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Observations on Racial Characteristics in England. by B Observations on Racial Characteristics in England. By B. S. BRAMWELL. How far in practice does racial crossing lead to the production of a uniform type in countries inhabited by more than one race? Is intercrossing common or exceptional? Do we have fusion or segre- gation? I do not intend to consider the subject generally. My sole purpose is to bring forward some observations which I have made with regard to the two main races to be found in our island, the Nordic and the Mediterranean. If we go back to early historical times, the Nordic type was to be found in the main on the East coast from Aberdeen to the Thames estuary with settlements elsewhere on or near the coast, and the Medi- terranean type was to be found more to the West but particularly in Wales and along the Welsh border. Are these distinctive types to be found at the present day in these localities, or has there been such intermingling during the past 1000 years as to produce uniformity of type ? The first point which I wish to make is that until comparatively recently, indeed until the advent of railways, people moved little from their homes. It is even problematical at the present day whether- there is any marked departure from this state of affairs. The Census reports for various counties in the east of Scotland have recently been published in the papers. These gave,amongst other figures,the country of birth. I noticed that in several of the more rural counties the per- centage of Scottish births ran to about 95 to 96%, that of English births to about 2j%, that of Irish births to less than 1% and that of all other births to a trifling fraction. If one makes due deduction for such persons as are purely transitory but who happen to get caught up in the meshes of the Census, it is obvious that persons of non-Scottish birth domiciled in these counties can hardly exceed 1%. We may perhaps be justified in concluding therefore that even at the present day, unless there is some strong magnet to attract the members of a particular locality elsewhere, they remain largely in that locality and gain little by immigration. The condition of local quiescence before the age of railways can be readily gathered from the study of genealogies. I have one con- structed on the principle of a chart which enables all ancestors for ten generations back to be included if one can find them. It is at present very imperfectly filled but the tenth generation backward is cut in five separate places. This generation was born about 1600-1650. In each of these places one gets a group to which one can assign a quite definite geographical area of the size of a county or less and in these areas one finds that a great fraction, nearly 75%, of the total number of ancestors were born. I asked a friend of mine who had worked out a similar chart in much greater detail whether his experience was. similar to mine. He replied that after working back five generations. OBSERVATIONS ON RACIAL CHARACTERISTICS IN ENGLAND. 481 or so, he found that the ancestors fell into similar large groups confined to small geographical areas. So I think that it would be not rash to assume until a hundred years ago people were in fact very largely stationary. Now if this was so, several important results follow. If the popu- lation of the East coast was largely Nordic 1000 years ago, it remained largely Nordic until 100 years ago. So people whose ancestors came from that part must be of fairly pure Nordic extraction. But the matter goes deeper than that; they are selected Nordiq, by the elimina- tion of such strains as are unsuited to the east coast environment and by the intensification through intermarriage of such strains as are adapted to it. We have seen that large fractions of one's ancestry came from quite small areas. One of the groups which I have men- tioned came from an area which only had a radius of 5 miles and yet they had lived in that confined space for at least five generations and one does not know for how many generations prior to that as my par- ticulars do not go back further. The result is that there must have been a great amount of intermarriage between cousins of various degrees, though possibly the spouses did not know that they were related. One sees on reflection that this must have been so. If none of one's ancestors had ever married even a tenth cousin in the last ten generations, then one would have had 10 generations back 1024 ances- tors in that generation. Suppose we go back 25 generations, that is about to 1200 A.D., and make the corresponding stipulation that no ancestor had married even a 25th cousin, then the number of ancestors in that generation would have been no less than 33,554,432. But at that time the population of England was probably about 4,000,000. So it seems obvious that the amount of intermarriage must always be very great, with a resulting diminution in the number of ancestors. Now suppose that one' s father and mother were first cousins, the effect is to reduce the number of one's great-grandparents and earlier ances- tors by 25 %, as the result of this one marriage. The extreme case is found in certain parts of the world in what are known as cross-cousin marriages, in which a man marries his mother's brother's daughter. Amongst some peoples they are not only common but also the most proper marriage one can make. Further they continue from genera- tion to generation, so that not only does the man marry his first cousin but his parents and his bride's parents are also first cousins; in fact sometimes the marriages are those of double cross cousins. The bride in addition to being the bridegroom's mother's brother's daughter is also his father's sister's daughter. The child of such a marriage would have four grandparents but it would also have only four great- grandparents and if a system of pure double cross-cousin marriages could have persisted for 25 generations, it would only have four ancestors in the 25th generation backward as against a possible 33 million. An approximation to this state of affairs occurs in the pedi- gree of Cleopatra which is set out in Mr. Popenoe's Applied Eugenics. From these facts and considerations I think that we are justified in assuming that until comparatively recently, most-people were fairly pure racially and that as they married locally, racial and even family characteristics would become intensified by intermarriage. 482 EUGENICS REVIEW. To summarise the conclusions at which we have arrived, we may say that the Nordic and Mediterranean elements in our population occupied originally separate geographical areas in our island and that as people moved about very little until 100 years ago there was prob- ably little racial intermixture and the two races remained compara- tively pure in their separate areas. We can also say that it is highly probable that a large measure of intermarriage occurred between cousins of varying degrees of affinity so that racial characteristics would tend to be preserved. Can we go further and trace racial characteristics at the present day when means of locomotion are ever to hand and the magnetic influence of the big towns with their promise of high wages tend to draw all into a unifying reservoir? We should first have to consider what are these characteristics. The physical characteristics have often been described. The Nordic man is of great stature and is noted for his fairness. Prof. McDougall has summarised the mental differences between the two races in "National Welfare and National Decay." "The Nordic race is more curious and less sociable than the Mediterranean. The Mediterranean peoples are vivacious, quick, impetuous, impul- sive; their emotions blaze out vividly and instantaneously into violent expression and violent action. The Northern peoples are slow, reserved, unexpressive; their emotions seem to escape in bodily expression and action with difficulty. Physicians assure me that the Northerners are much more commonly subject to the neurasthenic type of trouble, the Southerners to the hysteric type. The Nordic race is constitutionally introvert, it is strong in the instinct of curiosity, the root of wonder; weak in the herd instinct, the root of sociability. In the Mediterranean race these peculiarites are reversed; it is extrovert, weak in curiosity, strong in sociability. " "E. Morselli has deduced the conclusion that the Nordic race is more apt at suicide than the other European races. The introvert and unsociable race is the one prone to suicide and divorce. The sociable and extrovert is prone to homicide, but not to divorce or suicide. The greater curiosity of the Nordic race contributes to give the Briton that restless wandering habit which has spread him all over the surface of the earth. It is this greater dose of self-assertiveness which has enabled him to subdue and govern the 300,000,000 of India. And it is this that has rendered him the successful colonist par excellence. Men of the Nordic race are by nature Protestants, essentially protesters and resisters against every form of domination and organization, whether by despot, church, or state. Though the Nordic race has no monopoly of genius, though it does not excel, and perhaps does not equal, other races in many forms of excellence, it yet has certain quali- ties which have played a great part in determining the history, the institutions, the customs and traditions and the geographical distribu- tion of the peoples in whom its blood is strongly represented.
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