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A Survey of the Bat Fauna

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A Survey of the Bat Fauna __________________________________________________________________________________ Assessment of risk to Large Forest Bat on Lord Howe Isand from proposed wind turbines. An assessment of the risk to the Large Forest Bat Vespadelus darlingtoni from proposed wind turbines on Lord Howe Island, New South Wales. A report to Lord Howe Island Board G.A. Hoye Fly By Night Bat Surveys Pty Ltd ABN 48 068 562 005 PO Box 271 BELMONT NSW 2280 Tel 4947 7794 Fax 4947 7537 January 2016 January 2016 Fly By Night Bat Surveys Pty Ltd __________________________________________________________________________________ 1 __________________________________________________________________________________ Assessment of risk to Large Forest Bat on Lord Howe Isand from proposed wind turbines. 1 INTRODUCTION Fly By Night Bat Surveys PL was requested by the Lord Howe Island Board to assess potential impacts to the Large Forest Bat from two proposed wind turbines to be sited in pasture on the southern flank of Transit Hill. This species is currently the only native mammal known to breed on the island. Previous survey has confirmed the presence of this species in the lower elevated parts of the island including the area where the two turbines are proposed (Fly By Night Bat Surveys 2010). A population of approximately 500 breeding females exists north of the airstrip, with a second smaller population centred around Mount Gower and Mount Lidgebird (Fly By Night Bat Surveys 2010-2014). Significant mortality of microchiropteran bats has occurred at utility wind farms in North America and Europe (eg Kunz 2007b). In eastern North America mortality from turbine strike along forested ridge tops varies from 15.3 to 41.1 bats per megawatt (MW) of installed capacity per year Kunz (2007b). Lower rates have been reported from other parts of the US varying from 0.8 to 8.6 bats per MW per year. Higher mortality is associated with periods of migration of particular tree roosting bat species and may involve bats approaching turbines for inspection as potential roosts. (Kunz 2007a). Two Vergnet GEV MP R 275 kW wind turbines are proposed for an area of pasture on the northern flank of Transit Hill, southwest of the current Powerhouse site. The turbines have two blades of 32 metres diameter set at a hub height of 55 metres (Jacobs Group 2015) and are able to be tilted for maintenance or other equirements. They will be guyed with cables to supporting masts. The turbines are rated for wind speeds of 12 metres per second and cut in at wind speeds of 3.5 metres per second and cut out at wind speeds in excess of 25 metres per second. Maximum rotor speed of 31 rpm would be achieved. The swept rotor area will occur between 39 metres and 71 metres above ground level at the turbine locations. To assess the activity of the Large Forest Bat, echolocation calls were recorded at a wind monitoring mast sited immediately south of where the turbines will be located. Calls were recorded each night over a twelve month period at three heights to assess the relative activity of bats. Additional echolocation call detection was undertaken at locations within pasture, forest edge and within forest habitats adjacent to the proposed turbine locations during visits to the island in November 2014, and February, May, July and November of 2015 to assess the relative activity of the Large Forest Bat in pasture compared with forest habitats. Capture and banding of the Large Forest Bats was also undertaken during visits to the island to assist in providing population estimates and provide additional information on natural movements of individuals. It also provided information on the activity of the bats during the autumn and winter months, as previous survey had been restricted to spring and summer (Fly By Night Bat Surveys 2010-2014). January 2016 Fly By Night Bat Surveys Pty Ltd __________________________________________________________________________________ 2 __________________________________________________________________________________ Assessment of risk to Large Forest Bat on Lord Howe Isand from proposed wind turbines. 2 SURVEY METHODOLOGY To assess the risk to resident populations of the Large Forest Bat from blade strike and impact with guy wires and supporting masts, echolocation call detection was undertaken to quantify the activity of this species in the vicinity of the swept rotor range. Effect of Habitat on Bat Activity The degree to which bats utilise pasture in the vicinity of the turbines was assessed through the placement of Anabat SD1 and SD2 detectors within the adjacent forest, at the forest edge and in open pasture (refer to Figure 1 and Plates 1-3). Sampling was undertaken in November 2014, February 2015, May 2015, July 2015 and November 2015 (Table 1) to provide information of the use of these habitats throughout the year. The sensitivity of detectors was calibrated using a Bat Chirp Board (Nevada Bat Technology, Los Vegas USA) to ensure units were comparable. The detectors sampled throughout the entire night with files downloaded for subsequent analysis. Figure 1 Sites sampled for echolocation calls to assess the effect of habitat on the activity of the Large Forest Bat. January 2016 Fly By Night Bat Surveys Pty Ltd __________________________________________________________________________________ 3 __________________________________________________________________________________ Assessment of risk to Large Forest Bat on Lord Howe Isand from proposed wind turbines. Plate 1 A detector placed in forest to the east of the turbines sites. Plate 2 A detector placed at the forest edge to the east of the turbines sites. January 2016 Fly By Night Bat Surveys Pty Ltd __________________________________________________________________________________ 4 __________________________________________________________________________________ Assessment of risk to Large Forest Bat on Lord Howe Isand from proposed wind turbines. Plate 3 A detector placed in pasture near the wind monitoring mast. Effect of Height on Bat Activity The second area of investigation was the activity of the Large Forest Bat at three heights within pasture at the wind monitoring mast. Microphones were located at 2 metres, 20 metres and 40 metres height on a wind monitoring mast located in the clearing where the two turbines will be situated, and connected via cables to Anabat Express detectors near the base of the mast. The detectors were programmed to come on at dusk and record until sunrise. Sensitivity of the detectors was adjusted until all three were recording the same number of bat passes at ground level prior to placement of the microphones at the three heights. These ensured results were comparable between the detectors. The detectors were downloaded on visits to the island in February, May, July and November 2015. January 2016 Fly By Night Bat Surveys Pty Ltd __________________________________________________________________________________ 5 __________________________________________________________________________________ Assessment of risk to Large Forest Bat on Lord Howe Isand from proposed wind turbines. 3 SURVEY RESULTS Effect of habitat on Large Forest Bat activity Activity of the Large Forest Bat was substantially higher within forest when compared to that in pasture for all of the surveys (refer to Graph 1). Activity levels within the forest were significantly higher than that in pasture during all four surveys (Kuskall Wallis non parametric test, H=6.60-15.98, 2 d.f., P<0.05). Activity levels in the forest were approximately an order of magnitude higher than that at the forest edge. There was generally an equivalent decrease in activity from the forest edge to that in pasture despite the detector being sited less than 30 metres into the pasture from the forest edge. This pattern was repeated during surveys undertaken in November 2014, February 2015 and May 2015. Activity between the three habitat types was not significantly different during the July 2015 survey, with low activity at forest, edge and pasture sites. Graph 1 Activity of the Large Forest Bat within forest, at the forest edge and in open pasture. These results indicate that the Large Forest Bat does not currently forage in or commute through the area of pasture to a substantial extent where the turbines are proposed to be sited. January 2016 Fly By Night Bat Surveys Pty Ltd __________________________________________________________________________________ 6 __________________________________________________________________________________ Assessment of risk to Large Forest Bat on Lord Howe Isand from proposed wind turbines. Effect of height on bat activity Graph 2 The effect of detection height on activity levels of the Large Forest Bat at the mast. Graph 2 displays the activity of the Large Forest Bat at the mast at 2 metres, 20metres and 40 metres height. While activity was low even at 2 metres, activity at 20 metres height was negligible. This suggests that the small number of bats passing over the pasture do so close to ground level. No activity was present at 40 metres height, indicating that the likelihood of the Large Forest Bat passing through the swept rotor area of the proposed turbines is low. January 2016 Fly By Night Bat Surveys Pty Ltd __________________________________________________________________________________ 7 __________________________________________________________________________________ Assessment of risk to Large Forest Bat on Lord Howe Isand from proposed wind turbines. Temporal variation in Large Forest
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