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The Pacific and Beyond

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The Pacific and Beyond View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by OceanRep - S ° '2&&2' l Lt w attur.w -g^g g x iiiu .i 1 ^ h 1 m ^^iW ia^ssg g jBBgBBBsg THE PACIFIC AND BEYOND Edited by Keith R. Benson and Philip F. Rehbock U n i v e r s i t y o f W a s h i n g t o n P r e s s Seattle and London Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress on the History of Oceanography, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California, July 1993. Copyright © 2002 by the University of Washington Press Printed in the United States o f America Design and composition by Magrit Baurechc All tights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Oceanograhic history : the Pacific and beyond / edited by Keit Benson and Philip F. Rehbock. p. cm. ' ISBN 0-295-98239-X (alk paper) 1. Oceanography—Pacific Ocean—History—Congresses. I. Benson, Keith Rodney. II. Rehbock, Philip F., 1942-2002. III. Tide. GC771.I52 1993 551.46'5—dc21 2002016592 The paper used in this publication is acid-free and meets the m in im u m requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. « Illustration credits: pp. iii and 59: “The Sea-serpent when first seen from H.M.S. Daedalus,” The Illustrated London News, October 28, 1848 p. 29: photograph by Dave Hosom, 1990 pp. 1, 85, 229, 287, 445, 479: Scripps Institution Archives pp: 357, 391,525: Smithsonian Institution, 95-20194, 98-1188, 95-20197 CONTENTS ip F. Rehbock and Keith R.Benson Introducdon ix The Scripps Heritage Deborah Day Scripps Benefactions: The Role of the Scripps Family in 2 the Founding of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fred Noel Spiess . Charles Kofoid’s Role in Establishing the 7 Scripps Insdtudon of Oceanography Robert Marc Friedman Contexts for Cons true ring an Ocean Science: 17 The Career of Harald Ulrik Sverdrup (1888-1957) Pacific Remembrances Walter H. Munk The Sverdrup Years: A Personal Recollection 30 William'A. Nierenberg Deep Sea Drilling; Lessons Learned 32 Joseph L. Reid The NORPAC Expedition 41 George G. Shor, Jr. The Development o f Research Vessel Design ■ 45 Klaus Wyrcki Reflections on My Knowledge in the Indo-Pacific 53 Myth and Natural Knowledge 1of the Sea Sherrie Lyons Sea Monsters: M yth or Genuine Relic of the Past 60 Alan Eugene Davis Suggestions for Study of the Native Knowledge of 71 Marine Animals in the Eastern Caroline Islands Exploration: The Pacific and Beyond Joyce E. Jones and Ian S.F. Jones The Western Boundary Current in the Pacific: 86 The Development of Our Oceanographic Knowledge Arkady V. Alekseev and Russian Oceanographic Investigations of the Pacific Ocean: 96 Igor D. Rostov History and Some Results Svetlana G. Sivkova Research Vessel Vityaz: A Contribution to Oceanographic 103 Science in the Past and Present Gerhard Korturn Germania in Paciflco: Humboldt, Chamissp and Other 107 Eady German Contributors to Pacific Research, 1741-1876 Walter Lenz The Aspirations of Alfred Merz, Georg Wiist, and 118 Albert Defant: From Berlin, to Pacific Oceanography Maurice M. Raraty Some Aspects of Early Twentieth-Century Oceanography: 124 The German Antarctic Expedition Ramiro P. Sanchez Early Exploratory Voyages and Antarctic Expeditions: 133 The Argentine Perspective jrermama in Pacifico: Humboldt, Chamisso and Other Early German Contributions to Pacific Research, 1741-1876 Gerhard Kortum1 on Humboldt’s own recommenda­ of the history of ideas, are a chal­ tion in 1835, three yean before lenge for the modem reader and Chamisso's death. Most likely he historian of science, especially Introduaion: From Berlin alluded to Humboldt when he marine science.- to the Pacific explained his admiration o f a great In this paper some dew aspects man, who took no notice of him .3 are presented. Certainly Adelbert n ehe vicinity of ehe present Humboldt’s and Chamisso’s von Chamisso was no oceanogra­ unpretentious building occupy­ contributions to .early Pacific pher in the stricdy modem sense; ing the site in Oranienburger research within the more general the term “oceanography” did not traEe in central Berlin where framework of German scientific emerge until the end of the nine­ lexander von Humboldt (1769- activities in the Great Ocean, ac the teenth century. M. F. Maury got the 359) lived tor many yean compiling time we can summarize as the peri­ 'tide for his “Physical Geography of ' is Kosmos, until his death in 1859, is od of circumnavigations, have not the Sea” (1855) from Alexander le Montbijou Park. In one corner, been studied in detail up to now. von Humboldt, who, like Heinrich most hidden behind trees and The present chapter attempts to Berghaus, did not use this specific eher plants, there is. the monument direct attention to the early expression for maritime or oceanic f another important, although less German contributions to ocean studies. For them and many other •ell known Berlin natural scien- sciences in the days o f sail.4 ■ natural historians of the early 19th st, Adelbert von Chamisso (1781- Humboldt’s important general century, “hydrography” with its 338), He was indeed a “Weltbiir- contributions to marine sciences physical, nautical, and cartographic ;r, Naturforscher und Dichter ’ are well known, although not yet in aspects was part of'.general ;osmopolite, naturalist and poet), a popular edition. But why “Physical Geography of the Sea” as ; Robert- Fischer subdded his Chamisso and the Rurik as a subject first outlined by B. Varenius in His ¡cent biography.2 at a congress about the history of “Geographia Generalis”(1651). Both Humboldt and Chamisso marine sciences, especially in the Like many of his contempo­ id marine research work in the. Pacific? This French-born German raries in the age before the division acific in the early 19th century, poet with a background in botany and specialization of the natural hey had much in common: both and natural philosophy will be sciences Chamisso regarded him­ arted with botany and became known primarily to experts of' self a natural philosopher. He had a :spected and popular authors, German literary history, especial­ broad interest in biology (especially hey first met in Paris in 1810 after ly the period of romanticism. botany), geology, ethnography, [umboldt’s return from Latin Chamisso’s Pacific experience is physical geography and, last but not merica in 1804. The.relationship connected to an even less known, least, hydrography. In a way we ;tween these two natural histori- rather unpretentious Russian vessel return to this early state of natural is, however, remains unexplored of some 180 tons, sent arounti the philosophy in the modem- concepts 3 to now, Chamisso’s account of globe to the Pacific Ocean under of ecology, observing, and describ­ iS voyage around the worid con- the command of O. von Koczebue ing nature in its interrelated unity. ins a number of references to at the beginning of the 19 th centu­ Chamisso joined the Rurik Humboldt’s works published up to ry, mainly to promote Russian cruise and had almost four yean to 325, when the three volume commercial interests in Alaska. observe the natural phenomena at otzebue-report was printed in This oft forgotten poet, and this the surface of the sea and to study ienna. However, they did not poorly known scientific, but main­ the ecology of the Pacific and the ;come close friends, although ly exploratory and commercial Pacific rim. He assisted Johann hamisso was appointed a member enterprise, studied and newly Friedrich Eschscholz, another par­ * the Berlin Academy of Sciences interpreted in the broader context ticipant on the cruise, in making aerometer observations and sub­ and the national development of The more important German surface temperature measurements marine sciences in Germany can scientific contributors are listed with a Six thermograph. As deep only be fully understood in close according to the ship’s names, years sea research was not very well connection with the theoretical of cruise, nationality and ship’s developed at that dme, we m ay background of classical geography. masters, destination and mission as thus regard him as an “early” pio­ The special conceptual ideas of the well as the qualification and back­ neer of oceanography. German approach to marine sci­ ground of the scientists participat­ We agree with the basic assump­ ences may be summarized by the ing in the expeditions. All enter­ tion that there is a fundamental dif­ term “geographische Meeres- prises were interrelated in some ference between “Entdeckungs­ kunde.” 8 This tradition persisted in way. So this period, at least from geschichte” (history of discoveries) Germany until about 1945. the German perspective, may be , and “geographischer Disziplin­ In discussing “German Scien­ regarded as a specific period in geschichte” (history of geographi­ tists and the Sea,” we must not for­ ocean sciences. Many details are cal ideas). We are aware o f the fact, get those German scientists who known, others have to be rediscov­ that the conceptual development of joined the great number of circum­ ered.? From the beginning.it was innovadve scientific ideas (whether navigations as officially appoint­ an international and interdiscipli­ true or false) was often started by ed naturalists and their travel nary affair, qualities which have scholars, who never had the oppor­ accounts. This period of “scientific continued in modern marine tunity to personally collect empiri­ circumnavigations” with German research as well.
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