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Interview with Paul Epstein PAUL S. EPSTEIN (1883-1966) INTERVIEWED BY ALICE EPSTEIN Beginning November 22, 1965 Completed prior to February 8, 1966 Portrait by Carl A. Gist from the 1931 Big T ARCHIVES CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Pasadena, California Subject area Physics Abstract Memoirs recorded by Paul Sophus Epstein (1883-1966) with his wife, Alice Epstein, late in 1965 and possibly into early 1966. He describes his undergraduate and graduate study in physics at Moscow University, 1901-1909, under P. N. Lebedev, and his move to Munich in early 1910 to begin his doctoral study under A. Sommerfeld. He remembers his professors in Russia: N. V. Bugaev, N. A. Umov, B. Mlodziowski, N. E. Zhukovsky, A. P. Sokolov; his Russian student colleagues T. P. Kravets, A. K. Timiryazev, P. P. Lazarev, and V. K. Arkadiev. He acknowledges P. Ehrenfest’s influence in the move to Munich and the change from experimental to theoretical physics, and he recounts aspects of Ehrenfest’s early career. Educational practices and social conditions of the turn of the century and early decades of the twentieth century in both Russia and Germany are discussed in detail, including the situation of European Jews and anti-Semitic laws and attitudes. Sommerfeld’s scientific background and connections in Königsberg, Göttingen and Aachen are described: mathematicians D. Hilbert, F. Klein, H. Minkowski; the philosopher E. Husserl. Epstein remembers his German professors: C. L. F. Lindemann (mathematics), P. H. von http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechOH:OH_Epstein_P Groth (crystallography), W. C. Röntgen (physics); his Munich student colleagues P. Debye, M. von Laue, A. F. Ioffe, P. P. Koch, P. P. Ewald, and A. Rosenthal; and he recollects important intellectual exchanges at Munich Stammtische. Epstein notes his involvement with avant-garde Munich artists from the Blaue Reiter circle, including P. Klee, W. Kandinsky, F. Marc, and A. von Jawlensky. World War I delays the completion of his studies and creates financial hardship. He recounts leaving Munich for Zurich (1919), where he meets A. Einstein; his Habilitation thesis on the application of the Stark effect to optics creates a stir. He subsequently moves to Leiden to assist Ehrenfest and H. Lorentz (1921). During these years, Epstein marries and divorces Mina (Maria) and develops interest in psychoanalysis; he meets Freud in Switzerland ca. 1920. Epstein meets R. A. Millikan in Leiden, decides to take teaching position at California Institute of Technology in Pasadena. He describes his early period at Caltech and colleagues there (1920s). Epstein ends with an account of Röntgen’s career, especially his discovery of X rays; discusses Röntgen’s relations with Sommerfeld in Munich. Administrative information Access The interview is unrestricted. Copyright Copyright has been assigned to the California Institute of Technology © 1991, 2004. All requests for permission to publish or quote from the transcript must be submitted in writing to the University Archivist. Preferred citation Epstein, Paul. Interview by Alice Epstein. Pasadena, California. Beginning November 22, 1965. Oral History Project, California Institute of Technology Archives. Retrieved [supply date of retrieval] from the World Wide Web: http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechOH:OH_Epstein_P Contact information Archives, California Institute of Technology Mail Code 015A-74 Pasadena, CA 91125 Phone: (626)395-2704 Fax: (626)793-8756 Email: [email protected] Graphics and content © 2004 California Institute of Technology. All images from Caltech Archives collections. http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechOH:OH_Epstein_P Niels Bohr and Paul Epstein at Caltech, June 29, 1959. http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechOH:OH_Epstein_P CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ORAL HISTORY PROJECT INTERVIEW WITH PAUL S. EPSTEIN BY ALICE EPSTEIN PASADENA, CALIFORNIA BEGINNING NOVEMBER 22, 1965 COMPLETED PRIOR TO FEBRUARY 8, 1966 Caltech Archives 2004 Copyright © 1991, 2004 by the California Institute of Technology http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechOH:OH_Epstein_P Epstein–ii FOREWORD TO THE ONLINE ORAL HISTORIES VERSION DECEMBER 2003 Paul Sophus Epstein was born on March 20, 1883, in Warsaw and was educated in Russia and Germany. He was the first European-trained physicist to teach at Caltech on a permanent basis, beginning in 1921. He began his studies in experimental but soon changed to theoretical physics, with an emphasis in thermodynamics and quantum theory. He was also deeply interested in the theory and practice of psychoanalysis and founded the Los Angeles Institute of Psychoanalysis. Epstein died in Pasadena on February 8, 1966. In November, 1965, just a few months before his death, Paul Epstein recorded his memoirs with his wife, Alice. Subsequently the tapes were given with Epstein’s scientific papers to the Caltech Archives by Mrs. Epstein. They were transcribed and edited in 1991, and the transcript was placed in the Archives’ oral history collection. With the launching of the Archives’ Oral Histories Online Project in 2002, it was decided to produce an electronic text of the Epstein memoir, preparatory to creating an online version. The new transcript has been completely re- edited and bound in book form. The online version has been shortened by the omission of Part IV, Epstein’s family history. Epstein’s memoirs form a true oral history, in that they recount, frequently in exhaustive detail, the events of his own early life. While some interesting information is given about Caltech in the 1920s, the emphasis is on Epstein’s family history, his early childhood and his education in Russia and Germany. Of particular interest is his account of his university years in Moscow for his bachelor’s and master’s degrees, in Munich for the doctorate, and of the many social and professional contacts of this European period, roughly 1901 to 1921. The technical and editorial difficulties in preparing the transcript of the memoirs were considerable. Frequently Epstein’s voice was indistinct; many references were obscure; and finally, the problems of resolving Russian and German pronunciation into written form were occasionally insoluble. The present transcript reflects certain editorial compromises, such as the use of [?] where a word, usually a proper name, is thought to be garbled or has not been confirmed. Additionally, many proper names, especially where only the surname is given in the transcript, have not been possible to confirm. Wherever the editor has included first names in square brackets, the names have been verified. A few editorial decisions have been tacitly made. Transliteration of Russian words and names has not been completely consistent. For example, well-known names, such as Dostoevsky, Turgenev, Chaliapin, and Ioffe have been cited in their most common English spellings. Generally, spellings of proper names of Russian scientists have followed the Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Other Russian names have followed the Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Place names pose a special problem. Epstein tends to use the German names for pre- Revolutionary Baltic and other Eastern European locales. Sometimes, however, he uses both German and indigenous names alternately, for example Libau (German) and Liepaja (Lithuanian). The difficulties are compounded by the widespread renaming of towns and cities in these regions during the course of the twentieth century. An effort has been made to retain http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechOH:OH_Epstein_P Epstein–iii place names as given in the memoirs, but with explanatory notes as required. A number of people have assisted in the preparation of the Epstein transcript. The final re- editing was done by Charlotte Erwin; Carol Bugé and Paula Agranat-Hurwitz contributed to the original 1991 edit. Valuable advice on Russian names and terms was offered by George Cheron and Mary Zirin at Caltech. The original transcript was produced by Loma Karklins. Charlotte Erwin Caltech Archives December 2003 http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechOH:OH_Epstein_P Epstein–iv REFERENCES Brockhaus Enzyklopaedie. 20 vols. Wiesbaden, 1970. Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 18 vols. New York, 1970-1990. Glasser, Otto. Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen und die Geschichte der Röntgenstrahlungen. 2nd ed. Berlin, 1959. Great Soviet Encyclopedia. 31 vols. New York, 1983. Meyers Geographischer Handatlas. 4th ed. Leipzig, 1912. Poggendorff, J. C. Biographisch-literarisches Handwörterbuch. Vols. 1-5. Leipzig, 1863-1925. The Times Atlas of the World. 7th comprehensive edition. London, 1985. The Times Index-Gazetteer of the World. Boston, 1966. Webster’s New Geographical Dictionary. Springfield, 1972. http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechOH:OH_Epstein_P Epstein–v TABLE OF CONTENTS INTERVIEW WITH PAUL S. EPSTEIN Part I: Undergraduate Years in Moscow (1902-1906) pp. 1-13 Freshman year, University of Moscow: mathematics professors N. V. Bugaev (and son Andrey Bely) and B. Mlodziowski; physics professors N. A.Umov and A. Tsinger; chemistry professor A. N. Reformatsky. Foucault pendulum experiment; mathematics, physics, daily routine. Other students; Archangel to Vologda railway survey story; first physics experiment; end-of-year exams. pp. 13-30 Sophomore year: student unrest in freshman year; new professors N. E. Zhukovsky (mechanics), A. P. Sokolov (physics), and others; student physics laboratory; the physics institute; laborants (assistants); peasant access to university; Professor P. N. Lebedev; V. F. Luginin’s library; other students under Lebedev and N. Kasterin; colloquium. Lebedev’s work with
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