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Decentralization in Wikipedia Governance
Decentralization in Wikipedia Governance Andrea Forte1, Vanessa Larco2 and Amy Bruckman1 1GVU Center, College of Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology {aforte, asb}@cc.gatech.edu 2Microsoft [email protected] This is a preprint version of the journal article: Forte, Andrea, Vanessa Larco and Amy Bruckman. (2009) Decentralization in Wikipedia Governance. Journal of Management Information Systems. 26(1) pp 49-72. Publisher: M.E. Sharp www.mesharpe.com/journals.asp Abstract How does “self-governance” happen in Wikipedia? Through in-depth interviews with twenty individuals who have held a variety of responsibilities in the English-language Wikipedia, we obtained rich descriptions of how various forces produce and regulate social structures on the site. Our analysis describes Wikipedia as an organization with highly refined policies, norms, and a technological architecture that supports organizational ideals of consensus building and discussion. We describe how governance on the site is becoming increasingly decentralized as the community grows and how this is predicted by theories of commons-based governance developed in offline contexts. We also briefly examine local governance structures called WikiProjects through the example of WikiProject Military History, one of the oldest and most prolific projects on the site. 1. The Mechanisms of Self-Organization Should a picture of a big, hairy tarantula appear in an encyclopedia article about arachnophobia? Does it illustrate the point, or just frighten potential readers? Reasonable people might disagree on this question. In a freely editable site like Wikipedia, anyone can add the photo, and someone else can remove it. And someone can add it back, and the process continues. -
State of Wikimedia Communities of India
State of Wikimedia Communities of India Assamese http://as.wikipedia.org State of Assamese Wikipedia RISE OF ASSAMESE WIKIPEDIA Number of edits and internal links EDITS PER MONTH INTERNAL LINKS GROWTH OF ASSAMESE WIKIPEDIA Number of good Date Articles January 2010 263 December 2012 301 (around 3 articles per month) November 2011 742 (around 40 articles per month) Future Plans Awareness Sessions and Wiki Academy Workshops in Universities of Assam. Conduct Assamese Editing Workshops to groom writers to write in Assamese. Future Plans Awareness Sessions and Wiki Academy Workshops in Universities of Assam. Conduct Assamese Editing Workshops to groom writers to write in Assamese. THANK YOU Bengali বাংলা উইকিপিডিয়া Bengali Wikipedia http://bn.wikipedia.org/ By Bengali Wikipedia community Bengali Language • 6th most spoken language • 230 million speakers Bengali Language • National language of Bangladesh • Official language of India • Official language in Sierra Leone Bengali Wikipedia • Started in 2004 • 22,000 articles • 2,500 page views per month • 150 active editors Bengali Wikipedia • Monthly meet ups • W10 anniversary • Women’s Wikipedia workshop Wikimedia Bangladesh local chapter approved in 2011 by Wikimedia Foundation English State of WikiProject India on ENGLISH WIKIPEDIA ● One of the largest Indian Wikipedias. ● WikiProject started on 11 July 2006 by GaneshK, an NRI. ● Number of article:89,874 articles. (Excludes those that are not tagged with the WikiProject banner) ● Editors – 465 (active) ● Featured content : FAs - 55, FLs - 20, A class – 2, GAs – 163. BASIC STATISTICS ● B class – 1188 ● C class – 801 ● Start – 10,931 ● Stub – 43,666 ● Unassessed for quality – 20,875 ● Unknown importance – 61,061 ● Cleanup tags – 43,080 articles & 71,415 tags BASIC STATISTICS ● Diversity of opinion ● Lack of reliable sources ● Indic sources „lost in translation“ ● Editor skills need to be upgraded ● Lack of leadership ● Lack of coordinated activities ● …. -
The Culture of Wikipedia
Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Wikipedia Good Faith Collaboration The Culture of Wikipedia Joseph Michael Reagle Jr. Foreword by Lawrence Lessig The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. Web edition, Copyright © 2011 by Joseph Michael Reagle Jr. CC-NC-SA 3.0 Purchase at Amazon.com | Barnes and Noble | IndieBound | MIT Press Wikipedia's style of collaborative production has been lauded, lambasted, and satirized. Despite unease over its implications for the character (and quality) of knowledge, Wikipedia has brought us closer than ever to a realization of the centuries-old Author Bio & Research Blog pursuit of a universal encyclopedia. Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Wikipedia is a rich ethnographic portrayal of Wikipedia's historical roots, collaborative culture, and much debated legacy. Foreword Preface to the Web Edition Praise for Good Faith Collaboration Preface Extended Table of Contents "Reagle offers a compelling case that Wikipedia's most fascinating and unprecedented aspect isn't the encyclopedia itself — rather, it's the collaborative culture that underpins it: brawling, self-reflexive, funny, serious, and full-tilt committed to the 1. Nazis and Norms project, even if it means setting aside personal differences. Reagle's position as a scholar and a member of the community 2. The Pursuit of the Universal makes him uniquely situated to describe this culture." —Cory Doctorow , Boing Boing Encyclopedia "Reagle provides ample data regarding the everyday practices and cultural norms of the community which collaborates to 3. Good Faith Collaboration produce Wikipedia. His rich research and nuanced appreciation of the complexities of cultural digital media research are 4. The Puzzle of Openness well presented. -
Group Identification, Goal Setting and Social Modeling in Directing Online
Organizing without Formal Organization: Group Identification, Goal Setting and Social Modeling in Directing Online Production Haiyi Zhu, Robert Kraut, Aniket Kittur Carnegie Mellon University 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA15213 {haiyiz, robert.kraut, nkittur}@cs.cmu.edu ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION A challenge for many online production communities is to Online production communities are becoming increasingly direct their members to accomplish tasks that are important important in creating innovative products in the networked to the group, even when these tasks may not match world. These organizations have successfully aggregated individual members’ interests. Here we investigate how the efforts of millions of volunteers to produce complex combining group identification and direction setting can artifacts such as GNU/Linux and Wikipedia. Currently most motivate volunteers in online communities to accomplish large online projects primarily rely on a paradigm of self- tasks important to the success of the group as a whole. We direction in which contributors work primarily on the tasks hypothesize that group identity, the perception of belonging they are interested in. This paradigm provides a number of to a group, triggers in-group favoritism; and direction benefits. Contributors are motivated to work on the tasks in setting (including explicit direction from group goals and which they are intrinsically interested in and are likely to implicit direction from role models) focuses people’s choose tasks in which they already have some expertise [4]. group-oriented motivation towards the group’s important However, this approach breaks down when there are tasks. We tested our hypotheses in the context of conflicts between the interests of the contributors and the Wikipedia's Collaborations of the Week (COTW), a group interests of the project as a whole. -
Arxiv:2010.11856V3 [Cs.CL] 13 Apr 2021 Questions from Non-English Native Speakers to Rep- Information-Seeking Questions—Questions from Resent Real-World Applications
XOR QA: Cross-lingual Open-Retrieval Question Answering Akari Asaiº, Jungo Kasaiº, Jonathan H. Clark¶, Kenton Lee¶, Eunsol Choi¸, Hannaneh Hajishirziº¹ ºUniversity of Washington ¶Google Research ¸The University of Texas at Austin ¹Allen Institute for AI {akari, jkasai, hannaneh}@cs.washington.edu {jhclark, kentonl}@google.com, [email protected] Abstract ロン・ポールの学部時代の専攻は?[Japanese] (What did Ron Paul major in during undergraduate?) Multilingual question answering tasks typi- cally assume that answers exist in the same Multilingual document collections language as the question. Yet in prac- (Wikipedias) tice, many languages face both information ロン・ポール (ja.wikipedia) scarcity—where languages have few reference 高校卒業後はゲティスバーグ大学へ進学。 (After high school, he went to Gettysburg College.) articles—and information asymmetry—where questions reference concepts from other cul- Ron Paul (en.wikipedia) tures. This work extends open-retrieval ques- Paul went to Gettysburg College, where he was a member of the Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity. He tion answering to a cross-lingual setting en- graduated with a B.S. degree in Biology in 1957. abling questions from one language to be an- swered via answer content from another lan- 生物学 (Biology) guage. We construct a large-scale dataset built on 40K information-seeking questions Figure 1: Overview of XOR QA. Given a question in across 7 diverse non-English languages that Li, the model finds an answer in either English or Li TYDI QA could not find same-language an- Wikipedia and returns an answer in English or L . L swers for. Based on this dataset, we introduce i i is one of the 7 typologically diverse languages. -
Le Logiciel Wiki Utilisé Par Wikipédia
WIKIWIKI Un outil informatique créé par WardWard CunninghamCunningham en 1995, Wiki-wiki : aller vite en hawaïen, Outil collaboratif, Mediawiki : le logiciel wiki utilisé par wikipédia. Ville de Nevers 10/05/2017 PetitePetite histoirehistoire Jimmy Wales (Jimbo) financier ayant fait fortune envisage la création d'une encyclopédie en ligne (Nupédia) Engage Larry Sanger qui propose en 2001 d'utiliser wiki pour faire participer les lecteurs aux articles (qui seraient ensuite mis dans Nupedia...) Ville de Nevers 10/05/2017 DeDe NupediaNupedia àà WikipediaWikipedia (1/2)(1/2) Nupedia (2000) – Fondateurs : Jimmy Wales et Larry Sanger (Portail Bomis) – Objectif : 1ère encyclopédie libre sur internet, à disposition du plus grand nombre (prédécesseurs : Universalis, Encarta, le Quid, Britannica…) – Modèle éditorial calqué sur l'édition traditionnelle : ➔ Recrutement des auteurs conditionné par la possession d'un doctorat ➔ Processus de validation basé sur 7 étapes Assignment -- Finding a lead reviewer -- Lead review -- Open review -- Lead copyediting -- Open copyediting -- Final approval and markup – Résultats : ➔ En 2 ans...24 articles validés et 74 autres en développement ➔ Fermeture définitive en sept. 2003 (après un an d'inactivité) Ville de Nevers 10/05/2017 DeDe NupediaNupedia àà WikipediaWikipedia (2/2)(2/2) Wikipedia (janvier 2001) : – En parallèle, idée d'expérimenter un mode de fonctionnement plus ouvert, facilitant la production collaborative et décentralisée des articles – Au départ, pas de règles précises, pas de position idéologique .., plutôt une « anarchie » bon enfant, et un consensus implicite, autour d'un noyau dur de 200 personnes en provenance de Nupedia – Premières règles qui deviendront les pivots inamovibles du projet : Principes fondateurs 1. Wikipédia est une encyclopédie 2. -
Engineering Management Field Project
Engineering Management Field Project The Interactive Knowledge Library: Capturing, Sharing and Synthesizing Tacit Knowledge in Engineering By Craig M. Eaton Fall Semester, 2006 An EMGT Field Project report submitted to the Engineering Management Program and the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master’s of Science ____________________________ Charles Keller Committee Chairperson ____________________________ Craig Connell Committee Member ____________________________ Tim Wilcoxon Committee Member Date accepted:____________________________ Acknowledgements I wish to thank Ron Wood for the initial idea of looking into capturing knowledge for my project. Thanks to my sister Janette Savage for providing some useful references. Also thanks to Rich Perkins, Jan Sindt and Nitin Sanghi for the discussions on Knowledge Management. Most of all thanks to my committee, Chick Keller, Craig Connell and Tim Wilcoxon and particularly to Chick for introducing Wikis to me in a previous class. Last but not least thanks to my wife Lisa for the moral support and making me cups of rooibos tea while I worked on this. i Executive Summary The Interactive Knowledge Library is a place to capture, share and synthesize tacit and explicit knowledge. While explicit knowledge (or ‘know what’) is useful, it is tacit knowledge (or ‘know how’) that is the quintessence of knowledge, from which there is the most to be gained by sharing. The Interactive Knowledge Library provides a medium through which knowledge is expressed by enabling data and information to be set into context. A Wiki environment (e.g. www.wikipedia.org) is the best information technology solution currently available in order to enable the Interactive Knowledge Library concept. -
The Case of Wikipedia Jansn
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Wisdom of the crowd or technicity of content? Wikipedia as a sociotechnical system Niederer, S.; van Dijck, J. DOI 10.1177/1461444810365297 Publication date 2010 Document Version Submitted manuscript Published in New Media & Society Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Niederer, S., & van Dijck, J. (2010). Wisdom of the crowd or technicity of content? Wikipedia as a sociotechnical system. New Media & Society, 12(8), 1368-1387. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444810365297 General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:27 Sep 2021 Full Title: Wisdom of the Crowd or Technicity of Content? Wikipedia as a socio-technical system Authors: Sabine Niederer and José van Dijck Sabine Niederer, University of Amsterdam, Turfdraagsterpad 9, 1012 XT Amsterdam, The Netherlands [email protected] José van Dijck, University of Amsterdam, Spuistraat 210, 1012 VT Amsterdam, The Netherlands [email protected] Authors’ Biographies Sabine Niederer is PhD candidate in Media Studies at the University of Amsterdam, and member of the Digital Methods Initiative, Amsterdam. -
Genre Analysis of Online Encyclopedias. the Case of Wikipedia
Genre analysis online encycloped The case of Wikipedia AnnaTereszkiewicz Genre analysis of online encyclopedias The case of Wikipedia Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego Publikacja dofi nansowana przez Wydział Filologiczny Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego ze środków wydziałowej rezerwy badań własnych oraz Instytutu Filologii Angielskiej PROJEKT OKŁADKI Bartłomiej Drosdziok Zdjęcie na okładce: Łukasz Stawarski © Copyright by Anna Tereszkiewicz & Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego Wydanie I, Kraków 2010 All rights reserved Książka, ani żaden jej fragment nie może być przedrukowywana bez pisemnej zgody Wydawcy. W sprawie zezwoleń na przedruk należy zwracać się do Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. ISBN 978-83-233-2813-1 www.wuj.pl Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego Redakcja: ul. Michałowskiego 9/2, 31-126 Kraków tel. 12-631-18-81, 12-631-18-82, fax 12-631-18-83 Dystrybucja: tel. 12-631-01-97, tel./fax 12-631-01-98 tel. kom. 0506-006-674, e-mail: [email protected] Konto: PEKAO SA, nr 80 1240 4722 1111 0000 4856 3325 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................ 9 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 11 Materials and Methods .................................................................................................................. 14 1. Genology as a study .................................................................................................................. -
Critical Point of View: a Wikipedia Reader
w ikipedia pedai p edia p Wiki CRITICAL POINT OF VIEW A Wikipedia Reader 2 CRITICAL POINT OF VIEW A Wikipedia Reader CRITICAL POINT OF VIEW 3 Critical Point of View: A Wikipedia Reader Editors: Geert Lovink and Nathaniel Tkacz Editorial Assistance: Ivy Roberts, Morgan Currie Copy-Editing: Cielo Lutino CRITICAL Design: Katja van Stiphout Cover Image: Ayumi Higuchi POINT OF VIEW Printer: Ten Klei Groep, Amsterdam Publisher: Institute of Network Cultures, Amsterdam 2011 A Wikipedia ISBN: 978-90-78146-13-1 Reader EDITED BY Contact GEERT LOVINK AND Institute of Network Cultures NATHANIEL TKACZ phone: +3120 5951866 INC READER #7 fax: +3120 5951840 email: [email protected] web: http://www.networkcultures.org Order a copy of this book by sending an email to: [email protected] A pdf of this publication can be downloaded freely at: http://www.networkcultures.org/publications Join the Critical Point of View mailing list at: http://www.listcultures.org Supported by: The School for Communication and Design at the Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences (Hogeschool van Amsterdam DMCI), the Centre for Internet and Society (CIS) in Bangalore and the Kusuma Trust. Thanks to Johanna Niesyto (University of Siegen), Nishant Shah and Sunil Abraham (CIS Bangalore) Sabine Niederer and Margreet Riphagen (INC Amsterdam) for their valuable input and editorial support. Thanks to Foundation Democracy and Media, Mondriaan Foundation and the Public Library Amsterdam (Openbare Bibliotheek Amsterdam) for supporting the CPOV events in Bangalore, Amsterdam and Leipzig. (http://networkcultures.org/wpmu/cpov/) Special thanks to all the authors for their contributions and to Cielo Lutino, Morgan Currie and Ivy Roberts for their careful copy-editing. -
Portrait of the Intellectual As a DJ Wikipedia and the Question of Scientific Expertise
Portrait of the intellectual as a DJ Wikipedia and the question of scientific expertise Philippe LACOUR Wikipedia is on its way to becoming something of an institution in today’s intellectual landscape. What role, one might ask, is scientific expertise going to play here? According to Philippe Lacour, this problem is not so much going to find a solution inside the encyclopaedia’s framework, as it is going to be resolved in an external operationalisation process, following the twofold principle of clinical as well as critical differentiation. Wikipedia’s development is based on the dissembling and reassembling of knowledge and digital data, foreshadowing, undoubtedly, what will be a new form of intellectual life. Wikipedia and Citizendium Wikipedia is notorious for its editorial ambiguity. Not only is the positivist norm, which includes neutral presentation of facts, accountability and consensual writing, not always complied with (forgery, disputes, etc.), but, more importantly, its leverage inside this project is structurally challenged by other philosophical approaches (liberalism, communitarism, relativism)1. The debate surrounding the online encyclopaedia Citizendium might not have received sufficient attention in this regard. In the light of Wikipedia’s success, Larry Sanger’s rivalling project might, at first glance, appear somewhat childish and vain. Yet, personal quarrels aside (Larry 1 See especially Marc Foglia et al., Wikipédia. Média de la connaissance démocratique? Quand le citoyen lambda devient encyclopédiste (Wikipedia. Medium of democratic knowledge? Citizen lambda turns into encyclopaedist), ed. FYP, Limoges, March 2008, §3: “Le mix philosophique de Wikipédia” (The philosophical mixture inside Wikipedia), and §12.8: “La construction du consensus?” (Constructing a consensus?). -
The Knowledge Foundation
WIKIPEDIA 25th Feb 2007 TIDEL PARK CHENNAI The Knowledge Foundation Want to Change the World? AUTOGRAPH AUTOGRAPH Wiki Basics What is wiki? In simple terms, a Wiki is an openly editable set of pages that allows any user to edit content through a simple browser. A Wiki is a piece of server software that allows users to freely create and edit Web page content using any Web browser. Wiki supports hyperlinks and has a simple text syntax for creating new pages and crosslinks between internal pages on the fly. In a layman’s words : Imagine a public park with a wall set aside for mural artists. Anyone could show up at any time and Start painting, adding to existing images, filling blank space, or whitewashing as much as they like.A wiki is an analogous public space, but it’s on the web. Technical meaning : A wiki is a website that allows the visitors themselves to easily add, remove, and otherwise edit and change available content. It is a set of web pages editable by anyone. No special knowledge of HTML is needed. Nor is it necessary to access a web server to upload pages. Every page in a wiki can be amended, edited, or even deleted by anyone with a web browser. The term wiki also can refer to the collaborative software itself (wiki engine) that facilitates the operation of such a Web site, or to certain specific wiki sites, including the computer science site (the original wiki) WikiWikiWeb and on-line encyclopedias such as Wikipedia. A wiki enables documents to be written very collaboratively in a simple markup language using a web browser.