THE SUMERIAN PROBLEM Oi.Uchicago.Edu
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
An In-Depth Study of the Tell Brak Eye Idols in the 4Th Millennium BCE: with a Primary Focus on Function and Meaning
1 The Eyes Have It An In-Depth Study of the Tell Brak Eye Idols in the 4th Millennium BCE: with a primary focus on function and meaning Honours Thesis Department of Archaeology The University of Sydney Arabella Cooper 430145722 Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Bachelor of Arts (Honours) in the Department of Archaeology at the University of Sydney, Australia, 2016. 2 “In the present state of our knowledge there are very few archaeological discoveries which can be described as unique, but one class of objects from Brak is unique-the eye-idols or images which turned up in thousands in the grey brick stratum of the earlier Eye-Temple" M.E.L Mallowan, 1947, Excavations at Brak and Chagar Bazar, 33. Cover Image: Figures 1-5. M.E.L Mallowan, 1947, Excavations at Brak and Chagar Bazar, 33. 3 Statement of Authorship The research described in this thesis, except where referenced, is the original work of the author and was a discrete project supervised by Dr Alison Betts. This thesis has not been submitted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any other tertiary institution. No other individual’s work has been used without accurate referencing and acknowledgement in the main text of the thesis. Arabella Cooper, November 2016 4 Acknowledgments As with any major study or work, you do not toil in isolation and the writing of this thesis is no different. I first would like to thank my supervisor Professor Alison Betts, and even more so the wonderful staff at the Nicholson Museum Candace Richards and Karen Alexander for their patience and advise. -
Part 5: Some Spiritual & Moral Truths in Gen
799 Part 5: Some Spiritual & Moral Truths in Gen. 1-11, continued. (Part 5, Chapter 5) b] The Old & New Testament Jew-Gentile distinction. The New Testament sometimes uses a threefold distinction of Jews, Gentiles, and Samaritans (Acts 1:8), or a “Greeks” and “Barbarians” distinction (Rom. 1:14). But it most commonly uses a Jew-Gentile distinction (e.g., Rom. 1:16). One element for understanding the racial universality of the Gospel is the Jew-Gentile distinction. E.g., the racial universality of the Gospel is taught by it in Gal. 3:28, “There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither bond nor free, there is neither male nor female: for ye are all one in Christ Jesus.” And God’s will for the preservation of the Jewish race in Rom. 9-11, manifests his will for racial preservation and associated opposition to generalized miscegenation. Thus e.g., as discussed in the following Part 5, Chapter 5, section c, Bob Jones Sr. (d. 1968), who was a past master of some key elements of Biblical racial morality, to wit, segregation and opposition to mixed marriages, so used this Jew-Gentile distinction for the purposes of e.g., teaching racial segregation. And likewise, the Jew- Gentile distinction is seen in both segregation and prohibition of racially mixed marriages in Acts 15 & 21 as discussed at Part 5, Chapter 5, section e, “Mixed Marriages,” infra , where it is noted that the holy Apostle, St. Paul, died a martyr’s death that men might know that God’s will is for the segregation of the races. -
Nabu 2015-2-Mep-Dc
ISSN 0989-5671 2015 N°2 (juin) NOTES BRÈVES 25) À propos d’ARET XII 344, des déesses dgú-ša-ra-tum et de la naissance du prince éblaïte* — Le texte administratif ARET XII 344 est malheureusement assez lacuneux, mais à notre avis quand même très intéressant. Les lignes du texte préservées sont les suivantes: r. I’:1’-5’: ‹x›[...] / šeš-[...] / in ⸢u₄⸣ / ḫúl / ⸢íl⸣-['à*-ag*-da*-mu*] v. II’:1’-11’: ...] K[ALAM.]KAL[AM(?)] / NI-šè-na-⸢a⸣ / ma-lik-tum / è / é / daš-dar / ap / íl-'à- ag-da-mu / i[n] / [...] / [...] r. III’:1’-9’: ⸢'à⸣-[...] / 1 gír mar-t[u] zú-aka / 1 buru₄-mušen 1 kù-sal / daš-dar / NAM-ra-luki / 1 zara₆-túg ú-ḫáb / 1 giš-šilig₅* 2 kù-sig₁₇ maš-maš-SÙ / 1 šíta zabar / dga-mi-iš r. IV’:1’-10’: ⸢x⸣[...] / 10 lá-3 an-dù[l] igi-DUB-SÙ šu-SÙ DU-SÙ kù:babbar / 10 lá-3 gú-a-tum zabar / dgú-ša-ra-tum / 5 kù-sig₁₇ / é / en / ni-zi-mu / 2 ma-na 55 kù-sig₁₇ / sikil r. V’:1’-6’: [x-]NE-[t]um / [x K]A-dù-gíd / [m]a-lik-tum / i[n-na-s]um / dga-mi-iš / 1 dib 2 giš- DU 2 ti-gi-na 2 geštu-lá 2 ba-ga-NE-su!(ZU) r. VI’:1’-6’: [...]⸢x⸣ / [m]a-[li]k-tum / [šu-ba₄-]ti / [x ki]n siki / [x-]li / [x-b]a-LUM. Tout d’abord, on remarquera qu’au début du texte on peut lire in ⸢u₄⸣ / ḫúl / ⸢íl⸣-['à*-ag*-da*- mu*], c’est-à-dire « dans le jour de la fête (en l’honneur) d’íl-'à-ag-da-mu ». -
Competing English, Spanish, and French Alabaster Trade in Europe Over Five Centuries As Evidenced by Isotope Fingerprinting
Competing English, Spanish, and French alabaster trade in Europe over five centuries as evidenced by isotope fingerprinting W. Kloppmanna,1, L. Lerouxb, P. Brombletc, P.-Y. Le Pogamd, A. H. Coopere,2, N. Worleyf,2, C. Guerrota, A. T. Montecha, A. M. Gallasa, and R. Aillaudg aBRGM (Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières, French Geological Survey), 45060 Orléans, France; bCentre de Recherche sur la Conservation- Laboratoire de Recherche des Monuments Historiques (CRC-LRMH) USR3224, 77420 Champs-sur-Marne, France; cCentre Interdisciplinaire de Conservation et Restauration du Patrimoine (CICRP), Belle-de-Mai, 13003 Marseille, France; dDépartement des Sculptures, Musée du Louvre, 75058 Paris, France; eRetired from British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, United Kingdom; fRetired from British Gypsum, Nottingham, NG16 AL, United Kingdom; and gLa Touche, 38220 Notre-Dame-de-Mésage, France Edited by Thure E. Cerling, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, and approved September 20, 2017 (received for review May 5, 2017) A lack of written sources is a serious obstacle in the reconstruction of 1414 (10, 12). After the banning of religious representations, the medieval trade of art and art materials, and in the identification shiploads of alabaster artworks were sent to France (13). In of artists, workshop locations, and trade routes. We use the isotopes England, only a few sculptures escaped the plaster furnaces by of sulfur, oxygen, and strontium (S, O, Sr) present in gypsum being hidden and were retrieved centuries later (14). In contrast, alabaster to unambiguously link ancient European source quarries western and northern France was inundated with outlawed and areas to alabaster artworks produced over five centuries (12th– English artworks. -
The Hamitic Hypothesis; Its Origin and Functions in Time Perspective Author(S): Edith R
The Hamitic Hypothesis; Its Origin and Functions in Time Perspective Author(s): Edith R. Sanders Source: The Journal of African History, Vol. 10, No. 4 (1969), pp. 521-532 Published by: Cambridge University Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/179896 . Accessed: 08/05/2014 00:32 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Cambridge University Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of African History. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 128.95.104.66 on Thu, 8 May 2014 00:32:32 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Journal of African History, x, 4 (I969), pp. 521-532 521 Printed in Great Britain THE HAMITIC HYPOTHESIS; ITS ORIGIN AND FUNCTIONS IN TIME PERSPECTIVE1 BY EDITH R. SANDERS THE Hamitic hypothesis is well-known to students of Africa. It states that everything of value ever found in Africa was brought there by the Hamites, allegedlya branchof the Caucasianrace. Seligmanformulates it as follows: Apart from relatively late Semitic influence... the civilizationsof Africa are the civilizations of the -
Rings, Kings, Saints and Toads Protective and Healing Functions of Late Medieval Amulet Rings in England
Rings, Kings, Saints and Toads Protective and Healing Functions of Late Medieval Amulet Rings in England In 1441, Margaret Paston was expecting her first child. Anxiously, she wrote to her husband John in London: ‘I pray that you will wear the ring with the image of Saint Margaret that I sent you for a remembrance until you come home.’1 In asking her husband to wear a ring emblazoned with the patron saint of childbirth to support her in her time of need (e.g. Fig. 1), Margaret Paston was engaging with a culture of healing and devotion in late medieval England that was centred around the amuletic use of rings. (Fig. 1, a St Margaret ring which bears similarities to the Paston Ring, 15thc, British Museum, AF.910) This use of rings was part of a wider practice of employing jewellery as amulets in medicine. Pendants, brooches, bracelets, diadems, belts and hair pins were emblazoned with holy figures, sacred inscriptions and precious stones, all of which conveyed the wearer’s wealth and piety, but also afforded a variety of protective functions through expressing their devotion. Illness or misfortune was often linked to punishment and sin in the middle ages and adorning the body with holy words and images was considered an effective method of devotional healing. These accessories could provide a range of protections, such as shielding against plague, dampening fevers, staunching blood or even protecting from occult practices. However, to consider these amulets as simply products of folk beliefs and superstitions is to underestimate their position in late medieval medicine and devotion. -
Was Hitler a Darwinian?
Was Hitler a Darwinian? Robert J. Richards The University of Chicago The Darwinian underpinnings of Nazi racial ideology are patently obvious. Hitler's chapter on "Nation and Race" in Mein Kampf discusses the racial struggle for existence in clear Darwinian terms. Richard Weikart, Historian, Cal. State, Stanislaus1 Hamlet: Do you see yonder cloud that's almost in shape of a camel? Shakespeare, Hamlet, III, 2. 1. Introduction . 1 2. The Issues regarding a Supposed Conceptually Causal Connection . 4 3. Darwinian Theory and Racial Hierarchy . 10 4. The Racial Ideology of Gobineau and Chamberlain . 16 5. Chamberlain and Hitler . 27 6. Mein Kampf . 29 7. Struggle for Existence . 37 8. The Political Sources of Hitler’s Anti-Semitism . 41 9. Ethics and Social Darwinism . 44 10. Was the Biological Community under Hitler Darwinian? . 46 11. Conclusion . 52 1. Introduction Several scholars and many religiously conservative thinkers have recently charged that Hitler’s ideas about race and racial struggle derived from the theories of Charles Darwin (1809-1882), either directly or through intermediate sources. So, for example, the historian Richard Weikart, in his book From Darwin to Hitler (2004), maintains: “No matter how crooked the road was from Darwin to Hitler, clearly Darwinism and eugenics smoothed the path for Nazi ideology, especially for the Nazi 1 Richard Weikart, “Was It Immoral for "Expelled" to Connect Darwinism and Nazi Racism?” (http://www.discovery.org/a/5069.) 1 stress on expansion, war, racial struggle, and racial extermination.”2 In a subsequent book, Hitler’s Ethic: The Nazi Pursuit of Evolutionary Progress (2009), Weikart argues that Darwin’s “evolutionary ethics drove him [Hitler] to engage in behavior that the rest of us consider abominable.”3 Other critics have also attempted to forge a strong link between Darwin’s theory and Hitler’s biological notions. -
A Comparison of the Role of Bārû and Mantis in Ancient Warfare
A Comparison of the Role of Bārû and Mantis in Ancient Warfare Krzysztof Ulanowski Divination played a huge role in both the Mesopotamian and Greek civiliza- tions. Diviners were consulted by their clients in all possible situations. The results of divination were especially important during times of war, when asso- ciated with the very life of the king along with thousands of others. Divination was a salient characteristic of Mesopotamian civilization; likewise, in Greek politics and warfare, a leader who ignored omens would incur the ominous anger impressions of those by whom he was followed.1 In this paper I will compare the role and responsibility of diviners in two different civilizations in relation to the affairs of war. What did the Assyrian bārû and the Greek mantis (μάντις) have in common and in what ways did they differ? Could they really decide the course of battles? Would it be possible to describe the skills of the bārû priest in the words of Euripides: “the best mantis is he who guesses well”?2 War When writing systems first appeared in the history of both Mesopotamian and Greek civilizations, the first written works not only had a codifying- mythological nature, but above all a military character. Weil’s essay, L’Iliade ou le poème de la force holds that “the true hero, the true subject at the centre of the Iliad is force”.3 Homer was the poet of war and the Iliad needs hardly be mentioned. In the case of Mesopotamian civilization, one could refer not only to The Gilgamesh Epic, but also to many other Sumerian, and therefore early texts which have war as a leading motif, such as The Victory of Eanatum 1 M.A. -
Representations of Plants on the Warka Vase of Early Mesopotamia
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons University of Pennsylvania Museum of University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology Papers Archaeology and Anthropology 2016 Sign and Image: Representations of Plants on the Warka Vase of Early Mesopotamia Naomi F. Miller University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Philip Jones University of Pennsylvania Holly Pittman University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/penn_museum_papers Part of the Ancient, Medieval, Renaissance and Baroque Art and Architecture Commons, Archaeological Anthropology Commons, Botany Commons, Near and Middle Eastern Studies Commons, and the Near Eastern Languages and Societies Commons Recommended Citation (OVERRIDE) Miller, Naomi F., Philip Jones, and Holly Pittman. 2016. Sign and image: representations of plants on the Warka Vase of early Mesopotamia. Origini 39: 53–73. University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons, Philadelphia. http://repository.upenn.edu/penn_museum_papers/2 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/penn_museum_papers/2 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Sign and Image: Representations of Plants on the Warka Vase of Early Mesopotamia Abstract The Warka Vase is an iconic artifact of Mesopotamia. In the absence of rigorous botanical study, the plants depicted on the lowest register are usually thought to be flax and grain. This analysis of the image identified as grain argues that its botanical characteristics, iconographical context and similarity to an archaic sign found in proto-writing demonstrates that it should be identified as a date palm sapling. It confirms the identification of flax. The correct identification of the plants furthers our understanding of possible symbolic continuities spanning the centuries that saw the codification of text as a eprr esentation of natural language. -
Unit 7 Major Races of Mankind*
Classification of Human Populations UNIT 7 MAJOR RACES OF MANKIND* Contents 7.0 Introduction 7.1 Concept of Race 7.1.1 Racial Classification 7.2 Major Races of the World 7.2.1 Caucasoid 7.2.2 Negroid 7.2.3 Mongoloid 7.2.4 A Comparative Account of Three Major Races 7.3 UNESCO Statement on Race 7.4 Summary 7.5 References 7.6 Answers to Check Your Progress Learning Objectives After reading this Unit, you would be able to: Understand the concept of race; Explain the biological basis of race; Discuss the salient features of major races of the world; Analyze the negative impact of Racism; and Appreciate the UNESCO Statement on Racial Discrimination. 7.0 INTRODUCTION It is already accepted fact that there are no two completely identical humans in any form even among the twins. Variation has been an important feature of living species including humans. Understanding human variation is one of the important interests of anthropologists, biologists and geneticists. Gene- environment interaction could manifest in bringing the variation that exists between the human inter and intra population groups. These variations can be in terms of physical characters be like height, skin colour, hair form, eye colour, fold, etc., or physiological characters like body metabolism rate, blood pressure, etc., or in the extent of genetic polymorphisms like blood groups, nuclear and mtDNA variant, etc. Such variations enable humans to cope with the selective pressure, to adapt and undergo reproductive fitness, which is important for continuity of species. Moreover, the knowledge of human variation can be applied in different areas such as forensic, health assessment, etc. -
Ceramics and Its Dimensions Introduction
CERAMICS AND ITS DIMENSIONS INTRODUCTION Ceramics have always played a prominent role in the life of people in every European Country. Its products were items used on daily basis for decoration or representation; they were and are still present in private homes as well as public areas in towns and villages. Ceramics in Europe have been shaped by the strong interdependency in Europe’s cultural region, techniques and colours, as well as by being used in a historical-cultural context such as for eating and drinking, decoration or architecture. Ceramics connect people, but they also enable regional differences, such as traditions, life-styles, and social or economic behaviours to be expressed and therefore develop an indi- vidual identity. Thanks to its characteristics and design possibilities, ceramics plays an outstanding role in the lives of people and will continue to do so. The past few decades have changed both Europe and the world presenting new social and economic challenges. Over the course of globalisation, our lifestyles have changed and are now closer to each other than ever before. There is also a real cultural interchange which is also giving an impact on the design of European ceramic. This ambitious project will connect museums, architects, designers, industry, and stakeholders from different European countries to explore the material according to its cultural, historical, technical, and artistic aspects. The course of the project will be punctuated by a series of events: exhibitions, work- shops, symposiums in all partner countries to encourage knowledge in the field of ceramics and to develop an inter-cultural dialogue between European ceramics regions. -
The Lagash-Umma Border Conflict 9
CHAPTER I Introduction: Early Civilization and Political Organization in Babylonia' The earliest large urban agglomoration in Mesopotamia was the city known as Uruk in later texts. There, around 3000 B.C., certain distinctive features of historic Mesopotamian civilization emerged: the cylinder seal, a system of writing that soon became cuneiform, a repertoire of religious symbolism, and various artistic and architectural motifs and conven- tions.' Another feature of Mesopotamian civilization in the early historic periods, the con- stellation of more or less independent city-states resistant to the establishment of a strong central political force, was probably characteristic of this proto-historic period as well. Uruk, by virtue of its size, must have played a dominant role in southern Babylonia, and the city of Kish probably played a similar role in the north. From the period that archaeologists call Early Dynastic I1 (ED 11), beginning about 2700 B.c.,~the appearance of walls around Babylonian cities suggests that inter-city warfare had become institutionalized. The earliest royal inscriptions, which date to this period, belong to kings of Kish, a northern Babylonian city, but were found in the Diyala region, at Nippur, at Adab and at Girsu. Those at Adab and Girsu are from the later part of ED I1 and are in the name of Mesalim, king of Kish, accompanied by the names of the respective local ruler^.^ The king of Kish thus exercised hegemony far beyond the walls of his own city, and the memory of this particular king survived in native historical traditions for centuries: the Lagash-Umma border was represented in the inscriptions from Lagash as having been determined by the god Enlil, but actually drawn by Mesalim, king of Kish (IV.1).