DOCSLIB.ORG

PHOTON SCIENCE 2020ª Highlights and Annual Report

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
PHOTON SCIENCE 2020ª Highlights and Annual Report ª PHOTON SCIENCE Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY A Research Centre of the Helmholtz Association 2020ª Highlights and Annual Report The Helmholtz Association is a community of 19 scientific-technical and biological-medical research centres. These centres have been commissioned with pursuing long-term research goals on behalf of the state and society. The Association strives to gain insights and knowl edge PHOTON SCIENCE AT DESY 2020 so that it can help to preserve and improve the foundations of human life. It does this by identifying and working on the grand challenges faced by society, science and industry. Helmholtz Centres perform top-class research in strategic programmes in six core fields: Energy, Earth & Environment, Health, Aeronautics, Space and Transport, Matter, and Key Technologies. www.helmholtz.de Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY A Research Centre of the Helmholtz Association Umschlag_PhotonScience2020_ehs.indd 1 04.01.21 13:15 Imprint Publishing and Contact: Online version: Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY photon-science.desy.de/annual_report A Research Centre of the Helmholtz Association Cover Realisation: Traditionally, both silicon (Si) and silicon-germanium (SiGe) have a cubic crystal Hamburg location: Wiebke Laasch, Daniela Unger structure. Silicon is extremely successful in the electronics industry and has provided the Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany basis for electronic devices like personal computers and smartphones. However, cubic Tel.: +49 40 8998-0, Fax: +49 40 8998-3282 Editing: silicon is not able to emit light, meaning it cannot be used for fabricating light emitting [email protected] Sadia Bari, Lars Bocklage, Günter Brenner, Thomas Keller, diodes or lasers for optical communication. Si and SiGe with a hexagonal crystal Wiebke Laasch, Britta Niemann, Leonard Müller, Nele Müller, structure, known as hex-SiGe was fabricated. Its hexagonal crystal structure is the key Zeuthen location: Christoph Schlüter, Sang-Kil Son, Sebastian Trippel, to transforming SiGe into a very efficient light-emitting semiconductor for germanium Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany Daniela Unger, Thomas White compositions above 65%. Taking advantage of synchrotron radiation, an international Tel.: +49 33762 7-70, Fax: +49 33762 7-7413 team from the Netherlands, Germany, Austria and Canada measured the crystalline [email protected] Layout: Sabine Kuhls-Dawideit, Büro für Grafik und Design, properties of the hex-SiGe polytypes for the first time. Halstenbek Photon Science at DESY The cover picture shows high resolution X-ray diffraction measurements performed Tel.: +49 40 8998-2304, Fax: +49 40 8998-4475 Printing and image processing: EHS Druck GmbH, Schenefeld at PETRA III beamline P08. The position of the ( 018) Bragg reflection (in red) shifts as [email protected] a function of different Ge concentrations from 61% to 100% from left to right photon-science.desy.de Copy deadline: December 2020 (details see page 52/53). www.desy.de (Reprint by permission from Springer Nature: Nature ‘Direct-bandgap emission from hexagonal Reproduction including extracts is permitted subject Ge and SiGe alloys’, Fadaly, E. M. T. et al., Copyright 2020) ISBN 978-3-945931-34-9 to crediting the source. Umschlag_PhotonScience2020_ehs.indd 2 04.01.21 13:15 PHOTON SCIENCE 2020ª Highlights and Annual Report Inhalt_PhotonScience2020_ehs.indd 1 04.01.21 13:05 2 | Contents Inhalt_PhotonScience2020_ehs.indd 2 04.01.21 13:05 Contents º Introduction 6 º News and Events 8 º Corona Special 16 º Science Highlights 22 • Life Sciences 22 • Nano and materials science 34 • Electronic and magnetic structure 46 • Structure and structural dynamics 54 • Quantum optics, atomic and molecular dynamics 66 • Science of laser and X-ray sources - methods and developments 74 º Light Sources 84 º Campus and Collaborations 96 º Facts and Numbers 114 Publications The list of publications based on work done at DESY Photon Science is accessible online: http://photon-science.desy.de/research/publications/list_of_publications/index_eng.html DESY tries to keep this list as complete and as updated as possible, and relies on the support by all users, who are kindly requested to register their publications via DOOR (door.desy.de). Contents | 3 Inhalt_PhotonScience2020_ehs.indd 3 04.01.21 13:05 The year 2020 at DESY Chairman’s foreword 2020 was a truly unusual year for the global society. In March, These measures were critical with respect to the user opera- the coronavirus brought our accustomed everyday life to a tion of our large-scale research facilities PETRA III and standstill and mercilessly exposed the vulnerability of our FLASH. Especially the unique analysis capabilities at modern society to such crisis. We will have to put many of PETRA III have proven to be most important for the fight our habits, that have finally proven to be unsustainable, to test against the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. We have to ensure that and find new ways forward. We have already learned a great these technologies will be even more targeted to molecular deal in recent months, most importantly that our society can drug research and even more crisis-proven in the future. To rely on science and on decision makers who listen to scientists. this end, we have drawn up a major proposal for the estab- lishment of a ‘National Analysis Center for Molecular Infection We at DESY reacted quickly and very cautiously to the pan- Research’ in which new digital and technical concepts like demic and moved the research centre into a safe mode that artificial intelligence, remote control and robotics are to be kept the laboratories and our research largely in operation incorporated. ‘Digital DESY’ has become a new building while protecting all staff from infection chains as efficiently as block in our DESY strategy, in response to the challenges of possible. the current pandemic and of future crisis situations. We will Part of the DESY staff in Hamburg holds the DESY-60 logo. 4 | Introduction Inhalt_PhotonScience2020_ehs.indd 4 04.01.21 13:05 Senate reception for the 60th DESY anniversary in Hamburg: with forward-looking cutting-edge research into the new decade. also pay even greater attention to sustainable concepts in all dark-matter particles BabyIAXO, as well as the ‘Cherenkov our activities and future projects. Telescope Array’ CTA and Data Centre will be implemented. Promoting our top scientists and our young talents is an DESY is well on its way into this future. The priority project is essential component of the DESY strategy. The new Helm- PETRA IV which has now entered the technical design phase. holtz graduate school DASHH has been well-established in We are very pleased that with Riccardo Bartolini, who joined 2020. The aim here is to educate the future generation of data DESY in April 2020, we have been able to attract an interna- scientists who can efficiently analyse measured data by tionally renowned accelerator physicist for this future project. using, e.g. AI or machine learning. This year, we have imple- In the next few years, the task will be to prepare all the logis- mented the COAST programme which will assist our post- tical and personnel prerequisites for the upgrade of the syn- docs to shape their individual career pathways. Our HR chrotron radiation source PETRA III and to raise the neces- department has done a remarkable job here. Over the coming sary financial resources for this complex project. Nearly all months, we must and will develop concepts to offer our top areas of DESY will be involved here in the upcoming decade. academic performers new career paths within the research centre. In 2020 we have made good progress in various projects, as in the development of the CMWS, the ‘Centre for Molecular DESY has celebrated its 60th anniversary in the Hamburg Water Science’, the commissioning of the Detector Assembly City Hall at the beginning of the year. Many congratulations Facility and the construction of the ‘Bahrenfeld Start-Up also came from the global science community and have hon- Labs’ as well as in the CXNS, the ‘Centre for X-ray and Nano oured DESY as a world-leading centre in the exploration of Science’ which will open next year. An active innovation matter. We are well-prepared for the coming decades to con- culture, which interlinks basic research and fast transfer of tinue the legacy of DESY. innovative concepts to the market will remain an integral part of DESY’s future strategy. Even in these challenging times, the extraordinary commit- ment of the staff and all users and partners, national and In the coming years, further projects are on the agenda: international, made research possible at DESY – I would like Major new construction measures include the DESYUM visi- to thank all who contributed to the joint efforts! tor centre, the building for the accelerator division, the TECH- NICUM for technical groups, the DESY Innovation Factory and the ‘Wolfgang Pauli Centre’ WPC for theoretical physics. Important research and upgrade projects such as of the free-electron laser FLASH to FLASH2020+, the KALDERA- ATHENA project for future accelerator technologies, the ‘Any Helmut Dosch Light Particle Search’ ALPS II, and the telescope in search of Chairman of the DESY Board of Directors Introduction | 5 Inhalt_PhotonScience2020_ehs.indd 5 04.01.21 13:05 Photon Science at DESY Introduction The DESY site in Hamburg with the curved PETRA III experimental hall ‘Max von Laue’ in the middle and the ‘Ada Yonath’ as well as the ‘Paul Peter Ewald’ halls to the left and right, respectively. The FLASH experimental halls ‘Albert Einstein’ and ‘Kai Siegbahn’ are located between the two PETRA III halls on the right side (August 2020). Dear Colleagues and Friends of DESY Photon Science, restrictions of user groups, DESY decided to shut down the operation of its user facilties PETRA III and FLASH by mid The year 2020 started very promising with an extremely of March.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ewald's Sphere/Problem
    Ewald's Sphere/Problem 3.7 Studentproject/Molecular and Solid-State Physics Lisa Marx 0831292 15.01.2011, Graz Ewald's Sphere/Problem 3.7 Lisa Marx 0831292 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 General Information 3 1.1 Ewald Sphere of Diffraction . 3 1.2 Ewald Construction . 4 2 Problem 3.7 / Ewald's sphere 5 2.1 Problem declaration . 5 2.2 Solution of Problem 3.7 . 5 2.3 Ewald Construction . 6 3 C++-Anhang 8 3.1 Quellcode . 8 3.2 Output-window . 9 Seite 2 Ewald's Sphere/Problem 3.7 Lisa Marx 0831292 1 General Information 1.1 Ewald Sphere of Diffraction Diffraction, which mathematically corresponds to a Fourier transform, results in spots (reflections) at well-defined positions. Each set of parallel lattice planes is represented by spots which have a distance of 1/d (d: interplanar spacing) from the origin and which are perpendicular to the reflecting set of lattice plane. The two basic lattice planes (blue lines) of the two-dimensional rectangular lattice shown below are transformed into two sets of spots (blue). The diagonals of the basic lattice (green lines) have a smaller interplanar distance and therefore cause spots that are farther away from the origin than those of the basic lattice. The complete set of all possible reflections of a crystal constitutes its reciprocal lattice. The diffraction event can be described in reciprocal space by the Ewald sphere construction (figure 1 below). A sphere with radius λ is drawn through the origin of the reciprocal lattice. Now, for each reciprocal lattice point that is located on the Ewald sphere of reflection, the Bragg condition is satisfied and diffraction arises.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 X-Ray Diffraction Masatsugu Sei Suzuki Department Of
    x-ray diffraction Masatsugu Sei Suzuki Department of Physics, SUNY at Binghamton (Date: January 13, 2012) Sir William Henry Bragg OM, KBE, PRS] (2 July 1862 – 10 March 1942) was a British physicist, chemist, mathematician and active sportsman who uniquely shared a Nobel Prize with his son William Lawrence Bragg - the 1915 Nobel Prize in Physics. The mineral Braggite is named after him and his son. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg ________________________________________________________________________ Sir William Lawrence Bragg CH OBE MC FRS (31 March 1890 – 1 July 1971) was an Australian-born British physicist and X-ray crystallographer, discoverer (1912) of the Bragg law of X-ray diffraction, which is basic for the determination of crystal structure. He was joint winner (with his father, Sir William Bragg) of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1915. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lawrence_Bragg 1 1. x-ray source Fig. Schematic diagram for the generation of x-rays. Metal target (Cu or Mo) is bombarded by accelerating electrons. The power of the system is given by P = I(mA) V(keV), where I is the current of cathode and V is the voltage between the anode and cathode. Typically, we have I = 30 mA and V = 50 kV: P = 1.5 kW. We use two kinds of targets to generate x-rays: Cu and Mo. The wavelength of CuK1, CuK2 and CuK lines are given by K1 1.540562 Å. K 2 = 1.544390 Å, K = 1.392218 Å. The intensity ratio of CuK1 and CuK2 lines is 2:1. The weighed average wavelength K is calculated as 2 K 1 K 2 = 1.54184 Å.
    [Show full text]
  • LCI-Symposium 2015 Emerging Infections Register Now As Space Will Be Limited
    Leibniz Center Infection (LCI) The Leibniz Center Infection (LCI) is an alliance against infectious diseases and links the complementary research of three internationally REGISTRATION DEADLINE renowned Leibniz Institutes in the North of December 19, 2014 Germany: LCI-Symposium 2015 EmerginG Infections ReGister now as space will be limited. Please send your e-mail to: Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg [email protected] January 29 and 30 Historic Lecture Hall Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine Research Center Borstel – Leibniz Center for The registration desk will open at Hamburg Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel 11:30 a.m. on January 29, 2015 and at 08:30 a.m. on January 30, 2015 Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg Registration is free of charge. Participants are Local proximity, complementary expertise and expected to meet their own accommodation technical competence promote the alliance`s and travel expenses. intensive scientific exchange and its development of joint research strategies. Across the spectrum of disciplines and pathogens, regular symposia, retreats and joined application-oriented projects are dedicated to basic and clinical infection research, thereby Certified by the promoting exchange between the institutes and General Medical Council Organizers: transfer of research results into clinical 16 points Prof. Rolf Horstmann (BNITM, Hamburg) Prof. Ulrich E. Schaible (FZB, Borstel) application. Prof. Thomas Dobner (HPI, Hamburg) For more information on LCI, please visit www.lc-infection.de/. LCI-Symposium 2015 ReGistration Deadline: EmerginG Infections December 19, 2014 January 29 and 30 THURSDAY, January 29 17:05 Dr. Alexander Loy, Vienna 12:20 Lunch Understanding colonization resistance - new tools to analyze in vivo physiology and 12:30 Opening by Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • The World Around Is Physics
    The world around is physics Life in science is hard What we see is engineering Chemistry is harder There is no money in chemistry Future is uncertain There is no need of chemistry Therefore, it is not my option I don’t have to learn chemistry Chemistry is life Chemistry is chemicals Chemistry is memorizing things Chemistry is smell Chemistry is this and that- not sure Chemistry is fumes Chemistry is boring Chemistry is pollution Chemistry does not excite Chemistry is poison Chemistry is a finished subject Chemistry is dirty Chemistry - stands on the legacy of giants Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier (1743-1794) Marie Skłodowska Curie (1867- 1934) John Dalton (1766- 1844) Sir Humphrey Davy (1778 – 1829) Michael Faraday (1791 – 1867) Chemistry – our legacy Mendeleev's Periodic Table Modern Periodic Table Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev (1834-1907) Joseph John Thomson (1856 –1940) Great experimentalists Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937) Jagadish Chandra Bose (1858 –1937) Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (1888-1970) Chemistry and chemical bond Gilbert Newton Lewis (1875 –1946) Harold Clayton Urey (1893- 1981) Glenn Theodore Seaborg (1912- 1999) Linus Carl Pauling (1901– 1994) Master craftsmen Robert Burns Woodward (1917 – 1979) Chemistry and the world Fritz Haber (1868 – 1934) Machines in science R. E. Smalley Great teachers Graduate students : Other students : 1. Werner Heisenberg 1. Herbert Kroemer 2. Wolfgang Pauli 2. Linus Pauling 3. Peter Debye 3. Walter Heitler 4. Paul Sophus Epstein 4. Walter Romberg 5. Hans Bethe 6. Ernst Guillemin 7. Karl Bechert 8. Paul Peter Ewald 9. Herbert Fröhlich 10. Erwin Fues 11. Helmut Hönl 12. Ludwig Hopf 13. Walther Kossel 14.
    [Show full text]
  • The Leibniz Association Connects 89 Independent Re- - Manager, Librarian
    Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646 – 1716) The Leibniz Mission Research and Cooperation Philosopher, mathematician, universal academic, political advisor, scientific The Leibniz Association connects 89 independent re- - manager, librarian. Leibniz’ fundamen- tal notion of a close combination of Leibniz Institutes conduct problem-oriented research and one associate member. The research and science-based provide scientific infrastructures of national and interna theory and practice (theoria cum praxi) search and scientific infrastructure institutes, and has is evident in the work carried out by the tional importance. They foster close collaborations with - Leibniz Association today. In fact, Leib- universities, other research institutes, and industry in- niz Institutes engage in the entire spec- services they carry out are of national importance and Germany and abroad. Leibniz researchers uphold the hig trum of activities that Leibniz himself account for a major slice of Germany’s publicly-funded hest standards of excellence in their efforts to provide rese A. Scheits (1703) of painting by Copy ©GWLB pursued at the end of the 17th century. research potential. Leibniz Institutes are involved in more- arch-based solutions to the challenges facing society today.- than 3,400 contractual collaborations with international- - History partners in academia and industry, and some 5,600 for The Leibniz Association is a network of scientifically, legal The Leibniz Association eign scientists spend time researching at Leibniz Institu ly, and financially independent research institutes and ser- tes every year, contributing their expertise to output, too.- vice facilities which all adopt an interdisciplinary approach. Research topics range from the humanities, spatial rese Germany’s federal tradition has made its mark on the way Third-party funds of approx.
    [Show full text]
  • Press Release
    Press Release April 3, 2019 Focus on pathogen-induced compartments New Leibniz ScienceCampus InterACt under the auspices of the Press Contact HPI Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology Dr. Franziska Ahnert, HPI and the Universität Hamburg Phone.: 040/48051-108 Fax: 040/48051-103 Hamburg. On March 26, 2019, the Senate of the Leibniz Association [email protected] approved the Leibniz ScienceCampus InterACt. The aim is to better understand the role of compartments in the course of infection. InterACt Contact will start on May 1, 2019 under the auspices of the Heinrich Pette Institute (HPI) to strengthen cooperation in the field of infection biology with the Prof. Dr. Kay Grünewald, Universität Hamburg (UHH). HPI, UHH & CSSB kay.gruenewald@cssb- During an infection, pathogens such as viruses, bacteria or parasites penetrate hamburg.de existing reaction compartments of the host or build up new compartments themselves. These compartments protect the pathogens from host defense. The Leibniz ScienceCampus goal of the newly established Leibniz ScienceCampus InterACt is to elucidate the dynamics and structure of these diverse compartments and thus, in the long run, InterACt – Integrative analysis of pathogen- to find access points for innovative therapeutic approaches. induced compartments "Using various approaches ranging from advanced mass spectrometry to state- of-the-art light and cryo electron microscopy, the dynamics, structure and function of native pathogen compartments shall be analyzed in situ and combined with results on the composition of the compartments and the physicochemical properties of their components", explains Prof. Dr. Kay Grünewald, spokesperson for InterACt, professor at the UHH and HPI department head at the Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB) on the Bahrenfeld Research Campus.
    [Show full text]
  • Press Release: Decision for Name Change
    @HPI P r e s s R e l e a s e April 9, 2021 HEINRICH PETTE INSTITUTE, LEIBNIZ INSTITUTE FOR EXPERIMENTAL VIROLOGY Decision for name change Media Contact Dr. Franziska Ahnert Reappraisal of Heinrich Pette's work during the National Phone: 040/48051-108 Socialist era [email protected] Hamburg. The Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI) has carried the name of its founding director Prof. Dr. Heinrich Contacts Wilhelm Pette (1887-1964) since 1964. While Heinrich Pette's achievements as a researcher in the field of spinal polio are well documented, little has been Prof. Thomas Dobner, known about his work during the National Socialist era. After questions Scientific Director about this arose both from within the HPI itself and from outside, the institute Phone: 040/48051-301 engaged in an intensive process to deal with the topic and has now decided, Thomas.Dobner@leibniz- based on two expert reports and the knowledge gained from them, to no hpi.de longer continue to carry the name "Heinrich Pette" in the future. Katja Linke, Heinrich Pette joined the NSDAP in 1933 and was one of the signatories of the Administrative Director Vow of Allegiance of the Professors of German Universities and Institutions of Phone: 040/48051-102 Higher Learning to Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist State. In addition to his [email protected] work as director of the Neurologische Universitätsklinik (Neurological University Clinic) at the Eppendorfer Krankenhaus (Eppendorf Hospital, today's University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf), he was also the second chairman of the Society of German Neurologists and Psychiatrists (GDNP) from 1935.
    [Show full text]
  • Jahrbuch 2014 /Yearbook 2014 2 Inhalt Content
    Jahrbuch 2014 /Yearbook 2014 2 Inhalt Content 4/5 Vorwort/Foreword Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Kleiner, Präsident der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Kleiner, President of the Leibniz Association 10/11 Leibniz auf dem Campus: Kooperationen mit Hochschulen/ Leibniz on Campus: Cooperating with Universities 16/17 Leibniz in Zahlen/Leibniz in Figures Institutsportraits/Short Profiles of all Leibniz Institutes 22 Sektion A – Geisteswissenschaften und Bildungsforschung Section A – Humanities and Educational Research 40 Sektion B – Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften, Raumwissenschaften Section B – Economics, Social Sciences, Spatial Research 58 Sektion C – Lebenswissenschaften Section C – Life Sciences 82 Sektion D – Mathematik, Natur- und Ingenieurwissenschaften Section D – Mathematics, Natural Sciences, Engineering 104 Sektion E – Umweltwissenschaften Section E – Environmental Research 114 Leibniz-Forschungsverbünde/Leibniz Research Alliances 126 Leibniz-WissenschaftsCampi/Leibniz ScienceCampi Anhang/Annex 134/135 Die Organisation der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft/ The Organisation of the Leibniz Association 136 Senat/Senate 140 Präsidium/Executive Board 142 Kontakt/Contact 144/145 Index/Index 148 Impressum/Imprint 150/152 Standorte aller Leibniz-Institute/Locations of all Leibniz Institutes 3 Liebe Leserinnen und Leser, Die Leibniz-Gemeinschaft ist die Heimat von inzwischen 89 Mitgliedsinstituten, die vielfältige erkenntnis- und anwen- dungsorientierte Grundlagenforschung betreiben und Infra- strukturen für die Forschung bereithalten. Dabei
    [Show full text]
  • DZIF Annual Report 2019
    GERMAN CENTER FOR INFECTION RESEARCH Annual Report 2019 1 Cover image: Blood meal served on a cotton swab. Mosquitoes are not only annoying, but also sometimes dangerous pests. Through their saliva they can transmit various viruses and other pathogens such as malaria parasites. ANNUAL REPORT 2019 The DZIF at a glance The German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) coordinates and oversees the strategic planning of translational infection research within Germany. Its mission is to translate results from basic biomedical research into clinical research. 35 DZIF research centres work concertedly against the global threat of infectious diseases. Table of contents Editorial ............................................................................................................................................................................. 3 About the DZIF ............................................................................................................................................................. 4 Science – Translation in focus Emerging Infections ................................................................................................................................................. 6 Tuberculosis ................................................................................................................................................................... 8 Malaria .............................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • A Systematic Approach to Reduce the Independent Tensor Components By
    Continuum Mech. Thermodyn. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00161-021-00978-5 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Rainer Glüge · Marcus Aßmus A systematic approach to reduce the independent tensor components by symmetry transformations: a commented translation of “Tensors and Crystal Symmetry” by Carl Hermann Received: 2 November 2020 / Accepted: 20 January 2021 © The Author(s) 2021 Abstract We here present a faithful translation of Carl Hermann’s important 1934 paper “Tensoren und Kristallsymmetrie”. This work, originally published in German language, is transferred into English while the preceding foreword summarizes Hermann’s achievements. Keywords Crystal symmetry · Symmetry groups · Elasticity · Fourth-order tensor · Hermann’s theorem Foreword Introduction The work of Carl Hermann on the representation of explicit invariance requirements on tensor components due to crystal symmetries is undoubtedly a milestone in the theory of anisotropic materials. He published his approach in an article which appeared in Zeitschrift für Kristallographie (German for Journal of Crystallogra- phy,nowZeitschrift für Kristallographie—Crystalline Materials1) in 1934; cf. Hermann [13]. However, this work is not well known since it was published in German language solely. Carl Hermann (1898–1961) was a German physicist whose work focused on crystallography. He studied in Göttingen where he finished in 1923 his dissertation2 under the supervision of Max Born (1882–1970). He then moved to Stuttgart where he became an assistant of Paul Peter Ewald (1888–1985). In Stuttgart, he 1 Journal homepage http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/zkri. 2 The title of this dissertation is On the natural optical activity of some regular crystals (NaClO3 and NaBrO3): A proof of Born’s theory of crystal optics (englisch for Über die natürliche optische Aktivität von einigen regulären Kristallen (NaClO3 und NaBrO3): eine Prüfung der Bornschen Theorie der Kristalloptik) which was later published in Hermann [11].
    [Show full text]
  • Ferdinand Bergen Auditory LEIBNIZ WIRKSTOFFTAGE / LEIBNIZ
    Local Organizer: Heinrich Pette Institute Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology Martinistraße 52 20251 Hamburg LEIBNIZ WIRKSTOFFTAGE / REGISTRATION DEADLINE: April 10, 2015 LEIBNIZ MEETING ON BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS Register now as space is limited. Please send your e-mail to: April 27-28, 2015 [email protected] Ferdinand Bergen Auditory Registration is free of charge. Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg Participants are expected to meet their own accommodation and travel expenses. Leibniz Forschungsverbund Wirkstoffe und Biotechnologie / Leibniz Research Alliance Bioactive Compounds and Biotechnology Involving 17 institutions, the Leibniz Research Alliance Bioactive Compounds and Biotechnology bundles the Leibniz Association's broadly-based research on molecules with biological effects. Verbundpartner / Member of the alliance: Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), German Research Centre for Food Chemistry (DFA), German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), German Primate Center GmbH - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research (DPZ), German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), FIZ Karlsruhe - Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure (FIZ KA), Research Center Borstel - Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences (FZB), Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (DSMZ), Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Leibniz-Institut
    [Show full text]
  • Concept of Reciprocal Space CEEPUS Prague-2005 [Compatibility Mode]
    The Meaning of the Concept of Reciprocal Space in Crystal Structure Analysis Ivan Vicković Faculty of Science,University of Zagreb [email protected] CEEPUS H-76 Summer School, Learning and teaching bioanalysis Prague, May 29-June 3, 2005 CEEPUS Summer school, Prague 2005 1 small molecule protein crystallography crystallography CEEPUS Summer school, Prague 2005 2 Number of solved structures 1912 – 1970 cca 4.000 1970 – 1980 cca 40.000 1980 – 2000 cca 200.000 15 NOBEL LAUREATS HAVE BEEN RECOGNIZED IN THE FIELD OF DIFFRACTION STRUCTURE ANALYSIS, INCLUDING Roentgen and Laue CEEPUS Summer school, Prague 2005 3 •What is it what makes crystal structure analysis so powerful method in structure determination? •What is the physical phenomenon that makes us possible to obtain so accurate results? •What are the data to be observed in order to solve a structure? •What is the mathematical approach which ensures the reliability of the results? CEEPUS Summer school, Prague 2005 4 Crystal is regularly repeated arrangement of atoms represented by unit cell Symmetry is one of the main properties of crystals. Miller indices are used to describe crystal faces. Angles between the faces are constant. CEEPUS Summer school, Prague 2005 5 Crystalline and amorphous SiO2 Unit cell is repeated No unit cell can be in 3 dimensions defined good diffraction expected very poor or no diffraction expected CEEPUS Summer school, Prague 2005 6 Diffraction data collection X-rays diffraction on a crystal diffraction data CEEPUS Summer school, Prague 2005 7 Bragg’s approach to the diffraction condition A d C d –distance between B the lattice planes in the real space Path difference: AB+BC=δ AB=δ sin θ=AB/d sin θ=δ/2d Bragg’s law: Reflection on the planes 2dsinθ=nλ http://www.bmsc.washington.edu/people/merritt/bc530CEEPUS Summer school, /bragg/Prague 2005 8 Laue’s approach to the diffraction condition a sinΦ=nλ Constructive interference on a row of atoms CEEPUS Summer school, Prague 2005 9 Diffraction image on a CCD or imaging plate Information obtained 1.
    [Show full text]