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Cahiers Du Monde Russe, 43/4 | 2002, « Intellectuels Et Intelligentsia » [Online], Online Since 18 January 2007, Connection on 06 October 2020 Cahiers du monde russe Russie - Empire russe - Union soviétique et États indépendants 43/4 | 2002 Intellectuels et intelligentsia Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/monderusse/1194 DOI: 10.4000/monderusse.1194 ISSN: 1777-5388 Publisher Éditions de l’EHESS Printed version Date of publication: 30 December 2002 ISBN: 2-7132-1796-2 ISSN: 1252-6576 Electronic reference Cahiers du monde russe, 43/4 | 2002, « Intellectuels et intelligentsia » [Online], Online since 18 January 2007, connection on 06 October 2020. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/monderusse/1194 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/monderusse.1194 This text was automatically generated on 6 October 2020. © École des hautes études en sciences sociales, Paris. 1 Les articles que nous publions ici ont été choisis parmi les contributions d’un colloque franco-russe qui s’est tenu en 2000 à Moscou, à l’Institut d’histoire universelle de l’Académie des sciences de Russie et qui fut organisé avec la participation de l’École des hautes études en sciences sociales et la Maison des sciences de l’homme de Paris. Bien que l’ensemble des actes du colloque ait fait l’objet d’une publication en russe (Intelligencija v istorii. Obrazovannyj chelovek v predstavlenijah i social´noj dejstvitel´nosti = Les intellectuels dans l’histoire moderne et contemporaine. Représentations et réalités sociales, Moscou, RAN, Institut vseobshchej istorii, 2001), nous avons jugé utile de faire connaître au public français les études qui nous ont paru les plus représentatives dans le contexte international du débat sur l’intelligentsia russe. Cahiers du monde russe, 43/4 | 2002 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Intellectuels et intelligentsia Comparer l’incomparable Le général et le particulier dans l’idée d’« homme instruit » Denis A. SDVIÅKOV Bildungsqualifikation und bÜrgerliche Gesellschaft Vergleichende Anmerkungen zu ihrer Entwicklung im ausgehenden Zarenreich Manfred HILDERMEIER Les identités de l’intelligentsia russe et l’anti-intellectualisme Fin du XIXe-début du XXe siècle Boris I. I. KOLONICKIJ La mobilisation intellectuelle La communauté académique internationale et la Première Guerre mondiale Aleksandr N. DMITRIEV L’intelligentsia et son rôle dans les organisations publiques de la ville de Tambov au tournant du XXe siècle Essai d’étude régionale Anastasija S. TUMANOVA Panorama bibliographique Istoriko-dokumental´nye al´manahi : obzor Dimitri GOUŽEVITCH • • • Comptes rendus • • • Russie ancienne et impériale Marshall T. Poe, A people born to slavery Pierre GONNEAU Sergej Bogatyrev, The sovereign and his counsellors Pierre GONNEAU Laura Ronchi De Michelis, Eresia e Riforma nel Cinquecento Valerio Marchetti André Berelowitch, La hiérarchie des égaux Marc Raeff Aleksandr Sergeevič Lavrov, Regentstvo carevny Sof´i Alekseevny André Berelowitch Cahiers du monde russe, 43/4 | 2002 3 Nancy Shields Kollmann, By honor bound André Berelowitch Andrej Zorin, Kormja dvuhglavogo orla… Wladimir Berelowitch De la fin de l’Ancien Régime à la guerre civile Valerij L. Stepanov, N. H. Bunge : sud´ba reformatora Alessandro Stanziani Reginald E. Zelnik, ed., Workers and intelligentsia in late Imperial Russia Myriam Désert Martine Mespoulet, Statistique et révolution en Russie Cécile Lefèvre Murray Frame, The St. Petersburg imperial theaters Emilia Koustova David Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, Toward the rising sun Marlène Laruelle N. N. Smirnov, ed., Rossija i pervaja mirovaja voina Alessandro Stanziani Antonella Salomoni, Il pane quotidiano Alessandro Stanziani A. Brian Murphy, The Russian Civil War Lennart Samuelson Jean-Louis Van Regemorter, L’insurrection paysanne de la région de Tambov Alain Blum Période soviétique et post-soviétique Jean-Paul Depretto, Pouvoirs et société en Union Soviétique Nicolas Werth Corinna Kuhr-Korolev, Stefan Plaggenborg, Monica Wellmann, eds, Sowjetjugend 1917-1941 Dorena Caroli Sheila Fitzpatrick, Yuri Slezkine, eds, In the shadow of revolution Martine Mespoulet Paul Robinson, The White Russian Army in exile Catherine Gousseff Oleg Budnickij, ed., Soveršenno lično i doveritel´noL. I. Petruševa, ed., Deti Russkoj emigraciiKonstantin Parčevskij, Po russkim uglam Catherine Gousseff Rachel Mazuy, Croire plutôt que voir ? Michel Aucouturier Cahiers du monde russe, 43/4 | 2002 4 Frédéric Bertrand, L’anthropologie soviétique des années 20-30 Juliette Cadiot Julie A. Cassiday, The enemy on trial Martine Godet Natacha Laurent, L’œil du Kremlin Kristian Feigelson Lennart Samuelson, Plans for Stalin’s war machine Paul Gregory Sabine Dullin, Des hommes d’influences Sophie Cœuré Sheila Fitzpatrick, Le stalinisme au quotidien Laurent Coumel Jochen Hellbeck, Varia Malte Griesse Patricia Kennedy Grimsted, Trophies of war and empire Francine-Dominique Liechtenhan Catherine Klein-Gousseff, ed., Retours d’URSS Martine Mespoulet V. Naumov, ed., Georgij Žukov Fabio Molin Douglas R. Weiner, A little corner of freedom Marie-Hélène Mandrillon Paul T. Christensen, Russia’s workers in transition Myriam Désert Federico Varese, The Russian mafia Jacques Sapir Empire, nationalités, régions Michael Khodarkovsky, Russia’s steppe frontier John P. LeDonne Terry Martin, The affirmative action empire Juliette Cadiot Ronald Grigor Suny, Terry Martin, eds, A state of nations Juliette Cadiot Vladimir Malahov, Skromnoe obajanie rasizma i drugie stat´i | V. S. Malahov, V. A. Tiškov, eds, Mul´tikul´turalizm i transformacija postsovetskih obščestv Mischa Gabowitsch Donald J. Raleigh, ed., Provincial landscapes Martine Mespoulet James R. Harris, The great Urals Nathalie Moine Cahiers du monde russe, 43/4 | 2002 5 Virgil Krapauskas, Nationalism and historiography Daniel Beauvois Marek E. Jasinski, Oleg V. Ovsjannikov, Vzgljad na Evropejskuju Arktiku Nicolas Plagne Andrei V. Golovnev, Gail Oshrenko, Siberian survival | Marjorie Mandelstam Balzer, The tenacity of ethnicity Elisabeth Gessat-Anstett Monde juif Aleksandr Solženicyn, Dvesti let vmeste (1795-1995) Georges Nivat Aleksandr Solženicyn, Dvesti let vmeste (1795-1995) Jeffrey Veidlinger Delphine Bechtel, La Renaissance culturelle juive en Europe centrale et orientale, 1897-1930 Boris Czerny Simon Doubnov, Le livre de ma vie Sylvie Anne Goldberg Gennadij V. Kostyrčenko, Tajnaja politika Stalina Samson Madievski Laurent Rucker, Staline, Israël et les Juifs Françoise Thom Général Petrenko, Avant et après Auschwitz Alain Blum Victor Shnirelman, The myth of the Khazars and intellectual antisemitism in Russia, 1970s-1990s Marlène Laruelle Ouvrages généraux N. E. Koposov, Kak dumajut istoriki Antonella Salomoni Arno J. Mayer, Les Furies Tamara Kondratieva Andrea Graziosi, Guerra e rivoluzione in Europa, 1905-1956 Alessandro Stanziani Oleg Kharkhordin, The collective and the individual in Russia Nathalie Moine S. Bertolissi, A. N. Saharov, eds, Konstitucionnye proekty v Rossii XVIII-načalo XX v. François-Xavier Coquin Marie-Pierre Rey, Le dilemme russe Alain Blum Cahiers du monde russe, 43/4 | 2002 6 Intellectuels et intelligentsia Cahiers du monde russe, 43/4 | 2002 7 Comparer l’incomparable Le général et le particulier dans l’idée d’« homme instruit » Denis A. SDVIÅKOV 1 L’affirmation selon laquelle l’intelligentsia russe serait spécifique et totalement incomparable soulève encore des objections. En fait, sont spécifiques les tentatives entreprises pour répondre à la question « qu’est-ce », ou plus catégoriquement, « qu’est-ce finalement que l’intelligentsia ? »1. Les termes du débat sur l’« homme instruit »2 recoupent le thème de l’histoire nationale : si en Russie l’homme instruit n’est pas en mesure de se comprendre lui-même, l’intellectuel3français n’accorde de valeur particulière au savoir que dans un rapport au pouvoir et la question qu’il se pose est alors : « Existe-t-il un pouvoir intellectuel ? »4. En Allemagne le sens traditionnel de la notion d’homme instruit (Gebildeter) n’a pas survécu à l’épreuve de 1968. Devenue l’objet de travaux historiques, elle révèle les ruptures radicales qui parsèment l’histoire du XXe siècle. 2 Le phénomène de l’intelligentsia russe ne peut se comprendre que si on le compare à celui des élites cultivées occidentales. Cela ne tient pas seulement au fait qu’en Russie la question nationale a toujours été abordée en référence à l’Occident. De même, ce n’est pas seulement que la comparaison soit une méthode qui favorise « les effets de différenciation : sous son éclairage, tout développement endogène, quel qu’il puisse paraître, cesse d’être évident en soi ». Dans le cas présent, où la condition de ne pas comparer des « pommes et des poires »5 est remplie, la comparaison s’avère historiquement fondée. Par-delà la diversité des histoires nationales, il est indéniable que l’apparition d’un même modèle d’homme instruit (c’est-à-dire prosveščennyj (éclairé), kul´tivirovannyj (éduqué), mysljaščij (rationnel)) a touché l’ensemble de l’Europe, en tant qu’il était précisément un élément de la structure sociale des Temps modernes. Cet universel, ce lien interculturel transcendant les contextes particuliers s’est traduit par l’émergence de concepts adéquats dans les différentes langues nationales. Dans notre cas, les termes obrazovanie, vospitanie, et prosveščenie ainsi que celui plus général de (po)-znanie6 tracent un espace conceptuel spécifique. La maîtrise d’un savoir particulier7 représente incontestablement le signe distinctif du nouveau penseur. L’importance sociale du savoir est manifeste dans le concept de obrazovanie ; la formation apparaît en effet comme le seul critère susceptible de Cahiers du monde russe, 43/4 | 2002 8 définir,
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