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INTRODUCTION 1. Charles Esdaile, the Wars of Napoleon (New York, 1995), Ix; Philip Dwyer, “Preface,” Napoleon and Europe, E

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INTRODUCTION 1. Charles Esdaile, the Wars of Napoleon (New York, 1995), Ix; Philip Dwyer, “Preface,” Napoleon and Europe, E Notes INTRODUCTION 1. Charles Esdaile, The Wars of Napoleon (New York, 1995), ix; Philip Dwyer, “Preface,” Napoleon and Europe, ed. Philip Dwyer (London, 2001), ix. 2. Michael Broers, Europe under Napoleon, 1799–1815 (London, 1996), 3. 3. An exception to the Franco-centric bibliography in English prior to the last decade is Owen Connelly, Napoleon’s Satellite Kingdoms (New York, 1965). Connelly discusses the developments in five satellite kingdoms: Italy, Naples, Holland, Westphalia, and Spain. Two other important works that appeared before 1990, which explore the internal developments in two countries during the Napoleonic period, are Gabriel Lovett, Napoleon and the Birth of Modern Spain (New York, 1965) and Simon Schama, Patriots and Liberators: Revolution in the Netherlands, 1780–1813 (London, 1977). 4. Stuart Woolf, Napoleon’s Integration of Europe (London and New York, 1991), 8–13. 5. Geoffrey Ellis, “The Nature of Napoleonic Imperialism,” Napoleon and Europe, ed. Philip Dwyer (London, 2001), 102–5; Broers, Europe under Napoleon, passim. 1 THE FORMATION OF THE NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE 1. Geoffrey Ellis, “The Nature of Napoleonic Imperialism,” Napoleon and Europe, ed. Philip Dwyer (London, 2001), 105. 2. Martyn Lyons, Napoleon Bonaparte and the Legacy of the French Revolution (New York, 1994), 43. 3. Ellis, “The Nature,” 104–5. 4. On the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars and international relations, see Tim Blanning, The French Revolutionary Wars, 1787–1802 (London, 1996); David Chandler, The Campaigns of Napoleon: the Mind and Method of History’s Greatest Soldier (London, 1966); Owen Connelly, Blundering to Glory: Napoleon’s Military 212 Notes 213 Campaigns (Wilmington, DE, 1987); J. R. Elting, Swords Around a Throne: Napoleon’s Grande Armée (New York, 1988); Charles Esdaile, The Wars of Napoleon (London, 1995); Georges Lefebvre, Napoleon, 2 vols (Eng. trans., London, 1969); Gunther Rothenberg, The Art of Warfare in the Age of Napoleon (London, 1977); Alan Schom, Napoleon Bonaparte (New York, 1997); Paul Schroeder, The Transformation of European Politics, 1763–1848 (Oxford, 1994), 100–516. 5. The chapter does not discuss the Iberian campaign, which is covered in detail in the chapter on Spain. 6. Tim Blanning, The Origins of the French Revolutionary Wars (New York, 1986). 7. Blanning, The French Revolutionary Wars, 179; Schroeder, The Transformation, 172. 8. Esdaile, The Wars, 14; see also Lefebvre, Napoleon, I, 175. 9. Schroeder, The Transformation, 284. 10. Brendan Simms, The Impact of Napoleon: Prussian High Politics, Foreign Policy and the Crisis of the Executive, 1797–1806 (Cambridge, 1997), 159–303. 11. Schroeder, The Transformation, 320–3; Lefebvre, Napoleon, I, 274–5. 12. Gunther Rothenberg, Napoleon’s Great Adversaries: The Archduke Charles and the Austrian Army, 1792–1814 (Bloomington, IN, 1982). 13. Gunther Eyck, Loyal Rebels, Andreas Hofer and the Tyrolean Uprising of 1809 (New York, 1986); Lee Harford, “Napoleon and the Subjugation of the Tyrol,” CRE, 1989, 704–11. 14. Cited in Schom, Napoleon, 491. 15. Robert Epstein, Napoleon’s Last Victory and the Emergence of Modern War (Kansas, 1994); Frederick Schneid, Napoleon’s Italian Campaigns, 1805–1815 (Westport, CN, 2002), 59–100. 16. Enno Kraehe, Metternich’s German Policy, I: The Contest with Napoleon, 1799–1814 (Princeton, NJ, 1963), 122–4. 2 THE JANUS FACE OF NAPOLEON’S RULE: REFORM AND EXPLOITATION 1. Stuart Woolf, Napoleon’s Integration of Europe (London, 1991), 8–13. 2. Stuart Woolf, “French Civilization and Ethnicity in the Napoleonic Empire,” Past and Present, 124 (1989), 106. 3. Napoleon I, Correspondance de Napoléon I publiée par l’ordre de l’empereur Napoléon III, 32 vols (Paris, 1858–70), 15 November 1807, vol. 16, no. 13361, 166–7. 4. Geoffrey Ellis, “The Nature of Napoleonic Imperialism,” Napoleon and Europe, ed. Philip Dwyer (London, 2001), 104–6. 5. Woolf, Napoleon’s Integration; Philip Dwyer, “Introduction,” Napoleon and Europe (London, 2001), 8. 6. Ellis, “The Nature,” 102–5. 7. John Davis, Conflict and Control: Law and Order in Nineteenth-Century Italy (Atlantic Highlands, NJ, 1988), 23. 8. Woolf, Napoleon’s Integration, 87–90. 9. Michael Broers, “Policing the Empire: Napoleon and the Pacification of Europe,” Napoleon and Europe, ed. Philip Dwyer (London, 2001), 153–68. 214 Notes 10. Woolf, Napoleon’s Integration, 199–206. 11. Michael Broers, Europe under Napoleon, 1799–1815 (London, 1996), 99, passim, map, 181; id., “Napoleon, Charlemagne, and Lotharingia: Acculturation and the Boundaries of Napoleonic Europe,” The Historical Journal, 44, 1 (2001), 135–54. 12. Broers, Europe under Napoleon, passim. 13. Ellis, “The Nature,” 103. 14. Ibid., 104. 15. On resistance to the Napoleonic regime in Europe, see Broers, Europe under Napoleon, 101–25; Charles Esdaile, “Popular Resistance to the Napoleonic Empire,” Napoleon and Europe, ed. Philip Dwyer (London, 2001), 136–52; Woolf, Napoleon’s Integration, 226–37. 16. Georges Lefebvre, Napoleon, 2 vols (Eng. trans., London, 1969 and 1974), II, 209. 17. Woolf, Napoleon’s Integration, 156–65. 18. Charles Esdaile, The Wars of Napoleon (London, 1995), 99. 19. Louis Bergeron, France under Napoleon (Princeton, NJ, 1981), 40. 20. D. M. G. Sutherland, France, 1789–1815: Revolution and Counter Revolution (New York and Oxford, 1986), 413. 21. Jacques Godechot, Les institutions de la France sous la Révolution et l’Empire (Paris, 1968), 655. 22. Eli Heckscher, The Continental System: An Economic Interpretation (1922; reprinted Gloucester, MA, 1964), 295–302; Woolf, Napoleon’s Integration, 146–9. 23. Correspondance de Napoléon, 23 August 1810, vol. 21, no. 16824, 60–1. 24. Helmut Berding, Napoleonische Herrschafts und Geselschaftspolitik in Königreich Westfalen, 1807–1813 (Göttingen, 1973), 148; Woolf, Napoleon’s Integration, 182–4; Broers, Europe under Napoleon, 94–5; Geoffrey Ellis, Napoleon (London and New York, 1997), 137–9. 25. Woolf, Napoleon’s Integration, 183–4. 26. Esdaile, The Wars, 103. 27. Paul Schroeder, The Transformation of European Politics, 1763–1848 (Oxford, 1994), 308. 28. Heckscher, The Continental System, 245. 29. François Crouzet, “Wars, Blockade and the Economic Change in Europe, 1792–1815,” Journal of Economic History, 24 (1964), 572. 30. Lefebvre, Napoleon, II, 120–1. 31. Roger Dufraisse, “Blocus Continental,” Dictionnaire Napoléon, ed. Jean Tulard (Paris, 1987), 232; Heckscher, The Continental System, 228–9. 3 FRANCE 1. Martyn Lyons, France under the Directory (Cambridge, 1975). 2. Jacques Godechot, Les institutions de la France sous la Révolution et l’Empire (Paris, 1968), 558–70. 3. Isser Woloch, Napoleon and His Collaborators: The Making of a Dictatorship (New York, 2001), 120–55. 4. Martyn Lyons, Napoleon Bonaparte and the Legacy of the French Revolution (New York, 1994), 67. Notes 215 5. Claude Langlois, “Un Plébiscite de l’an VIII: documents d’une falsification,” an English translation, Napoleon and His Times: Selected Interpretations, ed. Frank Kafker and James Laux (Florida, 1989), 63. 6. Godechot, Les institutions, 557. 7. Woloch, Napoleon and His Collaborators, 94–6. 8. Jean Tulard, Napoléon ou le Myth du Sauveur (Paris, 1987), 165. 9. Louis Bergeron, France under Napoleon (Princeton, NJ, 1981), 88–97. 10. Jacques Godechot, The Counter-Revolution: Doctrine and Action, 1789–1804 (Princeton, NJ, 1971), 364. 11. D. M. G. Sutherland, The Chouans: The Social Origins of Popular Counter- revolution in Upper Brittany (Oxford, 1982). 12. D. M. G. Sutherland, France, 1789–1815: Revolution and Counter-Revolution (London, 1985), 349–50. 13. Isser Woloch, “The Napoleonic Regime and French Society,” Napoleon and Europe, ed. Philip Dwyer (London, 2001), 69. 14. Louis Bergeron and Guy Chaussinand-Nogaret, “Les Masses de Granit”: cent mille notables du 1er Empire (Paris, 1979). 15. Tulard, Napoleon, 243. 16. Sutherland, France, 1789–1815, 389. On the old nobility, see Geoffrey Ellis, Napoleon (London and New York, 1997), 141–51. 17. Bergeron, France, 64; Claude Ducourtial-Rey, “Legion d’Honneur,” Dictionnaire Napoléon, ed. Jean Tulard (Paris, 1987), 1054–61. 18. Lyons, Napoleon Bonaparte, 172. 19. Tulard, Napoléon, 330. 20. Ibid., 331. 21. Lyons, Napoleon Bonaparte, 172. 22. John McManners, The French Revolution and the Church (New York, 1969). 23. William Doyle, The Oxford History of the French Revolution (Oxford, 1990), 144. 24. Quote from Bonaparte is from Lyons, Napoleon Bonaparte, 82. Tulard, Napoleon, 138. 25. For the text of the Concordat, see E. E. Hay, Revolution and Papacy (Notre Dame, IN, 1966), 298–300. On the Concordat, ibid., 139–54; Owen Chadwick, The Popes and European Revolution (Oxford, 1981), 487–90; Margaret O’Dwyer, The Papacy in the Age of Napoleon and the Restoration: Pius VII, 1800–1823 (New York, 1985); Lyons, Napoleon Bonaparte, 77–93. 26. Woloch, Napoleon and His Collaborators, 52. On prefects, see id., The New Regime, Transformations of the French Civic Order, 1789–1820s (New York and London, 1994), 54–9; Bergeron, France, 23–31, 56–60; A. E. Whitcomb, “Napoleon’s Prefects,” American Historical Review, 79 (1974), 1089–1118. 27. Godechot, Les institutions, 589. 28. Michael Sibalis, “The Napoleonic Police State”, Napoleon and Europe, ed. Philip Dwyer (London, 2001), 79. 29. Eric Arnold, Fouché, Napoleon, and the General Police (Washington, 1979); Sibalis, “The Napoleonic Police,” 79–94; Alan Schom, Napoleon Bonaparte (New York, 1997), 251–72. 30. A. Cabanis, La presse sous le Consulat et l’Empire (Paris, 1975); Robert Holtman, Napoleonic Propaganda (Baton Rouge, LA, 1950),
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