DOCSLIB.ORG

Friedrich Gentz, an Opponent of the French Revolution and Napoleon

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Friedrich Gentz, an Opponent of the French Revolution and Napoleon FRIEDRICH GENTZ, AN OPPONENT OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEON BY PAUL FRIEDRICH REIFF Ph.D. University of Basel, 1901 THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN HISTORY IN THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 19 1 2 - ftiz R27 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS THE GRADUATE SCHOOL \9p7, I HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION BY ENTITLED ^J^W^MX/C, ^ImZ^ ; OiAA &^U~-[AJy^ ^ ^MlXsL BE ACCEPTED AS FULFILLING THIS PART OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF L * /In Charge of Major Work Head of Department Recommendation concurred in: &L*j/L*i*f : \ Committee jZLi %^L^%^^Ls^ > on ^T^-ok-cL. ) Final Examination /$t>yj^. fk?^ — 2 1 8-?9fi UIUC Contents . Introduction 1. Chapter: The Causes of the Struggle 1. Environments of the young Gentz..... 2. Gentz';? character 3. Ge^tz's political theories 2. Chapter: The Struggle against the Revolution 1. Before the Struggle: 1789- 1703 2. 1793-1001 , 3. Chapter: The Struggle against Napoleon 1. Before the Struggle: 1798-1802. 2. 1803-1809. , . , 3. 1813-1815 Conclusion Abbreviations , "Aug dem 'lachlasse" ......... "Aug dem Nachlasse Friedrichs von Gentz", 2 vol., 1867-1868. "Briefe v. u, a. Fr, v. von Gentz" . "Briefe von und an Friedrich Gentz", ed. by F. C. Wittichen, 2 vol. , 1909- 1910, "Briefw. zw. Fr. Gentz u. A. H. Mueller" "Briefwechsel swischen Friedrich Gentz und Adam Heinrich Mueller", 1857, «H, J.'.' "Historisches Journal", ed. by Friedrich Gentz, 6 vol., 17S9 -1800, inedits du "Mem. et lett . ined, ...... "Memoirs et lettres Chevalier de Gentz", ed. by Schlesier, 1841. "Oestreichs Teilnahmei! "Oestreichs Teilnahme an den Be- freiungskriegen" , ed. by Prince Metternich and C. von Klinkow- stroem, 1887. Schiesier "Bchriften von Friedrich von Gentz ed. by Schlesier, 5 vol., 1838 -1840. Weick "Auserwaehlte Bchriften von Frie- drich von Gentz", ed. by Weick, 5 vol., 1836-1838. Harrow personalities are easy to understand and to classify; rich personalities, on the other hand, seem to defy definition That at least is one of the teachings which nay be derived from a study of the career and character of the publicist, Frederick Gentz. Gentz 's life was not an unusually long one. yet it was un- usually rich in activities and complex tendencies. But the causes of this lay less in the tremendous vibrations of th^ era in which aentz lived than in the man himself. They lay in a versatility of mind which was truly astonishing. An official in the Prussian and Austrian civil services, a diplomatic agent of England on the con- tinent, the self-arm ointed advisor of ministers and rulers, one of the busiest and ablest writers of his time, the arch-enemy of the first French revolution and the first Napoleon, the secretary of Europe during nine highly important months, one of the pillars of the Reaction, a social genius of the first order, the bohe'mien par excellence and a romanticist as well as a rationalist — all this Gentz was. His youth fell in the era of enlightenment and of Frederick the Great, his manhood coincided with the first French revolution and with Uapoleon, and his later life belonged to the age of Metternich. The question who Gentz was would thus seem to be difficult to answer. However, if we consider only his political activity and the intellectual traits of his nature, leaving aside its . sentimental and social features, the answer will be easier. We will then have the choice between two main concept ions of the man. one of these would he to see in Gentz an eighteenth century type in general, and a practical exponent of the rationalistic doctrine of government in particular. This conception is in one way undoubtedly the deepest and truest, for Gentz was indeed rooted in the doctrines of rat ionalism , at least as regards his pol- itical activity. It has. however, one serious drawback, the fact that in its light the life-work of Gentz—his struggles against the Revolution, against Napoleon and for the Reaction — appears as nothing but a mere appendix to his theories; and that, of course would be a rather abstract way of looking at him. We havo thus to turn to the other conception which puts actions first and theories second, viewed from its angle. Gentz would be seen chiefly as a participant —more or less a negative one, it is true — in the great European movements between the first and second French, revolution. And thus, it seems, Gentz must indeed be viewed. He was essentially a theorist whom the course of events aroused, but in fact a man of action. He started out with highly idealistic principles, those of human brotherliness and human progress, of liberty, equality justice and peace. Part of these he retained and championed for many years; other, he soon dropped or at least modified, taking up in their stead as a new principle, the defense of that system which was threatened with overthrow by the events of 173P and the following- decades. The French Revolution. Bonapartism and Liberalism alike Were hateful to him; they all meant democrac:.r or at least a drifting towards it, and democracy he abhorred. But his special foe, his nightmare for more than ten years was Napoleon. Through him he suf- fered many a bad hour and — gained immortality; for such is the mean- . , ing of true greatness that mere opposition to it brings fame. He helped to arouse and to organize the opposition against whatever was revolutionary and agressive; hut nowhere was he more fervent than in his crusade against this hated man and gigantic child of the Re- volution. His whole life, indeed, centres about these ten years of anti-Napoleonic activity. The following study will, in general, he in accordance with the second of the two conceptions, it aims, in the first place, at a careful representation of Gentz's struggle against the first Napol- eon. Its seconi object —historically the first — is an account of Gentz's relations to the first French revolution. The introductory chapter will try to give the causes of Gentz's attitude in both cases Gentz was horn in 1764 at Breslau, the capital of the Prus- sian province of Silesia, and died in 1832 at Vienna. His father held until 1779 a position in tfc royal mint at Breslau and then became director of the mint at Berlin; through his mother he was related with the later Prussian minister of state, Anoillon. He received his first education in the public schools of his native city and in the Joachimathal Gymnasium at Berlin; from 1783 until 1785 he at- tended the university at Koerigsberg where Kant was still teaching. Entering the Prussian civil service in 1785 he worked during the following years in various central boards of the monarchy. In 18C2 he ^as taken over into the Austrian civil service. His official position there was at first, a very vague one: he was attached to the ministry of foreign affairs, the "StaatsXanzlei n but had little to do and nothing to say. After about 1811, however, he became the right hand man of Metternich and was as such, of course, important and influential. I. THE CAUSES OF THE STRUGGLE 1. Environments of the young Gentz. Although Gentz was not a Berliner by birth, yet he lived long enough in the Prussian capital to be counted as one. The first milieu of his youth was then the Berlin of about the years 1780-1790. Beyond it lay, as larger circles, the conditions of Prussia and of the Empire. Beyond these again extended the at- mosphere of European life and thought in general. Berlin was at the time of the death of Frederick the Great a city of about a hundred and fifty thousand people, the strong garrison included. A modest-sized place then, one might say, if everything had not been smaller in those days. Scenic charms it never possessed, although the near-by Havel lakes are not without their quiet, melancholy attractions. Its streets were none too clean, rather badly lighted and unsafe at night. There were perhaps a few noteworthy buildings here and there, but the general level of architecture was rather low. The present university had not yet been founded; the academies of sciences and of arts, however, already existed. The intellectual and artistic life of the city could lay no claim to special distinction. No famous philosopher or schol- ar, no great poet or artist lived within its precincts; there were, of course, Nicolai and Mendelssohn, but they could not be called great, and Lessing had long since left the city. The city was too young for that, too sober, too "busy and too poor to be a centre of learning and art; it possessed many soldiers, plenty of sand, an invigorating climate and a great king, but no Hes- perian gard*ns and no zephirs. few books and hardly any history to speak of. Nevertheless, in a certain sense the city could even then boast of intellectual preeminence: it was the center of German rationalism and already endowed with that critical mind for which it has ever since been famous. Socially the nobility predominated; the other classes —the officials and the profes- sions, the wealthier merchants, the descendents of the French emigres and the Jews — still counted for little. The moral stan- dard was unsatisfactory in many regards, but probably not as bad as anti-rationalists would have it; it had already been on the decline in the later years of Frederick the Great , and under his successor matters went from bad to worse.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Treaty of Lunéville J. David Markham When Napoleon Became
    The Treaty of Lunéville J. David Markham When Napoleon became First Consul in 1799, his first order of business was to defend France against the so-called Second Coalition. This coalition was made up of a number of smaller countries led by Austria, Russia and Britain. The Austrians had armies in Germany and in Piedmont, Italy. Napoleon sent General Jean Moreau to Germany while he, Napoleon, marched through Switzerland to Milan and then further south, toward Alessandria. As Napoleon, as First Consul, was not technically able to lead an army, the French were technically under the command of General Louis Alexandre Berthier. There, on 14 June 1800, the French defeated the Austrian army led by General Michael von Melas. This victory, coupled with Moreau’s success in Germany, lead to a general peace negotiation resulting in the Treaty of Lunéville (named after the town in France where the treaty was signed by Count Ludwig von Cobenzl for Austria and Joseph Bonaparte for Austria. The treaty secured France’s borders on the left bank of the Rhine River and the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. France ceded territory and fortresses on the right bank, and various republics were guaranteed their independence. This translation is taken from the website of the Fondation Napoléon and can be found at the following URL: https://www.napoleon.org/en/history-of-the- two-empires/articles/treaty-of-luneville/. I am deeply grateful for the permission granted to use it by Dr. Peter Hicks of the Fondation. That French organization does an outstanding job of promoting Napoleonic history throughout the world.
    [Show full text]
  • The Gattilusj of Lesbos (1355—1462). «Me Clara Caesar Donat Leebo Ac Mytilene, Caesar, Qui Graio Praesidet Iraperio'
    The Gattilusj of Lesbos (1355—1462). «Me clara Caesar donat Leebo ac Mytilene, Caesar, qui Graio praesidet iraperio'. Corsi apud Folieta The Genoese occupation of Chios, Lesbos, and Phokaia by the families of Zaccaria and Cattaneo was not forgotten in the counting- houses of the Ligurian Republic. In 1346, two years after the capture of Smyrna, Chios once more passed under Genoese control, the two Foglie followed suite, and in 1355 the strife between John Cantacuzene and John V Palaiologos for the throne of Byzantium enabled a daring Genoese, Francesco Gattilusio, to found a dynasty in Lesbos, which gradually extended its branches to the islands of the Thracian sea and to the city of Ainos on the opposite mainland, and which lasted in the original seat for more than a Century. Disappointed in a previous attempt to recover his rights, the young Emperor John V was at this time living in retirement on the island of Tenedos, then a portion of the Greek Empire and from its position at the mouth of the Dardanelles both an excellent post of obserration and a good base for a descent upon Constantinople. During his so- journ there, a couple of Genoese galleys arrived, commanded by Fran- cesco Gattilusio, a wealthy freebooter, who had sailed from his native oity to onrvp rmt for himself, annidst the confusion of the Orient, a petty principality in the Thracian Chersonese, äs others of his compa- triots had twice done in Chios, äs the Venetian nobles had done in the Archipelago 150 years earlier. The Emperor found in this chance visi- tor an Instrument to effect his own restoration; the two men came to terms, and John V promised, that if Gattilusio would help him to recover his throne, he would bestow upon him the hand of his sister Maria — an honour similar to that conferred by Michael VIII upon Benedetto Zaccaria.
    [Show full text]
  • INTRODUCTION 1. Charles Esdaile, the Wars of Napoleon (New York, 1995), Ix; Philip Dwyer, “Preface,” Napoleon and Europe, E
    Notes INTRODUCTION 1. Charles Esdaile, The Wars of Napoleon (New York, 1995), ix; Philip Dwyer, “Preface,” Napoleon and Europe, ed. Philip Dwyer (London, 2001), ix. 2. Michael Broers, Europe under Napoleon, 1799–1815 (London, 1996), 3. 3. An exception to the Franco-centric bibliography in English prior to the last decade is Owen Connelly, Napoleon’s Satellite Kingdoms (New York, 1965). Connelly discusses the developments in five satellite kingdoms: Italy, Naples, Holland, Westphalia, and Spain. Two other important works that appeared before 1990, which explore the internal developments in two countries during the Napoleonic period, are Gabriel Lovett, Napoleon and the Birth of Modern Spain (New York, 1965) and Simon Schama, Patriots and Liberators: Revolution in the Netherlands, 1780–1813 (London, 1977). 4. Stuart Woolf, Napoleon’s Integration of Europe (London and New York, 1991), 8–13. 5. Geoffrey Ellis, “The Nature of Napoleonic Imperialism,” Napoleon and Europe, ed. Philip Dwyer (London, 2001), 102–5; Broers, Europe under Napoleon, passim. 1 THE FORMATION OF THE NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE 1. Geoffrey Ellis, “The Nature of Napoleonic Imperialism,” Napoleon and Europe, ed. Philip Dwyer (London, 2001), 105. 2. Martyn Lyons, Napoleon Bonaparte and the Legacy of the French Revolution (New York, 1994), 43. 3. Ellis, “The Nature,” 104–5. 4. On the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars and international relations, see Tim Blanning, The French Revolutionary Wars, 1787–1802 (London, 1996); David Chandler, The Campaigns of Napoleon: the Mind and Method of History’s Greatest Soldier (London, 1966); Owen Connelly, Blundering to Glory: Napoleon’s Military 212 Notes 213 Campaigns (Wilmington, DE, 1987); J.
    [Show full text]
  • Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology
    Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj Department of International Relations Syllabus for Bachelor of Social Science (Hons) Session: 2015- 2016 to 2018- 2019 1st Year 1st Semester, Examination-2016 Course Course Title Contact hours per week Credits No. IR 101 Introduction to International Relations 3 3 IR 102 History of International Relations 3 3 IR 103 Ideas and Issues in Political Science 3 3 IR 104 Contemporary Global Issues 3 3 IR 105 Principles of Economics 3 3 IR 106 Bangabandhu in International Relations 3 3 IR 119 Viva Voce 2 Total Credits 20 1st Year 2nd Semester, Examination-2016 Course No. Course Title Contact hours per week Credits IR 151 History of Bangladesh 3 3 IR 152 Ideologies in World Affair 3 3 IR 153 International Institutions 3 3 IR 154 Fundamentals of Sociology 3 3 IR 155 The Economy of Bangladesh 3 3 IR 156 Academic English Writing 2 2 IR 169 Viva Voce 2 Total Credits 19 2nd Year 1st Semester, Examination-2017 Course No. Course Title Contact hours per week Credits IR 201 Major Political Ideas of the West and the Orient 3 3 IR 202 Media and Mass Communication 3 3 IR 203 Refugees, Migrants and the Displaced 3 3 IR 204 Theories of International Relations 3 3 IR 205 Politics and Government in Bangladesh 3 3 IR 229 Viva Voce 2 Total Credits 17 2nd Year 2nd Semester, Examination-2017 Course No. Course Title Contact hours per week Credits IR 251 International Political Economy 3 3 IR 252 Media Maneuvering and World Politics 3 3 IR 253 Theories and Problems of Ethnicity and 3 3 Nationalism IR 254 International Law 3 3 IR 255 Jurisprudence 2 2 IR 279 Viva Voce 2 Total Credits 16 3rd Year 1st Semester, Examination-2018 Course No.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Napoleon Bonaparte on Education Systems and Its Consequences: the Education Revolution on Horseback1
    2 The Effect of Napoleon Bonaparte on Education Systems and its Consequences: The Education Revolution on Horseback1 Abstract: Sociological literature argues that the threat for war with and invasion by the French around the 1800s induced European countries to introduce mass public education systems. On the basis of this theory, the aim of this chapter is twofold: First, it empirically establishes whether the proposed mechanism had an influence on the levels of tracking and standardization in European education systems. Second, it studies whether tracking has an effect on student performance by instrumenting tracking by the political pressure caused by the Napoleonic wars. Especially for tracking, a relation between education systems and the pressure from Napoleon is found. For standardization, no or a much weaker relation is found. Using Napoleon as an instrument for tracking leads to a strong first stage. The resulting analyses show a consistent positive effect between the level of tracking and student performance. 1. I would like to thank Jaap Dronkers and Sjoerd Karsten for bringing the paper of Ramirez and Boli (1987) under my attention, and the Forschungsdatenzentrum am Institut zur Qualitätsentwicklung im Bildungswesen for providing me with the extended PISA data for Germany. I further would like to thank Francisco Ramirez, David Figlio, Bas ter Weel, and participants of the International Workshop on Applied Economics of Education 2013, the Workshop on Comparative systems of educational and political systems at Stanford University, and ESPE 2014 for valuable comments. The Effect of Napoleon Bonaparte on Education Systems and its Consequences “Our view is that European states became engaged in authorizing, funding and managing mass schooling as a part of the endeavor to construct a unified national policy.
    [Show full text]
  • FRENCH REVOLUTION PART 3 from the Directory 1794-1799 To
    FRENCH REVOLUTION PART 3 From the Directory 1794-1799 to Napoleon Bonaparte The Terror July 1793-July 1794 Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety Inscription on Engraving from 1795, after pyramid: Thermidor “Here lies all Robespierre guillotines the France.” executioner, after all France has been guillotined Constitutions of 1791 and 1793 are beneath his feet COUP D’ĖTAT OF THERMIDOR JULY Execution of Robespierre, 1794 Saint Just, Couthon July 1794 End of the Jacobin Terror, start of White Terror" -- execution of 72 leading Jacobins in one day The Directory takes power 1794- 1799 The Directory: July 1794-1799 Paul Barras one of the five Directors making up the executive council Legislature under Directory is Drawing of bicameral: member of Council of Council of Elders = upper house Elders -- pseudo-Roman Council of 500 = lower house robes Constitution of the Year V 1795 Third constitution – one every two years 1791, 1793 Ends universal male suffrage Indirect elections (electoral college like USA) Bicameral legislature upper house as more elite restraint on lower house LOUIS XVII -- never reigned son & heir of Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette b. 1785 d. 1795 June in prison of illness at age 10 (age 8 at time of Marie Antoinette’s trial) Set back for royalist hopes for restoration of monarchy – but the eventual Louis XVIII restored in 1814 was the brother (in exile since 1792) of King Louis XVI executed in Jan 1793. REVOLT OF GERMINAL (Spring 1795): Parisian sans culottes riot, call for "bread & Constitution of 1793," but no more political
    [Show full text]
  • The Coming of the French Revolution 1St Edition Pdf, Epub, Ebook
    THE COMING OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 1ST EDITION PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Georges Lefebvre | 9780691168463 | | | | | The Coming of the French Revolution 1st edition PDF Book A new governmental structure was created for Paris known as the Commune , headed by Jean-Sylvain Bailly , former president of the Assembly. The King and many Feuillants with him expected war would increase his personal popularity; he also foresaw an opportunity to exploit any defeat: either result would make him stronger. If your only way of connecting to the French Revolution in the past has been Les Miserables, this book is it. On 17 July, Louis visited Paris accompanied by deputies, where he was met by Bailly and accepted a tricolore cockade to loud cheers. By declaring war, the Convention hoped to mobilise revolutionary fervour and blame rising prices, shortages and unemployment as arising from external threats. It is therefore more difficult to live as a free man than to live as a slave, and that is why men so often renounce their freedom; for freedom is in its way an invitation to a life of courage, and sometimes "Liberty is by no means an invitation to indifference or to irresponsible power; nor is it the promise of unlimited well-being without a counterpart of toil and effort. Genoa the city became a republic while its hinterland became the Ligurian Republic. Created by WorkBot. Highly recommended. Retrieved 3 January Although persuaded to disperse, on 2 June the Convention was surrounded by a crowd of up to 80,, demanding cheap bread, unemployment pay and political reforms, including restriction of the vote to the sans-culottes , and the right to remove deputies at will.
    [Show full text]
  • The Italian Tricolour Flag
    The Italian Tricolour Flag The tricolour became Italy’s national flag in Reggio Emilia on January 7th 1797, when the Cispadane Republic, at the proposal of Deputy Giuseppe Compagnoni, decreed “that the Cispadane Standard or Flag of Three Colours, Green, White and Red shall become universal and that these three Colours also be used in the Cispadane cockade, which must be worn by everybody”. But why precisely these three colours? In the Italy of 1796, which was swept by the victorious Napoleonic army, almost all the numerous Jacobin-inspired republics that had supplanted the old absolute States had adopted flags featuring three bands of equal dimensions and of varying colours, which were clearly inspired by the French model of 1790. Also the “Italian” military divisions, which were established at the time to support the Napoleonic army, had standards fashioned in the same vogue. More specifically, the regimental banners of the Lombard Legion were coloured white, red and green, three colours that were deeply rooted in the Region’s collective heritage: the white and the red were taken from the age-old municipal coat of arms of the city of Milan (a red cross on a white field ) while the green was taken from the uniforms of Milan’s Civic Guards, which had been green as of 1782. The same colours were later adopted for the standards of the Italian Legion, which grouped together the troops of the regions of Emilia and Romagna, which was probably the reason that spurred the Cispadane Republic to confirm them as the colours of its own flag.
    [Show full text]
  • War, Clausewitz, and the Trinity
    University of Warwick institutional repository: http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap/2048 This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. War, Clausewitz, and the Trinity Thomas Waldman Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of PhD Department of Politics and International Studies University of Warwick June 2009 Table of Contents 1. Introduction 8 2. Theoretical Foundations 48 3. Context and Circumstance 98 4. Policy: War as an Instrument 150 5. Chance: The Realm of Uncertainty 210 6. Passion: The Blind Natural Force 275 7. Interactions: The Trinity as a Unity 337 8. Conclusion and Reflections 365 APPENDIX I - Alternative Translations of the Trinity 382 APPENDIX II - Military Historical Overview 385 Bibliography 389 For my Dad Frederick Waldman 1922-1996 Acknowledgements Acknowledgements This thesis would not have been possible without the kind help, support, and patience of all my family, friends, and colleagues. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to everyone who has, in one way or another, supported me throughout this time. If I have not mentioned you below, you know who you are! In particular I would like to thank: Janie, Jack, and Dan the Man; Anne, Phil, and Williamus; Ruth and Jessica Townend, Claire Taylor, Cameron Christie, Jessie Scott, Nick Turner, Ben Collard, Ben McGregor, James Buffoni, Nick Corney, Sam Fletcher, John Roberts, and Tom Fisher…and not to forget Pep, RIP.
    [Show full text]
  • LBF Gentz 12369 00Front.Indd
    The Origin and Principles of the American Revolution, Compared with the Origin and Principles of the French Revolution Friedrich Gentz The Origin and Principles of the American Revolution, Compared with the Origin and Principles of the French Revolution Friedrich Gentz Translated by John Quincy Adams Edited and with an Introduction by Peter Koslowski Liberty Fund, Inc. Indianapolis This book is published by Liberty Fund, Inc., a foundation established to encourage study of the ideal of a society of free and responsible individuals. The cuneiform inscription that serves as our logo and as the design motif for our endpapers is the earliest- known written appearance of the word “freedom” (amagi), or “liberty.” It is taken from a clay document written about 2300 b.c. in the Sumerian city- state of Lagash. Introduction, editorial additions, and index © 2010 by Liberty Fund, Inc. All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America C 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 P 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Gentz, Friedrich von, 1764–1832. [Ursprung und die Grundsätze der Amerikanischen Revolution, verglichen mit dem Ursprunge und den Grundsätzen der Französischen. English.] The origin and principles of the American Revolution, compared with the origin and principles of the French Revolution / Friedrich Gentz; translated by John Quincy Adams; edited and with an introduction by Peter Koslowski. p. cm. “Translation of Der Ursprung und die Grundsätze der Amerikanischen Revolution, verglichen mit dem Ursprung und den Grundsätzen der Französischen. Reprinted with minor corrections from the 1800 edition published by A.
    [Show full text]
  • Open Thesis.Pdf
    THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY SCHREYER HONORS COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY THE PURPOSE AND FALL OF THE NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE IN THE LOW COUNTRIES AND ITALY NICHOLAS F. BORSUK-WOOMAN Spring 2010 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for baccalaureate degrees in History and Economics with honors in History Reviewed and approved* by the following: Sylvia Neely Associate Professor of History Thesis Supervisor Catherine Wanner Associate Professor of History and Religious Studies Honors Adviser * Signatures are on file in the Schreyer Honors College. ABSTRACT The Purpose and Fall of the Napoleonic Empire in the Low Countries and Italy investigates Napoleon’s aims for the Empire and the reasons for its final demise in the Low Countries and Italy. This work will examine these two aspects in Belgium, the Netherlands, Northern Italy, and Naples. First, I scrutinize Stuart’s Woolf’s thesis that Napoleon attempted to integrate Europe in order to create a single-European state that benefitted the entire continent. I attack his thesis by referring to Paul Schroeder’s argument that Napoleon viewed Europe as colonies that were meant to benefit France. Many of those European colonies benefitted from Napoleon’s colonization, Belgium, Piedmont, and the Kingdom of Italy, while others suffered under his demands, especially the Netherlands and Naples. The underlying theme was the institutions Napoleon implanted into these areas in order to extract their resources. The second argument assaults the view that nationalism was the cause of the fall of the Empire. Through analyzing the Low Countries and Italy, I demonstrate that entrenched political factions existed, separated on financial and economic issues, conscription, and religion.
    [Show full text]
  • A Memento of Napoleon
    Ettore Paratore selected episodes from Virgil's in a striking holder formed by two cast bronze Aeneid for this striking contemporary edition panels which were also designed and cast by which was specially commissioned to com- Pericle Fazzini. The two bronze panels, which memorate the bimillennium of Virgil's death. are in bas relief, depict Aeneas's flight from The episodes which contain the original Latin Troy and Dido and Aeneas. The spine of the text facing the Italian translation by Francesco holder contains an attractive dolphin to il- Vivona, are illustrated by 13 high-quality silk- lustrate the device of the printers, Edizioni screen prints by the contemporary Italian Delfino. The cast bronze holder is embedded artist, Pericle Fazzini. This book, printed in a in a heavy base of Roman Travertine. limited edition of 350 copies intended for export (of which this is copy no. 341), is housed C. i8o.k. 12. A MEMENTO OF NAPOLEON Morna Daniels ON 5 May 1821 Napoleon died in exile on his had culminated in the 'Battle of the Nations' island prison of St Helena. Amongst those near Leipzig. However, when in 1814 the Englishmen particularly affected by the news victorious allies entered Paris, Hobhouse's was John Cam Hobhouse, the eldest son of Sir patriotism - his brother was in the triumphant Benjamin Hobhouse. His mother was a dis- British army - warred with his sorrow at the senter, and Hobhouse himself had attended a fall of a great man and sympathy for Napoleon's school run by a Unitarian before going on to revolutionary ideals.
    [Show full text]