Adamites and Preadamites

Home , Hamites, Mediterranean race

A DA M I T E S

— A ND

P R EA DA M ITES ,

L D A LE! A NDER WI NCHE LL , L .

S! R ACUSE , N . ! o H N T R O B E R T j _ . S .

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T h e R e m o te R e p re s e n ta tiv e s o f th e H u m a n

S p e c ie s a n d the ir R e l a ti o n to the

l i l A d a m B i b c a .

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A E! A N ER WI NCHE LL D L D LL , . . ,

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[O riginally pub lished in the Northern Christian A dvoca te !

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H A PT C E R I .

A S A A I D T H M A N G C O U S U C .

1 6 b oo k in I n 55 a small appe ared Paris , which had for i ts t itle “ ” - f - m o . n the unheard subj ect , Pre Ada ite s I t was writte in Latin ,

' ’ ' an d i ts full title was as follows : P ree szz ’e E x ercz tatzo

' ’ ' ' ' ’ su er Vfrszbus duaa z mo dfcz mo l eriza ef (Zed /120 uarto (tipith uz n ﬂ p a , q , / g

’ ’ ' ’ ‘ to/ e P a n/i a R I/1072 ul y : z mzu zmzu r P rz m m n : E zs ( D . d O 05 l c i H o i g p , g

te A dana /m 5071 0975 b oo k an . The appeared anonymou sly ; and those acqu ainted with the sp irit o f the domin an t eccl esiasticism r o f that date w il l readily divine the motive of its au thor . I t ve y

b P e rere soon became known , howeve r , that it was writ ten y La y ,

w a e P r riu e e s. a D u tch ecclesiastic , hose n ame when L tiniz d was y The work was an attemp t to p rove from bib lical au thority that

a men m u st have lived on the earth before Adam . Within a year p

are o f p e d its complement , from th e p en the same au tho r , in which

‘ th e whole subj ect was newly argued an d more tho ro ughly disc ussed. This was a “ Theol ogical Sy stem based on the Hypothesis of Pre

tw o ma Adam ites . The works y now occasionally be foun d in

l . on e vo ume T he Syracuse University po ssesses a copy .

o f The following year a book appeared in London , the title

r o f t o f a - A damitre which is a literal t anslat ion hat Pr e , bu t it

Th ol ic um o f Pe rerius inclu des al so th e Systema e og y .

In the undeveloped stage of scientiﬁc inqu i ry existi ng tw o and 0

a quarte r cen tu rie s ago , it is ce rtain that no in vestigation res p ect ’ ing l re - Adamites coul d have been cond ucted o n t rue anth r o p o A DA MI TE S A ND ! P R E AD A MI TE S 4 .

I n logical princ iples . Europe the B ible was the sou rce and basi s

f Whatever the o all belief. ecclesiastical au thorities had accepted

i t l Whatever an d san ctione d was h eld o be taugh t by the B i b e . the ecclesiastical au thorit ies did not understand the B ible to teach w as

of den ou nced as h eresy . The me aning the B ible was ext racte d

o f accord ing to th e canon s grammar . Th ere are doctors high i n

au thority amongst u s at this day , who maintain that grammatical structu re an d H ebre w u sage are s ufﬁci en t to l igh t the way to the f f t I meanin g o th e dark est passages o revel a ion . suppose a knowl edge o f Hebrew h istory an d u sages is admitted to shed its ligh t

u pon int erp retation , becau se the text i s generall y occu pied with W J ewish affairs . Bu t the in sp ired ri ters have sometimes plu nged into the mid st o f th e p rofou n d an d mysteriou s facts of science

all our know l ed e o f why n ot , then , summon g to the task evoking th e

o f ! I and m ean ing th e t ext m ain tain , again st the n arrow pern i cions dogm a that the B ibl e i s sufﬁcient everywh ere to interpre t

a o n t u n itself, th t , the con rary , it was ordained to be in te rpreted der the c o ncen trate d l igh t o f all the learn ing which has been

- I created by a God given in telligence in man . believe that the

all t Bibl e w as writ ten for tim e , an d t ha its mean ing is so deep an d so rich that the accumulated l earn ing of the latest generation o f m n e will be un able to exhau st it .

tw o No t so the contemporaries of P eyrerius . Even whe re or more diffe ren t m ean in gs of the tex t were e qu ally grammatical an d legitimate , th at was hel d to be th e tru e m eaning which accorded s be t wi th cu rren t bel iefs . An al ternat ive interpretation , when once promulgated , was h eld to be d ivine tru th , as absolute and au thoritat ive as if n o oth er in terp retation were possible . Per haps th e well -establ ished in fallibility of the chu rch had an interest

No in con sistency . m atte r if i t concerned a fact of a pu rely sci en tiﬁc o n or secular character , the verdict was hel d as bindin g the conscience as if the chu rch had been in possession of all p o s sible scien ce .

According to th e evidence t ill then available for the formation “ u of op inion , it had been hel d th at Adam was absol tely th e ﬁ rst be in g th at could be calle d a man ; an d that he w as create d in

of the possession a cul tu re such as we call enligh ten ed . From

. to time immemorial , biblical scholars had u nderstood th is be th e 5 A SA GA CIO US D UT CH MAN .

f on o . meaning Genesis I t was , therefore , only bibl ical grou nds

- a th at P eyre rius based the n ew doctrin e o f Pre Adam ites . S t . P u l

to o f 1 2th was held teach the existence men before A dam , in the , 1 3 th and i 4 th ve rses of th e 5th chapter of h is ep istl e to th e R 0

o n e man s , Wherefore , as by man sin en tered into the world , etc

Now i t is no part o f my pu rpose to exh ibit th e scrip tu ral argu — o n men t one side o r the other . M any of m y readers can d o that

u better than I . My p rpose is to bring forward certain scien tiﬁc a l eave e x e esis f cts having a bearing on th at qu est ion , an d to g to summon these importan t facts legitimately to its aid . Bu t th e

P e reriu s o f writin gs of y p ossess , in the p resen t statu s sc ience , an

x to e t rao rdin ary interest . H e was th e ﬁrst promulgate to the

o f - of world the idea Pre Adam ites . T he ﬁ rst en un ciator the ide a was p rompte d only by bibl ical considerat ion s , and he has given at l east an ou tl ine of t he scriptural argu men t in support o f the

h o f hypot esis . Few my readers in tell igently in terested in a ques tion deemed by som e so fun dam en tal in a theological system hav e access to the original work ; an d still fewer w ou l d have the p a ti n c e to I o l I e d . decipher , as h ave done , th e qu aint Latin text assume , then . that they will consider i t a favor to be pu t in

’ “ o f as possession the learned D utchman s poin ts . They are follows R 1 . The on e man ( oman s v . by whom sin en tered in to

“ ’ 1 the worl d was Adam for , in v . 4 , that sin is called A dam s “ th r f r l aw 1 tran sgression ; e e o e the (v . 3 ) sign iﬁes th e law given — A to A dam natu ral law , n o t that given to M oses . 3 . The phrase “ — . 1 b e un til the l aw (v 3 ) impl ies a t im e before th e law that is , fore Adam ; an d , as sin was in the world du rin g that tim e , there mu st have b een m en in existence to comm i t sin . 4 The sin committed before the en actmen t o f th e n atu ral law was ma ” terial , actual ; the sin existin g after Ad am , an d th rou gh him , “ ” f‘ ” ” “ fo rmal was i mp uted , , legal , adven titiou s an d after the

’ simil itu de of Adam s transgression . 5. D eath en tered into th e worl d before Adam ; bu t it was becau se o f t he impu tation back

’ of wards Adam s prospective sin ; an d this was n ecessary , that all of men might partake the salvation p rovided in Christ . N ev e rthel ess n ot , death before Adam did reign . D eath was robbed “ h f s /l n v 1 1 1 “ 2, e 11 a. 654 ‘ 6 ADA MITE S AN D PREADA MIT ES .

f 6 . o its sting . Adam was the ﬁ rst m an only i n the same “ sense as Christ was the secon d man ; for Adam was the ﬁg

f o f on e u re o Ch rist . (v . 7 All men are blood in th e — sense o f o n e substan ce o n e mat ter . T he J ews are desce n ded

- from Adam ; the Gen tiles from Pre Adamites . The ﬁrst ch ap te r of o f o f Gen esis t reats th e origin the Gentiles ; the secon d , of the f o . o rigin the J ews Th e Gen tile s were created abo rigines , in th e

of beginn in g , by the word God , in all lands ; Adam , the ” “ o f fathe r of the J ews , was formed clay , by the hand of G od .

Genesis , afte r the ﬁrst chap ter , is a history , not of th e ﬁ rst men ,

8 n o f - bu t of the ﬁ rst J ews . . The existe ce Pre Adam ites is also

' o f i ndicated in the biblical accou nt of Adam s family , especiall y

Cain , who fou nd a wife amongst some older peoples , an d w en t forth in fear of violence from strange han ds . 9 . The b iblical

' doctrine is corroborated b y the evidence afforded by the monu ment s of Egyp t and Chal dea ; and by the history of the

o f astronomy , astrology , theology and m agic the Gent iles ; as well as by the racial fe atu res of remote an d savage tribes ; an d by those discoveries of fossil remains in the rocks , wh ich were

w fou n da then recent events , bu t h ich h ave since become the

I O t ion of th e modern science of geology . . Hence the ep och

' ' “ o f the creation o f the wo rl d does no t date from that begin n ing commonl y ﬁ gu red in Adam , bu t from a remoter beginning, ” which is to be sough t in ages lon g since p assed . I I . Th e delu ge

n ot . of Noah was universal , an d it destroye d only th e Jews Nor i s it possibl e to trace to Noah th e origins of all the races of men . Some of these position s were far in advance of the age ; an d it i s only j ust to say that th ey were defended with l earnin g and in

en u it of w . g y, an d , b est all , ith moderation an d candor Bu t th ey

P e rerius of were all y was , therefore , made a vic tim the in tolerance of the t imes . N umerou s replies were thrown u pon

of the world , in most which , bittern ess , contemp t and denuncia f tion were employed to supply all deﬁciencies o argumen t . M an y f f e o . o these I have been abl , th rough the kindness M r Spofford ,

to . L ibrarian Con gress , to examine in th e Con gressional Library I Th e m ost import an t , whose transl ate d titles here p resen t , will f serve to convey an idea of the temp er o the age .

P r - o r 1 . No e , Adamite B eing ; a Confu tation of a certain em p N OF TH E C S DIS PERSIO N OA HITE .

t o o f y dream , in whi ch a certain anonym u s au thor , u n der p retex t

on sacred Scripture , has l ately attemp ted to im pose the incautious , ” preten ding th at men were in the worl d before Adam . “ - 2 . n o n An im adversio s th e B ook of Pre A damites , in wh ich a late writer is con futed , an d th e doctrin e i s defended that Adam f ” was the ﬁ rst o all men .

R - 3 . espon se to a treatise enti tled Pre Adam ites .

of o f Th e writers these resp on ses have , cou rse , employed strict l y scriptu ral argumen ts , bu t t hey h ave brough t to thei r aid the

s s d ialectic kill which characterized the schola tic theology , as well as the au thority o f th e ol de r writers an d t he dicta of cou ncil s and ecclesiastics .

No w l , the who e con troversy con cern s a qu estion of fact , and we are at thi s day in possession o f many collateral lin es of evi . o f old dence to p lace by th e side scriptu ral i n terpretation . We

ha to can summon ethnology , arc eology an d an thropology bea r wi tn ess . Th e tru th seem s to be that these witnesses are quite as competen t to testify as w itnesses need to be . I t is their bu siness to

a know all th at is knowable abou t the matter . Th e nswer to the

- of ~ qu estion is a fact science , su stainin g ﬁxed relation s to the oth er facts p aten t before the eyes of the investigator . Wh ether th e worl d h as been populated by p eople wh o sp read from Ararat fo r t -tw o a o or ﬁft - s y cen turies g , even from Mesop otamia y nine centurie

to on ago , is a question of fact , be investigated strictly the basis

I thin k o f n o of scien tiﬁc evidenc e. a great de al evidence is w

c accessible , perhap s enou gh to l ead us to a ﬁn al onclu sion . What I ever conclu sion s may be found to rep resen t th e t ru th , believe o u r sacred record s will be. fo un d in harmon y .

R C H A PT E I I .

DI S P ER S I ON O F TH E N O A C H I TE S .

I n discu ssing the qu estion of P re -A d amites from an throp olog ical data , the ﬁ rst requisite is to trace th e geographical disp ersion f f o the descendan ts o N oah . T he oldest documen t available for

on k information this subj ect is the Boo of G en esis ; an d , aside from any claim to insp irat ion , its statemen t s respectin g the im mediate posterity of Noah have been fou n d so closel y acco rdan t 8 S P R EA DA M I’ ‘ E ADA MITE AN D I S .

t with the observed facts , that e thn ologists are con tent o adop t i ts

. n information as a st arting point I t is agreed , then , that the e

' o f n l ightened n ations th e wo rld belon g to o e race . This is the

o f . race white m en By Blum enbach it was styl ed Caucasian , becau se o u r earl iest knowledge o f the race ﬁn ds it in the region

o f sou th the Caucasu s , an d the dom inan t E u ropean family , wh ich is o f the lead ing typ e the race , is ﬁ rst discove re d on th e n orth an d sou th of the Caucasus . Bu t recent ethn ologists designate the ” wh ite race as Mediterranean , because th e th ree fam il ies which

w con stitute it have always , si nce very early times , d el t aroun d the shores of the M editerranean .

o f From the earliest histo ry this race , it has presen ted three family types . Since the dispersion of th ese three families accords with the bibl ical account of the d isp ersion o f the posterity of the hr n s t ee so of Noah , science has agreed to design ate them H am ites ,

S emites an d Japhetites . T he las t are more frequentl y known as — I ndo - E urop ean s o r Aryans n ames which associate the n atives of

I ndia wi th the domin ant E uropean family .

w e a w Now , fortunately , are able to indic te , ith considerable certainty , the region s occupie d by the th ree fam ilies o f Noachites . T he H amites are kn own to have d ist ribu ted them selves through

o f r - the north Af ica , the N ile valley , an d the east of the con tinent

- l - as far as the straits of B ab e Man deb . They passed from Asia

- a 2 00 C . M inor into the s ou th e st of E u rope as early as 5 B . , and

of f occup ied the peninsul a Greece u nde r th e nam e o Pelasgians .

To this family belonged the E tru scans , who , at a l ater date , mi grate d from Greece an d fou nded a k ingdom in Italy , centu ries

th o f R r b efore e bu ilding ome by anothe fam il y . T he Phoenici ans

o f . were probably Ham ites , instead Semites Unexp ected an d trul y won derful evidence o f the common o rigin o f these earliest

r o G eeks , early Ph enician s an d early Egyp tians has been unearthed

esn ol a by D i C on the islan d of Cyp ru s , w here p ottery an d works of art pre senting Egyptian an d Phoen ici an characteristic s are

re mingled with con ception s characte ristically Greek . Lat e searches have shown that th e original Chaldean monarchy also

1 8th (before the century B . C . ) was Ham itic an d not Semitic , an d its written language was Accadian , the p aren t of the c uneiform

o f z ch aracter . These are the views the latest an d best recogni ed D I S P E RSI ON or TH E NOA CHITES 9

—R n rman t rt L e o O e . au thorit ies awlinson , , p p , Peschel , J ubainville

The Egy pt ian s we re certainly pu re H amites , and they are still

o r ’ rep resented by the Fellah een , peasantry of the lower N ile The an d especially by t he C optic Christian s of the towns . H am

b n a i tic Berbers , inclu ding Li ya s , M oors , Num id ian s and G etulian s are spread , interm ingled with Semites an d Eu ropean s , through

f n u o . the coun trie s th e Me diterranea , an d th ro gh th e S ahara O e th r H ami tic n ations , possessin g a c ivilization far beyon d that o f o f a o f any the pu rely black r ces , occupy some the region s about the N ile , esp ecially in Nubia , an d are scattered in distinct t ribes , u nited by common l ingu istic elements , through Abyssinia ,

on e - o f - and in di rec tion as far as the heart Africa , from eigh t de grees north to three degrees sou th , an d in the other direct ion ,

-el - to from near B ab M an deb Juba on the I ndian ocean . The

H am itic dialects an d H amitic civi lization , wherever they occu r, are readily rec ognized as superior to any o f the indigenou s p ro

uc tio n d s of the black races .

The an tiqui ty o f H amitic civilization in Egypt is in dicated by l f D the recorded observation s o f the he iacal rising o the o g S tar .

T his is the rising of the D og Star j ust before the sun , in the

a c n un i n ﬁ rst o r month of the year . T his is o j c t o wh ich occurs only once in 1 4 6 1 years W e have a heliacal risin g re

r 2 1 2 . o r co de d for 3 B . C The p eriod , Sothis , ending at th at

2 2 8 . date began 7 B . C As the observat ion s mu st , apparently ,

d to have exten ded through at least one precedin g soth ic perio ,

to n t enabl e them know its length , the E gyp tia observa ion s mu st

2 the o f have begu n as early as 4 43 B . C . This is op inion Lep

r e d r A e l er t I 1 6 se . siu s (Cit oaol ogz e gyp p . . p . 5 q ) Some oth er — respectable au thorities as Lane , Poole , Brown and Wilkinson d issen t from the inferenc e of so h igh an ant iq uity for the ﬁ rst

e o f E gyptian dynasty . T h y main tain that the e ra M enes

2 1 - reache s back no farth er than 7 7 B . C . ; an d som e second hand

2 6 Egyp tologists would bring i t down to 4 4 B . C . I t is impossible the i l t o discern log c , if w e cou d discover the mot ive , for the p rev al en t o f desire to cu t down the p eriod Egy p tian civilization , since nearly all the original investigato rs agree in assignin g to i t a high

The an tiqu ity . most moderate of the Ge rman au thorities places “ 8 2 hi Men es at 3 9 B . C . ; and i n s t ime the Egyp tians had long P EEA DA MI TES 1 0 A DA MITES AND .

been architects , sculptors , pain ters , mythologis ts and theologian s . ' ' ” H tstozre a E te Brugsch (in gyp ) has given a chronological can on , i n accordance with which the reign of Men es would fall in th e

- - C . w years 4 4 55 4 3 9 5, B . , an d th is is in accord ith Lepsiu s . (See

’ ’ ' M c Cl in toc k C cl o edia also an d Strong s y p , and H ardwick s Cnrzst amt tn r M asters 26 o e . , p 4 , etc . ) A similar resul t is obtain ed from ve ry elaborate investigati on s respectin g the rate o f accu m u l ation f o N ilotic deposits . The qu estion of Egyp tian an tiqu ity has n o relevancy in this discu ssi on ; bu t we deem i t a fact of interest

the r o f u that poste i ty of H am , ﬁ rst in the history th e h man

of o f specie s , made a record them selves capable with standing th e

i r r . s o e f ravages o f all tim e I t p p also to add that , in spite o

l a Eng ish an d American incredul ity , all the recen t arch eological

n a d iscoveries , whe ther in Egypt , in A ssyria , at H i ssarlik , Myce e

to c on or Cyprus , ten d p rolong antiqu ity , and , so far as Egyp t is cerned , to st rengthen th e au thority of m uch suspected an d m u ch

’ a E t and I cel an d sl ighted Manetho . (See B yard T aylor s gyp ;

’ ’ A ncien t Tro M cen ae C esn ol a s C rus Schlieman n s y, and y Di yp ;

’ George Smi th s A ssyrian E x cavations. ) This is the whole of th e geographical dispersion of the H am

n o t ites . The reader will note particularly th at they have spread

i ar o ve r most parts o f Afr ca . The N egroes e not regarded by H am mode rn ethnol ogists as th e descen dan t s of . f No w let u s follo w th e track o th e Sem ites . From the earliest t records , they h ave inhabited wes e rn Asia . T hen ce th ey hav e

o f o f taken possession parts eastern Africa . They are represen t

a ed by the J ews , Arabs , Abyssinian s and Aram eans . They subj ugated th e H amitic B abylonian s an d Chaldeans at a date earlie r f ” o o . th an the m igrati n Abraham from U r of , the Chal dees n They adopted th e H amitic religio , wh ich , in western Asia , was

o f th e worship of Go d u nde r the n ame s Baal an d B el . T hey p robabl y also conqu e red , an d con solidated with th em selve s , th e

Phoenician p eople . They have migrated , to some exten t , into

“ - the eastern and northern central Africa , and h ave familiariz ed

Negroes w ith a ru de Moslem civiliz ation . The facili ty with wh ich they h ad in tercou rse wi th the E gyp tian s and afﬁl iated w ith th e p rimi tive B abylonian s an d Ch aldean s evin ces their close afﬁn l f . a so o i ty with the H amite s The resul ts , , l in gu istic study show D S S N or TH E AC 1 1 I P ER I O NO HITES . that the Hamites an d S emites de veloped their languages i n a common p rimeval home . This is al so taught in Genesis (ch ap . x , where (Semitic) S idon is described as the oldest son of f . o Can aan , who was descended from H am This is the exten t

ob the early m igrations of the Sem ites . They h ave n ot escaped

servation . They h ave been con spicu ou s actors in the historic world . w c k - I t onl y remains to follo th e tra of the Japhet ites , In do Eu ﬁ rO an s . p e or Aryan s When rst known . they are n ational neighbors o f the Asiatic H amites and Semites . They dwelt alon g th e “ f o f Dariel slope s o the Caucasu s , an d th rough the gorge , wi thi n reach o f bot h the Eu xin e an d th e Caspian seas. Acco rding to

w a to . some of th e au thorities , they d el t nearer cen t ral Asi T hei r migration s were both southeastward an d eastward . In the ﬁ rst

o d irection , they passed ve r the H in du Ku sh mou ntain s , on th e n n o n orthwe ster b orde r of H in du stan , an d se ttl ed in th e regi of ”— the Seven R ivers th e modern Pu nj ab . H ere B rahman ism

: un derwent its developmen t an d declin e T he Vedas . they h ad

l as brought with them fro m centra Asia . These h ad originated

1 00 2 00 S h early as 4 to 4 B . C . Moving till farther southward t ey displaced an aborigin al population , and drove them to the hills ,

To and to the extrem e parts of the I ndian p eninsula . this day ,

“ H indus tan is populated by the mill ion s o f descendan ts of th e

of Asiatic branch the Aryan family .

e w s B u t while th se east ard migration s were in p rogres , another

of branch the A ryan s m oved toward Eu rope . Acco rding to some o f d the autho rities, they passe th rough the gorge o f Dariel in to

e Eu rope ; acco rdin g to o thers, th y m oved along the eastern bor f o . d e r th e Caspian Sea According to all au thorities , they appeared in E u rope on the n orth o f the Caucasus . Ho ldin g com mun ic ation across the mou ntain s with both Sem ites and H amites , ’ f they received from them the excell encies o th eir civilization . e From them wer obtain ed wh eat , rye an d barley ; and th ese

' c to ether w ith u — e reals , g the plo gh an d the metal s gol d , silver an d — bron ze th ey bore with them into cen tral E u rope , whe re th ey a d 2000 . C . I ppeare abou t B ; reache d the A driatic (as strian s , )

of Th an d (as Venete s) fou n ded th e city Venice (Vene tia) . ev a o f c as l so held part the Ar hipelago ; and , Phrygian s , con quered 1 2 R ADA MITES AND P EADA MITES .

of parts Asia Minor . The Ligu rians (incl uding Sic ulil dispos

of n at se ssed th e I berian s m ost of wester Eu rope , abo u t the sam e

o f 8 0 u . date , and in the tim e H esiod ( 5 B . C . ) th ey hel d Ga l In f th e sixth centu ry B . C . they also hel d possession o Spain for

eighty years . Next is th e Aryan group composed of the ancestors of th e Th . e a H ellenes , I talian s an d Kelt s H ellenic Ach eans w ere in th e

1 ac c rdin . C . o Pelopon nesu s in th e 4 th century B , g to Egyp tian e m onumen ts . Th ey cam e in to Gre ce by following the eastern

o f coast the Adriatic sou thward . H ence they mu st p robabl y be

~ regarded as an offshoo t o f the Thrac ian grou p . Continu in g eas t ward , th ey occupied the I on ian I slands . B y these were th e i sles ” of the Gen tiles divided in their lan ds . Later th ey app eared in

' r1 th B T hessaly , an d in the centu ry . C . they had retu rn ed to Asia

of and establishe d settlement s upon the coast A sia M in or . Th e

O - o f o mbro Latin s wrested most I taly fr m th e Ligu rians , bu t were , in tu rn , subj ugate d by the Et ru scan s . Subsequen tly they regained

‘ or possession . The Kel ts G auls su ddenly appeared along th e D valley of the up per anube , driven , probably , by the S cythian s , h 6 h t t . . e from the region of th e D nieper In . th e 7 an d centu ri s B

C . , they sp read over Gau l , di splacin g the Ligurian s , an d p assed

the s re to Briti sh I slan d , where , as I rish an d Scotch , th ey h av e t i o f th a n ed a foothold to thi s day . A t the beginning the 5 cen tu ry

o B . C . they wrested a great part of S pain from th e Ph en ician s an d

a o f th . thei r I be ri n vassals . In the beginning the 4 cen tu ry B . C

of they exten ded thei r au th ority over. the n orth Italy an d other regions to the Danube an d the Black Sea . Th e third group belonging to the ﬁ rst Aryan m igration into

t as E u rope consisted oi Sl avs and Germ ans . We ﬁ rst know hem

u 00 . s bj ects of the Scythian s , abou t 4 B C . The G erm an stock f 1 8 2 . o became differen t iated abou t B . C under th e n am e B astar m nia s . A secon d wave of I n do - E uropean s swep t from Asia across the

1 00 of E urop ean border abou t 5 B . C . Un der th e n ame Scythian s

the they se ized u pon th e coun try borderin g on D niepe r , expelling th e Kelts who n ow p roceeded on th eir conqu est of Eu rop e .

Su ch , i n b old ou tl in e , is a sk etch of Aryan migration s both e astward an d westward . In the original site of this fam ily th e

Iran ian s still maintain a foothold . From th is centre th e B rah THE B LACK RACES NO T AD A MITES 1 3

i man ic people spread Over India . From th s cen tre a succession

f o f o waves of migration ten de d toward E urope . T he ﬁ rst these we may design ate th e Th racian ; the secon d , the H ellen ic ; the

w P rob ab l . ho ever third , the Keltic ; the fou rth , th e Scythian . y, , the fi rst three migrations were only ramification s o f the fi rst Asiat ic invasion , while the Scyth ian s made an indep en den t invasion from

Asia . The facts here set fo rth are sup plied by the ve ry latest e thnol

' ’ o ic al L es P remiers H aﬁz tan s d e g researches . (S ee J ubainville ,

' ’ ' Z E u ro e 1 8 L H onzzn e Fosszl e o f p , 77, an d Le H on , , I t is in terest to u s to no te that the H in du s are m embers of the same

o f race , an d of th e same fam ily th at race , as ou rselve s . They are f o . possessed , then , similar in tellectual an d m oral ch aracteristics “ I f we style them heathen ” we mu st remember that they are h wise an d thoughtfu l heathen s , armed with sc ience and p ilosophy

o u r far above contempt . A s to the movemen ts of the Aryan fam ilysince the Christian era , history is able to sp eak with a certai n soun d . No fragmen t f ' o the fam ily has escap ed observation . I t wou ld no t b e possibl e f t o conceal itself in the remotest qu arters o the worl d . Th e f color o its skin woul d betray it . T he tint an d textu re of i ts

n hair would reveal it . The very speech of the rudest peasa t

c o f would p roclaim it . The lang and tone th e G reek an d the S anscrit are in the speech of the most ignoran t S uab ian an d the most serv ile Slav .

R C H APT E I I I .

T HE B L K A E S N T D M ITE S AC R C O A A .

We have trace d the son s of Noah i n all their wanderings over the earth . We have swep t over Sou thern and E aste rn A sia . We have p ursu ed th e swarm s of men across the n orth an d no rtheast o f Africa . We h ave followed wave after wave ove r the Caucasu s an d ove r the Bosphorus ; an d have seen all E u rope , save No rth

R o f ern u ssia an d Scandinavia , tro d by the fee t A siatic immi “ o f o f gran ts . These are the fam ilies the sons Noah , after thei r ” generation s in their nation s . Bu t now we reach an interesting j u nctu re in the p rogress of 4 D P 1 A A MITES A ND READAM ITES .

ou r discu ssion . These Noachites everywhere foun d older people

o f Who ! in p ossession the land . were th ey In central Asia — ! th ey bordered on the Mongolians w ho were they On the sou th

o f - ot the H i ndu Ku sh they drove before them , to the conﬁnes — ! t he penin su la, the aboriginal D ravidian s wh o were they I n

o ut - C Greece , the H amitic Pel asgian s drove the cave dwellin g y clopes— who were they ! I n I taly an d S pain the Aryan Ligu rian s l — foun d and expelled the berians who were they Everywhere ,

a O - K Iberians , Ligurian s , Ach eans , mbro Latins , el ts an d Scyth ian s

fou n d a peopl e who dwel t in caves , u sed ston e implements and

cloth ed themselves I n t he skins o f b eastsﬂ w ho were they ! The se aborigines were everywhere people whom we can not

’ an d trace to the son s of Noah . B etween Adam Noah s ﬂood was

n 1 6 6 an i terval of 5 years . Coul d these u nkn own peoples have ramiﬁed from the stock of Adam during th at interval ! Let u s look in their faces an d see if we can detect an y afﬁnity with the

recognized so ns o f A dam .

’ Th r ﬁrst e e, , was the D ravidian race , d ispossessed of the penin t h sula of In dia by the easter n branch o f e Aryan family . T hey

rem ain to the pre sent day , and their charac teristics agree - distinct with t he rep resen tation s which have been made o f the m from

”’ I heir t im e to t ime in the p rogress of h istory . skins are dark ;

the ir hair is black an d cu rly ; their lips are in tumescent , bu t

not w . t heir j a s are prognathou s , l ike those of the Negroes They

o f th still hold p o ssession a bel t along e east coast of H in dustan ,

an d even stretch far into the interior . They also retain a foot

l an In B l o c histan d e o . ho d u pon the west coast , linger The north ‘ e rn half of Ceylon i s also the seat of a numerou s Dravidian p op u

. O l ati on , ne of their languages is the Tamul or Tamil , spoken by

ten m illion s of people , an d the repository of an ancien t literature

o f n ot n su rprising richn ess . These people are th e de scenda ts of

w Noah . We may assu me , ho ever , that they are n ot so divergen t from th e types of the Noachian race as to p reclu de the admission

that they may be descen ded from the same Adam . Le t us gran t

th at th ey m ay be Adamite s .

o f ! rac e form What shall we say th e Mongoloids T his vast , ,

tw o - o f r in g th irds the population the glob e , sp eads over all e as

n tern an d orthern Asia and Arctic E u rope . I t possesses th e n Japan ese isl an ds , and m an y other isla ds of Polyn esia . Th e

‘

1 6 A DA MITES A ND PREADA MITES .

so mean s l ong heads , bu t they are o nly relatively long , becau se thin ) an d p roj ecting j aws T hey possess lon g th igh bones , an d somet imes , also l ong arms . T he shanks are lean , the

r pelvis is obliqu ely set , and th e secon dary s exual characte s are deﬁcien t . The Negroes are fu rther distingu ished by short ,

of fl o f crisp ed h air , each fibre which is atten ed , l ike the fibre w hear . d ool The is almost wanting , the lip s are thick , the fore

fl Ne head is retreatin g , the nose attened . B ut why describe the gro ! Th e home o f the Negro is all Africa from th e so uthern border of th e S ahara to th e cou n try of the Hottentots and B u sh m en— excep t some p ort ions on the ex treme e ast wh ich have been possessed b y the H amites , as before stated . T he northern tribes e are the Sou dan Negroes , an d embrace nu m rou s people s sp eak ing m any differen t lan guages an d dialect s , an d stretchin g qu ite f to the in terior o the con tinen t . The sou thern t ribes are the

Z n B an tu s , an d embrace th e a z ibar an d Mo zambiqu e n ation s , an d the wel l known B etchu an s an d K aﬁirs conn ected wit h th e f f m ission ary labors o Livin gston e an d Mo fat . A ll th e sou the rn portion of the African continen t bel on gs to the H ottentots an d Bu shmen . They have a l eathery brown skin , w hich becom es greatly wrinkl ed with age ; an d the ir hai r is pec a

i r n ot l a lymatte d in tu ft s . T hi s does result from ignorance of

— or Ko i- combs an d b ru she s . Th e H ot ten tots Koin , as they call — them selves have sometimes bee n pl aced at the foot of th e an thro ol o ic al p g scal e ; bu t th is is unj u st , as they have very distin c t

ho w religious ideas , kn ow to work iron , an d possess a language f so complete , an d m arked by such a ﬁn i ties with the Egyp t ian , — t hat many investigators M offat , Lepsiu s , Pruner Bey , Max M ul

Bleek — o u r o h l er , Whitn ey and have t urned th u g ts to the inqu iry , s wheth er the E gypt ians an d th e H otten tots have decended from a common stock since the developmen t of langu age , or have

s imply l ived in cont act with each other at som e former period .

l Ve tu rn now to the Papuan s an d Au stralian s . Th e former

of inh ab it New Gu inea an d the othe r isl an ds M icron esia , inclu d in g the Fij i archipelago . Th eir m atted an d tu fted h air stan d s o ut wildly from th eir head s in shaggy crowns six or eigh t inch es

heard he i n h eight . The is abun dan t , an d t skin range s from

- dark chocolate color to blu e black . The j aws are l ess proj ectin g B CK R A CE S 1 7 THE LA N OT ADAMITES .

than in the Negro , an d the n ose , in stead of bein g ﬂat , is broad and

. i . st raigh t , an d somet mes even aqu ilin e I n i ntel ligence , th ey

- o f ran ge from the besott ed fetish worship ers New G u inea , to the

- s emi civilized Fij ian s .

ar the T h e Au st ral ian s e so nam ed from vast islan d , wh ich , with

e . Tasman ia an d small contiguou s isl an ds , is their xclu sive home

' w o f Their hol e b o dy is thickly h airy . Th e hair the h e ad is m at

s . ted and shaggy , bu t les sp reading than th at of the Papuans

T hei r language is well developed , an d th e u se of th e boomeran g

y is anothe r p roof of the ir in tellectu al capaci ty . So is th eir s stem ‘im o freligiou s bel iefs an d p ractices . B u t they us e n o metal l ic

lemen ts p , an d their boats are mere logs , whic h m ay be regarde d l f as the initial poin t in the evo u tion o naval structu res .

T hese fou r con stitu te the Black races . We h ave to conside r w too are o f h ether they , , descen dan ts the same A dam as the White

D n an d u sky races . Le t u s begi with the pu rely l inguistic me thod ,

. which refu ses to invoke collateral aids according to any c o n sis

f r A d o . ten t system , elic iting the meaning of Scrip tural language

red am is a word which sign iﬁes . T he man thu s designated m u st v ha e h ad at least some infu sion o f re d in his complexion . We

man B e can readily discover this tint i n the skin of th e white .

i o f fore the inven tion clothing , the summ er su n u pon t he plai ns

’ o f central A si a must h ave developed in the whit e man s skin a

of a very v isible amou n t ruddiness . I t i s dmitte d on all hands

o f that the Adam the B ible was the p rogenitor of th e White race .

B u t now , can the same term be appl ied t o t hose races which I have designate d Dusky The B ible gives n o dist inc t accoun t o f the gen ealogy o f these races showing that their p rogenitor was “ ” red . I t is only popular op inion which trace s them , with all othe r

’ men , to the white m an s Adam . Bu t as we h ave assumed th at

on they may , an th ropologic al principles , be admi tte d as Adam “ ” o f su fﬁ ites , so we may admit that t he term Ad am is capable

cien t st retchin g to cover th e dusky M ongoloids an d D ravida . I s i t n ow thou gh t the word will bear still a farther stre tch ! M y

t n p riva e j u dgmen t forbids . I can d iscove r some red I th e c o m

o f o f M n plex ion the M editerran ean stock , an d even in th at the o

u a golian an d D ravidian ; bu t wh en yo tell me. th t the Negro has 1 A DA MI TE S A ND 8 PREA DA MITES .

old a color which th e H ebrew wou ld h ave called red , I feel f n f myself very ign oran t o th e m ean i g o t erm s .

An thropological ly , col or possesses less sign iﬁcance th an th e

o f mean in g th e term Adam . I t i s confessedly one of the less con

f o f stan t characteristics o race . Bu t the s trict in terpretation Scrip

on tu re i s very often in sisted , an d in this case I woul d l ike to pin th e strict con struction ists t o th eir ch osen m ethod ; becau se

n o n e th e strict con st ru ctio , as will be shown , i s the which cor respon ds with the en tire range of facts .

C H APT E R I V .

A A TH E NE GR O P R E D M I C .

In the attempt to ascertain wh ether th e bibl ical Adam was th e

r o f o f D progen ito all m ankind , or only the Whi te an d u sky races , I pointed ou t the fac t that l i teral in terpretation renders the n am e Adam inapplicabl e to races whose complexion displ ays n o n o tic eab l e of in to tinge red . B ut the attemp t m ake A dam the

o f father the Black races , I ﬁn d myself beset by o ther an d grave r f difﬁcu l ties . The A dam o Gen esis is supposed to date from an epoch less than two thou san d years before Noah . There h av e been almost six thousan d years fo r the p oste rity of Adam to at

n o f f t ain thei r prese t am oun t divergence , as exempliﬁed i n di fer

n o t ent families an d races of man . Thi s has percep tibly increase d

on since th e Christian era . I sup pose al l will admit , the evidenc e

an d of history monuments , that the Semitic , H amitic and A ryan featu res were not p ercep tibly less marked two thou sa n d ye ars

. on e ago than at p resen t I f any doubts this , he can be easil y sat isﬁed by turn ing over th e p ages of any work illu strated from f the monumen ts o Egyp t an d Assyria . (For accessible American ’ ’ Gliddon s T es o M an kin d an d [n az en digests , see Nott an d yp f g an R til e E arth v s aees of ) B et ter , l et him isit the Assyrian an d Egyp tian departmen ts of the Louvre an d the B ritish an d Berlin

o f M u seu ms . I t is e qu ally t ru e th at delineation s Negro featu res , m execu te d at a date not less re ote , are ex actly as pron ounce d as

- a Now f d . the reali ties o to y , I th ink we may fairly t ake years as the m easu re o f I f these races an d families hav e 1 THE NEGRO PREA DAM IC . 9

n ot v sensibly di erged in years , will th e reader believe that , al l the m arked divergence which ac tually ex ists took place du r ing th e p reviou s years !

n B u t the n egative argumen t is mu ch stronger . The Egypt ia an d A ssyrian monuments which t estify to the distinctne ss of races an d fam ilies date back on e o r two thousan d years farther than ’ r n o u era . I n these sculp tu res and mu ral p ai t ings the stately Sem ite with his aqu ilin e n ose i s instantly distingu ishe d from the

his n imble H am ite with straigh t no se , full lip s an d oblique an d

l angu ish ing eyes . Amongst the o ther ﬁgures the Negro is often

d iscovered by hi s thick lips , p roj ectin g j aws an d wooly h air . Fo r at least half of the reco gniz ed interval between Adam an d

has u s , the N egro been a Negro ; the H am ite , a H amite ; the

a S em ite , a Semite . Arch eology an d ethnology , t herefore , forc e this alternative conclu si on upon us : I f human beings have ex

isted se ara te be in bu t years , then the differen t races had p g — n in s d m ow n eo g , as Agassi z l ong since maintaine ach race in i ts g

graph ical area . Bu t if all human beings are descen ded from on e

more t/zan ea rs aarle stock , then the start ing point was y as H uxley and th e evolut ionist s gene rally main tain ; and th e D uke

- o f Argyll and other an ti evolu tion ists equally maintain . Accord

in l g y, if the re ader insist that Adam was absolu tely the ﬁ rst crea “ w m tu re hich co ul d be called a man , h e mu st ad i t ﬁrst that red , “ i n H eb rew , m eans black , an d secon dly , th at th e bibl ical ch ron o logy be tween Adam and Noah om its at l east n in e - ten th s of th e

e an t im . I n su ch admission , h e will have the excellent com pan y

P rime at M a n o f r/ . the Duk e of A rgyll , ( )

No w f , every person rem ains free to contemn a logical di ﬁ culty , an d comm iserate th e un fortun ate facts fo r bein g opposed to h is

belief. Bu t my training has been su ch that l ogic an d fac ts still

a N r I n u o . e o h f c omm nd a degree of resp ect . am g o an actor to

f c an play the p art o an idiot . I f I avoid a difﬁ culty I shall n ot a dash o u t my brains ag in st it . Le t u s con side r A dam th e fath er

f W t D . o the h i e and u sky races These , th en , are Adam ites ; and — have a ch ronology extend ing b ack abou t years pe rhaps m al the . reada l tim e we requi re Th e Bl ack races , then , are p i tes ; an d there is n o obj ection t o allowin g all the time req uisite for

their divergence from some common stock . T his view recognizes 20 A DA MITES A ND PREADAM ITES .

of on e th e un ityof man ; th e p ossession blood by all th e races ,

n in tell ec tu al n atu re o e moral and , and one dest iny it recognizes Adam as th e p rogeni tor of th e n ation s wh ich form the theme of b iblical history ; it explains sun dry bibl ical all usion s an d imp li — for cat ion s in stance . the wi fe foun d by Cain in the lan d of No d ;

’ Cain s fear of viol ence from o thers wh en con demne d to the l ife “ o f a fu gitive an d a vagabond the an tithesis of th e son s o f “ ” Go d an d the dau ghters of men ; it val idate s th e bibl ical

f ob ec chronology ; it satisﬁes the demands o facts . T he only j t ion ou tstan ding against this view is th e au th ority o f an opini on

o r a o form ed two three thou san d years g , by men who also h el d the op in ion th at witch es ride broomsticks through the ai r , an d

tw o that the stars were create d days before Adam , though som e of th em are so distan t that the ir ligh t h as been a h un dred thou s

in an d years reach ing u s .

o f . N ow , l et u s take u p an other set con siderations Th e Adam o f o u r I race i s gen erall y regarded , believe , as a m an with n at

u o ur . so ral en dowments as goo d as own A t least , I shall cl aim

f r mu ch o h im . H is immediate posterity develop ed al l the in tel l igen c e and m oral characteristics which coul d be expecte d o f

’ havin ab sol u tel modern men similarly situ ated , an d g y everyth ing

a m of to learn . I f th e sam e Ad m u st be regarded th e progenitor

s - n the Black races , then the e races repre sent a wide spread dege

n ot cracy , which is only vast an d app alling , bu t mu st be p ro

n o un c ed . emin en tly im p rob able N ow , degen eracy of tribes an d fragm en ts of tribes i s a phen ome n on qu ite familiar in an th rop ol

w ogy . I t has taken place h ere the oppression of superior tribes has driven th e weaker in to th e m idst of cond ition s un frien dly t o ’ existen ce . Th e S pan iards cru shed th e sp iri t out of th e Peru vian s an d the A ztecs . Th e m iserable Fu egian s are c rowded to the drip pin g an d stormy and inhosp itable shores of Cap e H orn ,

’ w of h ere n atu re begru dges man a stick fuel , an d a crab s cl aw is

A n daman ers a th an k sgiving feast . Th e timid are the persecu ted

of r remnan t a race d riven t o th e sh el te s of th e mou ntains , an d tormen ted b y t he p en al colon y which Englan d h as plan ted on

. o f th eir lan ds Th e Dyak s Born eo , skulkin g in the m oun tain s

of an d j ungles th e interior , are despise d by th e sup erior bo rder a t ribes of their own r ce , an d denied a righ tful pl ace in the rank s NE GRO THE PREADA M IC . 21

f human it o f o y. Som e the Congo tribes wh ich inh abit the pes ‘ . tilen tial region s of the west coast of Africa h ave been degener O ated to the last degree . nly the most slu ggish natu res escap e

of the fatal infect ion m iasm ; and , hence , only th e most brutish

of su rvive to p erp etu ate their race . B y a p rocess natu ral selec

f r res o f . o o s tion , the l aw p rogre ss is reversed The law p g , I say , fo r it is a real law of the organ ic world . Sho uld it be claimed

’ th at th e wh ite m an s Adam had descended from a common stock

i o u t with t he N egro . al l natu re cr es in assent . B ut shoul d it be afﬁrmed th at the Negro is degenerated from the white ! m an ’ s

Adam , every fact in n atu re shakes its head in den ial . The Black

too f f m an is nu merou s . The a ﬁrmation woul d establish a law o

P ro ressio l aw retrogression . g a say , is the . T he Black man o n th e heal thful an d fertil e plateaux o f cen tral Africa i s not o p p resse d by miasm , nor starvat ion , n or cruel n eighbors . H e i s — free to roam where h e will l ike the D igger In dian o f No rt h ’ r B tec u d o f 0 o o . S America , the driveling a B razil No , these avages ’ exist in a normal con dition ; t hey are coming up in stead o f goin g

o ur down . Their Adam was farther from Adam than they are .

Thei r long thigh bone s , an d lean shanks , an d proj ectin g j aws are

f w o . inheritances a lo er , rather than a higher ancestry

R C H APT E V .

— ' THE N E G R O P R E A D A M Ic Con tz n ued , .

The conclu sion that the Black races are p readamic is opposed , so far as I know , on ly on the three following groun ds

Tae N e roes are su osed to be the descen da n ts o H am I . g pp f . This . o f f has been the tradition al op in ion th e Chu rch , and hence o mankind at large . I doubt whethe r the Chu rch wou ld reach the op inion i f the qu estion were n o w ﬁ rst o pened i n the l ight of presen t knowledge . B ut becau se the Chu rch an d m ankin d in

so general have long held the op in ion , cau tiou s con servatism i s

t . reluctant o le t go its hold The opinion , really , is not worth y o f scientiﬁc con sideration . I may summ arize th e obj ection s to

. 1 . 2 . it . Scrip ture does not su stain the afﬁ rmation We d iscove r the posterity of H am in the popul ation o f Mizraim (Eg yp t ; ) an d 22 A DA MI I’ ‘ ES A ND PREADA MITES .

o f the so n of u r o f in the com patriots Nimrod , Cu sh , the fo nde c o m atriot o f B ab el an d the other Accadian cities ; and in the p sh “ A sshu r who buil ded Nineveh ; an d th e compatriot s o f the Sidian f o . who were descen ded from Canaan , the son H am This is the p lain teach in g of Genesis , and there is no space for th e assump tion

’ that the Negroes represent H am s posterity . T he consequence s ’ o f No ah s cu rse upon Can aan m ust be trace d ou t in som e other ’ M au l d A dam an d t/ze A d nzites e . C s an a l direction (See , an d

B uilders o B abel . f ) 3 . The best e thnol ogical au th o ritie s oppose

R H erodotus H istorical the vi ew . (See e specially awlinson . an d

’ iden es M au l an W E c . s d . v C . Al so , a s above D r hedon h as ex

’ an to M au sl an d M et/zodist p ressed inclination agree with C . S ee

uarterl R e iew an 1 8 1 . 1 1 8 2 v . ! y , J , 7 , p 53 an d J uly , 7 , p

f mon 4 . The view is opposed by th e facts o arch aeology . The u men ts of E gypt display the N egro in a s tat e o f complete di ffe r !

2 8 . en tiation at a p erio d l ittl e late r t han t he D eluge ( 3 4 B . C ) The absurdity of supposin g that th is had been accomplished in

. un i or years is gl arin g 5. The view opposes the

r i ' 6 versal l aw of p ogress on as I have al ready expl ained . . I t — does n ot accoun t fo r th e other Black races Au stralian s an d P ap u n ! a s. Whose sons are they

t m l ete Tll c et/zn ol o ical l is iven in en esis is not co . I I . g g G p Well , if

an thi s is granted , it mu st ten d to help th e Negro to an A damic

r n 1 a c esto in o e of t wo ways : . I t may m ean that th e several p triarch s named had other posterity th an th at men tion ed ; b u t

the time t his would not hel p theory , fo r is what the case n eeds ,

2 h o f n ot m ore brothe rs an d cou sin s . . I t m ay mean t at some the gen eration s are omitted , an d h ence th ose mention ed do not cover all th e tim e . Whether such omission s exist , B ibl ical sch ol

the ars mu st decide . Extended time woul d p rovide for whol e amou n t of th e race divergence s existin g a thou san d years b efore f Christ . B ut ye t two di ﬁculties woul d remain . These are th e

’ col or of Adam s skin an d the degeneracy of th e Negro . Thi s leads m e , then , to the third obj ection . I Tb c N e ro is n ot inferior to t/ze zonite man . I I I . To this g m to : 1 . h ave reply I f, when the su n is sh ining brightly , a an

in fe tell s m e i t i s dark , I can onl y pronounce h im blind . Th e

e rio rity of th e N egro is a fact everywhere paten t . I imply her

24 ADAMITES AND PREADAMITES . edible roots are the man dioca an d th e potato ; and the feebl e l lam a an d ' vic un a are the only n ative animals capable of dom es tic ation o f ! et o f as beasts bu rden . the civilization the Nah u atl

o f of “ nation s Mexico , th e ! uiches Central Am erica , the May as o f! o f ucatan an d the Aymaras an d ! uichuas Peru , had become , both in resp ect to intellectual an d industrial advances , an d j u di c ial o f en , m oral and religiou s con cep tion s , almost a stage tru e l i ht n m n t o f g e e . T he gl aring fact Negro inferiority in respect to social con ditions can not be expl aine d by any appeal to adverse

c o - condition s . S uch are th e ethnological facts and the ordinate d f . o o circu mstances B u t in proof my positi n I make another poin t .

o f 5. Th e an atomical structu re the Negro is in ferior . Th e lean

a n sh nks , th e prog athous p roﬁle , the long arms (which do not

' the b l ac k the always exist) skin , elongated an d obliqu e p elv is

all in th ese are characteristics which , so far as the N egro diverges

he from th e W hite man , app roximates the African apes . The skull also is inferio r in structu re and in capacity , an d in the relative

o f . expansion its differen t region s Among Whites , the rel ative “ abun dan ce o f cross -heads (having permanen tly unclosed th e longitu din al an d transverse su tu reson the top of the head) is on e

ol on e a n N e in seven ; am ong M on g ian s , it is in thirteen ; mo g ,

- n f - groes it is o e in ifty t w o . Th is pecul iarity is supposed by som e to favor the p rolonge d development of th e brai n . I n any v e en t , it i s most frequ en t i n th e highest races . Again , the p re vailing form o f the Negro head is dolich ocep halous ; that o f c iv l z s an d i i ed . races is mesocephalou brachycep halou s T hat is , i t lacks the b readth which we fi nd associate d with execut ive ability T he broadest N egro skull does n o t reach the average of t he G e r

n o r m an s does th e best Au stral ian skull , let me add , reach the

f o f average o the Negro . Finally , t he capacity the N egro cra

i i 1 00 n u m I S nferior . Assu ming as th e average ca p acity of the

o f 1 1 of Au stralian skull , that th e Negro is an d that the Teu ton

8 No w 1 2 . 4 , n o fact is better establ ished than th e general rela f tion of in tellect to weigh t o brain . Welke r has shown that the brains o f 26 m en of high intellectual rank surpassed the average O is 1 . weight by 4 p er cen t f cou rse , qual ity of brain an equ ally importan t factor ; an d h ence n o t a few men with brains e ven b e l ow the average h ave dist ingu ished them selves for schol arship . ' 25 S CH E ME or PREHISTORIC TIMES .

Bu t this does not abolish the rule ; n or does i t p rove that the

o f to racial i nferiority the Negro brain , i n resp ect to size, is not be taken as an index of racial inferiority in re sp ect t o intel ligence an d the cap acity for civil ization ; an d th is all the more since the quality of th e Negro brain is also inferior .

I am n ot respon sible for the inferiority of the Negro . I am re th spon sibl e if I ignore e facts . I am culpable if I hol d him to the

“ same standard as the White man . M y app eals to him mu st be o f a widely different character from m y appeal s to th e Aryan

H indu , or the M ongoloid Am erican savage . The eth nological facts have their application in all m ission ary efforts .

’ r No mu st these statement s be se t down to the Negro s demerit . n I f it woul d help my argu men t , I could point ou t the excelle cies

do an d cap acities of N egro natu res , an d woul d take pleasu re in ing so . Bu t this would be i rrelevan t . I h ave in dicated th e p roofs

’ i ll c al in er o t o f n te e u f i ri . the N egro s physical , an d social y I have in si sted on the high improbabil ity of a degen eracy from th e grade of Adamic races to th at of the actu al Negro and ﬁn ally I h ave m aintain ed that if a complete rac ial degeneracy were admissible , the time between the bibl ical Adam an d the date of ancien t mon umen ts d in sufﬁ depicting the full y ev eloped N egro , is p alpably

f r c ien t o the racial divergence .

C H APT E R VI .

S C H E ME O F P EH I S T I TI ME S R OR C .

I n previou s chap ters , I h ave indicated reasons fo r holdin g that

n o th e black races are p robably preadamic . I have doub t that some who have paid these pages the compl iment o f an atten tive peru sal h ave felt a little discomforted at the announcemen t o f- such a concl u sion . Such views , they think , are calcu lated to diso r

an iz e — old g belief and hithert o unassailed belief. Such a resu lt may not be an unm itigate d evil . The disorganization of an old belief may be wholly advantageou s . Some bel iefs need to be

. a rimeval d isorganized Bui lt like ru de log cabin s , i n p p eriod , they ou ght to be taken down as soon as we are abl e to bu il d bet ter . I have a reverence fo r old beliefs ; bu t I think they ou ght E ‘ 26 A DAMIT S AND PREADAMITES .

t of o be preserved as relics . What has become the prim itive shan ty in this City of Salt ! D id anybody refu se to pull i t down bec au se it was old ! I ven tu re th e asse rtion that the sp irit of

For the the age has not even p reserved i t as a relic . old sh antie s

' b een a of opinion , which have refu ge fo r the ignorance of th e

c on past , I have a sentimen tal regard ; bu t I am not willing to h tinne to skulk beneath them , w en I see the stars through all the roof, an d ﬁnd th e sill s eaten u p b y rat s .

to of Allow m e in dicate the superstru cture a modern belief,

c o - c on and , therefore , a belief better ordinated with the present

i f n o t. d tion s o hum an knowl edge . Do think m e l aying corner stones ; they h ave been l ai d by Moses ; th ey h ave been l ai d by

an d s R aw Champollion , Lep iu s , an d Sir Will iam Jon es , an d the

M ax u t lin son s , an d H au g , an d M ller , an d George Sm i h ; they

' h ave been laid by philologist s an d arch aeologists an d ethnologists ;

' o t b in ter reters of ou r by zo logis s an d geologist s , and y p sacred histories . I build on such foun dation s , an d the reader shall see if the new ediﬁce is n ot fairer th an the ol d . I t was m an y th ou san d years ago that the ﬁrst b eing appeared wh ich could be called a man . Whether descended from a bein g

u u nworthy to be calle d a man , is a col lateral q estion which rests

- f h . o o other fou ndation s . We shall return to it T hat ﬁrst all

n o r n or m en did no t m ake his adven t in Asia, in Eu rope , i n

r America . H e appeared either in Afric a o in a cont in ent al l and which stretched from Madagascar to th e East I ndies ; and which has since becom e reduced to a few relics of itsel f. H is skin was f w ll c lo the had e d . p robably black , an d with hair H e impl an ted n within him th e divin e sp ark of intelligence . H e liste ed to the

“ voice of con science an d felt th e cl aims of du ty . I f not indigen ou s in Africa , hi s descen dants took possession of that contin en t . They spread over Au stral ia an d B orneo and th e lesser islan ds cf

of d the sea . In the cou rse thousand s of ye ars , they issem inated f th emselves over con siderable portion s o Asia .

ro res T he t ime arrived , at length , when , under the law of p g sive developmen t , a grade had been reached n early on a level v s with th at of m odern ci ili zed man , in re p ect to n ative capaci

of ties . Now appeared th e foun der the Adam ic fam ily . H is home was in cen tral Asi a . Seth an d Cain were ei ther his sons , C M or C S HE E PREHISTORI TIM ES .

o r nations de scended from him . H e had also other son s an d h daughters in t e same sen se . The Seth ites and Cainites an d t the oth er ribes of Adam , as th ey spread them selve s eastward , d isplaced an d at length ex terminated th e Preadam ites of Asia . T hey overran the penin sul a of H in du stan an d exten ded them selves in to Ceylon . Under the influen ces of clim ate , an d other i phys cal conditions , they . diverged from the Adamic aspect , and

r o r becam e D rav idian s . The northe n Mongolian (also called

a ih Tu r n ian ) stream of A dam ite s was more proliﬁc , an d more

f a sp ired by th e sp irit o emigration . Con tinu ing eastw rd till ar rested by the Paciﬁc , the stream d ivide d . The sou th ern b ranch swarmed over the Malayan p eninsula and islands , an d dispos th f l sessed e Pre adamite s o many of the i slan ds of Po ynesia . T he

' a ortion northern branch moved toward B ehring s S trait s . H ere p of them passed over the isthmu s wh ich then connected Asi a an d

A of merica , an d in th e cou rse thou sands of years exten de d to

of G reenlan d an d Cape H orn . Another portion th e northern bran ch was reflected westward , an d fol lo wed th e northern sl op e o f o the cont inen t int o E ur pe , an d overran all E urope .

’

M ean time a great deluge occu rred in western Asia . Whole

n popu latio s we re destroyed . The Adam ites who h ad remained n ear the original seat o f the family were swept ou t of existence . r The vacated egion s of western A sia were , for a t ime , occup ied

M of by th e wan dering on goloids . Bu t the descendan t s Noah n crowded up on them . The M on goloids , thou gh umerou s , were

of inferior . T hey passed throu gh th e isthmu s Suez , before th e f set tlem en t o the H am ites in Egypt , an d ran ged al ong th e sou th

a f co st o th e M edi te rran ean , crowd in g the aborigin es in to th e f o . desert . At th e Straits Gibraltar , they crossed ove r in to Spain

t n The s raits were then an is thm u s . B ut they foun d a other ou t

o f le t . The fabl ed Atlan t is, which the tradition h as been pre

Theo om u s serve d by Plato an d p p , h as been discovered At l east , w e have foun d the remnan ts of it . I t lay alon g the p resen t bed r f o f the A tlantic f om the Bay o B iscay to the mou th of th e Niger . Th e M aderia islands and the Can aries are su rvivin g vestiges of

Atlan tis . I ts worn stump has been traced by th e soun din gs of Am erican an d B ritish explorers ; and the ou tlines of the ob lit crated continen t have recen tly been m apped in a scien tiﬁc pu b ‘ 28 ADAM ITES A ND PREADA MITES .

i a i n N ature 1 l c t o . ( , March , I n Atl antis was reared a

' armies ac c ordin r Mon gol ian m on arch y . It s , g to the t adition

sai d by Plato to have been p reserved in a poem by Solon , m arch ed eastward and su bj ugated all the region sou th o f th e M edite rra

T he o f n ean , as far as Egyp t . v alley the N ile had , by this time ,

been populated by H amites , an d they successfully resisted the

A tlan ti an encroachm en ts of the d e s. This was durin g th e reign s — 8 2 0 . 1 C . 1 . C of Cecrops , 5 B . , and E rec htheu s , 4 9 B , dates pre

o f served by the marble Paros . Subsequ e n tly the H am itic Egyp tian s encroached upon the

r Mongolian territo ry south of th e M edite ran ean , and at an e arly period displ aced the M ongoloids from th is region an d from th e f con tin ent o Atlantis .

w l I n thecou rse of time Atl antis as swal owe d u p by the sea . Whe ther sunken by an earth quake shock or slowly gn awed down

e. by th e waves , is matter for conj ectu r A relic of the ancien t

C a popul ation . the Gu an che s , su rvived u ntil recently upon the naries— the only islan ds in the A tlan tic ocean which were foun d occupie d by an aboriginal people . E thnologists regard them as

of belongin g to the B erber branch H amite s .

o f Acc ording to the evidence skulls , the troglodyte s of Eu rope t were Mongoloids . T hey were the earliest p opula ion of th e con tin n t f e . I suppose they descende d from that re lecte d stream of Mongoloids who imp inge d a gain st the shores o f th e Paciﬁc ocean

in their eastward movemen t , an d recrossed Asi a alon g the north

ern bou n dary o f the region hel d by the Noachi tes . When they

o f took posses sion Eu rope , the con tinen tal glacier was j u st dis v sol ing . The rivers were ﬂooded with the mel tin g snows . Eng

lan d was j oined to the continen t . Th e hairy elep han t was rang

- ing over Southern Eu rop e . The two horned rh inoceros wallowed

of - in the marshes France . The cave bear was tenan ted in the

of o f - caverns the moun tains , and the vo ice the cave lion rever

berated throu gh the aisles of the p rimeval forest . This prima

H e tive E uropean was pu rely barbarou s . u surp ed th e cavern s

for f his abode . He fashioned stone s into implements o warfare

f . and set himself abou t th e exterm ination , o the w ild beasts H is m ore civilized cou sins o f the A tlan tidean branch of his race made

- an early invasion in to sou th western Eu rope . Kn own to history OF C 29 SCHEM E PREHISTORI TI MES .

as Iberians , they took possession of th e S panish pen in sul a an d exten ded th ei r con qu ests over I tal y . Gau l , Sardinia , Corsica an d the Briti sh Islan ds . T he Iberian s , in tu rn , were dispossesse d by

of m o f imm igration s , ﬁrst , H a itic Pelasgians , _ an d , afterward ,

ur s . o Aryan Illyrian s and Ligurian In t imes , all that remains o f th em is th e l ittle nation of Basqu es in th e north of Spai n and th e sou th of France ; while th e troglodyte sto n e folk have retreated

of o f al ong the track the retreating glaciers , to the borders the Arctic ocean an d are represente d in Eu rope by the Mongolian

Finn s an d Lapp s .

o f c on This scheme p rehistoric times , emb racing only a few

ec tu ral of . j featu res , weaves in all the facts history an d scien ce

If it traverses old opin ions , we n ee d not m ou rn . New tru ths are

l r o d . Ce be tter than errors . Fact is worth more than op inion t ainty i s more desirable than conﬁdence . Progressive knowledge

n of o f implies mu ch unlear ing . Th e l os s a belief, l ike the death a frien d , seems a bereavemen t ; bu t a false belief i s only an ene

in . my a friend s cloak I t is only tru th which is divin e ; and , i f

n ot we embrace an error , we shall ﬁn d i t ratiﬁed in the oracles

' We o f divin e truth . who hol d to the valid insp iration of the s acred records may feel assu red that no th ing will be fou nd afﬁrm

o f ed therein which collides with the ﬁ nal ve rdict intelligence . No r has the color o f the ﬁrst m an any concer n wi th a S imple re ligio u s faith . I f ou r creed embodies a dogma which enunciates

. u o r on what is really a concl sion , true false , base d scien ti ﬁc ev — idence that is , evidence brough t to ligh t by obser vation an d — research that m ay be exscinded as an excrescence . All su ch — subj ects are to b e settled by scien tiﬁc investigation n o t by cou n i cil s of the chu rch . Ecclesiast cal faith has had a so rry ex p eri ence in the attempt to sancti fy popular op in ion s . A faith that has h ad to su rren der the geocentric theory an d the denial o f an ti odes p , and o f the high geological antiqu ity of the worl d , should h ave learne d to discriminate between religiou s faith s an d sc ien ~

. tiﬁc opin ions R el igiou s faith is more endu ring than granite .

i i r Scien tiﬁc opin ion is u ncerta n ; t m ay endu re like granite , o

R r s . S vanish l ike a ummer cloud eligio u s faith is imple , pu e an d incorru p tibl e ; scient iﬁ c opinion is a comp oun d o f all th in gs c o r

t n o t ru p ib l e an d incorru ptibl e . Let u s adul terate pu re faith with 0 ‘ 3 ADA MITES AND PREADA MITES .

co rruptible sc ience . A n un adul terated faith can be defended by the stu rdiest blows of reason an d logic ; a co rrup t faith puts reason and logic to shame .

R C H A PT E VI I .

S P F L P RETR O EC T O P RIMEV A M A N I N EURO E . i According to au then tic ethnological evidence , the earl es t men in Eu rope were not N oachites . The descendants of the three i

‘ their dis ersion son s of Noah , in the progress of p , foun d older f m o . peoples in possession E u rope , and drove the ou t T he ear l ies t Noach ites kn own to have settled on th at cont inen t were of “ of T d the fam ily H am ites . hese were subsequ en tly isplaced by

r Aryan s . (See secon d chapter . ) The p rimitive t ibes enc roache d

n b e upon by H ami tic immigration were , we have good reaso to

ve lieve , Mongoloids . (S ee ﬁfth chap ter . ) These I ha assume d

d . to be A amites The p rimitive Mongoloids seem , at one tim e , to v ha e sp read over the entire continen t . Indeed , accor ding to the gen eral p osit ion s of this discu ssion , the Mongoloids an d D ra

o f the of vida held possession the greater p art , if no t whole , Asia ,

n . i n ant ediluvian times , an d eve for some ages subsequen tly T hat some u n iform race of men p opulated the O rient from I nd ia to Great B ritain , in remote p rehistoric t imes , is evinced by the similarity of the monu men ts left behin d in all the i nterveni ng I countries . refer especially to tu mul i an d huge stone stru ctu res of a certain style . T hat these widely distribu ted monument s

r b we e erected by p eoples of antediluvian origin . is p roven y the fact that the po sterity of Noah , wherever they wen t , found these

h u m on uments already in existence . T at these an tedil vian p eo

1 ple were M ongoloids , is shown . By the forms of some of

o r ortio n s of S their sk ulls and the st at ure and p p their kele ton s .

‘

2 . By the M ongoloid character of the S amoyedes , Lapp s and

o u Finns , who are regard ed as th e remnant s of th e p rimit ive p p

an . l ation displace d by the families of Noachites . The B asqu es ,

n ot other remnant , are deﬁnitely recognized as Mongolian . What was the condition o f those remo tely p reh istoric peoples ! M odern researches have been won derfully p roliﬁc in material s

A ND . 3 2 A DAM ITES PREADAM ITES .

gravels are ch ie ﬂy articles of rough stone an d bone . With these

of are associated som e remains ex tinct quadru peds . Som e all u v ial deposits n ear Strasburg , an d at M aestrich t an d elsewhere , have afforded ru de ﬂin ts an d hu m an bon es . I n the volcan ic mou ntain of D enise , in Cent ral France , hu man bones have been fou nd imbedded in volcan ic tuff ; an d in anoth er l ocality tuff result ing from the sam e e ru ption encloses the remain s of a cave -hyen a an d a hippopotamus .

- Again the p eat bogs of Denmark have afforded . a rich series of rel ics ch ron ologically arran ged . These b ogs are from ten to th irty feet deep . I n the lowest portion s they enclose remain s of

n o the scotch ﬁ r, a tree l onger growing in D enmark ; an d w ith f t hese are associated implemen ts o ﬂin t . Above are found t ra

n o w in ces of the common oak , very rare D enmark , an d , associ

t as ate d therewith , implemen s and orn amen ts of b ron ze , as well

n of re ston e . B ut in the highest portio s th e p eat are fou n d the m ain s of the beechen forest n ow l ivin g , an d mingle d with these

f b c o r are rel ics of an age o iron . T he bogs of I relan d have een l resp on din g y p roductive .

- m o f The kitchen idden s , or kitchen refu se heaps , are p iles

of earth an d hu man relics occurrin g along the shores Denmark ,

w of 200 reach ing sometimes a he ight of ten feet , ith a breadth an d a length o f They are largely m ade u p of th e shells o f l u th e oyster , cockle and o ther edibl e m o l scs , b ut these are

of p len tifully m ingled with the bon es variou s quadru peds , birds

s . an d ﬁ hes , which have served as food I nterspersed with these

in stru offal accumulation s are fl in t knives , hatchets an d other

of men ts ston e , horn , wood an d bon e , with fragmen ts of coarse

o f . pottery . N o t races bron z e or iron occ ur S uch refuse heap s

o f n v ‘ l ie upon the shores many other cou tries , an d ha e been de scribe d in America , from Florida to Main e .

o r The megalith s hu ge rou ghly hewn blocks of stone , arran ged

o f in ru de structu res , aboun d in nearly all t he co untries E u rop e . Those called dolmen s are en ormou s slabs resting horizontally “ ” o n up right stones . M enhirs are hu ge stone p osts , sometimes standing singly , and sometimes su rround ing a dolmen , when ” “ they con stitu e what i s called a cromlech . T he dolmens were for centu ries regarde d as the ston e altars of the anc ient RETROSPE CT OF PRIME V AL MA N I N E UROPE . 33

D ruids ; bu t we n o w know that they were as mysteriou s to the

D w t t o o . ru ids , thou san d y ears ago , as ou rselves Some t imes

the dolmen is covered by a moun d of earth . That these were burial pl aces is p rove d by the occu rrence o f skel eton s in som e “ f n - o . I them ce rtain tum ulu s dolmen s , the cryp t inclosed by the stones is d ivided into several comp art men ts , each enclosin g a l skeleton . The associated implem ents are m ost y of s tone . The lake d w ellings were cabin s erected on p iles i n th e lakes o f R Swit zerlan d an d oth er Eu rop ean cou ntries . elics of everything

- o f connected with the life of th e lake dwellers were , as a m atte r

o f . course , accum ulated in th e bot tom the lake aro und them I n recen t times , these have been d iscovered and dredged up . T hey consist of such remain s as h ave al ready been enu merated , with

o f . to th e addition of article s bronze T hey , hence , be longed a

l ater age . I n certain lakes art iﬁcial islands were forme d of stone s

u an d timbers , on which hu ts were b il t . I n I relan d the se are ”

n o w . called crannoges , and are deep ly covere d with tu rf

n The in terp retatio of these hu man rel ics is , of cou rse , greatly

an helped by the study of modern savages , an d th e accoun ts of

n The - cie t history . ﬂint arrow heads of t he American I n dian , for instance , are fash ion ed p recisely l ike some of those fou nd in — d E uropean cave rn s an d lake habitations . To un erstan d t he

- ancien t lake dwellings , recall the account by H erodotu s o f an

a R ancien t t ribe dwelling in P eonia , now a p art of oumelia , who

’ e rected cabins on piles ; an d also th e narrative by D Urvill e of th ak - o f s e l e dwellers of New G u inea . As illu strations the kitchen

to - - middens, we m ay tu rn the shell heaps on the north west coast o f of Au stral ia , an d t he city borde r offal heaps Gu ayaqu il and

. o f M exico In In dia some the tribes still erect cromle ch s .

o n - Early historic times al so re ﬂect a ligh t the p re h istoric ages .

J acob took a stone an d set it up for a pillar , (G en . xxxi , 4 5; 6 see u . , f rthe r, ver 4 an d at Moun t S inai Moses erected twelve

— 2 1 p illars menhirs , (E xod . xxiv , 4 ; Josh . iv , I n con nect ion m r with tu muli , it may be remembe red that S emira is aised a mound ove r her hu sband ; stones were p iled up ove r the remains o f L aic us ; Achill es raised to Patroclus a mou nd more than 1 00 fee t in d iam ter ; Alexander erecte d o n e over the ashes o f H ephaestio which cost and in R oman history we meet wi th similar 34 ADAM ITES AND PREADA MITES .

o . S i nstances , ﬁ nally , the small bronze ch ariot exhumed from a tu mulus in Mecklenburg recalls the wheel ed structu re s fabricated

1 n 2 f r o f . : o Solomon by H iram Tyre ( Ki gs , vii , 7

z From time immemorial , civilize d nation s have recogni e d three

—~ e . ages in the history of soci ty th e stone , bronze and iron age s

a . Arch eology j ustiﬁes this bel ief In the s tone age , the metals

r w . we e unkno n ; in the bronz e age , bronze displace d stone to

the m some extent ; and in iron age . iron ca e into u se for cu tt ing

in instrumen ts . W hile these are the successive stages the social

o f develop men t peoples , they by no mean s serve as chronological landmarks fo r mankind at large ; since d ifferent t ribes an d nat ions and races h ave p assed out o f their stone age at very dif

“ feren t . . epoch s , an d m any tribes still remain in their stone age R esearche s have shown that the stone age mu st be sub -d ivided

e oc hs — a R into th ree p z the Pal eol ithic or ude Stone E poch , the R eindeer E po ch and the N eolithic o r Polished S tone E poch . I n

S k w as v the ﬁrs t , human ill very l ittle de elop ed , an d man l ived as

- - contemporary with th e mammoth , cave be ar , cave hyen a and other

- extinct qu adrup eds , whose b ones occu r in caverns and river drifts .

I n R w the ei ndeer Epoch , h uman works e re of a higher order ;

the an imals j ust m entione d had chieﬂy disappeared , and the bon e s

of the reindee r are most abun dantly associated with human relics .

In the Neolithic Epoch , stone weapons an d implements were .

ground an d p ol ish ed , an d some domestic animal s h ad m ade thei r

appearance .

The physical condition s o f E u rope on the ﬁrst adven t of the

S ton e Folk we re stri kingly diffe rent from the p resen t . The con tin en t was then j u st emerging from a secul ar winter which had bu ried all the mo un tain s and plain s beneath a m antle of glacier

material as far sou th , probably , as the Pyre nees . Englan d an d Scand inavia had been conn e cted with the con tinent ; the English

channel and the G e rman ocean had been dry land , an d the Thames f R h ad been a tributary o the hine . A su b sidence n ow took place

which made Great Bri tain an islan d . An amelioration of th e cl imate cau sed a rapid melting of the gl aciers ; the lan d was ex ' ten sively ﬂoo ded an d the drainage of the contine n t now began to

m ark ou t and to excavate th e river valleys of the modern epoch .

- o f The c ave bear , mammoth and o ther quadrup eds Pliocene time C V 3 RETROSPE T OF PRIME A L M AN IN E UROPE . 5 st ill survived ; and now man ap peared in E u rope to disp u te with

No w w them the p ossession of the fo rests and caverns . the s ollen rivers ﬂowed many feet above their present levels , an d the relics of the Stone Folk were m ingled with the deposits along the ir

R n w n borders . T he ei deer E poch itnessed anothe r elevatio an d a n ew invasio n of col d . England was again j oined to the continen t .

- m h w n The cave bear an d mam ot d i dled away . Th e rein de er and other n orthern quadrupeds were drive n so u th over the plains o f a Languedoc an d throu gh the valleys of Perigo rd . T he hyen

to f went over England and took possessio n o the caverns . B u t the

o f men E urop e had made a slight advance in the indu stries .

u in Nex t , another s bs idence . resul ted th e isolation of E ngland an d the Scan dinavian peninsula ; the cl imate was again amelio r ated , and the re indeer and other Arctic species retreate d to Alpin e

No w o f elevatio n s an d northern latitu des . the mode rn aspect s

n o w i e the l an d began to app ear , and appeare d var o us speci s of

— or mammal s destined to domestication , m ore p robably , al ready

. o f domesticated in their oriental home The ages bron ze , i ron an d au then tic history su cceede d . the I t would , of cou rse , be interest ing to t race physical , in tel lectu al and mo ral characterist ics o f t hese p rimitive people in the ligh t of the facts whose sou rces I have pointed ou t ; bu t a b rief article does not furnish the opp ortu nity . A few wo rds mu st su fﬁce .

P /z sicall y y these p eople were of rathe r short stature , with rou n dish

of ; heads , and a Mon goloid typ e , l ike modern Finn s and Lapps

n ot I n the N eolithic epoch , they were decidedly divergen t from

l of S the Mediterranean race , wh i e some the kulls we re equ al in f h cap acity to those o th e ve ry ighest modern famil ies . The

l fo r lo w N ean derthal skul , famous it s forehead and m assive brows , has a capacity of seventy - ﬁve cu bic inches ; and the C ro - Magnon skull a capacit y of n inety - seven cubic inches S ocially and intel l e tuall a c y, Pal eol ithic man existed in the rudest condition , ignorant f R f o . even o the u se ﬁre In the eindee r Epoch , he produced a

o f w better style pottery , and was acq uainted ith ﬁ re . In the Neolith ic E poch cereal s were cul tivated and ground in to ﬂou r ; cloth w as woven ; bone combs were used ; stores of fru it were

’ ’ p reserved for win ter s u se ; garde n -tools we re fash ion ed from stags horns ; log canoes were employed in navigat ion , and many other 36 A DA MI I’ ‘ ES ‘ A ND PREADAMITES . indications have been discovered of a fai r inventive cap acity and

s m o f an extensive yste indu stries , even while yet every tool had

’ E stlieticall to be constructed of stone , bone o r stag s horn . y con sidered n , the oldest S to e Fol k had advanced . no farther than the

o f u se necklaces formed of shell beads . Some obscu re etchings R f . o on stones exist I n the eindee r E poch , art icles ornamen t

R el u af m . i io sl beca e decidedly ab un dan t g y, there is l ittle to be o r ﬁ rmed inferred of th e Pal aeolithic tribes . Some cu ri ou sl y wrought ﬂints may have served as religiou s embl em s ; an d the occasional discovery o f dep osits o f food n ear the body of the dead may very n aturally be regarded as evidence o f a belief in R f . o the fu tu re l ife I n th e ein deer Epoch , this class evidences w becomes very greatly augm en ted , as sho n in th e systematic an d

- carefully provided bu rials in som e of the tum ulu s dolmen s , an d in the traces of funeral repasts in these and the rock -shel ters o f

Au rignac , B run iquel and F urfooz . The n umerou s specimens of brigh t an d shinin g mineral s fou nd abou t many settlem ents may have been u se d as amulets , and m ay thu s testify to the vagu e

of hu sen se the sup ernatu ral , which characteriz es the infancy of

a man socie ty . Th e Neolith ic people dd to such in dicat ion s the erection of megalithic structu res , som e of wh ich , su rrou n ded by

e n aturﬁ l t heir cemeteri s , as at Amesbu ry , E nglan d , m u st y be con sidered as their sacred templ es .

-h Pre istoric m an , in brief, represen ted , in Eu rop e , th e in fancy of the hum an species . All his powers were u n developed an d

u neducated . Every evidence su stain s u s in th e concl u sion that h e was n ot inferior in psych ic en dowmen ts to th e average man of d th e highest races ; bu t h e was l ackin g in acqu ire sk ill , an d in the results of exp erience accumu lated th rou gh a l ong series of

r of generation s , an d p eserved from forgetfuln ess by th e blessings a written lan gu age . This glance at the scientiﬁc facts bearing o n the con dition an d physical rel ation s of p rimeval m an in Eu rop e open s th e way fo r a more intelligibl e discu ssion o f th e an tiq uity of th e race at large . U ! or 3 7 ANTI! IT M AN .

C H APT E R V I I I .

NT I I T ! F M N A ! U O A .

The antiqu ity of the human species has generally been d iscussed

w from a poin t of vie which I hold to be erron eou s . I t has almo st al w ays been as sumed that when we have ascert ained the an tiqu it y — of the oldest historic nation s the E gyptian s and the Chinese

o f or , according to more recen t views , of the S ton e Folk Eu rope , we have ascertaine d the antiquity of the human species . B u t , if the Black races are n ot descended from the p rogenitor of the e White an d Mongoloi d races , th se race s are descen ded from the

o f progenitor th e Black races , and possess an an tiquity very m uch

leSs of . than that the Black races The qu estion , therefore , of the antiquity of the White race is qu ite differen t from that of the antiqu ity o f the h uman species . T he white man may have begu n

o r man to ex ist six eigh t thou san d years ago ; bu t the black , I

o f have reason to think , was thou sand s years his p redecessor

a upon the earth . The white m an m ay h ve m ade his adven t in

o r rn ore cen tral A sia ; bu t th e black m an ﬁ rst appeared in Africa , ,

o o f p r bably , u pon an obliterate d con t inent , which the Mascaren e

I lan o n s ds the sou theast of Africa are a su rviving vestige . The fl first whit e man may h ave descended from a remote progen itor of black col or ; bu t the first black m an could n o t have descen ded

' a hi from w te p rogenito r .

fo r o f The search th e antiquity the human species is , the refore .

a search for th e an tiqui ty o f the B lack races . That search mu st be instituted in the regions which the B lack races have occu pie d — Africa , Au stralia and oblite rated continental l ands . These

races h ave left n o records , no monuments ; and hence the search

m ust become a purely geological one . This task is one which has neve r been un dertaken ; bu t it is on e from which science will n ot shrin k ; an d I an tici p ate that somewhere in the cavern s o f Abys

o r sinia , or sou th Africa , o r Au stralia , in some of the stratiﬁed

form ation s of tho se countries , we shal l d iscover evidences of the existence o f man at a date prior to the general glaciat ion of

Eu rop e an d the United S tates .

r Fo the presen t , however , we are compelled to restrict ou rselve s

o f to an inqu iry respect ing the epoch the oldest historic nation s , 3 8 A DA M ITES AND

f an d o the p rehistoric Stone Folk of E u rope . Of the validity Of Ch inese an d Egyptian hi storic cl aims to a high ant iqu ity I shall exp ress n o Opinion . I di ssen t emphatically , however , from

n a the position en tertained by some rece t arch eologists , that the

Stone Folk Of E u rope carry u s back ﬁfty o r. a h und red th ou sand

o f years , or even that their an tiquity is greater than th at the Old e st historic nations . The Op inion seems to me wil d and fanatical . The Obscu rity which h angs over the Stone Folk is m istakenly ascribed to rem oteness . L ike obj ects seen in a fog , the events o f ar n t th e Stone Age e o so remote as they seem . The latest

- e ia p ile habitati ons come down to th six th. cen tu ry In many

dearis ha ielded R stances , the from the l acu strin e vill ages gey oman f R ’ coins and oth er works o oman art . H omer s ep ic was comp ose d b u t o o o u r ﬁ years before era , an d the Ston e Folk were then in ful l possession of central an d n orthern E urop e . H istory declares that among the Lapps an d F inn s the Ston e A ge descended t o th e time of C aesar . The c ivilized Pelasgians en tered Greece 1 4 00 years before H omer an d fou n d the S tone

We e -ﬁve of Folk. there . h av , then , at least twent y centu ries h is toric al t im e for the du ration o f the S ton e Age . I se e no good grou nd for the Op in ion that the primeval m en of E urope appeared“

2 00 o r 000 . more than 5 3 years before Christ B u t , as a contrary

i ex ressed I to state opinion is sometim es p , will proceed th e ground s o n n mv which I un derstan d it to be based , an d th e offer reason s f r o f o the rej ection these grou nds .

P ro- l acial remains o ot/zer animals nave ocen mistaken or I . g f f

emain lzzcman r s . I refer to rem ains Older than th e con tinen t al glacier of Eu ro p e . Som e bon e s foun d at S ain t P rest , France , were observed to bear cu ts an d scratch es which might have b ee n m ade by flint in strumen ts in human hands . Bu t with th em were

to associated the remain s of a species of elephan t , known have u l ive d in l ater Pliocen e time . H ence the merc rial Frenchman m ade p roclam ation of P l iocene man . B ut actu al experimen t p roved that precisel y similar markings are made u pon bones by th e porcu pin e ; an d as a roden t le ft his bones in th e same bed with th e cu t and scratched bones , cool er reason p romp tly ascribed h th e mark ings to roden t agency rather t an human . Again , cer

’ - r tain shell marks nea Bordeaux enclose th e bones of a m an atee ,

4 E A 0 ADA MIT S AND PRE DAMITES .

n t rep orted to be fou n d unde r a shee t of Tertiary lava , are o su f fi o f ciently authenticated to form a su bj ect p roﬁ table d iscussion .

A n d n this is all . These are the only ev idences o which

- the claims of p re glacial man in E u rope have rested . B ut if h e

- w ! was post glacial , h at measure of years may expre ss h is antiqu ity This is equ ivalen t to asking the remoteness of th e decline of the

glacial epoch , which the Ston e Folk certainly witnessed . The

n following are the grou nds of the opinio , curren t to some exten t , that ﬁfty o r a hu n dred thou san d years separate u s from the men w ho o f saw th e decline the con tinen tal glacie rs .

Tb e astron omical h ot/zesis o lacial eriods R I . yp f g p . ecen t astron omers have suggested that the glacial period was only the l ast of

g a succession , an d that chan e s in astronomical condition s must

c . p roduce such periods with al culabl e regulari ty M . Adhemar has argu e d that th e n orthern temperate zone m ust be glaciated once in years by the in ﬂuence of the p recession of the equ inoxes . Thu s , the secul ar winter m igh t be suppose d to h ave p assed abou t ye ars ago . Bu t M r . Croll , discred iting

’ o f Adhemar , appeals to variation s in eccent ricity the earth s orbit , an d pu ts down years as the t ime elapsed since maximu m e ccentricity led to con tinen tal glaciation; Accordingly , we O f a o m ight p ut the decline the gl aciers at years g , an d th is f would in dicate th e an tiqui ty o the Stone Folk . B ut I h ol d that arch aeology vetoes such a conclusion .

- ' . m man it/z an ma x t I I Con te p oraneousness of re i l s now e in ct. Geol ogy once t augh t that all extinction s are remote in time ; an d hence , when man was foun d a con temporary with the mammoth and th e cave b ear , he was h el d to possess a h igh an tiqu ity . B u t geology w as mistaken . Extin ctions h ave been recen t . Extine tion s are in progress . Continu e d extinction s are the order of

f N w Z of n ature . The M aories o e ealand stil l re tain traditions the extinct gigan tic b irds of their islands . I n Madagascar , th e

2 0 D odo has l ived within 5 years ; bu t it i s n ow extinct , l ike the sol itaire an d th e p yo rn is. The h uge R nytin a gigas has become

o f extinct ; as al so the wh ale the B ay of B iscay , which was on ce th e basi s of a ﬂou rishing ind ustry . O th er species are p lai nly

o f approaching extinction . The G reat Auk Newfoundlan d h as been seen bu t once in ﬁfty years ; an d th e Lab rador Duck , ten U ! 4 1 A NTI! IT OF M AN .

! years ago so abun dan t in the Fulton m arke t , New ork , has su d den l of y disappeared , an d mu seums are bidding in vain for relics f ’ t . o in a the lo s species The Aurochs Eu rop e , abun dan t C esar s f time , is n ow saved from extinction only by the care o the Pru s sian governm ent . T he big trees of Cal ifornia will have n o successors . I n short , every species of animal which can not occup y the con tinen t wit h civil iz ed man i s clearly doomed to pass

’ o away . So extinctions c ntinu e , even in recent times , to be the order of natu re .

’ m n The a n itude o tne eolo ical c/za es sin ce man s advent. I I I . g f g g g When we say that man was witness of the disappearance o f the S i continen tal glacier in E urop e . or learn that nce his adven t Eng

an d land an d Scan din avia have been j oined to the continen t , the

n b North Sea has been dry la d , an d the Thames a tri u tary of the R hine , we seem to sink back into geological time , where an yth ing less than a hun dred thousan d years for man would b e a ridiculou s deman d . So , too , when we l earn that M ongoloi d man came t o

' America ove r an i sthmu s existin g where B ehring s S traits now are ,

on an d ﬂoated his canoe the waters of a great lake , which spread

- over the p rairie region of Illino is .

our Bu t I believe , on sober reﬂection , that imaginations have

of been excited . The mystery and the magn itu de geological chan ges seem to relegate them to the remote age s of convulsion and cataclysm . Let u s not be frightened . We are i n the midst

an o f d . great change s , are scarcely con sciou s of it We have

. seen worlds in ﬂ ames , and h ave felt a come t strike the earth We have see n the whole coast O f South America l ifte d up bo dily

in We ten or ﬁfteen feet , an d let down again an hour . have seen the Andes sink 2 20 feet in seventy years . We are po in ted to vast hydrograp hical changes in China withi n historic times . As

the . o u r to glaciers , th ey are still sh rinkin g Before human eyes proceeds that ret reat which has left its foot - print s all the way

o n an across t he valley o f Switzerlan d . We m ay still gaze the

cient glaciers . We may still see them at their work . The S tone

Folk are drawn down towar d o ur o w n t imes . We look over the abyss of years an d seize it in ou r apprehension . T hey saw the borders of the ice -ﬁeld p erhap s o n the R h ine ; we see them in

u r w n a . o o R u ssia , an d S iberi , and Green land An d in coun try 6 4 2 ADAMITES AND PREADAM ITES .

their p resence has been so recent that their stump s linger in the gu lches of the S ierra Nevada ; and huge masses rem ain un dissolved

- ! he in the ice well s of Vermont , New ork an d Wiscon sin . T tru th is we are not so far ou t of the du st and smoke of an tiqu ity

u r as we had supposed . An tiqu ity is at o doors ; Mul titu de s of facts might be cited which m ust ten d to convince u s that changes

o u r are in progress before eyes , which mu st accomplish in a few thousand years results as great as those which separate the Ston e

Fol k from u s .

B u t ho w m any years e xpress th e interval ! This ! i s th e poin t

I c an n um rat o n . e e e

which i t i s not safe to be too p recise _ a

in i ae dozen of th e highest au thoritie s p reh storic arch ology , who bring th e epoch of polished ston e down to within fou r to six thou san d years of ou r time ; an d I coul d cite historical men tion an d historical data to show that the S ton e Fol k we re known from a

000 0 00 . W to . C date 4 or 5 B , hen the Iberian s fou n d them , down i 000 00 C . 3 or 3 5 B . , when the Iber an Liby an s made war on

2000 . C . Egyp t , an d thence down to B , when the Ston e Folk were foun d in S icily and Pel oponne su s .

T he S tone Folk had lived somewhere at an earlier epoch .

Their Asiatic progen itors were more ancien t . I f descen de d from

’ “ the white m an s A dam , he mu st be removed som ewhat fu rther back than we have sup posed . I f Adam , howeve r , i s a divergent

the twig from same stock as the Stone Folk , then the Ston e Folk

may have been in Europ e even before ou r A dam appeared in Asia .

R I ! CH APT E .

A N ORI GI N O F M .

The recogn ition of the descent from one stock , of typ es of

r stru ctu re as dive se as the Eu rop ean an d the Au stralian , prompts at on c e an inqu iry respect ing the extent to w hich divergencie s ‘

may have been carrie d . Whether th e N egro h as descended from

’ ’ the white man s Adam , or th e Caucasian from the black man s

Adam , there is implied a degree of p hysical divergence which i s ﬂ very su ggest ive of re ection . The m ore we insist on the blood

f n o f a ﬁ ity the races of man , the more we crowd u pon attention 4 ORIGIN OF MAN . 3 the query whether a blood aﬂin ity may not e xist be tween the lowest race an d some typ e of being a little to o low to be c alled hum an . The different races of men bear z oologically such characteristics as wo ul d be employed to distin guish differen t sp ecies amongst the

z lower animal s . I have heard the el de r Agassi decl are that they

f dis differ as mu ch as the differen t families o m onkeys . Family tin c tion s are more p rofou n d th an speciﬁc dis tinctions . If the

of variou s races men are descended from a common stock , have we do no t as good groun ds for assuming that the domestic g, the

- thew olf fox p rairie dog , , the an d the j ackal are also descen ded from o n e stock ! I f p arity of reason ing demands an afﬁrmat ive response to th is question , then the barriers are all down to adm is f o . sion the derivative origin of organic form s in gen eral N ow ,

i f of wh le not a ﬁrming a p arity reasonin g , it seems approp riate to d state the grou nds of erivative doctrin e , p rep aratory to p ointing

o f o ut a disp arity an important k ind . The gen eral doctrin e of the m aterial con tinu ity of organic form s seems to m e to reston the follow ing Of evidence _classes A n alo i al e iden e o f c v c . I . g Evolu tion is a law thought , an d

o r hence a law of activity regul ated by though t. An idea con

r cept is ﬁ rst g aspe d in it s general character , then develop ed in

l o f o r detai . Th is is th e method of the evolu tion a sermon a book . T he longer though t dwell s on the concep t , the more th ere

is evol ve d from i t , u nder its gen eral an d subordinate divisions . h e . T is, however , is rather psychol ogical than analogical evi denc

Bu t app ropriate proof un der this head is at h and . T h e method O in th e cosmos i s a m aterial con tinu ity . u r earth has b een what t J up iter i s , an d has been ann ul ated like S a u rn . I t has been a

‘ - sun , self lum inou s ; it is destined to become , as the moon , a fossil

r world . So o u su n and all su n s are in the m idst Of a progress of

’ an iden tical kind . SO the featu res of the e arth s surfac e have become what the y are through a continu ou s series of t ran siti on s — from ol der to n ewer st ate s from less sp eciali zed to mo re special iz ed co nditions . Again the succe ssion o f form s p rese nted by a d develop ing embryo is effecte through a material con tinu ity .

The emb rvo retains its identi ty in p assin g th rou gh ph ases as — diverse as a tadpol e an d an eleph an t as d iverse as a cell and a man . 44 ADA MITES A ND PREADA MITES .

eolo ical e iden e . G v c i i I I g . The forms of organ zat on which have p opulated the world in its remote p rep aratory stages have been

of as diverse as the successive stages . Types organization suited to a rude cond ition of the world demanded imp rovemen t when the condition s had imp roved . Fossil remains indicate that such

took lac e f . s o improveme nts o p I t was not the di placemen t the the f l o O . old type by n ew , bu t a modiﬁcation the d typ e So the gen eral types of animals with which the world began to be p op u lated in its infancy continu e in existence . I f we take a particular existin g type , as th e p roboscidian , we le arn from the tes timony of fossil s , t hat it is a modiﬁcation of a typ e which exist ed in th e last

’ geological age before th e p resen t! That w as a m odiﬁcation o f

d . an older one , a n d th at of a still ol er , an d so on If we take the

o f Ox existing type , or h og, or horse , we discove r in each case a . series of older modiﬁcations of the type reaching back throu gh

Te rtiary time . In the case of the horse the serie s of known

R e on liation o ience an d form s is rem arkably full . (See c ci f S c

R i n 1 6 6 f el i o . o g , p p Now these series successions receding in to th e past con stan tly converge . That is , the ancien t p robo sc idian type differed less from th e hog or horse type than th e modern on e does . All th e ancient types approximated each othe r . I n some cases two o r three types are fou n d actually merged to gether . The j udgment cann ot resist t he conviction that some distance farther back they all converge . Thu s th e modern types

m ﬁve-t of mammal s have d iverged fro a common oed , plantigrade,

all primit ive form . Bu t this is no p roof of gen etic relation ship in the terms of each series . All this migh t be if each term were a

— an new beginn ing independent creation . T his eviden ce is only a link in the p roof.

Variation al e iden ce I I I . v A sp ecies is n ow known not to be

a p rim ordial organic form , as deﬁned by Mort on , but only a of phase in a series changes . That specie s vary to a wide exten t has l ately been sho w n by the stu dy of many thou san ds of Ame r

- f ou r z are ican b irds . O ne fou rth o all recogni ed species only geographical varieties . The variation s had become so wide that

r i i all naturalists ecognized these var et es as good species . Some thing simil ar is true of ou r mammal s . I n short , it is n ow generally admitted that a large fraction of all h itherto recognized specie s are only varieties of certain forms wh ich we m ust con tinu e to R G O I IN OF MAN . 5

adm it as species . Some sp ecial in stances of variat ion are q u ite

' striking . The axolotl of Colorado breathes wat er th rou ghou t l ife .

D um ril e . B u t , Prof Marsh an d others have cau sed this anim al to

its . absorb gills and breathe air I t thu s becomes a salaman der ,

of f not only a di ferent species , bu t a differen t genu s an d t ribe .

So , certain marine cru stace an s , gradu ally h abituated to w ater le ss

. and less sal t , u nd ergo a transform atio n to fresh water species B y

s . rever ing the p rocess , the transform at ion is reversed I t thu s appears that transition s from one speciﬁc form to anothe r are in

of n the order atu re , an d we learn that the tran sition from one

o f r modiﬁcation the horse typ e to an othe , du rin g the l ap se of

n o f o f Tertiary time , is a sol u tio t he problem successional forms which may be l egitimately contemplated . The genetic relation of

in n w on e term to another is not con ﬂict with nature , bu t is o strongly suggested by the ap titu de of organ ic forms to vary .

m iden ce E br ol o ical ev . o IV . y g E very embry in its cou rse Of

a suc c ession of developmen t passes , by con tinu ity , throu gh stage s beginning with a cell . M y limited sp ace forbids to p articulari z e bu t I may state that th e h um an embryo exhibits not fewer th an

- twenty two stages pretty di sti nctly marked , each in succession more com pl icate d than th e preceding ones . Now the poin ts to

: I be made in view of embryonic stages are th e following . The

of identical embryon ic stages all animals are , t o a certain exten t , . The simplest anim als pass through bu t few of these stages ; higher animal s more . 2 . Embryonic stages fu rnish a parallel ism wi th th e

d s gra ations of existing an im al s . The lowe t ani mals having gone t hrough three or fou r stages are arrested an d live as permanent rep resentatives of the last stage reached . An imals successively

u o f highe r pass th ro gh successively mo re the stages , and , becoming arrested , stan d perm anently as pictu res of the highest embryon ic

S o stages reached . the gradation of animal forms in the world becomes a series parallel with the series exempl iﬁed by th e ern

r n i f . b yo c history o every highe r animal . 3 Embryonic stage s

furnish parall els with the geological succession . That is , the succession of types of an imal s in geological time p resen ts the same ch arac ters an d the same order as the embryonic h istory of any highe r vertebrate .

Now th e embryonic succession is a demonst rated contin u ity . Is ‘ 46 A DA MITES A ND PREADAMITES .

not the iden tical succession reveale d by. pal aeon tology also a con tin uit y I f the an alogy does n ot convince , the aptitu de to variation p redi sposes to conviction ; an d convict ion becomes ﬂ f almost irresistible , when we re ect that a pro oun d sim ilarity

— of indeed , a p hysiological identi ty ob tains be tween the mode the S con tinu ity in embryonic an d genealogical uccessions . I can do scarcely more than enunciate conclusions ; and I fear the reade r

e on . will wond r , at th e en d , what is the evi dence wh ich they re st

of Now , we may admit the force the evidence , an d still , with

Wall ace , h esitate to admit that the /bo dy an d soul of m an fall Miy art un der the law of evolu tion ; or , with , admit the p rincipl e with reference to the hum an body,an d deny it with reference to I n th e human soul . . A great gap exists betwee man an d al l

as other animal s . Structu rally , h is b rain an d cranium much su r

’ ’ ’

an . p ass ape s as an ape s su rpass an eel s . P sychically , m an is

l d f e 2 equ a ly if eren ti at d from the highest brute . . NO conn ecting

' tw een man an n l inks b e d th e bru tes are kn own . I n the livi g worl d th e fact is paten t . I n th e ext inct world we should expect to dis cover forms immediately bel ow man , bu t they are not forthcomin g . We ﬁn d neither conn ecting links nor remains certifying to su ch O an tiqui ty as m an mu st possess , if a derived form . n the whole , the qu estion in reference to man is qu ite op en . We are very far from the p ossession of evidence that h is organ ism has been evolved ; still farther from th e proof that h is soul is derived from the psych ic n ature of a bru te . a s . I express myself simply a scient ist As such , I warn the reader n ot to be distu rbed by any concl usion s of scien ce either

o r achieved impen ding . I t is absol u tely imm aterial whether God

ﬂat . created m an by a ﬁat i nstan tly , o r by a derivatively Whethe r

or man has been evolve d n ot , he is the work of a Creator ; an d

’ everv mom en t s con tinu ance of his bein g is a man ifestation o f power so far superior to the prerogatives o f matter as to con sti

- tu te an ever repeate d creation . There h as been a great deal of dogmatism in scien ce , and i t is as much to be dep recated as dog

mati m . s in religion Science is progressiv e , and i t is not th e sign of a well b allasted in telligence to be moved with appreh en sion t over any fresh u tterance of science . E very th eory m us be sub

. ec ted . s j to app ropriate tests I f i t st ands , i t become a n ew

D M I’ ‘ E 48 A A I S AND. PREADAM ITES . time would su fﬁce fo r the d ivergence o f the Black races from the

’ white man s Adam , since th at would imply degeneracy o f a racial an d continental exten t , an d this is contrary to the recognized

f assum p rinciple O p rogress in n atu re . At the sam e time I have ed that the Mongoloid an d D ravidian races may have descended n i from ou r Adam , both becau se the diverge ce in these cases s comparativel y slight , an d becau se those races , intellect ually and

o w n . morally , stand n early on a l evel with ou r B u t I have n ot

satis ed been ﬁ with this assu mption respecting the Brown races , becau se I do not th ink the U she r chronology afford s su fﬁcient

f ‘ t ime even for such a degree o differentiation . I admit the pos sib ility ; bu t I feel th at the assump tion is a strain upon the

ev idence .

What we nee d , then , to relieve u s of th is difﬁ cul ty , is more time between Adam an d the dawn of written history ; and especially D between Adam and the el uge . B u t this is only one phase of the ethnological data wh ich would be greatly accommodate d an d

relieved by a larger allowance of time . The fou rth chap ter of

Genesis , for instance , app ears to have been composed before the — o o h f . D elu ge perhaps in the s t year o Noah (Gen . v bu t at

that time there were p eopl es in existence , descended from Cain ,

who were celebrated for agricul ture , mechan ics and m usic . They

- o f were in deed descen de d from J abal , J ubal an d Tubal Cain , the

eigh th generation from Adam . B u t , as the ten generations from

to 00th o f r Adam the 5 ye ar Noah c over only yea s , we may assum e the eight generations to T ubal - Cain to cove r abou t years ; and hence from T ubal - Cain to the 500th year of Noah we

00 is uf have onl y abou t 3 years , which ins ﬁcien t time , i n the infancy

of the world , for the growth of tribes an d nation s and cu ltu re

which see m then to have been in existence .

o f Take another case . The tenth chapter Genesis n arrates a series o f events which took place after the ﬂood an d before the

division o f the lan d in the time o f Peleg . Compu tin g the time

h o f R eu in t e u su al way , the interval from the ﬂood to the birth ,

1 1 the son of Peleg , was 3 years ; and , accordin g to the u su al rate

of increase , the posterity of Noah m ust have amounte d to abou t

of 00 . 9 persons T his chapter was written in the t im e Peleg , as otherwise th e h istory woul d have been brought down to a l ater G! 4 PATRIARCHAL CHRONOLO . 9

the . date , as it is in eleventh chap ter B u t note t he p rogress which had been made in the settlement of the worl d an d the building of cities , at the date of this composition . T he p osterity of J ap het had moved westward an d taken p ossession of the

o f [E ean islan ds the g an d the M editerran ean , an d probably the

n adj acent conti ental regions , and h ad spread over t he vast terri

’ of en etrated' to o n the tory Scyth ia on the north , an d p Spain west . had They b ecome sep arated into distinct l anguages , famil ies ” e and nations . T his is a gl impse of thnic events which we can

m ha 1 1 A r to . not easonably assu e ve t aken pl ace in 3 years gain , the descendan ts of H am had accomplished even greate r re sult s .

E gyp t had been settle d , an d its population had become differen

Phoen ic ian i n tiated into at least eight trib es or nat ion s . S do had “ o i i been bu ilt an d the Ph en c ans had grown into nine p eoples , an d ” af a terw rd the families of the Canaan ites spread abroa d . B u t R before the Canaanites there were p resent in Palestine the ephaim , ! Z . u zim , Em im and others Who were the se peoples N im rod , t also , o r his posterity , had plan e d cities . B abel , E rech , Accad “ ” be in nin f and Calneh were the g g O his kingdom . Then Asshu r

Nimrodites arose amongst the an d led away a colony , which bu ilt O — v R R ther wall ed cities Nin e eh , ehoboth , Calah , an d e sen wh ich “ ’ H am was a great city . Thu s the descen dants of had develope d ” i t famil es an d tongues an d cou ntries an d n at ion s . The posteri y of Shem al so had become div ided into familie s an d tongues an d n ” natio s an d dispersed to m any lan ds . Accordingly the de sc en d an ts of of Noah , in the days Peleg , had become n u m erou s “ m No w n at ion s an d divide d the earth a ongst themselves . it is d ifﬁcul t to bel ieve that these c ities an d nat ionalities h ad come in to

1 existence from one family in th e sp ace of 1 3 years .

A simila r set of consideration s is fu rnished by the eleventh

r chap te , which seems to be a distinct document , and begin s back

to at an epoch near the ﬂood , and p reserves the history down

et Abraham . Jou rneying westward , the Adam ite s , as y one family , attempted to build a tower, an d were defeated . Still , it appears

to a city known as Babel rose into existence , an d i t would be fair p resume that th is and the other cities named as the beginning o f

’ o f him o r N imrod s kingdom , instead being b uilt by his success f o rs i o . , were al ready in ex stence long befo re the time Nim rod 50 ADAM ITES AND PREADAMITES .

1 1 How much , then , beyon d 3 years mu st the time from Noah to Peleg be elon gated ! These are simply samples of the exigen cies which arise on bib lic al , ethnological , scien tiﬁc and lin guistic grou nds , when we m ake the attemp t to sati sfy ou rselves with the p opular chronology .

I think , therefo re , I shall do my readers a service by directing their at tenti on to a recen t work which u ndertakes to show that i th e original text of Genes s , wh en righ tly understood , gives u s a

R ev much more extended chronology . The work is writte n by f R . o T . P Crawford , Fun g Chow , China , and published in ich

R n mond , Virgin ia , by Josi ah yland an d is e title d Th e - Patriarchal Dyn asti es from Adam to Abraham shown to cove r

years , an d th e highest h uman l ife only The fun da men tal position assum e d b v the au thor is a reformed reading o f the gen ealogical tables con tain ed i n the ﬁ fth an d eleven t h chapte rs of Genesis ; of which the ﬁ rst traces th e posterity o f Adam to

o f . Noah , an d the secon d traces the posteri t y No ah to Abraham

Fo r the purpose of giving an intelligible explanation of M r .

’ m r Crawford s refor e d eadin g , I here reproduce the biblical para graph tou ch in g the family o f Ad am :

a son A n d Adam lived a h un dre d an d thirty years , an d begat

m . in hi s own likeness , after hi s i age ; an d c alled h is name Seth An d the days of Adam after h e had begotten S eth were eight hun dre d years ; and h e begat son s and dau gh ters : And all the days that A dam l ived were nin e hundred and thi rty years ; an d he died . A sim il ar paragraph is recorded resp ectin g each of th e an tedi

No w luvian patriarchs . the au tho r maint ain s that the word Adam

a ersonal a amil . is employed , above , in p , an d afterward in f y sense

tlze w nol e l e that th e ﬁrst cl au se denotes if of Adam , and not h is

o f olad age at the birth Se th ; that y , tran slated begat , signiﬁ es ’ of rath er appointed , and refers to Adam s designation Seth (in “ place of Abel ) to b e his successor ; that likeness an d image — ofﬁc e refer n ot to p erson al appearance , bu t to ch aracter an d th e “ ” nam e S eth itsel f signifying The appointed ; th at Adam in the n ext clause refers to the tribe or family of Adam ; that the Adamic family cont inu ed to be ruled over by successors n ot in

f for of 0 the line o Seth , a period 9 3 years ; that thereafter th e ! 1 P ATRIARCHAL CHRONOLO G . 5

“ repre sen tatives of the Sethite lin e acc eded to the kingship fo r

1 2 of 9 ye ars , when the family E nos assum ed the governmen t , an d

so on .

These positions are argue d with m u ch ability . That the ﬁrst clause exp resses the whole l ife of Adam is maint ained o n the fol

1 w lived l owing grounds : . The H ebre n ever employs the verb with deﬁnite numbers to indicate th e age Of a m an at the birth o f a son ; bu t it invariably says such a on e w as a son of so many

ize w n . years his son was born , or some other event took place

I 6 M an y p assages are cited , of which see Gen . xxi , 5 xvi , ; xvii ,

2 . . . 2 1 2 . 4 ; xxi , 4 ; Lev ix , 3 ; Josh xiv , 7 ; I Kings x iv , ; xx , 4

’ n lived O the contrary , the verb denotes the whole term of a man s

2 2 1 28 I I . . l ife See Gen i , ; xxiii , _ ; xxv , 7 ; xlvii , ; v , 5; xi , ; ix ,

6 2 l 1 . d 28 1 . ; I I . Kings x iv , 7 ; J ob xliii , An te i uvian life is su b

stan tiall a y sserted to have been on e hundred an d twenty years , on

. . O an average . (See Gen vi , 3 Th ere is nowhere in the ld Testament any allusion to such enormous ages as eight h un dred O an d nine hundred years . n the con trary , Abraham , who was

o ld -ﬁv p rom ised a good age , died at one hun dred an d seven t y e

I o n . e years . (Gen xv , 5; xx v , 7 , S o I saac at h un dred an d l o d . 28 eighty years , was an d full of days , (G en xxxv . ,

O ther reason ing I h ave no t the sp ace to cite . A p araphrase of t he p aragraph concerning Adam woul d , the refore , read somewh a t as follows h And Ad am lived a un dre d and thirty years . An d at the close o f his life he appointed his son to be his sp iritu al heir and suc “ ” cesso r an d designated him S e th , The ap poin ted . And the du ration o f the hou se of Adam after the appointm ent o f Seth w as eigh t hun d red years , rep resented by male an d female de

c n an r n u of s e d ts. And the whole du atio of the ho se Adam was t n ine hundred and h irty years , an d it ceased to exist . The p aragraphs touching th e other antediluvian p atriarch s are t to be similarly understood . I t will hu s appear th at the average

duration of l ife was then on e hu n dred an d twenty years . A sim ilar in terpretation of the eleventh ch ap ter give s the average du r

o f - at ion l ife after th e ﬂood at on e hundred and twenty eight .

as After Abraham , the ages , stated in th e sacred text , range from

to o n e on e hu ndred an d ten hu n dred and ei gh ty years , with an 52 . ADA MITES A ND . PREADAM ITES

r - ﬁv e . ave age of one hundred and thirty years Still further , the u tmost lim it of ancien t E gy p tian life was on e hundred and ten f year s. The average l ife o th e eight kings of th e secon d Chaldean

- dyn asty was eigh ty ei gh t years . U n der the ﬁrst Chinese dyn asty

- of fou r hun d red and thirty nine years , average life was seventy

n d - seven years ; u n der the secon d , of six hu dre an d forty four

- years , it was sixty nine years . These two dynasties extended f from th e days of Pele g to those o Solomon . M any other facts

S t n a tend to how hat human life , in the most a c ien t tim es , had

o f h du ration no t far from that th e H ebrew patriarc s , if we inter

pret the ﬁrst clause of e ach p aragraph as p roposed by M r . Craw Of ford ; while th e marvelou s du rat ion h um an life , according to u e f the pop lar interpretat ion , is oppo se d to every i t m o kn owledge wh ich we posse ss from other sources .

of App lyin g the se principles to the gen ealogical tables Genesi s , we Obtain th e following chronological dat a :

A dam to the ﬂood

F ood to the b r h of A b raha l i t m .

A dam to A b raham Birth of A b raham to Chri st

A da to C hr s 1 2 0 m i t , 5 9 Christ to the p resen t tim e

A dam to the p resen t year

’ I t is to be hop ed t hat H ebrew scholars will give Mr . Crawford s

an d views a can did exam in ation , I will also in dul ge th e h op e th a t t hey may ﬁ n d h is exegesis val id .