DOCSLIB.ORG

Upper Svaneti Adaptation Strategy to the Climate Change

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Upper Svaneti Adaptation Strategy to the Climate Change Upper Svaneti Adaptation Strategy to the Climate Change Tbilisi 2014 1 The present report is drafted in the process of preparation of Georgia’s Third National Communication to the UNFCCC. The preparation process involved a large group of specialists, representing: the Ministry of Environment and National Resources Protection of Georgia; the Ministry of Agriculture of Georgia; the Ministry of Energy of Georgia; the Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development of Georgia; the Ministry of Labor, Health and Social Affairs of Georgia; the Ministry of Regional Development and Infrastructure of Georgia; the Ministry of Education and Science of Georgia; Georgian National Agency of Cultural Heritage Protection; National Environmental Agency; Institute of Geography; individual academic institutes; representatives of local government of Mestia municipality and local consultants engaged in tourism, health and agriculture, independent experts and NGOs. Published with the support of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Georgia "The views expressed in this publication belong to the authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the United Nations or the United Nations Development Programme“ © UNDP Georgia 2014 Copyright Published in Georgia 2 Abbreviations ADA - Austrian Development Agency CDM - Clean Development Mechanism CTCN – Climate Technology Centre and Network CVD- Cardiovascular Diseases ENVSEC -Environmental Security Initiative EU –European Union EWS – Early Warning Systems GCF - Green Climate Fund GDP –Gross Domestic Product GEF - Global Environment Facility GIZ -German Agency for International Cooperation GoG – Government of Georgia GWP- Global Warming Potential HDRMP – Health Disaster Risk Management Plan HI – Heat Index IOM -International Organization for Migration IPCC -Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change UNISDR – United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction KfW-German Government Owned Development Bank LEPL -Legal Entity of Public Law LNG – Liquefied Natural Gas MENRPG - Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Protection of Georgia MLHSAG- Ministry of Labour Health and Social Affairs of Georgia MoA - Ministry of Agriculture NAMA-Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions ND – Natural Disasters NEA - National Environmental Agency PHCU - Primary Health Care Unit SPI - Standardized Precipitation index TCI- Tourism Climate Index UNDP - United Nations Development Programme UNEP –United Nations Environment Programme UNESCO – United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNFCCC- United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change USAID - United States Agency for International Development 3 Table of Contents Introduction 1 Climate in Upper Svaneti ........................................................................................................... 10 1.1 Ongoing Climate Change in Upper Svaneti ...................................................................... 11 1.2 Expected Climate Change on the Territory of Upper Svaneti ......................................... 19 2 Impact of Climate Change on Mestia Municipality ................................................................. 22 2.1 Impact of Climate Change on Glaciers in Enguri Basin ................................................... 22 2.1.1 General Description of Glaciers in Enguri River Basin ............................................. 22 2.1.2 Impact of Global Warming on Glaciers in Enguri Basin ............. Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.1.3 Impact of Ongoing Warming on Enguri River Runoff Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.2 Impact of Climate Change on Agroclimatic Zones in the Mestia Municipality ...........Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.3 Impact of Climate Change on Forests in Mestia MunicipalityError! Bookmark not defined. 2.4 Impact of Climate Change on the Activation of Extreme Geological Events in Mestia Municipality.............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.5 Impact of Climate Change on Historical Monuments in Upper Svaneti ......................... 68 2.6 Impact of Climate Change on the Health Sector .............................................................. 79 2.7 Climate Change and Tourism in Mestia ............................................................................ 92 3 Production of Renewable Resources (Biogas) and Organic Fertilizer in Mestia District ...... 94 3.1 Energy Consumption ............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.2 Biogas Production and Usage Potential ............................................................................. 96 3.3 Bio-Fertilizer ....................................................................................................................... 99 3.4 Existing Situation and Problems Regarding the use of Biogas Potential in Mestia Municipality......................................................................................................................... 100 3.5 Existing Legislative Framework for the Development of the Renewable Energy Sector 100 3.6 Specific Recommendations for the Development of Biogas in Georgia and Namely, in Mestia District ..................................................................................................................... 102 4 Mestia Municipality Adaptation Strategy to Climate Change .... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.1. Vulnerable system …………………………………………………………………………...…..104 4.2. Mestia Municipaliti Adaptation strategy to climate change ……………………………..114 5 Project Proposals ........................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 5.1 Planting Soil-Protective Forest on the Eroded Slopes and Establishment of Forest Nurseries in Upper Svaneti ...................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 5.2 Minimizing the Risk of Damaging Lakhamula Village of Mestia Municipality and Lakhamula Section of Zugdidi-Mestia Motor Road with Landslide and Mudflow Processes ................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 5.3 Assessing Mudflow Hazard to Nakra Village in Mestia Municipality and Recommendations for Implementing Protective Measures ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4 5.4 Project Proposal on the Preservation and Rehabilitation of the Cultural Heritage in Upper Svaneti (Hadishi Village)................................................................................................................. 134 5.5 Project Proposal on the Preservation and Rehabilitation of the Cultural Heritage in Upper Svaneti (Zhamushi Village) ..................................................................................... 161 5.6 Reducing Climate Change Risks in the Healthcare Sector of Mestia Municipality .....Error! Bookmark not defined. 5.7 Offering Thermophile and Mezophilic Biogas Devices to Hadishi and Ushguli Villages of Mestia Municipality ................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Annexes ................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Annex 1: Climate Data ....................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.0 Annex 2. Results of the Research Conducted on Chalaati Glacier in Different Years ...........Error! Bookmark not defined. Annex 3. Potential of Using Renewable Resources ......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.8 Annex 4. Afforestation and Forest Management ............................................................................ 200 Tables Table 1.1. Seasonal Characteristics of the Climate Change in Upper Svaneti Region between the Periods of 1961-1985 and 1986-2010 Years ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 1.2. Actual and Forecasted Change of Climate Parameters in Mestia for Different Maximum Temperatures between Various Periods of the 1961-2050 YearsError! Bookmark not defined. Table 1.3 Forecast of Climate Parameters for Mestia Generated with Models Ensemble ........... 20 Table 1.4 Forecast of Climate Parameters for Khaishi Village Generated with Models Ensemble ............................................................................................................................................................ 20 Table 1.5 Forecast of Climate Parameters for Zugdidi Generated with Models Ensemble…….21 Table 2.1 Enguri River Basin Glacier Distribution by Area ............... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 2.2 Enguri River Basin Glacier Distribution by Morphological Types Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 2.3. Characteristics of Glaciers in Enguri River Basin.............. Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 2.4. Dynamics of Chalaati Glacier Tongue by Years with the Marking Method ..........Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 2.5. Superficial Melting of Chalaati Glacier Surface Calculated with the Ablation Lath Network Data ..................................................................................................................................... 30 Table 2.6. Distribution of Areas on Chalaati Glacier according to the Height Zones and Ablation Volume ............................................................................................................................................... 31 Table 2.7. Distribution of Shares of Full Annual River Streamflow Components in Enguri River
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Defusing Conflict in Tsalka District of Georgia: Migration, International Intervention and the Role of the State
    Defusing Conflict in Tsalka District of Georgia: Migration, International Intervention and the Role of the State Jonathan Wheatley ECMI Working Paper #36 October 2006 EUROPEAN CENTRE FOR MINORITY ISSUES (ECMI) Schiffbruecke 12 (Kompagnietor) D-24939 Flensburg Germany +49-(0)461-14 14 9-0 fax +49-(0)461-14 14 9-19 internet: http://www.ecmi.de ECMI Working Paper #36 European Centre for Minority Issues (ECMI) Director: Dr. Marc Weller Copyright 2006 European Centre for Minority Issues (ECMI) Published in October 2006 by the European Centre for Minority Issues (ECMI) ISSN: 1435-9812 2 Table of Contents I. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................................................... 4 II. TSALKA DISTRICT: AN OVERVIEW................................................................................................................... 5 ECONOMY AND INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................................................................. 5 DEMOGRAPHY AND MIGRATION ..................................................................................................................................... 8 POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS AND THE ROLE OF THE STATE........................................................................................... 11 III. MAIN ARENAS OF CONFLICT IN TSALKA DISTRICT................................................................................ 14 INTER-COMMUNAL CONFLICT AT LOCAL LEVEL
    [Show full text]
  • Georgia 2016 Human Rights Report
    GEORGIA 2016 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT Note: Except where otherwise noted, figures and other data do not include the occupied regions of South Ossetia and Abkhazia. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The constitution provides for an executive branch that reports to the prime minister, a unicameral parliament, and a separate judiciary. The government is accountable to parliament. The president is the head of state and commander in chief. The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) termed the October parliamentary elections competitive and administered in a manner that respected the rights of candidates and voters, but it stated that the open campaign atmosphere was affected by allegations of unlawful campaigning and incidents of violence. According to the ODIHR, election commissions and courts often did not respect the principle of transparency and the right to effective redress between the first and second rounds, which weakened confidence in the election administration. In the 2013 presidential election, the OSCE/ODIHR concluded the vote “was efficiently administered, transparent and took place in an amicable and constructive environment.” While the election results reflected the will of the people, observers noted several problems, including allegations of political pressure at the local level, inconsistent application of the election code, and limited oversight of alleged campaign finance violations. Civilian authorities maintained effective control of the security forces. The
    [Show full text]
  • Georgia Transport Sector Assessment, Strategy, and Road Map
    Georgia Transport Sector Assessment, Strategy, and Road Map The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is preparing sector assessments and road maps to help align future ADB support with the needs and strategies of developing member countries and other development partners. The transport sector assessment of Georgia is a working document that helps inform the development of country partnership strategy. It highlights the development issues, needs and strategic assistance priorities of the transport sector in Georgia. The knowledge product serves as a basis for further dialogue on how ADB and the government can work together to tackle the challenges of managing transport sector development in Georgia in the coming years. About the Asian Development Bank ADB’s vision is an Asia and Pacific region free of poverty. Its mission is to help its developing member countries reduce poverty and improve the quality of life of their people. Despite the region’s many successes, it remains home to two-thirds of the world’s poor: 1.7 billion people who live on less than $2 a day, with 828 million struggling on less than $1.25 a day. Georgia Transport Sector ADB is committed to reducing poverty through inclusive economic growth, environmentally sustainable growth, and regional integration. Based in Manila, ADB is owned by 67 members, including 48 from the region. Its main Assessment, Strategy, instruments for helping its developing member countries are policy dialogue, loans, equity investments, guarantees, grants, and technical assistance. and Road Map TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS. Georgia. 2014 Asian Development Bank 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines www.adb.org Printed in the Philippines Georgia Transport Sector Assessment, Strategy, and Road Map © 2014 Asian Development Bank All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • The Integration of National Minorities in the Samtskhe-Javakheti and Kvemo Kartli Provinces of Georgia Wheatley, Jonathan
    www.ssoar.info The integration of national minorities in the Samtskhe-Javakheti and Kvemo Kartli provinces of Georgia Wheatley, Jonathan Arbeitspapier / working paper Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Wheatley, J. (2009). The integration of national minorities in the Samtskhe-Javakheti and Kvemo Kartli provinces of Georgia. (ECMI Working Paper, 44). Flensburg: European Centre for Minority Issues (ECMI). https://nbn-resolving.org/ urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-106949 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer Deposit-Lizenz (Keine This document is made available under Deposit Licence (No Weiterverbreitung - keine Bearbeitung) zur Verfügung gestellt. Redistribution - no modifications). We grant a non-exclusive, non- Gewährt wird ein nicht exklusives, nicht übertragbares, transferable, individual and limited right to using this document. persönliches und beschränktes Recht auf Nutzung dieses This document is solely intended for your personal, non- Dokuments. Dieses Dokument ist ausschließlich für commercial use. All of the copies of this documents must retain den persönlichen, nicht-kommerziellen Gebrauch bestimmt. all copyright information and other information regarding legal Auf sämtlichen Kopien dieses Dokuments müssen alle protection. You are not allowed to alter this document in any Urheberrechtshinweise und sonstigen Hinweise auf gesetzlichen way, to copy it for public or commercial purposes, to exhibit the Schutz beibehalten werden. Sie dürfen dieses Dokument document in public, to perform, distribute or otherwise use the nicht in irgendeiner Weise abändern, noch dürfen Sie document in public. dieses Dokument für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke By using this particular document, you accept the above-stated vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, aufführen, vertreiben oder conditions of use. anderweitig nutzen. Mit der Verwendung dieses Dokuments erkennen Sie die Nutzungsbedingungen an.
    [Show full text]
  • Outline Terms of Reference for Construction Supervision Zugdidi-Jvari-Mestia-Lasdili Road Sections Km 74-80; Km 89 (Road and Tunnel); Km 91-103; Km 121-125
    OUTLINE TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR CONSTRUCTION SUPERVISION ZUGDIDI-JVARI-MESTIA-LASDILI ROAD SECTIONS KM 74-80; KM 89 (ROAD AND TUNNEL); KM 91-103; KM 121-125 A. Background and Objective 1. General 1. Georgia is located south of the Caucasus mountain range, with Russia to the north, Armenia and Turkey to the south, Azerbaijan to the east, and the Black Sea to the west. It has a population of 4.5 million. Georgia, due to its geographic location, provides the shortest transit link between Central Asia and Europe. Hence, transport plays a pivotal role in supporting the national economy, and development of the transport sector is vital to increasing economy of the region through reduced transport costs. 2. Objectives 2. The objective is to rehabilitate road infrastructure to improve accessibility and guarantee easy access to Mestia region all year round. Four project sections are located on Zugdidi-Jvari- Mestia-Lasdili Road, which is of national importance and connects Zeda Svaneti Region, Mestia and other villages of the Zugdidi Rayon and on the Tbilisi-Senaki-Leselidze corridor. These rehabilitation road works will play important role in socio-economic and tourist infrastructure development for this region. Rehabilitation and reconstruction works are funded by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the Government of Georgia as part of the Sustainable Urban Transport Investment Project. Overall management and coordination of implementation and supervision will be executed by the Municipal Development Fund of Georgia (MDF). 3. The present terms of reference (TOR) outline scope of work and requirements for the construction supervision of the rehabilitation works for four sections of Zugdidi-Jvari-Mestia- Lasdili road.
    [Show full text]
  • COLUMBIA UNDERGRADUATE JOURNAL of ART HISTORY Winter 2021
    COLUMBIA UNDERGRADUATE JOURNAL of ART HISTORY Winter 2021 COLUMBIA UNDERGRADUATE JOURNAL of ART HISTORY Winter 2021 The Columbia Undergraduate Journal of Art History January 2021 Volume 3, No. 1 A special thanks to Professor Barry Bergdoll and the Columbia Department of Art History and Archaeology for sponsoring this student publication. New York, New York Editorial Board Editor-in-Chief Noah Percy Yasemin Aykan Designers Elizabeth Mullaney Lead Editors Zehra Naqvi Noah Seeman Lilly Cao Editor Kaya Alim Michael Coiro Jackie Chu Drey Carr Yuxin Chen Olivia Doyle Millie Felder Kaleigh McCormick Sophia Fung Sam Needleman Bri Schmidt Claire Wilson Special thanks to visual arts student and lead editor Lilly Cao, CC’22, for cover art, Skin I, 2020. Oil on canvas. An Editor’s Note Dear Reader, In a way, this journal has been a product of the year’s cri- ses—our irst independent Spring Edition was nearly interrupted by the start of the COVID-19 Pandemic and this Winter Edition arrives amidst the irst round of vaccine distribution. he humanities are often characterized as cloistered within the ivory tower, but it seems this year has irreversibly punctured that insulation (or its illusion). As under- graduates, our staf has been displaced, and among our ranks are the frontline workers and economically disadvantaged students who have borne the brunt of this crisis. In this issue, we have decided to confront the moment’s signiicance rather than aspire for escapist normalcy. After months of lockdown and social distancing in New York, we decided for the irst time to include a theme in our call for papers: Art in Conine- ment.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Prosperity Initiative
    USAID/GEORGIA DO2: Inclusive and Sustainable Economic Growth October 1, 2011 – September 31, 2012 Gagra Municipal (regional) Infrastructure Development (MID) ABKHAZIA # Municipality Region Project Title Gudauta Rehabilitation of Roads 1 Mtskheta 3.852 km; 11 streets : Mtskheta- : Mtanee Rehabilitation of Roads SOKHUMI : : 1$Mestia : 2 Dushet 2.240 km; 7 streets :: : ::: Rehabilitation of Pushkin Gulripshi : 3 Gori street 0.92 km : Chazhashi B l a c k S e a :%, Rehabilitaion of Gorijvari : 4 Gori Shida Kartli road 1.45 km : Lentekhi Rehabilitation of Nationwide Projects: Ochamchire SAMEGRELO- 5 Kareli Sagholasheni-Dvani 12 km : Highway - DCA Basisbank ZEMO SVANETI RACHA-LECHKHUMI rehabilitaiosn Roads in Oni Etseri - DCA Bank Republic Lia*#*# 6 Oni 2.452 km, 5 streets *#Sachino : KVEMO SVANETI Stepantsminda - DCA Alliance Group 1$ Gali *#Mukhuri Tsageri Shatili %, Racha- *#1$ Tsalenjikha Abari Rehabilitation of Headwork Khvanchkara #0#0 Lechkhumi - DCA Crystal Obuji*#*# *#Khabume # 7 Oni of Drinking Water on Oni for Nakipu 0 Likheti 3 400 individuals - Black Sea Regional Transmission ZUGDIDI1$ *# Chkhorotsku1$*# ]^!( Oni Planning Project (Phase 2) Chitatskaro 1$!( Letsurtsume Bareuli #0 - Georgia Education Management Project (EMP) Akhalkhibula AMBROLAURI %,Tsaishi ]^!( *#Lesichine Martvili - Georgia Primary Education Project (G-Pried) MTSKHETA- Khamiskuri%, Kheta Shua*#Zana 1$ - GNEWRC Partnership Program %, Khorshi Perevi SOUTH MTIANETI Khobi *# *#Eki Khoni Tskaltubo Khresili Tkibuli#0 #0 - HICD Plus #0 ]^1$ OSSETIA 1$ 1$!( Menji *#Dzveli
    [Show full text]
  • GEORGIA Sub-Regional Innovation Policy Outlook 2020: Eastern Europe and the South Caucasus
    GEORGIA Sub-regional Innovation Policy Outlook 2020: Eastern Europe and the South Caucasus Chapter I ECONOMIC OVERVIEW General overview Georgia is a small, upper-middle-income country in the South Caucasus, connecting Europe to the Middle East and Central Asia. Since independence in 1991, the ensuing civil war and territorial disputes have made the transition to a market economy particularly challenging. Even so, Georgia is now one of the most open and easiest places to do business in the sub-region, with sustained albeit volatile growth. To continue to sustain growth and benefit from its manifold opportunities, however, Georgia needs to make better and systematic use of its potential, moving from a model of filling essential gaps to one based on broader experimentation with new and better ideas, business models, technology and governance arrangements. Reform process The radical improvement in Georgia stems from a series of far-reaching reforms. Following the Rose Revolution in 2003, structural changes in the institutional and legislative frameworks radically reduced petty corruption and improved the efficiency of government. Trade liberalization, including a range of free trade agreements, secured access to a diverse set of markets. Reforms of public financial management are under way, including the recently developed fiscal framework, changes in civil service pay and a transition to compulsory savings for retirement. As a result, Georgia has moved up quickly in the Ease of Doing Business ranking of the World Bank (2020a), reaching seventh place globally for regulatory performance. Although several efforts are under way, such as more investment into infrastructure, education and administration, further reforms are needed to restructure, diversify and increase the productivity of the economy.
    [Show full text]
  • Black Sea Container Market and Georgia's Positioning
    European Scientific Journal November 2018 edition Vol.14, No.31 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 Black Sea Container Market and Georgia’s Positioning Irakli Danelia, (PhD student) Tbilisi State University, Georgia Doi:10.19044/esj.2018.v14n31p100 URL:http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n31p100 Abstract Due to the strategically important geographical location, Black Sea region has a key transit function throughout between Europe and Asia. Georgia, which is a part of Black sea area, has a vital transit function for Caucasus Region, as well as for whole New Silk Road area. Nevertheless, still there is no evidence what kind of role and place Georgia has in The Black Sea container market. As the country has ambition to be transit hub for containerizes cargo flows between west and east and is actively involved in the process of formation “One Belt One Road” project, it is very important to identify Country’s current circumstances, capacities and future potential. Because of this, the purpose of the study is to investigate cargo flows and opportunities of the Black Sea container market, level of competitiveness in the area and define Georgia’s positioning in the regional Container market. Keywords: Geostrategic Location, New Silk Road, Transit Corridor, Cargo flow, Container market, Georgia, Black Sea Methodology Based on practical and theoretical significance of the research the following paper provides systemic, historical and logical generalization methods of research in the performance of the work, scientific abstraction, analysis and synthesis methods are also used. Introduction Since the end of the Cold War, the Black Sea region has no longer been a static border between the West and the East.
    [Show full text]
  • In Discussion of Service Designing, the Queues and Their Management Are at the Central Place
    countries, retrieved from: http://www.ub.edu/searchproject/wp-content/ uploads/2013/01/WP-4.5.pdf 13. Iv. Javakhishvili, Silicone fields: Economics based on knowledge and innovations // Journal «Economics and Banking». — 2015. — vol. 3. — #1, https://www.nbg.gov.ge/uploads/journal/2015/3.pdf 14. I, Meskhia, Economic reforms in Georgia: analysis, challenges, pre- dictions // Journal «Economics and Business». — #2. TSU, 2015. — Р. 57. 15. L. Kadagishvili, Questions to perfect the theoretical-applied fundamentals of small business development // Journal «Economics and Business», #5. SU. — 2014. — Р. 89. 16. D. Japaridze, Analysis of small business support policy in Georgia. — Tbilisi, 2012. — Р. 36. http://www.abg.org.ge/docs/sme_support View metadata, citation and similar papers_policy.pdf at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Institutional Repository of Vadym Hetman Kyiv National Economic University Giuli Keshelashvili Doctor of Economics, Associated Professor Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Phone: +995 599 324515 e-mail: [email protected] SERVICE DESIGN AND THE NEXT GENERATION TECHNOLOGIES IN GEORGIA ABSTRACT. The work provides study and analysis of the queue management substance and significance. Research was conducted on the basis of Tbilisi Public Service Hall example. The work demonstrates that dealing with the queue management problem is of decisive importance for improvement of effectiveness of the service companies.Research conducted within this work is based on the results of 10-day observations. In the research the methods of quantitative analysis were applied. On the basis of the data obtained based on exponential distribution and Poisson distribution of services the econometric model was built.
    [Show full text]
  • Trems of Reference for Pcr Validation
    IN.464-17 20 December 2017 Performance Evaluation Report Municipal Services Development Project and Municipal Services Development Project Phase 2 (Georgia) (Loans 2441 and 2534) The attached report is circulated at the request of the Director General, Independent Evaluation Department. For Inquiries: Walter Kolkma, Independent Evaluation Department (Ext. 4189) Ari Perdana, Independent Evaluation Department (Ext. 1891) Performance Georgia: Municipal Services Evaluation Development Project and Municipal Report Services Development Project Phase 2 Independent Evaluation Raising development impact through evaluation Performance Evaluation Report December 2017 Georgia: Municipal Services Development Project and Municipal Services Development Project Phase 2 This document is being disclosed to the public in accordance with ADB's Public Communications Policy 2011. Reference Number: PPE: GEO 2017-19 Project Numbers: 41198 and 43171 Loan Numbers: 2441-GEO(SF) and 2534-GEO(SF) Independent Evaluation: PE-803 NOTES (i) In this report, “$” refers to US dollars. (ii) For an explanation of rating descriptions used in Asian Development Bank evaluation reports, see ADB. 2006. Guidelines for Preparing Performance Evaluation Reports for Public Sector Operations. Manila Director General Marvin Taylor-Dormond, Independent Evaluation Department (IED) Deputy Director General Veronique Salze-Lozac’h, IED Director Walter Kolkma, Thematic and Country Division, IED Team leader Ari Perdana, Evaluation Specialist, IED Team members Ma. Patricia Lim, Senior Evaluation Officer, IED Jennifer Llaneta, Evaluation Assistant, IED (until October 2017) Christine Grace Marvilla, Evaluation Assistant, IED (from October 2017) The guidelines formally adopted by the Independent Evaluation Department (IED) on avoiding conflict of interest in its independent evaluations were observed in the preparation of this report. To the knowledge of IED management, there were no conflicts of interest of the persons preparing, reviewing, or approving this report.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnobiology of Georgia
    SHOTA TUSTAVELI ZAAL KIKVIDZE NATIONAL SCIENCE FUNDATION ILIA STATE UNIVERSITY PRESS ETHNOBIOLOGY OF GEORGIA ISBN 978-9941-18-350-8 Tbilisi 2020 Ethnobiology of Georgia 2020 Zaal Kikvidze Preface My full-time dedication to ethnobiology started in 2012, since when it has never failed to fascinate me. Ethnobiology is a relatively young science with many blank areas still in its landscape, which is, perhaps, good motivation to write a synthetic text aimed at bridging the existing gaps. At this stage, however, an exhaustive representation of materials relevant to the ethnobiology of Georgia would be an insurmountable task for one author. My goal, rather, is to provide students and researchers with an introduction to my country’s ethnobiology. This book, therefore, is about the key traditions that have developed over a long history of interactions between humans and nature in Georgia, as documented by modern ethnobiologists. Acknowledgements: I am grateful to my colleagues – Rainer Bussmann, Narel Paniagua Zambrana, David Kikodze and Shalva Sikharulidze for the exciting and fruitful discussions about ethnobiology, and their encouragement for pushing forth this project. Rainer Bussmann read the early draft of this text and I am grateful for his valuable comments. Special thanks are due to Jana Ekhvaia, for her crucial contribution as project coordinator and I greatly appreciate the constant support from the staff and administration of Ilia State University. Finally, I am indebted to my fairy wordmother, Kate Hughes whose help was indispensable at the later stages of preparation of this manuscript. 2 Table of contents Preface.......................................................................................................................................................... 2 Chapter 1. A brief introduction to ethnobiology......................................................................................
    [Show full text]