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Draft Report MINISTRY OF ENERGY OF GEORGIA KHUDONI ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PRELIMINARY ENVIRONEMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCREENING Draft report December 2007 aft e dr d gar e doc Page d report Ministry of Energy of Georgia KHUDONI - PRELIMINARY ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCREENING Draft Report 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................. 1 1.1 General 1 1.2 Background to the Project 1 1.3 Screening Phase Objectives 3 2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT AND ALTERNATIVES................................. 4 2.1 Dam and Hydro Power Plant 4 2.1.1 Reservoir 5 2.2 Offsite Facilities 5 2.2.1 Power Lines 5 2.2.2 Roads 5 2.2.3 Workers' Settlements 5 2.2.4 Construction Materials 5 2.3 Alternatives 5 3. LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK .............................................. 7 3.1 Georgian Legislation & Institutions 7 3.1.1 National Policy Objectives 7 3.1.2 Regional & International Cooperation 7 3.1.2.1 Regional Cooperation 7 3.1.2.2 International Agreements 8 3.1.3 Institutional Framework for Environmental Protection 9 3.1.4 Legal Framework for Environmental Protection 10 3.1.4.1 Key Legal Acts Relevant to the Protection of Environment 10 3.1.4.2 Environmental Standards 11 3.1.5 Key Procedures and Provisions Related to Environmental Issues in Georgia 11 3.1.5.1 Environnemental Assessment Procedure in Georgia 11 3.1.5.2 Dispositions for the Protection of Natural Areas 14 3.1.5.3 Expropriation for Necessary Public Need Procedure in Georgia 16 3.2 World Bank Policies and Guidelines on Environment and Resettlement 20 4. METHODOLOGY FOR DIAGNOSTIC AND PRELIMINARY IMPACT ASSESSMENT ... 33 Ministry of Energy of Georgia 4.1 Geographic Information System (GIS) 33 4.2 Bio-Physical Environment 33 4.2.1 In-Depth Identification of the Existing Information 33 4.2.2 Indepth Interviews 34 4.2.3 Preliminary Survey of the Study Area 35 4.3 Socio-Economic Environment 35 4.3.1 Participatory Rapid Appraisal 35 4.3.1.1 In-Depth Interviews 35 4.3.1.2 Focus Group Discussions 36 4.3.1.3 Pre-Testing of the Survey Tools for Census 36 4.3.2 Identification of the Most Effective Methodology for Public Consultation and Communication Channels 36 4.4 Cultural Heritage 37 4.5 Preliminary Inventory of Impacts and Mitigation Measures 37 5. DEFINITION OF THE STUDY AREA.......................................................38 5.1 Study Area 38 6. NATURAL ENVIRONMENT DIAGNOSTICS ...............................................43 6.1 Physical Environment 43 6.1.1 Climate 43 6.1.1.1 Local Climate 43 6.1.1.2 Climate Change 45 6.1.2 Relief 46 6.1.2.1 Expanded Study Area 46 6.1.2.2 Core study area 47 6.1.3 Geology 48 6.1.4 Soils 49 6.1.5 Hydrography 50 6.1.6 Hydrology 50 6.1.7 Water Quality 53 6.1.8 Solid Flow 55 6.2 Biological Environment 56 6.2.1 Global Significance of the Georgian Biodiversity 56 6.2.2 Vegetation 56 6.2.2.1 Vegetation Cover 57 6.2.2.2 Biological Value (Flora) 60 6.2.3 Fauna 62 6.2.3.1 Terrestrial Fauna in the Study Area 62 6.2.3.2 Aquatic Fauna 63 6.2.3.3 Biological Value (Fauna) 64 6.2.4 Protected Areas 66 6.2.5 Key Issues Affecting Biodiversity and Conservation in the Study Area 73 6.3 Landscape 73 6.4 Natural Resources 74 6.4.1 Hydropower 74 6.4.2 Forest Resources 76 6.4.3 Minerals 78 6.4.4 Fishing 78 6.4.5 Hunting 78 6.5 Natural Risks and Pollutions 79 p:\marion\4589_khudoni georgia\production\draft report\rapport\draft revised\draft définitif\4589_draft_report_v2.doc Khudoni - Preliminary Environmental and Social Screening | Draft Report Ministry of Energy of Georgia 6.5.1 Seismic Risk 79 6.5.2 Flood, Landslide and Avalanche 80 6.5.3 Pollution Status in the area 81 6.5.4 Radioactive Waste in the Study Area 81 7. SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL CONTEXT DIAGNOSTICS ....................... 82 7.1 Location of the Area 82 7.2 The Svan Population: Society, Family Structure and Gender Roles 83 7.2.1 The Community of Khaishi and the Surrounding Settlements 84 7.3 Demography 85 7.3.1 Migrations Trends 86 7.3.2 Vulnerable Groups 86 7.4 Social Services and Economic Infrastructure 87 7.4.1 Health 87 7.4.2 Education 87 7.4.3 Housing and Infrastructure 87 7.4.4 The Road Network 88 7.4.5 Communications 88 7.5 Governance and Representation of the Population at the Local/Regional Levels 89 7.6 Land Tenure and House Properties (Land Cadastre) 90 7.7 Livelihood: Household Productive Activities and Incomes 91 7.7.1 Agriculture and Livestock 92 7.7.2 Forest products 93 7.8 Donor Support and Development Opportunities 94 7.8.1 Regional Development/Business 94 7.8.2 Sustainable Livestock Production 95 7.8.3 Tourism 95 7.9 Communication Strategy 96 7.9.1 Public Consultation 96 7.9.2 Stakeholders’ Opinion with Relation to the Khudoni Dam 97 7.9.2.1 The Population 97 7.9.2.2 Authorities 99 7.9.2.3 NGOs 99 7.9.2.4 Preliminary Conclusions of Public Consultations 100 7.9.3 Elements for Designing a Communication Strategy 100 7.10 Baseline Information on Cultural Heritage 102 7.10.1 UNESCO in Georgia and the Upper Svaneti Issue 102 7.10.2 History 102 7.10.3 Cultural Heritage/Property 104 7.10.3.1 Archaeology 104 7.10.3.2 Medieval Architecture and Wall Painting 104 7.10.4 Cultural Sites in the Study Areas 105 7.10.4.1 Cultural Sites in the Core study area 105 7.10.4.2 Cultural sites outside the core study area 106 7.10.4.3 Cultural heritage sites on the right bank of the river Enguri 108 8. PRELIMINARY INVENTORY OF PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND ALTERNATIVES ............................................................................114 8.1 Impact on Physical Components 114 p:\marion\4589_khudoni georgia\production\draft report\rapport\draft revised\draft définitif\4589_draft_report_v2.doc Khudoni - Preliminary Environmental and Social Screening | Draft Report Ministry of Energy of Georgia 8.1.1 Impacts on Climate and Air Quality 114 8.1.2 Impacts on Soil, Slope Stability and Local Seismicity 115 8.1.3 Hydraulic Impacts on the River Downstream 116 8.1.4 Impacts on Hydraulic Management of Reservoirs 117 8.1.5 Impacts on Water Quality 118 8.1.6 Impacts on Carry-Over and Accumulation of Solid Material 119 8.2 Impact on Biological Components 123 8.2.1 Impact on Terrestrial Ecosystems and Biodiversity 123 8.2.2 Impacts on Aquatic Ecosystems and Biodiversity 125 8.3 impacts on socio-economic and cultural components 131 9. PRELIMINARY INVENTORY OF MITIGATION MEASURES............................ 134 9.1 Measures Related to the Bio-Physical Environment 134 9.2 Measures Related to Socio-Economic Components 140 9.3 Measures Related to the Cultural Heritage 142 10. MISSING DATA AND GAPS OF INFORMATION.................................. 143 11. NOTIFICATION OF THE STUDY TEAM .......................................... 144 12. BIBLIOGRAPHY AND USED DOCUMENTS ....................................... 145 ANNEXES ...................................................................................... 151 Annex 4-1. Stakeholders interviewed during the inception mission (Natural environment) 153 Annex 4-2. Stakeholders interviewed during the Participatory Rapid Appraisanl (social environment) 157 Annex 6-1. List of terrestrial fauna potentially occurring in the expanded study area 161 Annex 6-2. Aquatic Fauna 173 Annex 7-1. Communication strategy 177 Annex 11. List of People/Organizations met during the preliminary screening 187 p:\marion\4589_khudoni georgia\production\draft report\rapport\draft revised\draft définitif\4589_draft_report_v2.doc Khudoni - Preliminary Environmental and Social Screening | Draft Report Ministry of Energy of Georgia TABLE DES ILLUSTRATIONS LISTE DES FIGURES Figure 3—1: Localisation of ‘New Khaishi’ ............................................................................ 18 Figure 5—1 : Map of the Study Areas.................................................................................. 39 Figure 5—2: General 3D view, from upstream of the Upper watershed: the Enguri valley and the Mestia valley (from Google Earth, 2007) ....................................................... 41 Figure 5—3: General 3D view from upstream of the Upper watershed: the Enguri valley between Svipi and Pari (from Google Earth, 2007)............................................... 41 Figure 5—4: General 3D view, from upstream of the Central part of the Enguri watershed – the Khudoni dam project and the Enguri reservoir (from Google Earth, 2007).......... 41 Figure 5—5: General 3D view, from upstream of the lower part of the Enguri watershed – the Enguri dam and the Gali reservoir (from Google Earth, 2007) .......................... 42 Figure 6—1: Distribution of mean annual air temperatures in the study area (from UNDP/GEF, 1999) ........................................................................................... 44 Figure 6—2: Distribution of mean annual sums of atmospheric precipitations in the study area (from UNDP/GEF, 1999) .......................................................................... 44 Figure 6—3: Monthly mean precipitation at Zugdidi between 1929 and 1988 (from GHCN) ......... 44 Figure 6—4: Enguri Watershed divided in three sections ........................................................ 46 Figure 6—5: General 3D view from downstream of the core study area (from Google Earth, 2007) ........................................................................................................... 48 Figure 6—6: Figure 6.6: Map of soils of the study area (from CENN)........................................ 49 Figure 6—7: Enguri Reservoir Level Evolution during the Year - Data between April 2004 and January 2006 (USAID, 2005)...........................................................................
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