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Discussions of British National Identity in Post-War Europe

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Discussions of British National Identity in Post-War Europe "In, But Not of, Europe": Discussions of British National Identity in Post-War Europe by Margaret Louise Summerfield A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in European, Russian and Eurasian Studies Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario © 2011, Margaret Louise Summerfield Library and Archives Bibliotheque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-91582-0 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-91582-0 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distrbute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. Canada Abstract Britain applied for membership in the European Economic Community in 1961. This act set off a series of debates about Britain's role in Europe and international relations. These debates had little to do with actual foreign policy; instead they were primarily about the amorphous question of identity. I examined the public re-evaluation of national identity after the Second World War, as the Empire ended and European integration began, focusing on the Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference in September 1962. Imperial images continued to capture public imagination long after the Empire dissolved, indicating a deeply held conviction that British identity and the Empire were innately linked. Through the press's discussion of European integration and the Commonwealth, I analysed the discourse used in the post-war redefinition of British national identity in Britain. The British Empire was dissolved after the Second World War, but its legacy continued to inform the construction of national identity. ii Acknowledgements First and foremost, thanks are owed to my supervisor, Y.A. Bennett, who was charged with helping me transform a fascination with the role of the press and an interest in national identity into a coherent research project. She has been an unending source of encouragement, has challenged every aspect of the project, and has never let me settle for mediocrity. Thank you for making my graduate school experience so positive. You are a consummate teacher. Many other faculty members have played a role in forming this thesis. Jeff Sahadeo first introduced me to the idea of national identity as a research topic, Matthew McKean fed my love of Britain, whereas Jennifer Evans has encouraged me to remember the wider European context of the British experience. Thanks must also be extended to Ginette Lafleur, who has kept me abreast of administrative matters throughout the last two years. Of course I must acknowledge the other students from various disciplines who have offered a fruitful forum for discussion, including Andrea Reid, Kathryn Desplanque, Justin Rivest and Ceilidhe Wynn. Erin Bell has, in particular, challenged me to remember the colonised in my study of the British Empire. None of this would be possible without the unending support of my family. My parents, John and Virginia Summerfield, have always been my number one supporters, and I have truly been blessed to know that they were always behind me, no matter how kooky the idea. My brothers, John and Ian, have been my dearest friends since childhood, teaching me to argue coherently. 1 know my passion confuses you, but along with Chloe, I could not ask for a better support system. My inspiration is my iii grandmother, Lillian Summerfield, who has imparted to her grandchildren a love of history. To Katya, Abby and, most of all, Jack - the truest of true friends. Finally, to Jon. Without your constant love and support, your critiques and your challenges, this work would have suffered greatly. You believed in me when I could not believe in myself. Your presence in my life is my greatest blessing, and I am truly thankful to be able to share my life and work with such an incredible scholar. iv Table of Contents Abstract ii Acknowledgements iii Table of Contents v List of Illustrations vi 1 Chapter: Introduction 1 2 Chapter: A Family Reunion - the Commonwealth Conference 38 3 Chapter: The Question of Direction 88 4 Chapter: The Europeanization of Britain in the French Press 126 5 Chapter: Conclusions 153 Appendix: Cartoon Representations of the Franco-German Rapprochement 165 Bibliography 166 v Please note: All illustrations have been blocked out by author for copyright reasons. List of Illustrations Figure 1 Daily Express, September 12, 1962 45 Figure 2 Daily Express, September 14, 1962 45 Figure 3 Guardian, September 5, 1962 51 Figure 4 Guardian, September 11, 1962 52 Figure 5 Daily Express, September 13, 1962 54 Figure 6 Daily Express, September 14, 1962 54 Figure 7 Daily Express, September 10, 1962 59 Figure 8 Daily Express, September 25, 1962 60 Figure 9 Daily Express, September 19, 1962 61 Figure 10 Daily Mirror, September 13, 1962 63 Figure 11 Daily Mirror, September 19, 1962 65 Figure 12 Daily Express, September 20, 1962 73 Figure 13 Daily Mirror, September 21, 1962 75 Figure 14 Daily Express, September 22, 1962 84 Figure 15 Guardian, September 22, 1962 86 Figure 16 Daily Express, October 4, 1962 104 Figure 17 Sunday Express, October 7, 1962 106 Figure 18 Daily Mirror, October 9, 1962 113 Figure 19 Daily Express, October 11, 1962 117 Figure 20 Daily Express, October 12, 1962 118 Figure 21 Sunday Express, October 14, 1962 122 vi Figure 22 Sunday Express, October 14, 1962 123 Figure 23 Cartoon by Opland on British membership in the EEC (August 4, 1962) 126 Figure 24 Cartoon by Behrendt on British membership in the EEC (September 1962). 127 Figure 25 Le Figaro, September 19,1962 132 vii 1 Chapter: Introduction Britain has never been a particularly enthusiastic member of the European Union. When the common European currency, the Euro, began circulation in 2002, Britain was one of the few members of the European Union to negotiate an exemption.1 Indeed, the belief that European integration is irreconcilable with British cultural and national identity has enjoyed widespread currency since the end of the Second World War. Both British 'Euroscepticism', and outright opposition to European integration and the European Union are often explained by reference to geography, history, economics and a media campaign that propagates the idea that British and European identities are incompatible.2 This project examines the relationship between British ambivalence towards European integration and the post-war redefinition of British national identity through the lens of major British daily newspapers. The post-war press was very concerned about Britain's role in Europe, and the future of the British Empire. These debates had little to do with foreign policy, but were primarily concerned with the question of British identity, since many British politicians, and members of the British public, feared that the country ' Denmark and the United Kingdom obtained legal opt-outs in the Maastricht Treaty. Sweden gained a de facto opt-out by using a legal loophole. While Sweden is legally required to join the Euro, it has deliberately not fulfilled the convergence criteria. Lars Jonung, "The Political Economy of Monetary Unification: The Swedish Euro Referendum of 2003," Cato Journal 24, no. 1-2 (2004): 126. 2 Peter Shearman, "Britain, the European Union and National Identity," in Britain in Europe: Prospects for Change, ed. John Milfull (Ashgate: Aldershot, 1999), 91-102; Charles Grant, "Why is Britain Eurosceptic?" Centre for European Reform, 2, accessed October 17, 2011, http://www.cer.org.uk/sites/default/files/publications/attachments/pdf/201 l/essay__eurosceptic_19dec08- 1345.pdf. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the term 'Eurosceptism' was first used with irony in The Times on 11 November, 1985 to describe Lord Cockfield who advocated the loss of sovereignty to strengthen the EEC. Richard Owen, "Tomatoes Throw Europe's Summit Progress," The Times, November 11, 1985. A Eurosceptic is defined as "A person, especially a politician, having doubts or reservations regarding the supposed benefits of increasing cooperation between the member states of the European Union (and formerly the European Economic Community); an opponent of greater political or economic integration in Europe." Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. "Eurosceptic," accessed April 5, 2010, http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/display/50295143?keytype=ref&ijkey=.flOBuqvMRxPys. 1 faced a stark choice between membership in the European Economic Community (EEC) on the one hand and the continuation of its historic links with the Commonwealth on the other.
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