A CHINESE WEEKLY OF NEWS AND VIEWS Leaders of the Lianjiangkou Reform-Through- Labour Farm discussing a play written by the prisoners. SPOTLIGHT A Special School The Lianjiangkou Reform-Through-Labour Farm in Heilongjiang Province has added a special educational programme for the inmates. Guards at the reformatory conduct political, cultural and technical education among the prisoners to help promote the prisoners' ideological reform and raise their cultural and technical level.

The prisoners reporting their school records to the guards.

These three prisoners are enrolled in the Central Broadcasting School for Agriculture. VOL. 29, NO. 2 MNIJARY 13, 1986 HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK

CONTENTS No Major Changes in Hongkong NOTES HtOM THE EDITORS 4 There should be no major changes in Hongkong during the Marxism Endures as Beacon transition period from now to 1997, says China's State EVENTS/TRENDS S-7 Councillor Ji Pengfei during a meeting with local Ji Pcngrci on Hongkong's representatives. He also calls on the Hongkong people to offer Basic l^w their suggestions and comments on the Basic Law before it is *^1985 Economy: A Review adopted by the National People's Congress in 1990 (p. 5). CPC F-'oreign Ties Aimed at Peace Marxism Guides As Always INTERNATIONAL 8-10 In a period of reforms, it is all the more important for Party European Community: New members and officials to study Marxism. As a guide to action, it Memberships Spell will raise their understanding of the world around them, refine Development their ability to analyse and solve new problems, and help them PakisUin: MarUal Law LiRcd resist the corrosive influence of erroneous ideologies (p. 4). a.s Civilian Rule Begins : l^foanon: Possible Final Xiamen Implements More Flexible Policies Chapter on Civil War INTERNATIONAL ROUNDUP 11-13 This special report on the Xiamen economic zone details Soiith Africa: Apartheid the SEZ's achievements, problems, and new measures for Meets Its Match gradually implementing the free-port policies. It also United States: Reagan's catalogues the widespread social changes that have emerged in Second Term Off to the wake of these changes (p. 22). Slow Start Central America: Peace Pass• China's 1985 Economy Reviewed ing Through Their Fingers A State Statistical Bureau report presents an optimistic ^SutisMiw and Shadows—A 100- picture of China's economic performance in the year gone by. Day Journey In the South (II) 14 Most of the targets set for the Sixth Five-Year Plan (1981-85) SPECIAL REPORTS: An ImMe Look were either fulfilled ahead of schedule or surpassed. This lays a at Xiamen SEZ 22 good foundation for 1986, the first year of the Seventh Five- Xiamen Spirals to Special Year Plan (p. 6). Goals—An Interview with Deputy Mayor Wang Jinshui Talent-Scouting, the Xiamen Sundshine and Shadows (II) Way A veteran journalist provides thought-provoking Sanguine, Enterprising sidelights on China's fast changing scene with reflections on his recent four in southwest and central China (p. 14). spmmPeopl e azm LETTERS 34 Anti-Apartheid Movement Gains Momentum COVER: Xiamen, one of China's four Pretoria found itself in greater isolation than ever before special economic zones. when its high-handed policy towards the black population Pfwto by Chen Zonglte brought about rising popular resistance as well as worldwide condemnation and economic sanctions (p. 11).

PublMied every AAondoy by Oistribuled by CMna IwlwrnolioiiMl Book Sutecriprian pricm (1 yw): BEIJING REVIEVy/ Trwdhlg CorpowUloil (GUOJI SHUENAN), AmtnOk, A.$22M USA USS22M 24 Baiwanzhuong Rood, Beirmg P.O. Box 399. Bel|Ing, China Naw ZMKIIMI... HL.iXM UK £1iM The People's Repubik of China ConoAi. Con. SZlJIO Marxism Endures as Beacon by An Zhiguo Decently there have been a few policies and principles. These •» Western observers who include upholding the four express the belief that China cardinal principles — socialism, considers Marxism outdated. The the people's democratic dictator• assertion, however, is inaccurate ship, the leadership of the and is, furthermore, a distortion of Communist Party, and Marxism- China's view. China holds that, as Leninism and Mao Zedong an ideological system, Marxism, Thought — the development of these cadres cannot provide which came into being a century productive forces as the funda• satisfactory solutions to the new ago, does have a few conclusions mental task of socialism; opening problems that have surfaced that are no longer valid. Its to the outside world and during the reforms. fundamental principles, however, invigorating the domestic Since China adopted the open still hold true today, and they economy; reform of the economic policy, people have had more remain to be the guidelines in our structure; the simultaneous devel• contact with capitalism's ide• work. The Chinese Communist opment of various economic ologies and realities. It is Party has upheld Marxism in the forms centred around public necessary, therefore, to use past, still upholds it today, and ownership; the development of Marxist views to discern the will continue to do so in the future. commodity economy based on difference between management public ownership; and building Cadres in China, especially methods that reflect the laws of the material wealth while promot• leading cadres, are once again modern production and those that ing the development of socialist giving priority to theoretical are only applicable to a capitalist culture and ethics. They all study. This is proof that the system. In the process of analysis, represent creative applications of Chinese Communist Party cont• it is necessary to decide whigh is to the fundamental principles of inues to attach great importance be absorbed and which is to be Marxism in the new historic to Marxist theory. The im• discarded. The key to enhancing period and have been proven portance of the current theoretical the cadres' abilities to distinguish correct by practice. study campaign was once again right from wrong is to study emphasized at the Party National Taking the Party as a whole, Marxist theory. Conference held in September however, the cadres' theoretical The emphasis on studying 1985. level still does not tally with the Marxism also holds some meaning Since China entered its new responsibilities they shoulder. For for veteran cadres. Such education period of building socialism with instance, only less than half of the will enable the older cadres to Chinese characteristics, many new nation's cadres have received better develop the Party's fine questions have cropped up for systematic training in basic traditions and to become more which the classic Marxist litera• Marxism. Although the pro• helpful to the middle-aged and ture contains no ready answers. motion of younger cadres to younger cadres. Study might also While the dogmatic way of leading posts in recent years has discourage the abuses of power for copying sentences from classic significantly reduced the average personal gains that have been Marxism mechanically is imprac• age of the cadre ranks, and their discovered among a handful of ticable, deviating from the philo• average educational and pro• veteran cadres in recent years. sophy will lead us astray. Such fessional level has been consider• The Chinese Communist Party being the case, it is necessary for us ably raised, many of these new has always considered the study of to integrate Marxist theory with recruits are not well versed in Marxism an unshirkable duty for reality, and uphold its funda• Marxist theory. Some young its members. Here let it be mental principles while discarding cadres still show the influence of emphasized that Marxism is not a some of its outdated conclusions. the "left" ideology that prevailed dogma but a guide to action. Our Though not an easy task, the during the "cultural revolution." goal is to enhance the people's process should result in its These cadres cannot tell that understanding of the world enrichment and development. The which is theoretically sound from around us and raise their ability to study of Marxist theory is a that which is not. There are also grasp the essence of problems and prerequisite for fulfilling a goal other cadres who, though they are to solve them, while also resisting such as this one. enthusiastic about acquiring pro• the corrosive influence of erro• Since 1978, the Central Com• fessional knowledge and man• neous ideologies, so as to do a mittee of the Chinese Communist agerial expertise, show no interest better job for the reform and Party has put forward a series of in theoretical study. As a result, socialist modernization.

4 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 2 Ji Pengfei talking with Hongkong bankers and entrepreneurs. HUANG BENQfANG Ji Pengfei on Hongkong's Basic Law

ough minor changes can be British will remain in charge as people speaking. We encourage r made, there should be no stipulated in the Joint Declar• them to say what they will," he major changes in Hongkong ation. "We will by no means said. during the transition period. meddle in Hongkong affairs The Basic Law would be Major changes can be made only during these 12 years," he said. adopted by the Standing Commit• after consultations." These re• Ji said the Basic Law Drafting tee of the National People's marks were made by China's State Committee (BLDC) of the Congress in 1990, Ji said. Before Councillor Ji Pengfei on De• Hongkong Special Administrative then, he said, a draft of the Basic cember 20, during a meeting in Region (SAR), which Ji chairs, Law will be repeatedly placed Hongkong with about 80 repre• will send a number of working before the Hongkong people for sentatives from Hongkong's groups to Hongkong to hold review. labour and education circles. consultation sessions with the Two days earlier, when referr• The transition period Ji spoke members of the BLDC in ing to the drafting work of the of refers to the 12 years before Hongkong and with members of Basic Law, Ji called the future China resumes sovereignty over Hongkong's widely representative SAR a unique and complicated Hongkong in 1997 in accordance organization — the Basic Law "mansion" that "requires the with the 1984 Sino-British Joint Consultative Committee (BLCC). collective wisdom of people from Declaration on Hongkong. Ji said his working groups will various quarters in order to design Ji, who is also director of the keep in touch with people from all the best layout." Hongkong and Macao Affairs sectors of Hongkong's popula• The Joint Declaration has Office under the State Council, tion— the upper and middle class provided the essentials for draft• said consultation on major as well as people at the grass• ing the Basic Law. However, the changes should be held between roots— and solicit suggestions Basic Law, which will be more the Chinese and British and comments from among them. detailed than the Joint Declar• governments. Ji called on the Hongkong ation, Ji said, must avoid being too As for the local administration people to offer their opinions and specific as this could impinge in the transition period, Ji said, the suggestions. "We are not afraid of on Hongkong's high degree of

JANUARY 13, 1986 5 autonomy in the future. total industrial and agricultural Transportation also made much In line with the principles of the output value last year was headway in the year 1985. In the Basic Law, Hongkong's legislative expected to increase by about 14 first 11 months, the volume of body may make specific laws in percent over the 1984 figure. railroad freight was 1,170 million the light of the development of the The report said most of the tons, an increase of 5.4 j)ercerit region's situation. targets set for the Sixth Five-Year over that of the same period of When some of the Hongkong Plan (1981-85) had been met and 1984. And the number of representatives expressed the hope some even been surpassed, laying passengers was more than 1 that Hongkong's future political a solid base from which to launch biUion, up by 0.7 percent system would be discussed first in the next Five-Year Plan this year. compared with 1984, while ocean drafting the Basic Law, Ji said this In the first 11 months of 1985, and river transport, air traffic and would be considered at the second state revenue totalled 168.5 billion the volume of conununications plenary session of the BLDC, yuan, 34.8 percent more than that also rose sharply. which is to be held in Beijing in for the same period of 1984. Investment in capital construc• April 1986. Ji said the Chinese The nation's total grain output, tion by state-owned enterprises govermnent has not formed a according to the bureau, was that had grown too rapidly in the fixed idea as to what poUtical somewhat lower than that of 1984 early months of 1985 was brought system would be practised in because of reduced grain acreage under control by August last year. Hongkong when the poUcy of and natural disasters. The acreage From January to November, the "one country, two systems" is set aside for grain was reduced total investment in capital cons• enacted. from 78.3 percent in 1984 to 75.6 truction hit 75.5 bilUon yuan, 36.6 When asked if the present percent last year. And in some percent more than that of the political system in Hongkong areas, grain production was not corresponding period in 1984. would remain entirely unchanged, given proper priority, the bureau And it is estimated total Ji answered: "Not necessarily." In reported. investment in capital construction drafting the Basic Law, Ji said, "It However, the output of cash will have increased about 40 is necessary to proceed from crops such as sugar, oil-bearing percent by the end of 1985. Hongkong's actual conditions and crops, jute, tobacco, and of meat, The construction on 169 key consider carefully how to apply dairy products, fish and sea state projects went along at a the principle of 'one country, two products increased by a wide breakneck Speed last year. The systems.' " margin. Therefore, the bureau floor space of new homes built in "After we listen to the opinions estimated, China's total agricul• the first 11 months came to more of the Hongkong people from tural output value in 1985 still than 37 million square metres, 2.9 various quarters, we will consider went up by about 10 percent. The million square metres more than this issue and decide what system proportion of farm output value that in the same period for 1984. will be practised in Hongkong," decreased from 58 percent in 1985 The first phase construction of he said. to 51 percent, while forestry, Baoshan Iron and Steel Complex Ji acknowledged that Hong• animal husbandry, and fish in Shanghai was completed and kong's political system was a production increased from 42 began trial production in Novem• very important part of the Basic percent in 1984 to 49 percent last ber last year. Law. He said the BLDC might year. From January to November, discuss this issue before others. Total industrial output value in retail sales totalled 383 billion 1985 was estimated to have yuan, representing a 17 percent reached 820 billion yuan, an increase over the same period in increase of 17 percent over 1984. 1984. Both urban and rural Brief Look at Light and heavy industries markets were brisk with big 1985 Economy developed more proportionately increases in retail sales of last year. The energy and raw commodities, especially of con• materials industries, and con• sumer items. fter slowing down the once sumer products whose output Total retail sales and sales from A overheated industrial devel• targets were set under the state's private businesses registered a 100 opment in the third quarter of economic programme reached percent increase over 1984. 1985, China is now re-examining their targets with the exception of During the first 11 months of the pace of its economic growth. A fertilizers, insecticides and salt, 1985, the bureau report indicated report from the State Statistical handicapped by either poor that retail price index rose 8.5 Bureau recently announced that markets or natural disasters. percent—11.2 percent in urban

6 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 2 areas and 6.4 percent in the The Party official also disclosed countryside. that the CPC now has contacts of The average income per person different forms with some 200 China & the World in urban areas reached 750 yuan in progressive parties in the world. 1985, a 10 percent increase over At least 30 to 40 principal leaders Beljtaig Ttes Gtrines With 1984 after deducting price fluctu• of foreign parties visited China in SIstsr Cttl«b fietjing now ations. The average per-capita the past year, Hu said. The CPC has iKAxx-tM^lKS with income among farmers also rose also sent delegations abroad at the Betgraiilb,H%^ by 9.5 percent to some 4,000 yuan. invitation of foreign parties. New YoAi'^'tsk^^vualt^ Savings deposits in urban and Hu visited Yugoslavia and the WdSihington, dty dticials rural areas soared to 158 billion Federal RepubUc of Germany last said ru.cntly It bus sent 18 yuan by the end of last November, November. In late December groups to these cities since 36.5 biUion yuan more than in 1985, a CPC delegation led by 1983 including oHiLidl dele early 1984. Qian Liren, member of the Party gdtions and study groups According to customs statistics, Central Committee and director These involved GUO people imports and exports in 1985 were of the Renmin Reibao (People's ranging rram Beijing M ivor valued at about US$60 billion, Daily), visited Bombay as guests Chen XitQUit to busincs- yielding a 26.5 percent increase of India's Congress I Party. nien, warkccs, fdrmers and over 1984. On the principles followed by ludcnts Meaiiwhitc Bei In 1985, as the state brought the Chinese Communist Party in jing ha^ reoeiYdidf 40 dclcga credit funds under tight control, developing relations with political tions and mow than 2 'WO cash income in the first 11 months parties of other countries, Hu said vivilors frem tts sistLr cities rose by 33 percent, compared with the CPC develops its relations In addition, 3,000 young• the same period of 1984. with other communist parties on sters frofii'^glht atiptemls the basis of Marxism, while pursuing the policy of transcen• ding ideological differences to group de'ydxp^lStex^'^-:^ seek mutual understanding and Japan TOI^B i«tDmari^t. CPC Foreign Ties co-operation in its contacts with Aimed at Peace socialist, social democratic and U Peas Meets With IWo labour parties. Ambassadors. Vicc-Prcmicr Hu said the CPC attaches great Li Peng met with llnlish and major item on the agenda of importance to developing friendly l-rcnch Ambassiiddis Sii A the Chinese Communist relations with political parties in Richard Evans and Charles Party is to establish or resume third world countries. Such Malo on Januaty 1. Li contacts with friendly political relations, he said, are conducive to congratulated the ambassa• parties and to work together with the unity and co-operation dors on the recettt sigmng of them for world peace through between China and other third a memorandum,of unders• extensive exchanges, said Hu Qili, world countries, and to world tanding between the Guang• member of the Political Bureau. peace and economic development. dong Nuclei Power Joint "Practice has shown that this is Hu said the CPC is willing to Venture Company and com• an effective way to safeguard establish and develop relations panies of Britain and world peace," said Hu, who is also with all friendly progressive France. The document was a member of the Secretariat of the political parties and organiza• about the final price negotia• CPC Central Committee. tions. The principles of inde• tions between the partners The majority of the world's pendence, equality, mutual re• OB major equipment and political parties are unwilling to go spect and non-interference in each service supply .for the against the people's wishes, Hu other's internal affairs, Hu added, planned Guangdong Nu- said, and most communist, are the basic norms guiding the dear Power Station. Li said socialist, social democratic and CPC in its ties with other political he hoped all parties would labour parties and political parties parties. further strengthen their co• in the third world are working for Hu said he was confident that operation to turn the the relaxation of international there will be better and more scheduled power plant into tensions, disarmament and peace. extensive ties between the CPC reality. . "This is the greatest point in and other political parties in the common among them," he added. new year.

JANUARY 13, 1986 7 EUROPEAN COMMUNITY The EEC was created and developed by the West European nations in an attempt to rid New Memberships Spell Development themselves of the superpowers' control and expansion. From the After the entry of Spain and Portugal into the European very beginning, the EEC was not a Economic Community, the West European organization will simple economic organization. Its founders have always advocated a carry much more weight on international affairs. united Europe. Especially in the 1980s, with worsening contention between the Soviet Union and the The success of the agricultural EEC member nations, the two United States, the security of ' policy pursued by the countries are rather backward Western Europe has been thrca European Economic economically. The per-capita tened more than ever. On the other Community(EEC) has been im• GNP of Spain and Portugal are hand, the development of high pressive. The organization has only about one half and one technology industries in the become one of the world's major quarter respectively of that of the United States and Japan has exporters of farm produce. From Federal Republic of Germany. placed Western Europe in a one quarter of the total in the Their entry therefore involved the tenuous economic position. Con• capitalist world during the 1960s, direct interests of the EEC fronted by these challenges, more its farm exports have come to one members. The limited regional and more West Europeans are third in the 1980s. But with Spain's development fund of the commun• coming to see the need for Europe and Portugal's entry into the ity, for example, must be to develop in order to exist and community this January, the two redistributed, with Spain and unite in order to develop. countries are not focusing their Portugal taking the lion's share. attention on agriculture. Rather As there is already an EEC surplus For Spain and Portugal, the they are thinking of the moderniz• in agricultural produce, what is accession will bring about benefits ation of their country as whole. expected to pour in from the two all around. Politically, EEC membership will contribute to the Among the many advances countries will only aggravate the consolidation of their pluralistic made by EEC during 1985, the situation, and expenditures on politics, a new approach that has Eureka plan was the most agriculture subsidies— two- been ushered in after long-term conspicuous, indicating Western thirds of the community's overall autocratic rule. Economically, the Europe's desire to speak with one budget — will have to be stretched membership will ensure them voice. And Spain and Portugal are even further. investments and loans, and their keen to become heard through But the leaders of the EEC own exports will enjoy preferential that voice. As Spanish Prime member nations did not retreat treatment through lowered cus• Minister Felipe Gonzalez put it, from the piling difficulties. French tom duties in the EEC market. without the participation of the President Francois Mitterrand Of course, their entry may have Iberian nations, the unity of had said that, unless the EEC its disadvantages and even Europe would be incomplete. So practised political unity, it would aftershocks too. such as the the accession of Spain and have no future at all. In the words negative influences brought about Portugal in the community is an of British Prime Minister Mar• by the structural reform in event of historic importance. It garet Thatcher, in today's industry and agriculture. But from should bring about the develop• troubled world, it is important to a long-term point of view, the ment of the two countries as well expand the scope of stability. move should help them to as the integration of Western It was the foresight of these progress alongside their fellow Europe. leaders that led to the success of member states. Mario Soares, the Because Spain and Portugal are the negotiations. The EEC former Portuguese prime minister, mainly agricultural countries, they members have now been increased for one, predicted that Portugal were met with strong opposition from 10 to 12, embracing a will be a completely different to their prospective entry into the population of 320 million, and country within five years after its EEC. Both of them formally becoming the largest market place entry. He expects better living requested membership in 1977, in the world. Its exports and standards for his people, tra• but admission came only last imports are expected to make up ditionally one of the poorest in March, and then not until last 20.9 and 21.9 percent of the world Western Europe. June was a formal agreement total, surpassing those of the signed. Compared with the other United States. by Zheng Fangkun

8 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 2 LEBANON The accord reflects a principle of gradual reform, which appears Possible Final Ciiapter on Civil War to render the provisions accep• table to all the factions. The peace agreement signed by the three main conflicting Last year improved its relations militia forces in Lebanon was a major step towards ending the with the Christian Amal Move• decade-long civil war. ment and the Phalangist Party, Syria has played a positive nder the auspices of Syrian removal of Israeli troops in mediating role in the promotion of U Vice-President Abdul Halim southern Lebanon. However, they an agreement among the three Khaddam, chairman of the held conflicting views on the best Lebanese factions. Christian Lebanese Forces Elie time for the transitional period of The signing of the peace Hobeika, chairman of the Shiite cancelling the religious conflicts; agreement was a good beginning, Moslem Amal Movement Nabin on how to limit the power of the but there are many problems yet to Berri, and chairman of the Druze Lebanese president, and how to be solved. It is a long road to walk Moslem Progressive Socialist word the relations with Syria in before Lebanon will see peace, Party Walid Joumblatt signed a the accord. stability and national reconcili• peace agreement in Damascus, After three months of talks, the ation. Lebanese Sunni Moslem Syria, on December 28. This militia leaders reached an agree• leader. Salim Hoss, education agreement has paved the way for ment that provided: minister and former premier, said ending more than 10 years of civil — The immediate establish• in a press interview in Beirut on war, and for eventually bringing ment of a new government to end December 29 that his country was peace, stability and national the civil war. "looking forward" to the imple• reconciliation at long last to strife- — A transitional period for mentation of the accord, "which torn Lebanon. gradual abohshment of the may lead to relaxation in the Since the civil war erupted sectarian distribution of political political and security situation in between the Christian and Mos• power in Lebanon, as soon as the the country."'The agreement has lem militias in 1975, Lebanon has new government was formed. yet to be accepted by all the been in such a confused state that — A transitional period during religious factions, and implement• the parties and factions have which the existing sectarian power ation of the agreement by the three continued fighting among them• would continue, and during which major militia forces remains a test selves. This internecine struggle the president would remain a of their sincerity to end the war. has not only cost more than Maronite Christian, the prime In addition, Israel still occupies 100,000 lives and an inestimable minister a Sunni Moslem, and the the southern part of Lebanon. It loss of property, but it has also parliamentary president a Shiite appears to be waiting to provided an opportunity for the Moslem. undermine the unity of the Israelis to take advantage of the — That parhament would Lebanese people. With all of this situation. In 1982 Israeli troops decide when the transitional in mind, it is therefore natural that invaded Lebanon and occupied period would end. the Lebanese people are anxious half the country. The continued — That new seats would be to see the agreement become a Israeli occupation in the south has shared equally between the major turning point in the history further aggravated the contradic• Christians and Moslems when of their country and the Middle tions and confrontations among members were added to East. the various Lebanese religious parliament. by CHENG JICHANG factions. Leaders of three factions in Lebanon signing the peace agreement in Damascus. Since September last year, representatives of the three Lebanese factions had been negotiating in Damascus, under the initiative of Khaddam. During the negotiation process, the three factions agreed to a curb on hostile action, a gradual resolution to religious disputes, choosing the Arab destiny without depending on outside forces and a call for the PAKISTAN policy in a country where MusUms account for 97 percent of the total population. An improvement in economic performance during the martial law period was another factor that Martial Law Lifted as Civilian Rule Begins helped make for a smooth transition. Soon after taking over political Eight years of martial law are liftedfrom the shoulders of the power, the military authorities Pakistanis, who now look forward a period of civilian rule. took several economic measures, including denationalization, reac• tivation of private investment, agricultural price hikes, and promotion of exports. As a result, Dakistan President Zia ul-Haq large and orderly turnout reflected foreign aid to Pakistan increased, * announced the lift of martial the aspirations of the Pakistan home remittances by overseas law as of December 30, as the people for quick restoration to Pakistanis picked up sharply, and transition from mihtary to civilian democracy since martial law had healthy agricultural harvests came rule was completed. This phase of been imposed. in. All these factors combined to martial law, the third of its kind in The miUtary authorities ac• produce an annual increase of history of Pakistan, was imposed cepted the results of the election, more than 6 percent of the GNP on July 5, 1977. and parliament and a civilian since 1978, compared with the 1.2 The transition, praised by cabinet, with Mohammad Kham percent growth rate in 1977. observers in Islamabad as smooth Junejo as prime minister, were and peaceful, was made possible formed. Though the transition seems to largely by the political stability Soon after, legislative prepar• have gUded into place, difficulties and the improved economy in the ations for lifting martial law got still lie ahead. The MRD has so far country in recent years. underway. The eighth consti• refused to recognize the legitimacy tutional amendment bill, which of the general elections. Several Even so, the transition itself was retains the laws and orders issued labour strikes have occurred in the a slow process. On December 19, during the martial law period, was last few months, casting a shadow 1984, the traditional system of unanimously passed by the over the stability of social order in electing the president by votes national assembly and the senate the country. Externally, the from members of the national last October, paving the way for menace posed by the continued assembly was replaced by a system the revocation of marital law. The Soviet occupation of Afghanistan that required a national re• adoption of the Political Parties persists. The 3 million Afghan ferendum for a term of five years, Act by parliament early last refugees, who were forced to flee thus creating conditions conduc• month put the finishing touches to Pakistan due to the Soviet ive to the democratic process. on the legislative action needed for invasion of their country, put an The process got another boost the return of democracy. increasingly heavier burden on from the general elections held on Pakistan's national economy. February 25 last year, which Zia, After the general elections, the In view of the difficulties ahead, the chief martial law admini• military authorities relaxed con• the new government has time and strator, had promised on August trol gradually to give the civilian again expressed its willingness to 12, 1983. cabinet enough time to establish a government that could function hold dialogues with the MRD. The elections, the third in the peacefully. Meanwhile, Prime Prime Minister Junejo appealed in country's history, were held along Minister Junejo demonstrated his parliament on December 30 to the non-party lines. Fifty-five percent administrative effectiveness. He country's political leaders to co• of the eligible voters turned out for consolidated his support in operate with the government for the elections, more than in the two parliament, ensuring smooth pas• the sake of social justice and previous elections in 1970 and sage of the eighth constitutional national development. "If any 1977. In addition, voting was amendment bill and the Political elements try to disturb the law and orderly and peaceful, despite the Parties Act. Junejo emphasized order, such disruptive attempts boycott by an 11-party alliance national unity and the strengthen• should be foiled with full force and called the Movement for Restor• ing of civilian institutions. He also valour." Junejo said. ation of Democracy (MRD). The continued to pursue an Islamic by Zhang Zhinian

10 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 2 SOUTH AFRICA Apartheid Meets Its Match

n South Africa, 1985 meant the workers' clash with racial mounting opposition, Botha im• I different things to different discrimination and in their posed in July a state of emergency people. To the black South demands for improved economic that affected 36 cities throughout Africans, it was a year of status. Worth special mention is the country. Mass arrests among mounting struggle against racial the founding of the South African black students, workers and their segregation. To the Pretoria Labour Federation at the end of leaders were made. The police authorities, it was a year of last November. At its inaugur• fired indiscriminately at black disaster —their continued reign ation, the federation, with 500,000 demonstrators. But all these high• of apartheid and suppression of members and more than 30 handed measures did not deter the the black movement spurred unions, declared it would not only blacks or their supporters — they severe international condemn• fight for economic benefits, but only served to strengthen their ation, economic sanctions and also for the abolishment of resolve. even'greater isolation. apartheid. Another contributing cause to In comparison with the previ• The increasing number of the unprecedented unrest this past ous years, the South African whites who turned to their black year was the increasing impover• struggle in 1985 had three distinct brothers and sisters in a show of ishment of the South African features. support was the third prominent blacks. South Africa experienced a First, a wider range of people feature in the South African 16 percent inflation rate last year, became involved in the struggle. embroilment during the last year. and its currency has been Last March, a mass rally in the Students at Capetown University, depreciated by 50 percent. With Uitenhage area. Cape Province, in mostly whites, organized many price skyrocketing, factories clos• commemoration of the 25th mass rallies in support of the black ing down and unemployment anniversary of the Sharpeville students who were demanding the rising to 3 million, the blacks Massacre, attracted tens of release of political prisoners. suffered from the failing economy thousands of blacks. At the end of Many of the white students, more than anyone else. To defend the rally, the participants joined a academics and educators, religi• their right to a decent living funeral procession to honour the ous figures and businessmen standard, black workers held martyrs who died in more recent voiced their sympathy and strikes in protest of the racist struggles against apartheid. The support for blacks by condemning regime, which they believe is at the South African government always the discriminatory racial system root of all economic and social called in police or troops to break enforced by the South African problems in the region. up such demonstrations, causing authorities. Pretoria's insistence on continu• new bloodshed and mounting The mass movement gained ing the apartheid system and its tension. Joining in these sponta• momentum last year bacause the suppression of blacks triggered off neous demonstrations were South African authorities stub• a barrage of international con• workers, students and city dwel• bornly held to apartheid and demnation. Many nations declar• lers, men and women, young and stepped up their suppression of ed economic sanctions against old. People from the religious, blacks. The new constitution and South Africa. The 10 European intellectual and business circles the three-chamber parliament, Community member states, and also participated. Students were enforced by South African Australia, Canada and Argentina the most active. They valiantly President Pieter Botha in Septem• recalled their ambassadors from battled with the police, playing a ber 1984, ostracized even further Pretoria. Denmark closed its vanguard role. the blacks who account for 73 consulate there, France and The second feature that shaped percent of the country's total Australia put a ban on all the struggles in 1985 was a population. It was only natural investment in South Africa, and working class that further closed that Botha's administration be the United Nations withdrew ranks and co-ordinated its actions. met with strong black boycott. Its investments from all Western Last year witnessed a new surge in In an attempt to crush the companies that have South

JANUARY 13, 1986 11 African connections. Even the that for the blacks to practise "one onment of all times. Some United States, under internal and man, one vote" would be out of opposition party members ac• external pressure, announced the question. Because the consti• cused Botha of being unable to limited economic sanctions tutional reform as Botha en• defuse the acute internal conflicts, against South Africa. Pretoria visaged would not abolish aparth• while others even asked him to found itself more isolated in the eid, it was boycotted by the black step down. international community than community as a political swindle. The developments in the past ever before. Botha's actions also aroused year indicate that the South In a bid to find some solution, dissent among the white oppo• African authorities cannot hold Botha declared on a number of sition parties, which pointed out down the inevitable either by force occasions he would make consti• that South Africa was facing the or by political deception. The tutional reforms in South Africa, most serious racial unrest since only solution to the dilemma, as and that he would place black 1976, the worst economic crisis observers worldwide have pointed leaders on the president's council. since the 1930s, and the most out, lies in the abolishment of But in the same breath he declared unfavourable international envir• racial discrimination. by Xu Dewen UNITED STATES Reagan's Second Term Off to Slow Start

lAfhen he took the White House Initiative plan— Reagan refusing able to fully concentrate on the • • for his second term last to give up his dream of space reform, but instead had to put January, US President Ronald defence, while Gorbachev insists most of his energy towards the Reagan proclaimed two issues at no mutual disarmament is possi• enormous government deficits. top priorities: one was peace — ble if the "Star Wars" concept is Throughout 1985 the Reagan mutual disarmament with the brought to reality. If the ice does administration was locked in Soviet Union; the other was tax not melt, the experts have debate with Congress over the reform. One year has passed since predicted, the next summit will 1986 fiscal year budget. Up to then, and experts have indeed hardly be successful. now, Reagan has only succeeded found an ease in US-Soviet Checking other areas, Reagan's in winning half of the 13 statutes relations, with Reagan's political foreign policies have yielded little that should be passed for the 1986 prestige having been promoted in progress: US-Nicaraguan relatio• fiscal year that began in October. the foreign affairs arena. But tax ns deteriorated underneath Rea• Three months ago, Congress reform remains sketchy and the gan's tough policies on Central passed an "amendment to the domestic policies of Reagan's America; the Middle East peace budget deficit" that demanded an second-term administration do process broke down, to some elimination to the deficit within not appear as successful as those extent because of the White House five years. And if those deficits of his first. refusal to include the Palestine surpass the stipulated level, the Looking back on the first year Liberation Organization in the president is required to reduce the of the Reagan administration's peace talks; the Strategic Defense civil and military budgets accor• second term, it is clear that it made Initiative encountered challenge dingly. This balanced-budget some headway with the Soviets. from France's Eureka project, draft was vaUdated after Reagan's Since last January, the two stirring up disharmony among the signature, but a majority of the superpowers have held a series of Western alKes; while the conflict American public doubts that the talks, crowned by the summit between the United States and amendment will do much to bring meeting between Reagan and New Zealand over the harbouring the deficit down to a managable Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev of US nuclear-powered and armed level. in Geneva in mid November. warships in New Zealand waters For the most part, although Foreign affairs experts in Was• continues. Reagan has polished his image as a hington maintain the Geneva On the domestic front, tax tough, yet compromising world summit produced an air of reform is still listed at the top of leader when it comes to foreign detente, but certainly did not open the White House agenda. Presi• affairs, he has much work ahead any new epoch-making chapter in dent Reagan presented a draft tax on the home front before his the annals of US-Soviet relations. proposal to Congress last May second term is considered a The major obstacles were their that called for a reduction of the success. dissent over arms control and their tax rate and a decrease in taxation conflict over the Strategic Defense categories. However, he was never by Zhang Yunwen

12 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 2 CENTRAL AMERICA Peace Passing Through Their Fingers

lthough the Contadora Group Even facing these obstacles, the Salvador. The Nicaraguan gov• A and other Latin American Contadora Group continued to ernment stated that the new draft nations tried their best to bring mediate whenever possible. had some provisions that placed peace to Central America in 1985, Although no peace accord was Nicaragua in a vulnerable position they were not able to beat the signed in 1985, the fact that the if faced with an invasion from the seemingly insurmountable odds, conflicts in Central America did United States. and the region still remains one of not escalate can actually be Although the United States is the political hot spots of the world. attributed to the efforts of the not directly involved in the peace The peace agreement drawn up by group. negotiations in Central America, the Contadora Group and schedu• The group advocates that the its policies have an important led to have been signed by the end issues of Central America should bearing on the region. The United of 1985, sits on some unknown be settled by means of peaceful States adopted tough policies desk, still awaiting signature if and negotiation free from outside towards Nicaragua in 1985, when the contradictions and interference. This is in accordance putting pressure on the latter in differences between Central with the wishes of the Latin the political, economic and American nations are settled and American people. In 1985 Brazil, military arenas. Paying no atten• if the interference of external Argentina, Peru and Uruguay set tion to the repeated appeal of forces and pressures are removed. up the Lima Group, supporting Nicaragua, Washington refused to To add insult to injury, relations the diplomatic activities of the resume peace talks between the between Nicaragua and the Contadora Group. The Lima two nations, which were halted United States, which are pivotal to Group also played an active role in altogether in 1985. At the same the region, deteriorated even more encouraging peace talks in Central time, the United States imposed over the last year. America. Needless to say, the economic sanctions on Nicaragua, The year of 1985 was the third conflicts in the region come with and resumed its military aid to the year in which the Contadora years of complicated baggage, and Nicaraguan anti-government Group had served as diplomatic the problems cannot be resolved rebels. mediator in the region. Through• overnight. Major differences exist In early December, the anti- out the year the group overcame not only between the South government forces in Nicaragua various obstacles in the peace American nations and the United shot down a Nicaraguan govern• process, and won more support States, but also among the nations ment airforce helicopter using a from other Latin American themselves. In addition, the two US-made Sam-7 ground-to-air nations, and the international superpowers both have vested missile. This proved that, contrary community as well. interests in Latin America, to its claims, the Reagan The Contadora Group is making the prospects of a peace administration had provided the pushing for a peace agreement to agreement even more tenuous. Nicaraguan anti-government be signed by five Central When the Contadora Group forces with advanced arms. American nations — Honduras, advanced the first draft of a peace The Contadora Group faces El Salvador, Guatemala, Nica• and co-operation agreement for great challenge today. Negoti• ragua and Costa Rica. After the Central America in September, ations to conclude a peace first draft of peace agreement was 1984, the Nicaraguan government agreement have been put off for turned down by the United States agreed to sign the document, but another five months. The future in September 1984, the group put the United States turned it down. seems unclear. However, the most of its efforts towards seeking Honduras, El Salvador and Costa majority of South American opinion from all sides and Rica also raised some amend• nations have achieved democracy organized nine Latin American ments to the provisions regarding and are advocating regional peace nations to negotiate and amend security and implementation. One and social stability in order to the original draft to come up with year later, in September 1985, the overcome their own economic a new peace agreement. The group put forward the third draft difficulties. Developing the peace negotiations had to be postponed, of the summary agreement. Once process in Central America is in however, because of the diploma• again the security provision, the the interests of most South tic disputes and border incidents most sensitive issue in the region, American nations. between Nicaragua and Costa met different opinions from Rica. Nicaragua, Honduras and El by Zhu Manting. Yao Chuntao

JANUARY 13, 1986 13 An old dream comes true: the powerful Yangtze River is tamed at Gezhouba Dam. Sunshine and Shadows

Even as a leisured tourist, a veteran journalist cannot help observing, questioning, and interpreting what he sees. What follows are the author's reflections on famous sites rejuvenated, reminders of the country's unfortunate past, economic rej'orm yielding initial results, rural tourists enjoying their new prosperity and retired workers complaining about "unhealthy" social phenomena This and part I of his report (see issue No.l) provide thought-provoking sidelights on China's fast-changing scene.

by Duan Liancheng

The land around Chengdu city is overlooking the ingeniously de• County northwest of Chengdu • rich and beautiful, with vised water diversion structures. completely renovated. The clear blue rivers and undulating Chengdu area abounds with green hills, it is hard to believe that historical monuments. In the city a good part of this area owes its X t must be the first time in proper are the tranquil residence fertility to a man who lived over Chinese history that so many of the great poet Du Fu (AD 712- two millenia ago. Magistrate Li ordinary folks are running 770) and a grand temple Bing of the East Han Dynasty, around as tourists. honouring the legendary states• aided by his son, designed and man and military strategist Zhuge supervised the building of a huge Liang (AD 187-234). Xindu to the water control project northwest of Up to a few years ago visitors north boasts the Baoguang the city which channeled Minjiang were distressed to sec the Monastery with 500 life-size River waters to irrigate croplands. marks of Red Guard vandalism at statues of arhats, each different The two men were posthumously many ancient sites --scars left from the other, and artistically granted the title of prince by later over from the "cultural revo• considered the best in the country. emperors, and the Two-Prince lution.'" But I found the Two- Meishan in the south is noted for Temple still stands today on a hill Prince Temple in Guanxian the temple of the three Sus, a

14 Bt:iJING RtiVIEW, NO, : memorial to writer-poet Su and a group of refired "veteran makers appeared very fashion- Dongpo (AD 1037-1101) and his cadres" (people who joined the conscious. Light makeup, earrings father and brother, all natives of revolution before the founding of and red sweaters seemed to be the the county. Luoshan city farther the People's Republic), opened a vogue. They gained added beauty south has a 71-metre statue of the secluded chamber and showed us against the background of verdant | Buddha carved out of a rocky cliff their "three treasures" — a sup• mountains. Cameras, rare a few! overlooking the Minjiang River, posed three-million-year-old years ago, were everywhere.! said to be the largest of its kind in Buddha's tooth (obviously a large Whole rolls of colour film are still I the world. prehistorical fossil), a collection of expensive, but self-employed \ I was impressed by the rapid 2,000-year-old Buddhist scrip• young photographers charging | renovation of these places in tures and a 300-year-old imperial two yuan (about US$0.60) for a i recent years, motivated in part by seal donated by Ming Dynasty colour shot and doing a brisk the political need to heal the old Emperor Shenzong. Then we were trade were stationed at every place wounds of the time of turmoil and treated to a banquet of "meat, fish of interest. in part to tap the financial benefits and fowl" — actually all made of The merry sights at Emei, of expanding tourism. Everywhere beancurd and vegetarian material. however, made me a bit downcast. statues and sculptures, wooden Emei is attracting many more People of my generation spent the couplets and stone engravings, tourists. I saw a number of young greater part of our childhood and pavilions and gardens had been Westerners wearing big backpacks youth during years of war. When faithfully restored. striding up the mountain paths. Of the People's Republic was born, Mt. Emei farther south is the Chinese tourists, many were we were immensely inspired and \ nationally famous for its natural retired workers and "veteran braced ourselves to build the i beauty, rare flora and fauna, the cadres," a welcome sign that country and a better life. Much meteorological phenomena and gerontocracy is on the way out. progress has been made over the mirages often seen at its top, and Much more numerous were decades, but undeniably the path many time-honoured Buddhist youths — honeymooning couples has often been tortuous and hard. shrines. I didn't make it to the and vacationing groups of Things are much better now. But 3,100-metre summit, but quit at workers and rural people enjoying we are graying.... I thought of the the 1,100-metre Wannian( 10,000- their new prosperity. It must be past as I rested in the quiet, dimly year) Temple. A huge 1,000-year- the first time in Chinese history lit, hillside hotel. And I hoped that old metal statue of a Buddha, the that so many quite ordinary the up-and-coming generation will temple's main attraction, had been people are running around as be blessed with an enduring i given a facelift. The hospitable tourists. environment of international abbot, as a special favour to me The young female holiday- peace and domestic stability.

A scenic bend on the Minjiang River. ithout reform we Chinese will lose our reputation as a hard-working people."

The Chengdu-Chongqing train departs at 7 am and arrives at 7 pm | giving passengers a full opportun- ] ity to see the rich Sichuan Basin. The fields when I saw them were i covered with plush green crops. ; Even the tiny plots in between rocks on the hill slopes were I planted. This type of meticulous ' cultivation, native passengers told me, was possible only under the "household responsibility sy• stem" which ties a rich or poor I harvest directly to the family's income. Though small-scale farm• ing obviously has its drawbacks and limitations, it seems to fit well with the present conditions ofj

J.^NU.ARY 13, 19X6 Sichuan where land is scarce and most important, show some social wealth has got to be labour is plenty. warmth to patrons. Some have got distributed "to each according to Sichuan has always been known rid of the red ink that had marked his work." However strongly one as a "heaven-endowed land" and a their operations for years. A may dislike money's power, it will "talent bank" which has given the leading woman official of the be with us for a long time to come. nation such great men of letters as city's structural economic reform "Multi-channel" operation is ancient poet Su Dongpo and commission whom I chanced to another welcome policy change. It contemporary scholar Guo meet told me: "We Chinese are means that while the public sector Moruo, such outstanding known for diligence. But go and will remain dominant, co• military-political leaders as Zhu have a look at factories still under operative and individual en• De (the late commander-in-chief the 'one big rice bowl system.' You deavours are encouraged in order of the People's Liberation Army) can hardly imagine how some to expand industry, commerce and and Deng Xiaoping. Over a people are loafing and dawdhng service trades. Transportation has decade ago, however, the havoc there. We've got to reform. always been difficult in Sichuan wrought by the "cultural revo• Without it an economic takeoff is with its rugged mountains and lution" was such that many out of the question. And, worse many rivers. Chongqing and the Sichuan women were fleeing to than that, we Chinese will lose our outlying areas used to depend on a other places, ready to marry any reputation as a hard-working terribly overworked municipal man just for the sake of people." bus company for town-country subsistence. Zhao Ziyang, now Though Mammon-worship is traffic. When suburban farmers China's premier, was then posted deplorable, it looks as - if some were allowed to come to the city to in Sichuan. With his support a form of material incentive is still sell their produce, the daily exodus rural reform based on the essential at this stage of develop• made the situation impossible. responsibility system was tried ment. Before a society of great The government decided to break out. The sitiiation improved. And material abundance and high the state monopoly and permit so markedly that a folk-saying was morahty and ethics can be built, individuals, the newly prosperous soon circulating around the country: "Want more food grains?

Go to Ziyang." The Wannian Temple on Mt. Omei. REN SHIYIN

Chongqing, an economic centre for the whole of southwest China, is a pioneer in urban economic reform. As a tourist, I didn't delve into the complexities of the question. But local people com• mented frequently on two points. The serious effort to break the i "one big rice bowl system" (a 1 figurative way of saying an i individual or a unit collected salary or funds from the state as usual regardless of how well or poorly they performed economi• cally) seems to be winning general approval. A number of state- I owned medium-sized restaurants I and small eateries have been : leased to individuals or collectives, I I was told. To oversimplify a bit, I the leasers, after paying a certain amount of money to the state in addition to the normal taxes, keep the rest of their income. The state no longer takes all the profits or covers any losses. Local people recommended that I try a few such eating houses. They now serve better foods, keep their places cleaner, work longer hours and,

16 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 2 the state economy once attempted to do by steadily elbowing out the small, private or even co-operative businesses. This impossible task was undertaken in fear of a bogey invoked by theoreticians. For years they kept quoting Lenin out of context and warned that small ' private production "engenders, daily and hourly," capitahsm. So much so that rural grannies raising a few hens and selling their eggs were dreaded as signs of a capitalist comeback. As a result, ; for a time tens of millions of; people remained unemployed while urban dwellers and country folk alike were crying out for more | consumer goods and services. Now thousands of private bus \ owners are making good money in I A passenger cable-car over the Jialing River in Chongqing. JEANZHONG Chongqing alone. Will some! "barons and magnates" emerge from among them? Frankly I had farmers in particular, to operate up the hardware deficiency with misgivings at the beginning, but bus lines. Now thousands of software proficiency." By "hard• later changed my mind. After all privately owned coaches are ware" they mean the material we have a strong Communist-led running. Farmers no longer need facilities, and by "software" the government. Back in 1949, when to walk to distant bus depots and quality of service. Enterprising private industriahsts and business• can get on simply by flagging innkeepers send their young men existed in China as a distinct down the drivers along the road. helpers to solicite customers at bus social class having in their employ Poultry, formerly kept off the depots and the railway terminal. millions of wage labourers, Mao public conveyances, now travel to "Welcome to stay with us," they Zedong had said: "The people market in cages fastened atop the say, "two yuan (about US$0.60 have a powerful state apparatus in buses. Farmers are pleased. And cents) a night. Comfort guaran• their hands — there is no need to the specialized transport house• teed." The price is in keeping with fear rebellion by the national holds are making small fortunes. current incomes, and the "hard• bourgeoisie" {On the People's ware" is improving — some inns Tourist facilities at Mt. Emei Democratic Dictatorship, JUne, have bought colour TVs so that have expanded also as a result of 1949). the "multi-channel" policy. Visi• tourists have something to while tors are increasing sharply—1.2 away their evenings besides cards The present private business million in 1984 and an estimated and chess. people are nothing hke the 1.5 milhon in 1985. The state- national bourgeoisie, many of operated board and lodging them being street venders, service facihties can't possibly cope with ^ome well-intentioned workers and family workshop the daily influx, and the govern• foreigners are suspicious of operators. They usually earn ment is already hard pressed to money with their own hands and build better hotels for foreign China's new course. And a lot don't hire people. Their business is tourists. Rural people in the of loose talk abroad is a mere complement to the public neighbourhood, who have saved fueling their doubts. sector, and will be kept as such. up some money in recent years, But I understand why some of my have been encouraged to open am no worshipper of "private Western friends, disgusted with small inns, restaurants, teahouses, I enterprise," but the reality their own "private enterprise," souvenir and photography stands. we face is that China has over a have suspicions in this regard. To By late 1985 the number of billion consumers to cater to. At them I say, "Your doubts are well- households engaged in the tourist this stage of development state intentioned but ill-founded." i trade had grown to 800, with a enterprises cannot possibly be the A lot of loose talk abroad helps \ workforce of 5,000. Local people, sole organizers and providers of to fuel these doubts. Some writers, using fashionable electronic-age all their cradle-to-grave needs. seeing more Chinese girls wearing terms, say that they are "making And that, unfortunately, was what lipstick or having their hair done

JANUARY 13, 1986 17 in beauty parlors, interpret it as a women, many of them college been brought back onto a normal sign of China's "further students. track. Genuine co-operation is Westernization." Or, hearing of a At the foot of the hill is an expanding between the two crackdown on imported porno• exhibition labeled "Sino-Ameri- countries. graphic videotapes, they label it a can Co-operation Organization: In the evening my group of conservative backlash in the name The Historical Facts," represen• retired cadres climbed Goose Hill of Maoist purity. These observa• ting one of the darkest pages in the at the heart of the city. The tions shouldn't bother us too relations between the two coun• municipal park service has much. And I don't really blame tries. In 1942 the Chiang Kai-shek cleverly built a new pagoda- the observers too much either government signed an agreement shaped, neon-lighted tower at the because interpreting foreign on "special technical co-opera• top which provides a panoramic trends at a distance is always a tion" with the United States. view of this mountain city at the hard job. SACO was established with Dai confluence of two mighty rivers — Li, Chiang's intelligence chief, as the Yangtze and Jialing. The night the nominal boss. An American scene was fascinating — myriad functionary named H.E. Miles lights up and down the hills, the 1VI. ake the country was his deputy; actually he called newly built bridges spanning the strong" is a powerful the shots. "Special co-operation" two rivers, and their parapet lights patriotic force propelling the was a euphemism for joint cloak- reflected in the rippling waters like and-dagger operations, first direc• rainbows. The throngs of visitors modernization drive. ted against the Japanese invaders included many young courting Xenophobia? and Chinese Communists and couples, accentuating the gay then, after Japan's surrender, atmosphere. turned entirely against the latter. An old comrade in my group |kjear Chongqing I saw the sites Through SACO 50,000 KMT lamented that though he stayed in • " of two former concentration secret agents were trained and Chongqing, the wartime capital, camps — the Rubbish Cave and 9,000 tons of US-made special for some time in the early 1940's he Bai Mansion — hidden in steep military hardware was provided. never realized that the city was so and barren hills. Hundreds of The Rubbish Cave and Bai beautiful. Japanese air raids were Communists and progressives Mansion were part of SACO's a daily affair, he recalled. Life was were thrown into these places by nationwide operations. miserable. On one occasion tens of the Kuomintang (KMT) secret On display in the halls are thousands of people, including service in preliberation days. The mothers and children, were interrogation chambers are kept charts, maps, photos and many captured KMT secret documents. suffocated in underground iniact. complete with torture shelters... instruments like those of some Again there are instruments of medieval inquisition — irons to torture, and also items such as be heated and pressed against the pistols with silencers, time-bombs, Chongqing farmers seliing fresh eggs at victims" bodies and sharp bamboo and lightweight radio transmit• urban markets. chips to be driven under their ters. Most saddening are the XIAO LONCiLlAN finger-nails — and modern ones photographs of murdered victims such as electric shock devices. and their bloodstained clothes, including several pairs of chil• One day in November 1949 dren's shoes. (In the November guns thundered around Chong• 1949 massacre a number of qing as the Communist-led children jailed with their mothers People's Liberation Army swept were killed without mercy.) down on the city. Dawn was breaking, and the haggard priso• I had expected few visitors at ners at Rubbish Cave whispered these places, believing that together. An order had come popular interest in these gruesome down from the KMT secret service relics of the past had waned over command that they be extermina• the years. Actually a steady stream ted. The prisoners mutinied; a wall of people came when I was there, they broke through is kept for despite the day's drizzle. Sober- visitors to see. But the execution• faced, they moved quietly around ers gunned down all but a few in a the exhibits. brutal bloodbath. The photo- After this brief relapse into the I graphs displayed in the sombre past, I thought with relief how I cells show that most of those Sino-American relations today, murdered were young men and after all the twists and turns, have 18 BEI.IING REVIEW, NO. 2 Since 1913a number of nurseries, primary and secondary schools, colleges and vocational schools have been built in Jimei with money donated by patriotic overseas Chinese Chen Jiageng (Tan Kah Kee). In the last 70 years, institutions constructed with Chen's money have trained 78,000 people.

Pre-schoolers enjoying a day in a park. Advanced electroplate equipment imported by Xiamen Bicycle Plant has helped improve the quality of its products.

Hull industrial area under construction.

A corner of the new main building of the Mandarin Hotel.

(Bottom /eft) Waiters and waitresses of the Mandarin Hotel attending an oral English lesson.

Buildings for foreign and domestic investors are under construction in the Hubin District.

Photo by our staff Chen Zonglie The new Dongdu Wharf for 50,000-ton-class ships. Elsewhere on my trip I saw 60 yuan were good enough here, the tongue and is passed around many other vestiges of the they told me, but there wasn't because it expresses popular feel• country's. sad past and monu• much to do. The storyteller had ings. It says: "a Sesame-seed-size ments to the known and unknown had some education, but his officials vie for cars imported and heroes who laid down their lives friends were barely literate. They deluxe" — a jibe at some low-level for the cause of China's progress. I came to the teahouse to amuse officials who misuse public funds found that people generally take a themselves with fancy tales. to buy cars for their units for their "lay-the-past-to-rest" attitude, In downtown Chongqing I own personal vanity and conve• but that doesn't mean they would dropped in on a tiny, crowded nience. tolerate a recurrence. "Make the teahouse and chatted with the two country strong so that nobody will ird, they objected strongly to men nearest me. Again they were bully us any more" is a common r the contaminating social retired workers, a truck driver and rallying point for the whole attitude of "money first." A unit a railway man. Asked how they heterogenous population. Xenop• authorized to issue driver's liked the life here, they assured me hobia? No, I think it's deep-seated hcenses, the retired teamster said, that with a 100-yuan monthly patriotism, a strong force prope• had made easy money by offering pension and all their children lling the country's modernization a training course at exorbitant working, they had no personal drive and a significant factor no rates and handing out licenses to complaints. But they began to serious observer of China's unqualified trainees. grumble about various develop• development can afford to-ignore. Finally, they came up with ments when they learnt that I was another "tongue-roller." "Dubi• a newspaperman from Beijing, ous characters are busy counting i hoping that I could report their ^^eople freely complain banknotes," a satire on those yijian (critical views) to the higher- clever operat ors who cash in on about price hikes, misuse of ups. loopholes in the economic reform official power for selfish ends, First, they disliked the price and get rich quick. I the contaminating "money hikes. Though the rise is nothing Obviously government and first" social attitude... like the runaway inflation they Communist Party leaders have experienced in the old China, they heard and heeded these popular ichuan is noted for its feared that things might get out of complaints. According to current S ubiquitous teahouses. You hand. The railway worker, who press reports, they are going to the pay 15 fen (about US$0.05) and was a school teacher for a while in grass-roots more and more to may sit there sipping, chatting, his younger days, said that he explain the situation to the people. reading or drowsing for a whole regularly read the daily press and Firmer measures are being taken day. I did doze off at Chengdu's understood the necessity of against "unhealthy tendencies." Hundred-Flower Pond Park and reforming the unreasonable price As for the latent danger of was awakened by the plesant chirp structure, but was still worried by growing disparities in personal and twitter of birds. Many increasing signs of price rigging. wealth, or polarization, high-level pensioners had come with their Second, they resented people leaders have repeatedly stated that caged songbirds for their daily misusing their power for personal the country in its socialist rendezvous at the outdoor teahou• gain. Some cadres (officials) were modernization drive will stick to se. At Meishan county town, I doing that. Some rank-and-filers two principles — the dominance spent a few hours in another were bad in their ways, too. A of the pubUc economy and teahouse observing local mores. saleswoman at a state-owned common prosperity. But common Some old women were gossiping grocery he knew won the favour of prosperity does not, and cannot, over their cups — a sign of one of her frequent customers, the mean absolutely simultaneous women's emancipation, for in the wife of a key middle school prosperity. A section of the old society females would never principal, with choice cuts of lean population can move faster down have had the effrontery to show pork (hard to get these days as this road, and the rest will be their faces at such public places. meat consumption rises). Even• encouraged and helped to catch Nearby were three elderly men. tually she got her "quite stupid" up. One recounted tales from Flowers son admitted to the school, which I left Chongqing for the central \in the Mirror (an old novel of offers a good chance for moving China city of Wuhan by ship in j travels to fantastic lands, some- up to college. It was simply order to see the famous Three !what like Gulliver's Travels) while because she had "power in her Yangtze Gorges. The two cities his two companions listened hands" — that Httle power to have been linked by rail, and a ! attentively. I struck up a con- select and slice pork, he said wryly. train ride would have been much ;versation with them and learnt About self-seeking cadres, I later faster. The steamer was packed :*hat they were retired workers. heard a local "tongue-roller" — a with people sleeping on bamboo [Their monthly pensions of about kind of jingle that rolls easily off mats or blankets spread in the

JANUARY 13. 1986 19 passageways. But these were not vagrants. Many were tourists or people on business trips making a special detour for the sights. They couldn't get tickets for better accomodation. Domestic tourism is indeed becoming a booming business as living standards rise. (My impression was confirmed in late December by newly released statistics showing the total number of domestic tourists in the first 11 months of the year as 240 million!)

he Three Yangtze Gorges are changing, too. And "the mountain goddess, if she is still there, will marvel at a world so changed." Chengdu retirees having a morning cup of tea.

Originating on the Qinghai owner, however kind-hearted he see Gezhouba, the first dam ever Highland, the 6,300-kilometre might be, couldn't steer to the built on the yangtze. The project, Yangtze, the longest river in shore to pick him up. He had to be completed in 1981, is the country's China, sweeps east. When it left to his fate on the tow path. largest hydropower installation reaches eastern Sichuan, it cuts The 70-kilometre Wuxia Gorge With obvious pride on their faces, through the Wushan Mountains. follows the Qutang.There the river travellers admired the mammoth There the river course suddenly snakes through 1,000-metre-high structure and watched the steamer narrows and the waters become cliffs, the most spectacular ones enter the shiplock, lowering itself turbulent. Craggy mountains rise being the Twelve Peaks of scores of metres and then sailing on either side, creating the Three Wushan. Particularly fascinating on. Another stir had occurred Gorges — rated as one of the is Goddess Peak, shaped like a among the passengers a little country's greatest natural graceful nymph. The mist shroud• earlier when the ship passed wonders. ing the peaks and the drizzle over place not far from Gezhouba. It's the chosen site for a much bigger The first gorge is named the river give the place a dream• dam. The project will eventually Qutang, with precipices towering like beauty. Ancient poems and reach a capacity of 13,000 over the two banks only 100 legends about the humanly love• megawatts, expected to be the metres apart. The mighty yangtze sick goddess add to the romantic largest in the world, surpassing waters are suddenly constricted in atmosphere. even Brazil's Itaipu. Builders have front of Kuimen Gate, the gorge Next is the Xiling Gorge, once begun to arrive at the site. As entrance. Waves billow, currents feared for its dangerous shoals. people gathered on the deck and whirl and the river roars angrily. The treacherous, submerged rocks talked excitedly about the pros• Sailing through the eight- took a great toll of vessels and pects, a young man waxed lyrical kilometre Qutang, one occasion• human lives. Saihng after dark and recited one of Mao Zedong's ally sees narrow paths carved on was perilous gamble. With the poems: the riverside cliffs. In olden times removal of many shoals in recent these were the only roads for troop decades and the sharp rise of water movements, mercantile transport level caused by the newly Walls of stone will and boat towing. The boat constructed Gezhouba Dam stand upstream to the west haulers, now seen only in movies, downstream, the erstwhile "devil's To hold back Wushan's pulled ropes over their shoulder, passes" are now quite safe. cloud and rain prostrating themselves almost to Crashing through narrow Nanj• Till a smooth lake rises the ground. They plodded on and ing Pass, the eastern gorge exit, the in the narrow gorges. on while ainging sad "work songs" river suddenly widens to about The mountain goddess, to synchronize their movements. 2,000 metres and a vast plain if she is still there, If any of them dropped from comes into view. Passengers Will marvel at a world illness or exhaustion, the boat flocked to the sides of the boat to so changed.

20 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 2 fter a voyage of three days and dynasty and was an important hell," wouldn't spare their women A two nights, we reached milestone in China's history. In victimes. But she didn't do that. Wuhan at dusk. I was amazed by earlier years, influenced by ultra- Her matter-of-fact explanation the changed skyhne. The scene Left policies, historical studies had nonetheless held the visitors used to be imposing enough, with also gone astray. No historical breathless. I shuddered at the the Great Yangtze Bridge, the first event, except peasant uprisings, thought that it must have been thoroughfare across the river built was deemed to be of any real nice girls like her that had been with Soviet aid in 1956, reaching significance, and almost no buried ahve. from Turtle Hill on the left bank to historical figure was considered This last experience on the trip Snake Hill on the right. Now it has praiseworthy, unless he was a in a way epitomized what I saw gained added grandeur with the thoroughgoing revolutionary. elsewhere — a conspicuous ab• white, 24-storey Qinchuan Hotel This, in fact, was part of the sence of revolutionary rhetoric but at Turtle's foot and the glaze- theoretical basis of Red Guard a lot more solid results in all fields roofed Yellow Crane Tower at vandalism. In those circum• of endeavour. Snake's head, both new structures. stances, even the 1911 Revolution Yellow Crane Tower attracts was losing its deserved glory. huge crowds of visitors every day Now, in the museum, the exhibits in spite of the extraordinarily high as well as the oral and written JL rue revolutionary admission fee of one yuan (about explanations are again doing vision coupled with a US$0.30). A military observation justice to it. down-to-the-earth post overlooking the Yangtze The exhibition from the Mar• spirit—in this lies already well-known 1,700 years quis of Zeng's Tomb (which dated our hope for the future. ago, the place became nationally from the 5th century BC) in the famous as later dynasties built and Hubei Provincial Museum is an rebuilt a tower there. (Legend has eye-opener. In 1978, construction On my return I have told it that a fairy riding a yellow crane workers at Suixian, north of friends, "It's generally sunshine I was once attracted to the site, Wuhan, hit upon a burial site. have seen, though there are many hence the name.) Over the They found a huge, exquisitely shadows." The important thing centuries the tower was repeatedly painted casket and 22 smaller right now, I feel, is not to get destroyed in wars or by fires. A coffins, together with some 7,000 euphoric. I think our leaders conflagration in 1884 finally razed items such as musical instruments, agree. Though, for instance, the it. As the nadon became weaker precious treasures of bronze, building boom everywhere seems and poorer in the subsequent silver, gold, jaJe, lacquer and inspiring, the country's policy• years, reconstrucfion was not bamboo, plus weapons and makers have seen in it the dangers possible. Nostalgic travellers inscribed bamboo slips. Twenty- of overheated growth, of "invest• could find the tower only in one young woman and a pet dog ment starvation" and a strained ancient poems and paintings. As were buried with this ancient economy, and effective measures things got better in recent years, nobleman as living sacrifices. are being taken to curb excesses. the city authorities decided to True revolutionary vision has rebuild it, using the old records The bronze vessels are so replaced super-revolutionary and pictures as a model. intricately and beautifully made grandiloquence. The spirit of shi that modern metallurgists and shi qiu shi (seeking truth from craftsmen would find it hard to facts), or "pragmatism" as History, unmodernized, duplicate them. Most noteworthy, Westerners not so accurately put however, are the 124 musical reappears at ancient it, is gaining ground. In this lies instruments, particularly the set of our hope for the future. monuments and museums as 64 chime bells of different sizes it was. which are in such good shape that they can still be played. Hubei Revived respect for history as it artists have had replicas made and was can be felt strongly in the produced a song and dance Museum of the 1911 Revolufion in performance centred around them Wuchang (Wuchang, together which aroused keen interest at with Hankou and Hanyang, form home and abroad. the triple city of Wuhan astride the A young woman guide showed confluence of the Yangtze and us around. When we came to the Hanshui Rivers). The 1911 coffins, experience told me to Revoludon,. led by the great expect an emotion-charged de• democratic revolutionary Dr. Sun nunciation of the cruel rulers who, Yat-sen, overthrew the last feudal even when they were "going to

JANUARY 13, 1986 21 An Inside Look at the Xiamen SEZ

As one of China's four special economic zones opened in 1980, Xiamen is the only coastal city that has begun to gradually implement certain free-port policies. An interview with Deputy Mayor Wang and a two-part special report by our correspondent Zhang Zeyu detail the area's achievements, problems, and measures for implementing the open-port policies. The report also catalogues the social changes that have emerged in the wake of these policies.

Xiamen Spirals ^-Keciai Qoals An interview witli Deputy IVIayor Wang Jinshui

coast, Xiamen has estabUshed area and the Gulangyu Island. trade relations with 112 countries The special zone has step by step and regions. put into effect certain free-port In addition, Xiamen is easily policies, thereby providing a accessible by bus and train better environment for overseas through the Gaoqi-Jimei Em• investors. bankment, which was built in Q: How much progress has the 1955. The city also has an zone hnade in the past five years? international airport, completed A: From 1980 to 1985 Xiamen has in December 1983 and has opened scored these achievements: flights to Beijing, Shanghai, • With an average annual rise of Guangzhou, Hangzhou, Nanjing, 15.7 percent, Xiamen's total Xian, Fuzhou, Hongkong, Japan industrial and agricultural output and the Philippines, Xiamen's value has more than doubled that Question: Given Xiamen's char• harbour is also ice-free year of 1980. During this period, the acteristics, what sort of plans do round. With a 12-metre-deep main industrial output value in Xiamen you have for its future? channel and 30 berths, the port increased at an annual rate of 17.6 can be called on by 10,000-lon- percent, while its agricultural Answer: As distinct from the three class ships. output value went up by 6 percent other special economic zones, the Surrounded by the sea and the annually. Xiamen Special Economic Zone mountains Xiamen has long • The 1985 income in the zone was was established from a former attracted visitors with its enchant• 2.14 times that of 1980. industrial city. Xiamen now has ing natural beauty. The city also • The investment in capital 767 industrial enterprises manned has a solid cultural, scientific and construction during this period by 110,000 workers. Its 1985 technological foundation and is reached 1.7 billion yuan, doubling industrial output value surpassed home to a number of overseas the combined total of the 31 2.6 billion yuan, making it Fujian Chinese. previous years. Province's second largest Bearing these special character• With a new airport, port and an producer. istics and advantages in mind, we automatic programme-controlled Xiamen is also a major trade would build Xiamen into a telephone system, the city's centre in southern Fujian. It has comprehensive, outward-oriented infrastructure facilities also have 9,000 businesses with a total special economic zone, which been steadily improved. Altog• workforce of 36,000 people, mainly develops industry while ether 390,000 square metres of averaging one out of every 10 concurrently managing tourism, workshops and luxury living persons workmg in trade and trade and real estate. Since being quarters for overseas business commerce; such a proportion is approved by the State Council, the people were also constructed in fairly high in the country. Xiamen SEZ has expanded from Xiamen's Huli Industrial District. Xiamen's foreign trade has also the original 2.5 square kilometres • With such amenities, the developed. As a long-time port to 131 square kilometres, which improved environment has suc• city on China's southeastern includes Xiamen's metropolitan ceeded in attracting more and

?7 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 2 more foreign investors. Between what form have the overseas hoped that 60 percent of the direct 1980 and 1985, city officials signed business people made their investment will be used for 296 contracts for operating investments in Xiamen? industrial production. Those in Chinese-foreign joint ventures, co• A: About 46 percent of the which investment will be concen• operative enterprises and solely contracts signed have been on trated are projects involving the foreign-owned enterprises. These industrial projects, with the other production of precision mstru- contracts are valued at US$1.16 half involving tourism, trade and ments and meters, electronics, billion, US$660 milHon of which other such businesses. Of the refined chemicals and new-type comes from direct foreign invest• industrial projects, most are in building materials. Projects which ment. About 85 percent of the electronics, light and building facilitate the technical progress of contracts were signed after the materials projects. Chiness- existing industrial enterprises, and special economic zone was fofeign joint ventures account for projects which turn out products expanded to cover the whole 65 percent of the investments. mainly for export to earn more island in 1984. Now one-third of -Chinese and foreign co-operative foreign exchanges and which can these projects have opened for enterprises make up about 30 provide the necessary accessaries business. percent, while 5 percent are solely for the imported equipment will • The number of tourists to foreign-owned enterprises. blso be given investment priority. Xiamen from Hongkong, Macao Second, we will speed up the and overseas has increased year by Q: What countries and regions do technological transformation of year. In 1985, about 80,000 investors come from? the existing enteprises. In the next tourists, or twice as many as in A: From 1980 to 1983 investors three to five years, we plan to 1980, visited the city. were mainly from Hongkong and upgrade the technology of • The living standards of Xiamen Macao. Since 1984, however, they Xiamen's main industrial enterpr• residents have improved steadily. have been joined by businessmen ises by promoting co-operation In the last five years or so, from Southeast Asian countries, between domestic enterprises and workers' wages have gone up by Japan, the United States, the by importing advanced foreign 57.5 percent, and the per-farmer Federal Republic of Germany, equipment and technology. At net income has increased 2.4 Canada, Australia, Jordan, Pol• that time, the technical level of all times. In addition, the 1985 and and Hungary. enterprises should be up to commodity retail volume reached advanced domestic levels of the 900 million yuan, or 2.7 times that Q: What are your plans for same trades and some of the zone's of 1980. Savings deposited by modernizing Xiamen's outward- key enterprises to the 1980s world Xiamen's urban and rural resi• oriented industry? levels. The present efforts will dents also increased to 420 million A: We will devote our main efforts focus on the technical transform• yuan in 1985, which is 4 times the to the following two fields: ation of electronic, foodstuff, 1980 figure. First, we intend to attract machinery textile and other light Q: In which areas of trade and in additional foreign capital. It is industrial enterprises.

Xiamen Harbour being calied on by Xiamen-Hongkong passenger sliips. In 1990 we plan to double the 1985 industrial and agricultural production output value, as well as Xiamen's GNP. Q: What does free port entail? And could you describe your office's plan for the implementa• tion of the free-port policies in Xiamen? A: Implementing certain free-port policies step by step in the zone involves carrying out a number of policies followed by some of the world's other free ports. These policies include allowing the storage of foreign goods with the exception of narcotics and weapons, processing these goods and exporting them once again by the appointed enterprises. All of A worker using computer equipment for monitoring the loading and unloading of this is done under the strict goods at the deep-water Dongdu wharf. supervision of the customs house. No customs duties, import tax and as well as the circulafion and authorities at the end of 1985. The value-added tax are levied on exchange of currency. To this end, Singapore United Overseas Bank them. we have done the following things: Group and the Chi-Yu Bat\king This decision of the Chinese • Xiamen has attracted a variety Corp. have also been granted government will have a far- of foreign and overseas Chinese approval to operate branches in reaching influence on the future banks that are now considering Xiamen. Also fiUng applications development of the Xiamen SEZ. opening branches in Xiamen. The with the Chinese authorides for Xiamen officials are now drawing Xiamen International Bank, a branches or joint ventures in up concrete measures and creating joint venture run by the Bank of Xiamen are the Hongkong and necessary conditions for the Industry and Commerce, the Shanghai Banking Corp., the policies' implementation. Fujian Investment Corp., the Chartered Bank, the World Bank As a free port, the zone must Xiamen ConstrucUon Develop• and others. first create conditions to facilitate ment Corp. and a Hongkong • The Ministry of Foreign Affairs the entry and exit of personnel and Corp., recently opened to business has planned to establish a visas the import and export of materials with the approval of the Chinese office in the city for the convenience of the people visiting the zone. The Buddhist scripture reserve pavilion at the Nanpotuo Temple. • We are making preparations for establishing a management line between the special zone and the other areas in order to facilitate business and tourist travel in and out of the zone. • To stimulate the business of the Xiamen Internafional Airport, the State Council has invested the local authorities with the manage• ment power of the airport. The Xiamen Airline Co., the first local airline company in China, has also recently gone into operation. • The city has also improved its legislative work. Q: As one of the mayor's senior aides, what knotty problems have you encountered in building the Xiamen SEZ?

24 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 2 A: The first problem to confront us owned enterprises, although they A: The Xiamen Special Economic was the lack of experience. ^ are under the same leadership of Zone was established on the basis Another is the shortage of talented the All-China Federation of Trade where the socialist public people. Though the former Unions. economy occupies an uncontested problem has been basically solved, The main tasks of the trade dominant position in China, and is the latter still exists. I believe that unions in the special economic- different from the export process• as long as we persist in the zone are to educate their workers ing areas and free trade districts of reforms, in the open policy and in to better understand and imple• other countries and regions. learning from our work, we will be ment the open policy, and China's ultimate aim is not only to better able to improve our special contribute to the development of catch up economically with the economic zone. Chinese-foreign joint ventures and developed countries, but also to Talent shortage is the key foreign-owned enterprises. The uphold the socialist system in problem facing us now. We are in trade unions should also en• order to benefit the Chinese urgent need of talented people, courage foreign-owed interprises people through economic especially people who are well to abide by the laws, while also achievements. versed in business management respecting the rights and interests As people live under different and are experienced in conducting of these foreign businesses and social systems, so their concepts of economic and technological ex• supporting them in the reasonable value and morals are different. changes with foreign countries. use of their management power. In The development of the zone is not Considering that training experts addition, trade unions should oriented towards capitahsm, but is not something that will yield uphold the rights and interests of instead, it will gradually be built instant result, we have drawn up the workers, stimulate their into an equitable society where the plans and adopted a series of productive initiative and help economy is thriving, the people measures to train speciaHsts in them improve their political, have lofty ideals and a sense of building the special economic technical and cultural levels. discipline, the environment is zone. We also are prepared to In the last six years, because of attractive and social morality is invite both Chinese and foreign the activities of the trade unions, good. Our special zone will not experts and scholars to help realize there have been no major falling- tolerate corruption, bribery, these plans. outs between labour and manage• smuggling, reactionary and ment. The Chinese and foreign pornographic books and maga• Q: Does the zone have trade sides have both done their best to zines that will poison the people's unions? If so, how do they differ make their enterprises a success, minds, especially those of the from those of the capitalist each side doing its share to carry young. If such disgusting.things countries and what Is their role? out their contracts. Though some were allowed to spread un• A: Yes. Several hundred of problems have emerged due to checked, it would be meaningless Xiamen's older enterprises had lack of mutual understanding, to build the zone. trade unions before the establish• they have been solved quickly. From the outset of the zone's ment of the special economic zone. Q: What measures have you establishment we have given With the establishment of adopted to prevent bourgeois attention to the cultivation of Chinese-foreign joint ventures, thoughts and habits from traditional morals and have Chinese-foreign co-operative en• polluting the area's residents? publicized our principle of oppos- terprises and solely foreign-owned enterprises after the Xiamen SEZ was set up came a new labour- A view of tlie Xiamen's new Hubin district. capital relationship. Most of the 99 such enterprises that have already opened to business have their own trade unions. The new labour-capital rel• ationship is also different from that of the old society. Now the capitalists and their agents are invited by us, and they are our partners. This new relationship is being dealt with according to the principle of equality and mutual benefit. The trade unions in these Chinese-foreign joint ventures also differ from those of the state- ing negative influences but not already signed, these measures the local authorities have also everything foreign. Our attitude have helped us run our enterprises redressed previous unjust cases. towards decadent bourgeois better and have been welcomed by The major changes the local thinking is: We are opposed to but the foreign business people. authorities have made during this are not afraid of it. • We also have criticized and period include the following: The^main measures we have punished people for peddling Readjustment in Leadership. adopted to retain our cultural pornography or for illegal traffic Before 1983, the leadership of the integrity are as follows: in smuggled commodities. We municipal government was com• • We have educated all leading have established a video tape posed of 13 people, whose average cadres and the people to observe leasing corporation in order to age was around 57 years old; only the open policy, inspired them to strengthen our management of the three of them had had any further love the motherland and the zone's tapes. Any units or people education after senior middle people and foster lofty ideals. We who show pornoraphic tapes school. The readjusted leading also have established Party without authorization will be body is now reduced to 10 persons, committees, Youth League com• punished according to Party codes averaging 50 years old, with the mittees and the trade unions in the and the law. youngest, a deputy mayor, 32 joint ventures and co-operative • We also have established years old. They include seven with enterprises according to China's recreational centres, homes for the college and university education Constitution. We have also asked elderly people, amusement parks and three with senior middle the Party members, cadres, and other centres. The zone has school education, who are specia- workers and staff members to also organized dances in order to Hsts in certain fields. For example. abide by the law and disciplinary enrich after-work activities for Deputy Mayor Ye Shuliang is a codes and honour the contracts residents of all ages. senior electronics engineer who has been in charge of Xiamen's electronics industry since 1984. Familiar with the foreign electronics market and Xiamen's needs. Ye is able to personally intellectuals have been promoted ocialist China lacks the capital negotiate with foreign business• to leadership positions in the last S and talent it needs in order men over the stipulations and few years to meet the anticipated to crank up its drive for signing of contracts. modernization. This is also true economic take-off in the special with the Xiamen SEZ. To make up zone, according to a spokesman of Leading management bureaus for the deficiency, the municipal the Organization Department of and key companies and enterpr• government has been emphasizing the Xiamen Municipal Party ises under the municipal govern• two capital construction Committee. In the same period. ment also have been readjusted. programmes — the building of infrastructural facilities geared to attract foreign investment, and Zeng Zeng, manager of the Xiamen Supertronics, Ltd., demonstrates his equipment to the speeding up of training for as Vice-Premier Wan Li, who came for an inspection. ,,

26 BEIJING REVIEW. NO. 2 and Consultation Service Centre was organized to recruit outside talent. For those who want to transfer to work in Xiamen, the centre provides a shortcut. From 1980 to 1983, only 800 people moved to work in Xiamen. Those figures soared to 987 in 1984 and 1,400 (including some 100 assist• ant engineers) in 1985. These new employees have become the backbone of the economic cons• truction in Xiamen. For example, 44-year-old Xu Yingjie, a graduate of the semi• aiang Uping (second rtgitt), deputy manager of registration of the Mandarin Hotel, conductor department of the receiving guests. China Science and Technology University, was a researcher in The average age of the leadership sure adopted during the reform of Shanghai. He was recruited to of the city's 18 key enterprises has the employment system. In the work for the Xiamen-Wang dropped from 54 years old to past, the flow of talent from the Computer Co. Ltd. in 1984. His about 47, and the proportion of outside met with many restric• diligence earned him a good those leaders with senior middle tions. For example, those who had reputation at the joint venture and school education or higher stands lived apart from their spouses for in 1985 he was promoted to at 81 percent. fewer than 10 years, and those deputy manager of the company. Advertisement for Employ• whose aging parents hving outside Training Programmes ment. Recent years have seen a of Xiamen but had been taken care rapid increase in the number of of were faced with stringent Since the SEZ was estabUshed Sino-foreign joint ventures set up requirements in order to get their in 1980, Xiamen has been very in the Xiamen SEZ. This calls for a spouses or parents transferred to active in training personnel. One swift increase of talent in the city. work or live in Xiamen. successful effort was the opening The municipal government has In 1984 the Personnel Exchange of a foreign economic relations reformed the employment system, replacing the practice of state Bal Lang worldng at the electrical equipi : repalrment worltshop. assignment with advertising em• ployment opportunities. This change has helped lift the square- peg-in-round-hole syndrome. The bulk of the Chinese managers involved in the 88 Sino- foreign joint ventures in Xiamen were employed through advertise• ment after they had taken written and oral exams. It is stipulated by the municipal government that their salaries and bonuses shall be determined by the enterprises for which they work, in accordance with private contracts. This practice breaks away from the long-standing practice of egal- itarianism in distribution and of "only promotion and no de• motion" for cadres.

Outsiders Absorbed Absorbing talent from outside of Xiamen was an important mea• and trade college. Since its setup in 1982. more than 100 cadres engaged in foreign trade work have been trained. Of the 60 graduates of the first training class, 47 have become leading cadres at various levels. Another training process was to establish the Lujiang Vocational University in 1981, which has nine departments, including foreign languages and trade, customs, business and management. Its students pay tuition on their own and live off campus. Upon graduation, they are recruited by enterprises. It has 818 students today, and its 373 graduates are currently working in Xiamen. Xiamen University also pro• vides special training programmes Pan Dongcheng, a dentist who began a private clinic in downtown Xiamen, is known of two to three years in foreign for his sklil and quality service. languages, international finance and accounting. educational network centred more than 55,000 students; more At the middle school level, 10 around the television university than 6,000 factory workers have vocational schools have been programme, which is attended by taken part in higher-education established and vocational classes spare-time university and corre• examinations in the past two in another 10 regular middle spondence students. These involve years. schools have been opened to train students in special fields consi• dered useful by the local enterprises and companies. At least 46 percent of the students in hina's recent policy of opening chief engineer of the Xiamen Xiamen are enrolled in these C to the world and implement• Southeast Electronics Industry schools. Ninety percent of the ing economic reforms have been Co. When he and a dozen others 2,000 graduates from these altering both the economic came to Xiamen to create the schools are currently employed in outlook and the social practice of company in 1984, Liu was the Xiamen. the Xiamen Special Economic chief engineer of the Fujian Foreign-owned factories and Zone. From interviews with the Provincial Computer Research co-operative enterprises also are employees and residents of the Institute. He had been cited on being encouraged to start up zone in Fujian Province, one gets several occasions by the State training schools for their em• the impression that every aspect of Economic Commission and the ployees. The Xiamen Sensitive life in Xiamen is in transition: The Chinese Academy of Sciences for Materials Co. Ltd., supplied with way of thinking, personal rel• his participation in the research of advanced equipment from the ations, and social conduct are all multi-function Chinese character United States' Kodak Co., is still vacillating somewhere between micro-computers. under construction. Though it is the old and new. The day Liu was interviewed, not scheduled to go into operation he was teaching several college until 1987, the company already Dedicated to Work graduates how to use micro• has been providing pre-work computers. training for its employees. Ano• e expansion of the zone to When asked why he had come ther example is the Xiamen r include the entire Xiamen to Xiamen, he said some people Supcrtronics, Ltd. financed solely Island, and the introduction of once thought he had come to make by Hongkong businessmen, which flexible policies have offered big money. '"This is ridiculous," he is running a four-year study ambitious and competent people said. He already had a big house programme for its employees that an opportunity to assert and was making money in includes university courses. themselves. Fuzhou. And his newly-rnarried The Xiamen leadership has Liu Hong is just such a man. wife, he said, remained in Fuzhou. been active in pursuing a special The 29-year-old Liu is now the If he wanted fame and fortune and

28 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 2 JOAIVIENSH, the company of his wife, he did not ing telephones, wireless tele• efficient management techniques have to travel so far from home to phones, other telecommunic• that won him the recent accolade find them. ations equipment, as well as of "businessman of the new When asked what had caused electronic products and their generation" by Xiang Nan, him to take such a seemingly components. Since it began secretary of the Fujian Provincial absurd transfer, Liu said that in operafions in August 1984, the Party Committee. And Hu his business contacts with some company has made much head• Qiaomu, member of the Secre• foreigners, he found China was way, pushing its daily output to tariat of the Chinese Communist often looked down on because of 3,000 telephones and 6,000 Party Central Committee, recently its lack of technical expertise. He electricity transformers. The qu- called Zeng the "pace-setter of was encouraged by a strong sense ahty of its products is completely enterprise reform." of responsibility to defend the up to the standards of the United Even younger still is 29-year-old nation's dignity, and to win credit States International Telecommun• Bai Lang, an electrician for the for China, he added. ications Association, and its Xiamen Cigarette Factory. In productivity ranks first on the 1981, the factory imported some So far he has been true to his mainland. equipment from the US Camel words. His company has produced Zeng is putting to good use the cigarette producers to manufac• 150 North Star brand micro• advanced management expe• ture cigarettes. According to the computers since it started up in riences of foreign countries and contract, the American side was to 1984 and has logged in profits of Hongkong. While doing ideolog• send in technicians to give Chinese 480,000 Yuan (US$160,000) in ical and political work among his workers technical guidance in the 1984 and 2.5 milhon yuan in 1985. employees to keep them in high installation of the equipment. But This year, his company plans to spirits, Zeng has built up a series of Bai found some mistakes in the produce large Chinese language terminals and small programme- A glimpse of the Xiamen University campus. controlled telephone exchanges in co-operation with the Shanghai Post and Telecommunications Equipment Research Institute. Another young Xiamen upstart is Zeng Zeng. Formerly an official in charge of technical and management affairs in the Xiamen Electronics Industry Corp., 37- year-old Zeng was asked in 1984 to be manager of the Xiamen Supertronics, Ltd., an independ• ent Hongkong company in Xiamen. A sober-minded sort, Zeng said money was very important in a commodity economy. Without money, one could not live; to Hve well, he had to make more money. In a socialist society, however, money is something, not every• thing, he said. To Hve was not just to make money, but rather to contribute one's part to the construction of a prosperous country and help others to lead a good life. Therefore, Zeng said, he would do as a real Chinese does — run the company well and attract more foreign businessmen to invest in Xiamen. The Xiamen Supertronics, Ltd. produces, among other things, touch-button telephones, record•

JANUARY 13, 1986 29 was established in early 1980 the monthly per-capita consumption was only 33.81 yuan. Today it stands at 67.55 yuan, about twice as much as five years ago. The policy of allowing people to make more money through labour has rekindled their enthusiasm for study. The more knowledge, the more chance of a good job, and perhaps better pay. The city now has 350,000 residents, 60,000 of whom are studying part time. About 60 percent of the students are young people.

Traditions IVIoving In Time students studying at the garment design and sewing ciass sponsored by tlie Xiamen No.6 IMiddle School. iamen's young people are the X most conspicuous of all blueprints. He showed them to his regardless of performance, made it when it comes to new lifestyles. American counterparts, who, unnecessary to persevere in one's Unlike their older counterparts, believing Bai was educated not work to make money. Things have who have stood by their well enough to clearly understand greatly changed. "More work, traditions, young people in the blueprints, disregarded his more pay," and "getting prosper• Xiamen have new interests and opinion. Only a later check made ous by the sweat of your brow" hobbies. They take pride in their the Americans change their minds. have become the order of the day. appearance and often can be seen The American quality control Several young attendants at the wearing Western-style suits or supervisor said, "I have been to Mandarin Hotel, the most luxuri• Shanghai or Hongkong fashions. many countries, but I have never ous in Xiamen, were asked about While they are of a more practical seen people as brilliant and this, and they all said they just nature than many other young studious as the Chinese." took it for granted that more work people in China, they also love to Asked what he thought of this meant more pay. Chen Kuanyu, socialize, listen to pop music and remark, Bai said, "Only learning a deputy manager of the housekeep• dance. Gold wedding bands have great deal can one make a good ing department, said he used to become common at wedding deal for the country." work in a factory, but he much ceremonies. Young married preferred his job at the hotel. One couples have begun to be able to of the main reasons he came to the afford modem amenities like Working for Prosperity hotel, he said, was the good pay. colour television sets and Although he now works harder refrigerators. n recent years, "What Is the and longer hours at the hotel, he Xiamen has enjoyed full I Purpose of Life" has been a said it was worth the extra money employment since it was desig• hot newspaper topic discussed he makes. nated a special economic zone. among young people. Some have Another deputy manager at the Young people fresh from school answered the question just by hotel, 22-year-old Lin Xiaoqing find it easy to get a job. Therefore, giving lip service, but the young said she used to be a gardener and some of these youths with long people in Xiamen have given the was low paid. She said she was purses under their belts prefer to question a profound response by usually exhausted after a 10-hour live away from home. The contributing all they can to workday at the hotel. But she tradition of several generations invigorating the nation's economy makes about 200 yuan a month living under one roof is being and modernization. now, much more than she made as replaced by smaller families of one "Money" was once seen as a a gardener, and is able to practise or two generations. synonym for "capitalism." The her English at the hotel, making In the neighbourhood of issue of money only made the those long hours more than Haibin, for example, about 250 Chinese nervous. On top of this, worthwhile. households out of the 730 have the old distribution method that An official of the city's broken away from traditional theorized everyone should get a statistical bureau said when the family roles. Wang Xiuqing, fair share from the same pot. Xiamen Special Economic Zone director of the neighbourhood

30 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 2 Cultural Wastes

ince Xiamen opened its doors S to the world, the economic zone has imported needed invest• ment, technology and manage• ment expertise, all of which have had a positive effect on China's economic and social development. Unfortunately, along with these benefits come the uglier aspects of Western culture, so-called "cul• tural wastes." These include money worship, pornographic videotapes, decadent music and sexually violent publications. These objects have already had adverse effects on the impression• able youth of Xiamen. PHOTOS BY OUR PHOTOGRAPHER. CHEN ZONGLIE.EXtU'l IV,U K: LI KAICONG. According to the city's public Young people in Xiamen learning how to operate computers In a training course security bureau, the city's overall sponsored by the Xiamen-Wang Computer Co. Ltd. crime rate has dropped year after year since 1980. But the juvenile committee, said the elderly had disturbed. But her 64-year-old dehnquency rate is on the rise. nearly nothing in common with neighbour is always ready to look Some of the young criminals said their children in terms of lifestyle, after them, free of charge. they admired a bourgeois lifestyle likes or dislikes. Therefore, she The Wenan neighbourhood and were seeking material gain said, it makes sense for them to committee in the Siming district and pleasure. Others, aroused by live separately, rather than to try has taken under its wing 10 elderly X-rated videotapes, have been to manage together. people without children, two old known to rape women. Ten out of the 12 young people men whose sons were killed in the Life has not been all wine and interviewed for this article said war, and six disabled people. The roses for them. There have also they preferred to live on their own. committee has placed them in the been handcuffs and shackles. The The two who preferred to live hands of several groups of retired problem has caught the attention together with their parents said workers. Communist Youth of the city hall and the public. they had young children of their League members, and housewives. Apart from trying to encourage own who needed looking after by the education among young their grandparents. Yang Changming, deputy dir• people, the city government Despite the galloping speed of ector of the city's civil affairs * already has made it a point to the young away from binding administrative bureau, said the crack down on those who smuggle traditions, the centuries-old cus• city hall had doubled its efforts to in these "cultural wastes." tom of respecting the old and build welfare houses and homes to cherishing the young remains care for the senior citizens. The deep-rooted in Xiamen. Children city now has one welfare house still feel duty-bound to support and 12 homes for the aged, so that their parents. all those 60 or'older who do not have children to look after them In the Kaiyuan district, one have been accommodated. woman, Huang Yuzhen, said her son and daughter, married and The welfare house, built in 1980, long gone, each give her 15 yuan is a complex of six buildings with every month as a symbol of their 150 beds. It houses more than 70 filial respect. senior citizens, including one Although Xiamen has become a foreigner and two returned real "boom-town," neighbours overseas Chinese. All the expendi• still watch out for each other. In tures of the welfare house and the Kaiyuan district, a 47-year-old retirement homes are covered by widow has been seriously ill. Her the city government and other only son is severely mentally collective organizations.

JANUARY 13, 1986 31 China Outshines Ali-Star Spikers

e mighty Chinese women's and a men's all-star team after the during the match for volleyball r volleyball team proved un• world championships in France fans was in itself a victory, Deng beatable once again when it this year. said. defeated the world all-star team Chinese Premier Zhao Ziyang The head coach of the all-star 3:2 for the Hitachi Cup in a two- and Li Menghua, minister in team, Shigeo Yamada, said his game series of the world volleyball change of the State Physical team's defeat could be attributed challenge match in Shanghai on Culture and Sports Commission, to the prowess of China's team. December 31, 1985. The Chinese were among the spectators at the "The Chinese team was too team had rousted the all-star tearn, Beijing best-of-five contest. strong, and we did not put my composed of the world's best A pioneering undertaking in planned attack formula into full women volleyball players, three volleyball history, the FIVB play," he said at the end of the days earlier in the first game in match between China, the world Beijing match. Yamada also said Beijing. champions, and the best volleyball communication was a big problem The FIVB (International Vo• players from other nations aims at between the all-stars, who came lleyball Federation) decided to promoting the growth of the sport from nine countries and regions, hold the challenge series last and friendship between volleyball because of a language barrier. November in Japan when China's players and the peoples of various Yamada said he had a notebook women's volleyball team bagged countries. with 50 diagrams that he designed its fourth consecutive trophy China's women's volleyball in Japanese and other languages. during the Fourth World Cup team head coach, Deng Ruozeng, Each time he called for a time-out, Tournament. The FIVB also called the match a victory for both Yamada said, he would use one of decided that a challenge series teams regardless which side won. his diagrams to try to expalin to would be held between the men's The demonstration of the world- the players what he wanted them world volleyball champion team class volleyball skills exhibited to do. "Though the 30-second

Ace Shuttles Back to Triumph

ecause of China's badminton B superstar Han Jian's perfor• mance during the International Badminton Grand Prix tourna• ment, which he won last December after a respite from the game of more than a year, Xinhua News Agency has honoured Han as one of the world's top 10 athletes of 1985. It was in May 1984, when Han, as badminton's men's singles defending champion, was edged from his throne by an Indonesian player in the Thomas Cup. After the defeat, some of Han's "fans" deserted him, and a contingent of foreign badminton followers were predicting his retirement from the court. Though the future looked less than glorious for the former champion, Han had faith in

BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 2 time-out is too short, the players could understand my ideas very well because they understand volleyball so well," he said. Ruben Acosta, president of the International Volleyball Federa• tion, and his wife came to China specifically to preside over the challenge series match. At a banquet given by the Chinese Volleyball Association in honour of the world all-star team at the Great Hall of the People on December 27, Acosta presented FIVE diplomas and plates to Chinese physical culture and sports workers for their contribu• Chinese players Lang Ping (No.l) and Yang Xiaojun (No.lO) bloclcing a return from the tions to the development of all-star's side of the net. volleyball in China and the world. After analysing the statistics string and reserve forces, they several rather tall players among logged by the volleyball players said. They also said the physical China's various teams, these during the Beijing match, Chinese condition of China's players was players have not yet reached the sports experts concluded that not as good as that of the all-stars. level of the Chinese national teamwork is of prime importance In addition, they noted that the women's volleyball team in during contests between two well- Chinese team does not have many physical quality, technique, com• matched teams. China must pay tall players who are also good petition consciousness and the more attention to training second jumpers. Although there are depth of dauntless spirit. himself In an interview with pects for conquest appear rather many setbacks, the major one of China's top sports magazine New remote. Worse, Han stood at only which came when he lost Thomas Sports, Han exuded confidence. "I 1.69 metres and during his first Cup back to Indonesia in May tell you, my fans," he said, "Han winter of training, he was once 1984. The event marked low water Jian can overcome any difficulty." rousted from the court by an 11- mark in Han's career. Later Han Jian, 30, is handsome, and year-old girl by a score of 0:2. The reflecting on that period, Han seems to always have a faint smile adversity stood Han well, for it said, "When things go against on his face when he's off the court. made him train all the harder to your will, your will should not Born into a scholarly family in overcome his liabihties. waver." Han later put these words Shenyang, Liaoning Province, into action in September 1984 by Han was considered a potential n 1978, at his debut at the Eighth first snagging the men's singles athlete from an early age. Table- I Asian Games, Han carried title in the Fourth World Cup tennis, badminton and soccer were home the men's singles title. In Badminton Tournament held in his early favourites. While at 1979, he snatched the two men's Indonesia. secondary school, Han was also a singles titles i^ the First World Now in the prime of his career, soccer student at the Shenyang Cup Badminton and the Second Han's personal life has also taken Junior Sparetime Sports School. World Badminton Champions• a turn for the better. In January At the end of 1972 when Liaoning hips. And in 1980, China's 1985, Han married Cai Ningning, Province was scouting for candi• national badminton team made its an English interpreter, and a dates to form a provincial team, historic breakthrough while Han childhood neighbour. When asked Han, at the age of 17, was trounced his arch-rival Liem Swie if it is because of her that Han can recruited, by coach Wang Xiao. King, then the world's top seed. now manage some English For his performance during this During that time, however, a sentences while exchanging ideas event, Han was chosen one of the 17-year-old Indonesian player with foreigners, Cai answered top 10 national athletes of 1980. named Liem Swie King was proudly, "He is clever and emerging as the "king of Despite numerous victories hardworking. Otherwise, I would• badminton," making Han's pros• since 1980, Han has also suffered n't want him."

JANUARY 13, 1986 33 Beijing Review since our visit to TO OUR READERS China in September 1984 and have In the new year, "Beijing Review" will continue to keep enjoyed it very much, but one thing has stood out in your writing you informed of the momentous developments in China, of its like a sore thumb. All my working aspirations and strivings, its achievements and shortcomings, life (about 40 years) I have been its ties with other nations and its views on international affairs. revolted by the reference to those There will be more analysis and in-depth reports, more who till the soil and raise livestock interviews with leading figures, more surveys and human- as peasants. No matter how interest stories, bigger photos and a better layout. humble or fain, these people are due the dignity of being referred to It is our purpose to promote international understanding as "farmers," "ranchers," or even andfriendship in our own humble way. But to make this come "farm labourers." More knowled• true, we need your help. ge and skill are required in So let us hear more from you. Tell us what you need and agribusiness than in most blue like. Send us your comments and suggestions. Do not hesitate collar jobs, and perhaps in many so-called professional occup• to criticize where we lag or make mistakes, as we are always ations. ready to improve on our perforimmce. The definition of the word "peasant" is: 1. One of a class of Our Errors and Apology The whole piece is astonishingly persons, as in European countries, inaccurate. It needs withdrawal of inferior social rank, usually and rewriting. engaged in farm labour. 2. A rude, I always read this Review with Clive Jenkins unsophisticated, usually un• interest so I hasten to write to you General Secretary, educated person. It does not seem appropriate about very serious errors in this Association of Scientific, that a pubhcation, in a country as piece ("A Breakthrough in Technical and Diplomacy"). progressive as China, should Managerial Staffs The emigrants in Northern approve the use of a word so Ireland (historically from Scot• London, UK derogatory as "peasant" to land and England) do not have We are deeply sorry about the describe 80 percent of the Fine Gael as their political party. serious errors in the article "A population, particularly since the Fine Gael is a party operating only Breakthrough in Diplomacy " that government has enacted laws in the Republic of Ireland and appeared in our December 2, 1985 giving all people equal status. utterly opposed to Northern issue (No. 48). These errors were Perhaps the word does not convey Ireland uniting with the United due to our carelessness in the the same meaning to Chinese Kingdom. process of translation. We mistook, people, but a majority of the The dissident one third in N. for instance, "the Fine Gael" for EngHsh speaking world will use Ireland are not 'Irish nationals' "Ulster Unionist Party"— the definition I have. Most of the but UK nationals. Political power incidentally, the two parties are tour guides and people we met on has not always been in the hands almost the same in Chinese — and the street in China used the word of Fine Gael in the north but the "Irish nationals" for "of Irish "farmer" not "peasant." Ulster Unionists and their fac• nationality." Philip C. Freytag, P.E. tional split-offs (such as the The Embassy of the Republic of Colorado, USA Democratic Unionist Party), there Ireland in Beijing pointed out the is no "Irish majority" in N. errors to us immediately after that Ireland but there is a Protestant issue of "Beijing Review" carrying We agree with you on this point. majority. the article came out, and we In our opinion, the term "peasants" Leaders of Fine Gael have not promptly responded with a state• is suitable when we are talking condemned the Agreement be• ment correcting the major mistakes about farm workers in the pre- tween the UK and the Irish in the next issue (No. 49), on page liberation days when their econo• Republic. Their leader Dr. Garett 23. mic and social status was rather Fitzgerald actually negotiated it - low. The term "farmers" is more the Opposition in the Irish Peasant, or Farmer? preferred to describe the farm Parliament (Fianna Fail) workers after liberation, especially opposed. We have been receiving the after the land reform.

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