEUR Charles Alexandre. Born m Le banks of the Rhme In order to orgamze tr Hrh! . mll.ll'lwtl'l,.l Havre . I I 1778. 1800- !804, a ssistantaun­ L~e war against revolutJ onary France. Dtes ner on the Geographe. Boudin exPecJI­ In the Ukrame. 1808. uon: d1stingutshes hnnself a s a draftsman A.m ,J'z .., ne he takes part HJ the a ttack on and IS rei:eveci of his regular dulles to be­ NELSON David. Gardener-botamst of Kew S(:v.Jnna.:: ..:opt'<-lnng c Bniish rmder and come Peron's a ss1sta nt: makes m ore than Gardens, a protege of Banks . 1773-- 177 4, :; :n:-;::::c :""80 cap:::m. 1781 . as com­ 1. 500 drc'.'.'mgs and parrtt!I1£JS. 1807-1815, takes part m a n expeditiOn to thE- Arctt c m,:nJe:- '- : ;he .4.stree w1th La Tou ch e­ w o rks on the Voy,"Jge LJux terre s austiales coasts of Amenca. 1776- I 780 , midship­ · ~ :· ·\·tlk i ,-~- ::Jpt;:res: Bnt1sh sfnp::- ut Car>e wrth Peror.. then Frevcm et. 181 tl . sails for man on the Discovery, Cook s 3rd vc y· C .. -\ L I'S IIt' l lr ()/1 tht' c;eugr.lpht', Dr-~t ._,) :-1 : ~ :.: _·omman.Jer 0 1 the Scept: t:: , the Umteci States an~ settles m Philadel­ age. I 787 , botanist on the Bounty. Bltg h rt" ..• trtr.t: mr u t'tlXt' amto i rrit~g tOw/ Sd { '' ,'rdc>r"'' too atrcd: the Eng!tsh sts m phia, from where he sends many thmgs expediuon. 1789. IS d isernbarkeci wtth B~gh pc1rtrJrptdJ) :J v iJ en the Boussule and the Astrolabe . fish . 1836. returns to France, directs the Museum of Natural Hi story at Le Havre. LAPLACE Cyrille Pierre Theodore. Born Dres m Le Havre a t end oi 1857. a· sec i I 7 1793. 1809 e!eve m the tm· ;~~no) nc·~'!' · 1812. e nsign . 1819. heute n ­ LUTKE Fedor Petrovich, Count. Born m unt .:-r. mm~'1rder. 1828. corvette captam. St. Petersburg , 9117!1797. Studies at the

! s~':j + 183: commands the exoed.Jhon of the school lor naval cadets. 1817-1819, on the ! evant!.-' . l83G lngcte capta;n. 1833- 1839, Kamchatka, Golovnm voyage. 1821-1824. pubhcutJ.:m 0 1 h1s Voyage auro ur du on the Apollo m the Arctic seas. 1825 , mde· monde 1834 , captam. !834- 1836, de-camp oi Nicolas l. 1826- 1829, captam­ commander o f the Art€rrnse 111 the M arh· heute na n t, commands the Senyavm ex· ntq ue observation squadron. 1837 - 1840, peditwn. 1835. pubhshes Voyage Around comma nds expedition on the Artemise. the World . .; rear admrral. 1843, VIce 1841. rear admiral. 1841- 1854. publishes admiral. 1850 maritime governor of Re­ Campagne de cncumnavJgatlon de veL then m 1853 of Kronstadt. 185~. ad· : Ane rmse 1844 -1847 commands the na· miral a nd member of the Council of State. ':.J, dtvist e> n or the Anlllles. 1853. VIce ad­ 186!. correspondmg member of the Pans mnal 18~4 member of the Adm1ralty Academy oi Sciences. 1866, president of ::.:. Jn ....·L pilbhshes O cservatJ or.s sur 1e· the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences r:1Jn.:::p.:J~ :o r: :ies Nons. D1es m Brest m D1es m St. Petersburg, 81811882. J8...,: MERTENS Karl Heinrich. Born m Bre­ LAUVI:RGNE Rarthe lemy. Born m Tou· men, I 796. Son of the botamst F. K. Mer· ion 714 180o. 1826- 1829, secre tary to the tens. 1820. doctor of medicine. 1826- 1829, commander on the Astrolabe. 1st Dumont surgeon and na tu raliSt on the Senyavin.

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