No. 53E/ISSN 0250-7072

COUNCIL CONSEIL OF EUROPE DE L'EUROPE No. 53-1986 D)Q l eu ro p ean information Editorial D. Alfonso Guerra Gonzalez 3

centre The European Diploma j .p . Ribaut 4 for The Krimml Falls J. Fischer-Coibrie 7 nature conservation Encourage protection e. Einarsson 9 The expert’s point of view Hunziker r. 11

Significance for rural zones J. Macario Correia 14

Impact on management policy c. Pairaudeau 18

The Swedish parks s. Maimberg 22

Fair Isle w.B. Prior 24

am particularly happy to be able to con­A new collective awareness, very prevalent is a hostile force, greater currency is being Kugcenneti r.Gürpinar 25 / tribute with these few lines to the work ofamong the younger generations of Euro­gained by the idea of a possible balance information and education which thepeans, has prompted the public institutions and the need for human beings in general Symbol for the Council of Europe 's nature 27 Council of Europe has been pursuing sinceand political authorities to begin to face upto adopt an altruistic approach towards their conservation activities. The Bavarian forest H. Bibeiriether the early 1960s. to the problem. fellows and their planet.

Extending the Diploma’s influence p. Gay 29 It was precisely during that decade that That idea must receive unreserved political nature conservation movements developed support and be translated into projects and consolidated their position, in the sense which, while remaining idealistic, should that, although they did not represent an nevertheless be practical and down-to- entirely new phenomeon, they acquired earth. hitherto unknown social and political dimen­ Perhaps this difficult compromise can be Naturopa is published in English, French, sions. achieved through environmental education. German and Italian by the European Informa­ The work of the Council of Europe in this tion Centre for Nature Conservation of the It was then that people started reflecting on respect deserves every praise; what is the fact that every aggression against the Council of Europe, BP 431 R6, F-67006 being done in our country with a view to Strasbourg Cedex. natural environment amounted to an attack improving the management of our national on the human spirit; that awareness Editor responsible: Hayo H. Hoekstra parks, extending the field of nature study dawned about natural resources being Conception and editing: and developing teaching methods and finite and limited, notwithstanding the Annick Pachod practice in this sector complies closely with prevailing concept of the inexhaustibility of Adviser for this issue: the aims set by the Council of Europe, albeit nature; that the notion of purely quantitative Dr P. Gay - President of the Committee of ex­ at national level. perts for protected areas economic growth began to be called into Printed by: Massoz S.A., question. And this work of information is vital, for Liège (Belgium) unfortunately human ignorance is closely Repros: Gam Grafic, In effect, man has come to scrutinise the matched by human error. Herstal (Belgium) civilisation he himself has created, toI wish to pay tribute in this connection to the Articles may be freely reprinted but it would A prestigious examine and analyse its excessive pro­Council of Europe’s commitment and theI should like to conclude by referring to the be appreciated if reference is made to the liferation, the irrational development ofimpetus it has given in this undertaking, recent award made by the Council of source and a copy sent to the Centre. The speculation, the debilitating spirit of com­which is gaining in importance and accept­Europe to the Donana National Park, which copyright of all photographs is reserved. petition, the arms race, the restriction ofance at both national and international has given personal satisfaction to those of The opinions expressed in this publication distinction human liberty by overwhelming urbanisa­levels. us who are acutely aware of the need to step are those of the authors and do not necessari­ tion and the almost automatic, and up our efforts to protect the most outstand­ ly reflect the views of the Council of Europe. sometimes irreversible, impulse to destroy The fact that its activities extend across the ing natural areas, and has provided grati­ the ancestral heritage, which seems to givefrontiers of the 21 member states makes fyingit professional encouragement for those greater satisfaction to man than his ownpossible to entertain a number of rather who carry out the tasks of management in efforts at reshaping it. more optimistic prospects regarding thethis site of special value to mankind. his autumn, the German National ic view of the Diploma, some selected typi­ future of the heritage we shall leave for Park of the Bavarian Forest receives cal examples and what bright future the The elimination of human errors in this field,future generations. This satisfaction and stimulus will help us Tthe European Diploma, the Council of Diploma may have. especially those with irreversible conse­ in the immediate future to reinforce and Europe’s prestigious award to nature sites Naturopa No. 54 will highlight the need for quences, is precisely the main aspiration It is nevertheless necessary to preserve intensify in our policy of nature conservation Front cover: Krimml Falls international co-operation, especially bet­ (Photo W. Retter) that respond to special criteria. As a tribute, and goal of the conservationist and protec­the efforts now being made, and indeed in Spain and our co-operation with the other Back cover: (Photo W. Lapinski) it also forms an encouragement and sets an ween Europe and Africa, with the Council tionist movements, because this kind ofmaintain the sense of keen urgency in thisstates belonging to the Council of Europe. example. With especially the latter in mind of Europe’s Bern Convention as a catalyst, error precludes the possibility of being field, while spreading the idea that, despite Captions to illustrations p. 16-17: and the migratory avifauna as a vivid exam­ D. Alfonso Guerra Gonzalez Ursus arctos and wishing to make the vast experience in given a second chance and making up forthe aggressive profiteering and competitive (Photos Visage / Ferrerro / Labat / JACANA) managing this part of our heritage known as ple for the need for such co-operation. past mistakes. rivalry of civilisation and the view that nature Vice-President of the Spanish Government widely as possible, this issue gives a histor­ H.H.H. administration of the same” , the Commit­ tee of Experts for the Conservation of Nature and Landscape could make recom­ mendations to the Committee of Ministers Substantial innovations for the award of the Diploma. Compared with the conditions originally Under these regulations, the first three governing the award, these various innova­ Diplomas were awarded on 29 March 1966 tions are substantial. Admittedly, the new WATCH to: procedure is more complex, but it allows a OVERTHE — the Hautes Fagnes Nature Reserve in much more precise appraisal both of the Belgium, value of the site and the effectiveness of the prevailing protective measures. We shall NATIONALPARKS BRAIL- IL FUORN — the Camargue Nature Reserve in France and now reconsider these various innovations SCHWEIZ. NATIONALPARK — the Peak District National Park in the and examine their effects in greater detail: PARC NAZIUNAl SVIZZER United States. — The fact that the onus is now on governments to submit applications WANDERGEBIET IN Altogether a round dozen Diplomas were gives the European Committee greater INTAKTER NATUR attributed under this procedure up to 1972. freedom of action and independence of judgment than under the former regula­ tions, where it was judge in its own case. With time and experience, the Committee tised in the landscape under consideration. This independence is testified by the fact of Experts and the Secretariat came to the The Committee of Experts for Protected that, of some 50 applications, only 25 Diplo­ conclusion that the existing regulations and Areas, which functions as the special work­ mas have been awarded. It should be men­ indeed certain intrinsic features of the ing party for the European Diploma, can tioned that applications do not necessarily Diploma itself were unsatisfactory. thus reach its decision in a full knowledge have to concern places directly under of the facts and present an objective opinion governmental jurisdiction. The Diploma for After thorough reconsideration, the respon­ to the European Committee. The repetition the Minsmere Nature Reserve in the United sible committee of experts, renamed the of the inspection every five years at the time Kingdom, for example, was granted to the “ European Committee for the Conservation of renewing the Diploma is also a worth­ Royal Society for the Protection of Birds of Nature and Natural Resources” , prepar­ while exercise. The appraisal is not solely which owns and manages the site, while the ed new draft regulations which the Commit­ designed to establish whether or not the site award in respect of the Lüneburg Heath, tee of Ministers adopted on 19 January satisfies (or continues to satisfy) the crite­ near Hamburg, was made to the “ Verein 1973 (Resolution (73) 4), the text of which ria of the Diploma: it is also meant to help Naturschutzpark” . is still in force. The changes made were as the managers and officials in charge of the follows: — The technique of on-the-spot apprai­area to resist the acquisitive designs and — instead of applications for the Diploma sals has proved extremely valuable, other pressures or dangerous projects being submitted by the Committee of much more so even than the experts which might compromise or impair the qual­ Experts, this is now done by governments themselves had anticipated.Although it ity of the sites; which must also provide full documentary only lasts for two days, if thoroughly prepar­ material in accordance with certain specif­ ed, it can provide a fairly accurate idea of — The possibility that the Council of ic requirements; the intrinsic quality and the effects of the Europe may withdraw the Diploma at any — applications are first of all screened by improvement and management policy prac­ time if the site has been, or is about to be, the Secretariat and then examined by a seriously deteriorated represents the special European Committee working main force of this system.True, such a Jean-Pierre Ribaut human life, solely by means of parks and party; decision is only taken as a last resort and reserves. On the contrary, all our farmland, — if the documentary evidence submitted after a clearly defined procedure during The an has always been conscious of forests and marginal land need a certain is considered adequate and satisfactory by which an exceptional on-the-spot appraisal the need to safeguard certain por­ level of protection; this means that they the Secretariat and its European interest is takes place. This has already happened in Mtions of his natural environment. must be exploited — or rather managed — recognised by the working party, a compul­ the case of the Siebengebirge Nature Hunting preserves already existed in anti­ in a balanced way so as to preserve these sory on-the-spot appraisal has to be carried Reserve near Bonn which was threatened European quity and the first legally established pro­ areas and their potential for future genera­ out. This is done by an independent consul­ in 1972 by a project for a high-speed rail link tected area dates from 1543, when the tions, which at present is not always the tant appointed by the Secretary General between Cologne and Frankfurt. The inhabitants of central Switzerland decided case! Apart from such considerations, and financed by the Council of Europe. A Secretary General of the Council of Europe to safeguard the natural assets of the Kärpf however, certain sites, wetlands, etc. are of Secretariat official accompanies the consul­ decided to have an exceptional appraisal Diploma massif. such value from the ecological, cultural or tant to ensure the continuity of the assess­ carried out, which took place in the pre­ aesthetic point of view, that they absolutely ment criteria applied to the various sites. sence of all the parties concerned and prov­ After 1872, the year in which the first nation­ must be preserved in their entirety for our The results of this appraisal are examined ed most beneficial. The project was finally al park in the world, Yellowstone National descendants. by the working party which proposes to the abandoned for a variety of reasons. Park, was created in the United States, the European Committee either trend gathered momentum, first of all in The European Diploma - the rejection, This threat of withdrawal which hangs like North America, then in Europe, and lastly - the deferment, or a sword of Damocles over protected sites in the third world, until today when there are Realising this necessity, the Committee of - the acceptance of the application, has given entire satisfaction so far: in the thousands of nature reserves, national Ministers of the Council of Europe decided the final decision on awarding the Diploma Wolimatinger Ried, the project for exten­ parks and other classified sites throughout on 6 March 1965 to institute a “ European always being left to the Committee of ding the neighbouring airport was abando­ our biosphere. Diploma for certain protected landscapes, Ministers. ned; at the Krimml Waterfalls, plans for fur­ reserves and natural features” (Resolution — if a site already holding the Diploma is ther tourist facilities in the immediate The Council of Europe was the first inter­ (65) 6). This distinction is awarded for a seriously threatened, the Secretary General proximity of the falls and schemes for new governmental organisation to realise the period of five years and is renewable. The may decide to have an exceptional inspec­ roads were trimmed and redesigned to pre­ importance of the function of protected procedure is as follows. After examining the tion carried out, the results of which are exa­ serve the integrity of the site. At the Coun­ areas. To avoid any misunderstanding, let “ supporting documents mentioning inter mined by the working party. If the threat cil of Europe’s insistence, the Italian autho­ me make it quite clear from the outset that alia the system of protection already materialises, the Diploma may be with­ rities allocated considerable funds for the it is impossible to save our natural environ­ enjoyed by the said landscape, reserve or drawn from the site concerned, even before improvement and management of the ment, namely the elements fundamental to feature and the body responsible for the the expiry of the five-year period. Abruzzi National Park, which allowed the acute problems of this important landscape This stimulation and emulation factor is very ed by the Council of Europe every two area, where the bear and the wolf survive, important. Further examples may be found: years, the most recent having just taken to be effectively solved. A highly typical — on the occasion of Diploma renewals, place at the European environmental edu­ situation arose in the Peak District National which are often accompanied by recom­ cation centre in Mont Dauphin, at the kind Park: the Water Board Authority had plans mendations (sometimes even conditions!) invitation of the French authorities. to build a large water reservoir with a intended to improve the management of the 15-metre concrete dam within the Park site; In concluding this review of its origins, his­ precincts. The scheme quickly met with — in the examination of the annual reports tory and development of the European The determined opposition and the Council of which each director of a Diploma-holding Diploma, it is most encouraging to record Europe was called upon to act. On the occa­ site must submit to the Council of Europe the great interest which governments con­ sion of an appraisal for the renewal of the Secretariat. These reports provide data on tinue to show in this genuinely unique Diploma, the Secretariat clearly indicated the development of fauna and flora, give venture. Krimml that if the project was carried into effect, the details of any changes that have occurred; exceptional procedure would be applied in short, they contain much precious in­ Considering that the stimulation of econo­ with the likelihood that the Diploma would formation — which, moreover, is soon to be mic growth remains the top priority in Josef Fischer-Colbrie be withdrawn. This prospect was exploited stored in our data bank. After examining almost all our countries and that unemploy­ by the Park authorities and the opponents these reports, the Committee of Experts for ment rates continue to be scandalously he Krimml Waterfalls offer a specta­ of the project, very numerous and active in Protected Areas often issues recommenda­ high, it is reassuring to know that national cle which is quite unique in nature. Falls this country where voluntary bodies play a tions designed to help site managers and authorities are prepared, in a sense, to TSituated on the north-western edge of determining role in daily life: one only has facilitate their work in the field. “ make over” their natural assets to the the Hohe Tauern, they form the outlet of the to remember the 400,000 members of the Council of Europe. Without forgetting that Krimmler Ache river valley which, like the Royal Society for the Protection of Bi rds and Those responsible for managing Diploma- withdrawal of the Diploma could have other neighbouring valleys, was gouged out the one million-strong membership of the holding areas also have the opportunity of appreciable political repercussions, the fact by glaciers during the ice age. It emerges National Trust. As the result of this opposi­ meeting periodically in order to compare that politicians nevertheless take this risk, into the Salzach valley 400 metres below in tion, the project has been put on ice... notes, enable one another to benefit from even if it is a politically calculated one, illus­ three mighty leaps. their experience and study current pro­ trates growing awareness of the importance Over 20 years of experience blems. Such meetings are normally organis­ of our natural heritage. ■ The falls The experience obtained in operating the Diploma system for more than 20 years jus­ The first stage of the Falls (Oberer Achen- tifies the claim that the present regulations fa//) represents a drop of 140 metres; this is give full satisfaction. Thanks to the strict cri­ followed by a narrow platform, known as Many visitors teria applied, the sites having obtained the Schönangerl, from which the middle sec­ Diploma can really claim to deserve it and tion of the Falls plunges over a 100-metre The Krimml Falls have long attracted the be legitimately proud of it. But while there drop (Mittlerer Achenfall). The third or lower attention of scientists and tourists. In 1879 are winners, there are unfortunately also stage (Unterer Achenfall) is more than the first footpath (Wasserfallweg) was built some losers. 140 metres high. The formation of these giving access to the waterfalls. When a rail­ waterfalls — which rank among the world’s way line from Zell am See to Krimml was Deferred applications always represent a highest — was determined by the geologi­ opened in 1898 — known today as the Pinz­ harrowing problem: it does happen that the ***** gau local railway — the number of visitors ★ ★ cal characteristics of the mountain. The The threats governmental authorities concerned "take rock behind the Falls themselves consists to the Falls increased sharply. In 1962, then I, Marceline Oreja, COUNCIL * * CONSEIL As early as 1899, the Krimml Falls were it badly” or insist on having the situation re­ OF EUROPE ★ * ★ DELEUROPE Secretary General o f the Council o f Europe, hereby certify that: of hard resistant central gneiss, while the the Gerlos road was built linking the Ober- examined immediately. But in the majority pinzgau region in the Land of Salzburg with exposed to a threat. Plans for the construc­ The Committee o f Ministers, narrow intermediate platforms are compo­ Zillertal in the Tirol, this led to a steep rise tion of a large power station were drawn up of cases, the verdict is accepted, since the EUROPEAN DIPLOMA Having regard to Resolution (65) 6 instituting the European D iplom a; sed of slate. These strata of hard rock which scientific arguments put forward are suffi­ Having taken note o f the proposal made by the European Committee form the steps of the waterfall have stood in motor traffic in the area which, in turn, by a Viennese firm which obtained the right ciently telling. The decision to defer the for certain protected landscapes, reserves for the Conservation o f Nature and Natural Resources; brought a further increase in the number of to pipe 12 cubic metres of water a second and natural features Having noted furthermore the consent o f the Government up to erosion not only from the ice-age gla­ award is usually accompanied by recom­ awarded by the Committee of Ministers o f the Federal Republic o f Germany; ciers but also, once these had retracted, visitors. Today some 400,000 tourists visit into 19 turbines capable of generating mendations or suggestions which, if acted of the Council of Europe Having deliberated thereon, from the constant flow of water from the the Krimml Falls every year. 28,000 horsepower. Has in its Resolution (86) 18 solemnly awarded the present D iplom a upon, should enable those in charge to For BAYERISCHER WALD NATIONAL PARK Krimmler Ache. To the Nationalparkverwaltung Bayerischer Wald, Until a few years ago, the cattle belonging From the purely technical point of view, the make good the inadequacies or short­ Whereas it is desirable to promote close co-operation between comings to which attention has been drawn member countries o f the Council o f Europe, with a view Thereby placing the said park under the sponsorship o f the Council o f to the Pinzgau farmers had to be driven to Krimmler Ache valley would be ideally suit­ and give them a chance to obtain the to conserving and enhancing the natural environment o f the Europe until 18 June 1991. The origin of the Krimmler Ache valley lies the alpine pastures in the Ache valley along ed, in view of its altitude, for building an peoples o f Europe, fo r the material and spiritual well-being In witness whereof 1 have hereto appended my signature and affixed diploma at some later date. o f present and future generations, the seal o f the Council o f Europe; in the Venediger massif, where the most the waterfall path, which was in many enormous dam with a capacity of 180 mil­ Done at the seat o f the Council o f Europe at Strasbourg, 19 June 1986. lion cubic metres of water which, given the Whereas the Committee o f Ministers has instituted to that effect extensive system of glaciers in the eastern places narrow and steep. In 1984, a new This very situation is about to arise in the a European Diploma, to place under the sponsorship o f the Alps is to be found. The waters of the track was laid out, adjacent to the waterfalls difference in height of 400 metres, could be Council o f Europe certain protected landscapes, reserves used to produce electricity. Not only were case of a marine national park, remarkable and natural features o f European interest; Krimmler Ache are therefore at their most but following an independent route, to pro­ from many points of view, which has Secretary General abundant during the period of thaw bet­ vide easier access to the pastures, 22 in all, the corresponding plans drawn up, there­ requested that the Diploma application, ween May and August, when the entire and also two inns. Not only did this help fore but there was even a project for piping deferred in 1979, should be reconsidered. Krimml basin echoes with the roar and din farmers to make use of their grazing lands the water into neighbouring valleys. In order The European value of the site and the qual­ of the Falls. The high degree of humidity which is essential to ensure the survival of to prevent the total destruction of the ity of the land management were unani­ (Photo Council of Europe) caused by the permanent haze of spray has this type of agricultural landscape, but it Krimml Falls by a scheme of the nature, mously recognised by the visiting experts. a particularly invigorating effect on the also prevented visitors to the waterfalls from efforts were soon being made to place the The latter were obliged, however, to record vegetation of the immediate surroundings: being disturbed by comings and goings immediate site of the waterfall and its wider the inadequacy of the measures for protec­ the cliffs are covered with mosses, lichen connected with economic activities and the surroundings under lasting protection. In tion for the marine environment, where and algae and hygrophilous flowers and delivery of supplies. 1951 the Austrian Nature Conservancy communities of posidonia algae were grasses line the course of the stream, which appealed for the total protection of the Falls; seriously threatened mainly by boat moor­ itself flows through a forest af shady spruce. The Krimml Falls have long been a focus of one year later the Salzurg Parliament call­ ings. Accoording to the competent autho­ conflicting interests. On the one hand, the ed upon the Government of the Land to pro­ rities, the situation has considerably In the cold autumn and winter months the gradually increasing industrialisation of the hibit any attempt to use the waterfalls for improved, and if this proves to be the case, discharge is low and the stream shrinks to region led to an interest in exploiting the generating power; in 1958 the Salzburg the postponement will have been fully jus­ a narrow rivulet which is encased from considerable quantities of water power Government classified the Krimmler Ache tified, since it will have encouraged positive December to March in a sheath of ice which while, on the other hand, great sympathy valley and waterfalls as a “ protected land­ measures to enhance the quality of the site. gives the Falls a curious appearance. was felt for the ideal of nature conservation. scape” ; in 1961 this legal protection was considerably strengthened by listing the Falls as a “ natural monument” . The culmination in the struggle to preserve this imposing natural spectacle came, however, with the award of the European Diploma by the Council of Europe in 1967; Eythor Einarsson Encourage protection this award, which has already been renew­ ed four times since, had extremely positive repercussions on the efforts by conserva­ tionists to protect the Krimml Falls: the plans for constructing a power station in Krimml together with the channelling of water from the Krimmler Ache to neighbour­ ing valleys received a serious setback with the award of the Diploma, since the total renunciation of any kind of economic activ­ ity entailing the production of energy in the Merlin (Falco colombarius), its small size and its area of the waterfalls or the Krimmler Ache speed make it a feared hunter; it is never com­ river, including its tributaries, was laid down mon and couples are widely dispersed. by the Council of Europe as the most vital (Photo H. Bârdarson) condition form the renewal of the diploma. t the very first meeting in 1963 of the In the case of the aforementioned road built Committee of Experts for the Conser­ in recent years from Krimml to the Ache val­ Avation of Nature and Landscapes ley and leading to the alpine pastures, con­ (CDSN), suggestions were made to consi­ siderable sums were spent in minimising its der granting a “ European award” to natio­ detrimental effects on the landscape in nal parks, reserves and natural sites of order to avoid any visual impairment of the European importance. This, with the Coun­ waterfalls. Finally, the inclusion of the cil of Europe’s prestige, would ensure the Krimml Falls in the Hohe Tauern National international importance of its holder. I Park, created in 1984, can be attributed in clearly remember the enthusiasm of many no small part to the European Diploma of the delegates participating in this discus­ which the Falls have held for the last sion and the great importance all conside­ 19 years. red it to have.

An even stricter protection Background of the Diploma For the immediate future, it is planned to At the Committee’s next meeting, draft designate the site of the waterfalls and their regulations were presented and discussed. immediate surroundings within the Hohe At the committee’s third meeting, it was Tauern National Park as a “ special protec­ decided to propose that the Committee of ted area” , the strictest form of protection Ministers institute a procedure for encoura­ which exists under Salzburg nature conser­ ging the effective protection of certain vation law. Thus, the Krimml Falls will enjoy landscapes, reserves and natural monu­ the best possible protection, while at the ments of European interest, feeling that same time an essential condition for the such recognition would be an inducement continued renewal of the European to keep protection at a high level where it Diploma will have been fulfilled. already existed and to improve or introduce it where it was lacking. At the same time the In conclusion, it should be emphasised that committee agreed upon the final wording of the Federal Land of Salzburg is extremely the regulations on the award of an encou­ proud to possess a nature monument which ragement which was given the name “ Euro­ has been awarded the European Diploma pean Diploma” . Later the regulations were — still the only example of its kind in the revised and rules on the process for appli­ whole of Austria — and that the Salzburg cations, presentation of the Diploma, authorities are fully conscious of the great annual reports and procedure for renewal responsibility they bear for the preservation appended, but the substance of the regu­ of the Krimml Fais; as in the past, great lations has not been changed. efforts will have to be made in future to pre­ serve this unique natural monument intact The fourth meeting of the committee in for the enjoyment of the population, for its 1965 recommended to the Committee of value as a beauty spot and for its scientific Ministers to award the first three European interest. ■ Diplomas, to the Peak District National Park (United Kingdom), the Camargue Nature (Photo LVA Salzburg) Reserve (France) and the Hautes Fagnes Nature Reserve (Belgium). The Committee of Ministers adopted this recommendation. Since then, over 20 areas of international importance in more than half of the mem­ ber states of the Council of Europe have been awarded this Diploma, and for many of the sites it has been renewed several times. Many types of European landscapesAs I have been a member of the CDSN same understanding of the value of the since its beginning, I may state that, judging Diploma for the sites. Being of a very different character, all the from the discussions taking place and opi­ Diploma sites are valuable examples of nions expressed, both while the European The sites are very different in character and Europe’s rich and varied nature, ranging Diploma system and its regulations were thus difficult to compare but all are linked from regions north of the Arctic Circle to the being prepared and while applications were through their international value and import­ Mediterranean and from the Atlantic coast dealt with at the CDSN’s meetings, most or ance. Scientific, cultural, aesthetic and/or to the Marmara Sea region. Some of them all delegates have considered the Euro­ recreational criteria cannot but vary from are wildernesses where nature is left on its • pean Diploma programme as one of the one person to another, whereas it is in most own, others have to be managed by man; CDSN’s most important and valuable acti­ cases fairly clear when the protection of a some of them are spectacular coastal for­ vities in the field of nature conservation. I site is adequate or not. But even protection mations or magnificent waterfalls, others myself would consider it as one of the four measures may be a subject of doubt and only a person with a thorough knowledge of wetlands of biological importance espe­ most important activities of the CDSN, ie Boschplaat natural reserve (Photo J. van de Kam) cially for their rich bird life. the activities of the European Information the type of nature of the site concerned and 'Centre for Nature Conservation, the prepa­ the potential dangers threatening the site Nevertheless, many types of European ration of charters and the Bern Convention is able to make the judgment whether the nature are not yet included in the European and the work and reports on endangered protection and management of a protected threats to their existence resulting from eco­ amples drawn from my own experience, Diploma system; several member countries species and biotopes together with the net­ site is adequate. nomic or technical projects, and thereby which clearly illustrate what the award of the of the Council of Europe where various work of biogenetic reserves. The expert’s ensure their long-term survival; European Diploma can mean for the promo­ outstanding sites of international import­ The founders of the European Diploma 4. To use the renewal procedure as a tion of nature conservation and landscape ance are found, protected strictly enough I have had the pleasure of carrying out an wanted it to become a valuable and signifi­ means of ensuring that areas and sites protection. to satisfy the requirements of the European on-the-spot appraisal of a few sites where cant tool to encourage the protection of point of view already awarded the European Diploma The list of examples below might give the Europe’s natural heritage. They were right, Diploma regulations, have not yet—for va­ a renewal of the European Diploma had Theo Hunziker may increasingly justify their claim to be of impression that the bulk of a consultant’s rious reasons—applied for the Diploma. It been applied for and thus could meet the there is no doubt about that. What has European value; activities were and are concentrated on pre­ must be underlined that the value of the officials of these sites. The importance already been achieved is of great value. Let 5. To accompany the award with further venting or hampering developments detri­ European Diploma system does not depend these persons attached to the renewal of us hope that in the near future more sites efforts to emphasise the importance and mental to landscape conservation. Such on the number of sites having been awar­ the Diploma for “ their” site showed very in the Council of Europe’s member states he award of a diploma to landscapes urgency of conservation in general. duties indisputably devolve upon the con­ ded the Diploma: its value is of course the clearly the value and significance of the will be included in the European Diploma or natural features of European signi- sultant if he is to honour his commitments quality and importance of each site. I European Diploma: it was a token of qua­ system, thus forming a firm international fance may with justification be regar­ Lessons drawn from towards the cause he serves; for often, the network of our continent’s most important T the consultants’ reports extremely valuable assets which the believe, as the CDSN’s current Chairman, lity both of the nature of the sites concerned ded as one of the Council of Europe’s most that the CDSN would warmly welcome more and the conservation work carried out and representative aspects of its natural significant and forward-looking measures The vital question to be answered is what diploma-holding areas (ought to) represent applications for the European Diploma from there. I have visited nearly half of the Euro­ heritage. Over and beyond this, these for the promotion of nature conservation the Diploma—in addition to its declared can be preserved only by hindering or res­ aims—actually achieves in practice, and protected sites of a high standard in the Coun­ pean Diploma sites and where I have had “ examples” may then as it were spill over and environmental protection in its member training such developments. But the other what tangible results it has so far produced. cil of Europe member states, from Iceland to the opportunity to meet the officials or the towards other areas and become a true nu­ states. This holds true even though such aims (see above) should also be constantly Turkey and from Portugal to Austria. members of the staff, I always found the cleus of European nature conservation. ■ awards undoubtedly raise certain problems It is of course impossible for me to report kept in mind. Under no circumstances, and the assessment criteria — generally exhaustively on this matter, but I would even when rejecting an application for the regarded today as such as essential requi­ nevertheless like to quote just a few ex­ award or renewal of a diploma, has a con- rement — may prove difficult to define and Site awarded Diploma Major benefits so far obtained in the interests of con­ One of the numerous quantify precisely. servation partly on the strength of consultants’ reports. natural sites in Iceland As one of the Council of Europe experts Krimml Waterfalls — Prevention of hydro-electric schemes in the neigh­ worthy of the Euro­ chosen to carry out appraisals of a wide Austria bourhood of the Falls and their catchment area. pean Diploma variety of sites in Europe under the current (27.11.67/Cat. C) — Construction of a new track leading from the Ger- (Photo H. Bârdarson) los road via Schönangerl into the Krimmler Ache valley, 'i'M : regulations for the European Diploma (Committee of Ministers Resolution (73) 4 of designed to preserve the landscape of this recreational p p 19 January 1973), I welcome the opportu­ area and benefit the Alpine economy. —- — Prevention of the illumination of the Falls as a purely nity provided by this issue of Naturopa to tourist attraction. describe some of my findings derived from — Curbing of uncontrolled tourist installations at the my activities as consultant, together with foot of the Falls. suggestions based on this experience. Abruzzi National Park — Halting the imminent extermination of the bears. At the same time, I strongly advocate the Italy — Suspension of a misguided tourist development systematic continuation of this activity, which (27.11.67/Cat. B) scheme with holiday homes, cable railways and ski lifts, the Council of Europe has pursued so actively, uncontrolled camp sites, etc. and its extension to other aspects of the cause German-Luxembourg — Acquisition of the “ Hosingen Wildlife Park” (approxi­ of nature conservation in Europe, which is one Nature Park mately 150 hectares) by the Grand Duchy of Luxem­ that certainly brooks no delay. (26.10.73/Cat. C) bourg and plans to bring it into compliance with the essential aims of landscape conservation. Significance of the European Diploma Vanoise National Park — Renunciation of plans for hydro-electric schemes In accordance with the ideals of its “ foun­ France and for the extension of tourist facilities. ding fathers” the award of the European (15.3.76/Cat.A) Diploma is intended to achieve five distinct Western Pyrenees — Promotion of protective measures for bears. aims in furthering nature and landscape National Park — Renunciation of any further development of tourist protection within the European family of France facilities. nations: (15.3.76/Cat. A) 1. To arouse, or effectively promote, a Weltenburger Enge Nature — Prevention of the use of the river Danube in the Enge sense of responsibility for the preservation Reserve neighbourhood for commercial shipping and tourist of European features of natural—and Federal Republic of facilities. hence also cultural—value; Germany 2. To acknowledge successful cases of (3.3.78/Cat. B) protection and care of landscapes and Gorge of Samaria — Prevention of a scheme for intensive tourist deve­ other sites of European significance; National Park lopment through the central area of the Gorge. 3. To help save such natural features of Greece recognised European importance from (13.9.79/Cat. A) appraisal, while the independent assess­ ment by two experts makes it possible to produce findings which are hardly open to dispute, or at least less likely to be contes­ ted. In my opinion, if the Council of Europe ever decided to abandon this procedure for Hautes Fagnes (Photo J.P. Lebailly) any reason, for example on grounds of bud­ getary difficulties, this could ultimately under­ mine the significance of the European Diploma. It is therefore only logical to propose first sultant failed to point out the positive Conclusions aspects to be found in every site and in the and foremost that the member states of the Council of Europe restrict their applications The Council of Europe deserves nothing way it has previously been managed. but praise for its idea of awarding a Euro­ for the Diploma to areas or features worthy Emphasis has also consistently been laid pean Diploma for the promotion of nature of protection from the European point of on practical ways of making technical, conservation and the protection of landsca­ view and which fully satisfy the require­ organisational or financial improvements to pes. With each new Diploma, however, it protected areas. Putting such suggestions ments of the desired Category A, B or C becomes increasingly obvious that the (which implies strict pre-selection). Applica­ into effect naturally takes time, but in many number awarded cannot be allowed to tions should not be motivated by consider­ instances the advice contained in the con­ become excessive without the distinction sultant’s report has been acted upon. ations of national prestige. At the same running the risk of becoming a mere forma­ time, it should be borne in mind that every lity, thereby jeopardising the validity of the Further benefits resulting from the award of area submitted for appraisal has its own dis­ Diploma itself in the more or less distant the Diploma deserve mention. Appraisals tinctive qualities which should be taken into future. In other words, in defining the requi­ help to strengthen the hand of local nature account by the experts in their assessment rements for obtaining the Diploma, the stan­ conservation bodies, since the latter, owing —but always subject to the criteria of the dards cannot be set too high. The past inspec­ to their currently isolated situation and to prevailing diploma regulations and also, but tions and assessments made by consultants unavoidable clashes with other interests, not exclusively, to a comparison with other accompanied by a qualified colleague from the often themselves subjected to pressures. areas already awarded the Diploma. The European dialogue which takes place Council of Europe have proved by their results The links uniting Diploma-holding areas in connection with the appraisal of the rele­ that success can be achieved only through should be emphasised and all ventures vant area or site provides a stimulus for both consistent and strict judgment, which should bringing them closer together should there­ sides. not be confused with an obstinate, undiscrimi- fore be encouraged in every way: mutual nating approach. On the other hand, the Diploma represents information, pooling of experience, joint publications and so on. Special care should be taken to make sure a kind of advertisement for the national that the first inspection of an area is carried out nature conservation policy, even when, It would be a valuable exercise to invite all with the necessary thoroughness (possibly by independently of any award, such policy consultants to a seminar at which the kind extending the time set aside for the appraisal). requires and merits full support. of evidence required for the appraisals For it is much more difficult at a subsequent could be defined in advance. In this way, it stage to obtain further improvements for the Finally, the seminars organised from time would be possible to achieve some kind of protection of the landscape concerned. to time by the Council of Europe for officials standardisation of appraisal requirements, of areas and sites awarded the European thus making the procedure of awarding the The visiting consultant and the Council of Diploma can be regarded as an effective Diploma more transparent and comparable. Europe representative must therefore always way of boosting the protection of these bear in mind not only the regulations, but also In the case of a first application for the Diploma-holding areas. the five aims of the Diploma as defined above, Diploma and also when the renewal proce­ together with the fact that, by virtue of their par­ dure falls due every five years after the ticipation, they share responsibility for the way Proposals award, experts should be supplied in good It seems appropriate to make some propo­ protective measures are applied in the given time with adequate documentary material, site, both in national and European terms. sals arising out of past work as a consultant, indispensable for prior study, in order to since the ultimate aim is to ensure the per­ make the most effective use possible of the As will be gathered from the foregoing re­ petuation of the European Diploma by affor­ only very brief period allowed by the Coun­ marks, the author attributes great importance ding protected areas all possible support, cil of Europe for an on-the-spot appraisal. to the European Diploma as a means of pro­ while also making sure that substandard Such documents should of course contain moting the ideal of landscape conservation. At sites are deprived—whether temporarily or accurate, up-to-date information presented the same time, however, he would like to permanently remains to be decided—of the in condensed form, but mentioning any emphasise that many further practical efforts benefits of the European Diploma. existing problems. are of course necessary in order to promote the protection of the countryside which is the The well-tried system of inspection by a This very policy, moreover, adopted in target today of so many general pressures. neutral consultant accompanied by a com­ appraisals in recent years has in my opinion The award of distinctions contributes towards petent specialist from the Council of Europe contributed in no small way towards ensur­ this end but is not sufficient in itself; it is always ing that member states now visibly only has proved not only highly effective, but necessary to bear in mind the aim of nature indeed indispensable, precisely owing to apply for the Diploma in respect of areas which conservation as a whole. ■ satisfy the justifiably strict requirements. the short time available for the on-the-spot Grafiche Grafiche MAGLIANA - ROMA Failure to enlighten the people and har­ In order to impress this clearly upon the Conclusion monise economic aims with government residents of protected areas holding the Significance policy on the conservation of natural Diploma, regional and national govern­ The award of the European Diploma resources may be the undoing of such ments will need to take measures for public acknowledges and reflects favourably on policy. information and investment and at the same the role of the rural population in the con­ servation of the richest objects of the Euro­ Access to healthy natural recreation areas time ensure local leaders’ participation in Protected areas and socio-economic Extolling the beauties of a landscape is pean natural heritage. for development for town dwellers depends on country the bodies administering the areas con­ unconvincing to the local people when they dwellers’ work, which is often unremunera­ cerned. lack the means of comparison which come Areas holding the Diploma must become Spatial planning, as a means of relating the ted. Society should recognise their impor­ with travel; what must be done is to The information work must reach out to all priority areas where, with the help of future economy to geographical require­ tant function in safeguarding and develop­ ments, must have an inherent conservation stimulate the turnover of their farms and population groups, especially children and environmental education, local and rural ing natural resources. strategy covering the protection of the most businesses by means of activities which schools. Young people are the most recep­ regional development aims can be made to sensitive and distinctive areas which repre­ revitalise the country and are suited to the tive and open-minded; theirs is the future, coincide with nature conservation policy. Soil conservation, pollution control, water sent significant elements of our common conservation of ecosystems. Rural tourism and so they are the safest bet. It must be management, the maintenance of wildlife heritage. These assets are worthy of proper in general, hiking, crafts, food, rural made clear to them why their area is pro­ zones and the protection of flora would scarcely The countryside is a store not only of natural classification and management at local, architecture, ethnography, ethnology, tected, what assets are to be safeguarded be conceivable without the countryfolk. A assets but also of cultural and architectural regional, national and international levels. specific types of farm and forest production and why. balanced landscape with a human quality treasures. Its preservation means the and related industries are aspects of the is a lesson in itself, and more can be gained preservation of Europe’s wealth and The coast in general, lakes and lagoons, above-mentioned harmony between con­ Public investment must be energetic in from observing, analysing and understan­ diversity. high mountains, karst regions and other servation and development, which we order to lend credibility to central govern­ ding it than from abstract reading of text­ ment policies; all the above-mentioned geological features, certain wooded areas support. Country people serve society in a number books on ecology or spatial planning. activities and others like them deserve and special botanic locations are examples of ways. Their multiple functions must be of the common assets which need to be resolute support from the authorities. Apart from their nature conservation func­ recognised and their environment vitalised. preserved. Information and investment to avert tion, the rural population is the cultural The involvement of local councillors in the Such will be the Council of Europe’s goal conflict between productionism and in the campaign to be launched from Por­ Where protected areas and nature conser­ storehouse of almost every region. administration of the area is a vital pre­ conservation tugal next year. vation are concerned, each country has its requisite of successful management. All own policy, appropriate legislation and The towns are becoming more and more Blind productionism ultimately leads to the protected areas, particularly those holding experience of management; however, uniform and the lifestyles of younger peo­ destruction of resources, whereas undue the Diploma, must be able to rely on the Portugal has a countryside of a great when it comes to the protection of supra­ ple in the various countries are no longer conservationism alienates us from the peo­ active involvement of local councillors in wealth, and since its policy on protected national assets, the Council of Europe has distinguishable. Only in the countryside can ple and proves impossible to achieve in their administration. Unless they administer areas and nature conservation is acquiring been providing valuable support for over 20 one encounter traditional ways and practice. However, information and action what is their own property, their birthplace consistency as regards structures and plan­ years. customs, music, folklore, cuisine, etc. provide a sure means of demonstrating that and workplace, they will feel uninvolved in ning, it will be a candidate for the European environment policy represents the government objectives and will fail to realise Diploma in the near future. The Peneda- Protected areas must form an integral part The country, apart from its productive func­ soundest medium-term and long-term the most fitting approach to nature conser­ Gerês National Park will shortly be apply­ of regional development plans. tion, is an environmental and cultural reser­ economic policy. vation. ing for the Diploma. ■ voir which must be preserved. The regions should not forget the special features of their territory when preparing their development schemes and imple­ The European Diploma’s tribute to José Macario Correia menting them on the ground. Without the the countryside creation of protected areas, even on a regional scale, the conservation of natural In awarding the Diploma in rural areas resources will not be an easy goal to attain. (parks and reserves) of European Protected areas must therefore become a significance, the Council of Europe component of development plans. highlights the international importance of such areas as an integral part of the heritage and culture of the Old World. Being How the rural population helps to so rich and unique, they embody Europe’s conserve natural resources most outstanding ecosystems which, like its Country people, farmers in particular, per­ people and languages, establish our iden­ form important social and environmental tity and distinctiveness in relation to the rest functions in addition to that of production of the world. which supplies the market with a large volume of food-stuffs and timber products. The award of the Diploma to a given area urope’s countryside is becoming not only acknowledges its worth as a more and more restricted. The Farmers keep rural byways open to traffic heritage but is also to be regarded as a Espread of urban development, the and often look after their upkeep; they pro­ tribute to the residents and their forebears proliferation of communication routes and vide information, assistance or shelter for who have preserved it up to the present day. the mushrooming of new houses and town dwellers passing through these pic­ industries imperil its quality while reducing turesque areas. Farmers create and main­ Conservation policy can only succeed if the its dimensions. Rural and coastal areas tain the hedgerows, boundary walls and ter­ population of the areas concerned, as a constitute limited, increasingly coveted races, rectify minor watercourses, act as component of the ecosystems in need of One of the entrances to the Peneda-Gerês resources which must be protected since gamekeepers and generally as nature’s preservation, are thoroughly informed of National Park they are also vital to future generations. caretakers. what is intended, what is at stake and why. (Photo PRCN) Forced to retreat by man, this magnificent mammal finds refuge in protected areas National parks, as we know, are rarely The new refuges will therefore consists of spontaneous creations; negotiations which three small chalet-style buildings which I m pact may have little bearing on nature come have undergone 10-12 years of testing for before a frequently protracted gestation ability to withstand harsh weather at an alti­ and the equally slow materialisation of the tude of 2,400 - 2,600 metres; they comprise reality of their integration into the local sur­ a dormitory chalet, a chalet with a dining on management roundings. Thus any additional positive fac­ hall and a room for eating packed lunches tor is helpful in reaching a point where, and a chalet with warden’s premises, ser­ having achieved mutual understanding, the vices and provision store. parties involved (the park and surrounding municipalities) can jointly attempt to esta­ The “ Valette” complex at Pralognan-la- policy Vanoise, inaugurated in September 1985, blish conditions under which the preserva­ tion of natural balance would cease being is the first part of the new network designed an obstacle to development and aid the to balance the far higher accommodation emergence of a new pattern suiting this capacity (50-60 bunks) of buildings cons­ tructed 10-12 years ago. Claude Pairaudeau type of area. Such an aspiration is reasona­ ble and natural enough in the rational spa­ This arrangement (avoidance of new tial management of a region embodying a human settlements in the park) has been national park or nature reserve, but it takes adopted in substance in the development a long time to iron out differences of opinion, programme for 1986-90 now under consi­ placate all concerned and eventually bring deration, and extended to the other asso­ them to speak the same language. ciates owning accomodation pre-dating the The award of the European Diploma is park in its present central zone (French assuredly a good way of achieving this and, Mountaineering Club and private refuges). because it lends international value to the Henceforth only extensions to existing land under its protection, of placing the area buildings will be allowed, subject to prior Value of the Diploma more firmly in the local context so as to inclusion in the development programme make it a full partner, a tourist factor and and payment of a fee to the park authority Without this sometimes negated but very thus an economic factor in the long run, a on the grounds that the resultant use of the real risk, a certain administrative compla­ real asset to the region, and gradually dis­ buildings concerned is solely due to the cency following the award of the Diploma pel through greater awareness the miscon­ amenities created by the park authority and might blunt the resolve of managers in ception regarding a set of restrictions impo­ to the information/communication policy upholding the often stringent rules which sed at the nation’s behest on the property pursued by its departments. safeguard all the natural and cultural values of communities which have not been allow­ under the protection of areas awarded the ed or have not taken time to grasp its incal­ In fact, the idea is to achieve more satisfac­ Diploma. However, this remark should not culable value for the future. There must tory control of public access both in overall be misinterpreted; the resolve and dedica­ nevertheless by a plain and honest dialogue terms and through the facilities needed to tion of the managers never falter (if so, they between the officials responsible, since the channel visitors while allowing them to use would be otherwise employed), and yet quality of human relations is vital to the the same buildings as “ staging points” for information and familiarisation with the there are obvious reasons, of which one process. should be aware, for setting such store not natural and cultural environment of the by the Diploma in itself but rather by the mountains. undeniable fact that it provides an added How the Diploma affects value, a further positive argument, a new The 1986-90 development plan accordingly point of discussion and an additional secu­ management redefines the conception of the park’s gate­ rity at least for the time being. The consideration of time is followed or Alpine marmot house with direct or indirect reference to the accompanied by that of the space to be (Photo R. Morin) recommendations made by the Committee n 14 September 1975 at the Plan du This is not equally true of all European parks managed: can the European Diploma, once of Ministers of the Council of Europe. Lac Park entrance lying at an alti­ or reserves holding the Diploma, which in awarded, be said to alter the course of tude of 2,400 metres in the Termi- fact appreciates in value whenever there is management in a park? Can it reasonably These new gatehouses will have the follow­ O instability or uncertainty about the results b) Relations between the Vanoise Park The following three objectives have now ing functions: gnon district of Savoy, Mr E. Lucas, Direc­ be regarded as sufficiently influential to tor of Environment and Local Authorities at of management. To put it another way, the direct or re-direct a policy? There again the and the Gran Paradiso Park—at present been assigned to these small complexes the Council of Europe, presented Mr P. problem of land tenure determines the reply cannot be wholly affirmative or nega­ twinned—should be put on a more regular forming the last link in the park’s accommo­ — to receive and accommodate ramblers Dumas, the then Chairman of the Board of value of the “ VAT” occuring from the tive; one must judge with sufficient detach­ basis, since it would be in the interests of dation network: (their present function); the Vanoise National Park, with the Euro­ Diploma, and it must be seriously reckoned ment, refraining from categorical assertions both to compare their administrative pean Diploma placing the park under Coun­ with in the Vanoise Park considering that which would distort the far more complex methods and conservation problems by — better quality reception and accommo­ — to serve as information centres for cil of Europe auspices until 16 March 1981. the 53,000 hectares central zone (covered reality. periodic contacts and exchanges of infor­ dation for walkers, the presence of wardens visitors, with their own audio-visual by the Diploma) is actually made up of mation, especially between their scientific in the buildings being the essential corollary facilities; It was a momentous occasion in that by far 47,610 hectares of municipal land, 5,218 In Resolution (76) 14 awarding the Euro­ councils and in the field of research. to the doubling of capacity (from 24 to — to promote and provide information the oldest French national park (though hectares of private property and a mere pean Diploma to the Vanoise National Park, What is the position today? 48 bunks); very young for Europe) seemed to be sud­ 11 hectares of government land so that the the Committee of Ministers made the follow­ about the localities bordering on the park government, as the Park’s highest patron, ing recommendations to the authorities a) Accomodation facilities, gatehouses (local knowledge and produce, crafts­ denly rising in rank and entering an exclu­ — better supervision owing to the pre­ has only 11 hectares of home ground on concerned: and paths. manship). sive circle with conditional admittance, in sence of a resident warden between June the full knowledge that the next “ on-the- which to enforce its policy. Elsewhere, any­ a) The accommodation facilities in the park The Board, alert to the possible hazards of and September; At present there are 600 km of marked and spot appraisal” might soon put everything thing supporting the idea of the Park as an should not be increased, and the network overconcentration of accommodation, con­ maintained pathways. They have not been in the balance once again. international asset and not that of a commu­ of paths should be designed primarily to cluded its investigation by deciding that nity or region will help to perpetuate the protect “ sensitive” zones rather than to there should be no further human settle­ — an increase in the Park’s own resources extended, but they effectively distribute the Indeed, it is only a slight exaggeration to say “ proper” management of this very special facilitate access. The gatehouses and short ments inside the park, apart from standard­ as overnight stays will automatically be influx of visitors and provide for the that nature park managers are affected less area, ensuring that it remains something walks leading from them should be regard­ ising the chain of small refuges which in charged for; despite the field staff’s untiring intelligent discovery of a natural environ­ profoundly by the award of the European apart, a world heritage rather like Notre ed as a means of keeping the majority of busy periods cannot accommodate walkers efforts, this does nevertheless raise a pro­ ment which in the Vanoise is vulnerable Diploma than by the likelihood of its with­ Dame which nobody would dream of dis­ visitors within bounds; their present amen­ proceeding from buildings with far greater blem in relation to the last remaining ref­ while being easily accessible to all types of drawal. puting. ities were well suited to that purpose: accomodation capacity. uges without wardens. visitor. Paths have recurring observation and information points, geological orienta­ This is consistent with a study conducted by Her arrival has contributed greatly to a new perhaps a contrasting or concurrent shift of tion tables and landscape guides (interpre­ the Park for four years now, “ Impact of spirit and frank relations with the press as emphasis in the minds of all parties towards tation paths). human activities on black grouse popula­ opposed to the confrontation of the past, a world which appreciates all its own points tions” . It is a joint programme (Vanoise and which have benefited the Park and its public of diversity and sensitivity, a world where b) Recommendations to the park Mercantour National Parks) aimed preci­ relations. nature would come into its own as an asset, management: Franco-ltalian sely at assessing the impact of human acti­ an added value too often underestimated relations and their intensification vities such as tourism, hunting or herding For instance, as part of its continuing action until recently. ■ on various populations on black grouse. to open up the Park to its European asso­ In 1981 the French and Italian governments ciates, in September 1986 the Vanoise hos­ decided on the creation of a “ Franco-ltalian The programme for which the Vanoise National Park is responsible specifically ted the International Commission for the neighbourhood commission” comprising in Protection of Alpine Regions (CIPRA) when particular a working party on environment concerns the impact of ski facilities in it discussed what would nevertheless have and nature protection, of which the direc­ Haute-Tarentaise on the outskirts of the Vanoise National Park. been an explosive topic in the past, namely tors of the Vanoise and Mercantour Natio­ “ Nature conservation without human nal Parks are members. action? Protected areas and local issues” . In addition to the studies carried out (count In 1986 at Aosta the ad hoc working party of males at leks, location of pens and nests More than 30 journalists from seven Alpine decided to confirm the setting up of three using trained dogs, monitoring of wintering countries were invited and our Italian collea­ joint Vanoise-Gran Parasido field commit­ conditions in ski resorts) in 1985 was, for the gues were among the rapporteurs. It was a tees for: programme as a whole, the first year in — health check-ups and studies on the lar­ which results were collated. A colloquy was ger fauna; to alert managers to the disturbance of spe­ — tourism, activities and communications; cies so that appropriate conservation mea­ sures could be taken. — control and supervision.

That was in January. On 3 July 1986 at its Dialogue and a friendly, sensible relation­ spring meeting, the Board of the Vanoise ship have proved very fruitful, particularly In the heart of the Park National Park appointed two of its members with the Les Arcs resort, where experiments (Photo La Vanoise National Park) to take part in the proceedings of each of the are to be undertaken with protection by three afore-mentioned committees, and an nets, marking of cables etc outside the park observer to the Board of the Gran Paradiso precincts. National Park, which some months before had already appointed its Deputy Chairman as observer to the Vanoise. It is to be remarked that the above- mentioned facilities are all located outside the park and with good reason since a The outcome of this collaboration is gene­ scheme for the protection of the black rally positive at this stage and is not confi­ grouse can only attain its full value if con­ ned to inter-park staff exchange, although ducted in such areas and voluntarily accep­ this is a new departure. ted and implemented by the developer. Migration by the greater ungulates between the Vanoise and Gran Paradiso associated national parks is monitored jointly. Communication This continues to be one of the mainstays The counts of marked animals and informa­ of a successful park management policy in Alpine thistle (Photo R. Morin) tion about the colours and numbers of their keeping the media constantly informed, elu­ step in the patient construction of the major ear-tags are regularly exchanged to docu­ cidating the schemes implemented and ment the migration of the ibex populations network of protected areas in Europe, forestalling any outbursts which might be without which any strictly local action would between the parks. It has been possible to caused by withholding information. make maps and after three years of close not be exactly pointless, but too limited in scope. and consistent co-operation in the field the Activities and public access must be explai­ veterinary specialists and wardens can be ned with clarity and frankness, failing which The Council of Europe is present in this pro­ said to have gained a near-complete confidence would be forfeited. understanding of the scale and diversity of cess, having approved CIPRA as an observer. the animals’ behaviour. The spoken, written and televised news media must realise what outstanding edu­ Another objective is to design uniform sign­ cational instruments parks represent; the Conclusions posting for the two protected areas in order parks have everything to gain by giving their to convey the idea of transfrontier parks operations greater media appeal than the There are serious problems to be borne in more effectively on the spot and here again occasionally, usually unpleasant occurren­ mind: parks are coveted as new areas for much has been possible with time. ces, eg major enzootic diseases, which tourism which is also no respecter of fron­ alone attracted interest in them in the past. tiers.

Research programme on black We now find that the press briefings held Symptomatically, the Vanoise has been grouse after every Board meeting concentrate spared the anticipated threats and this much more on current events in the life of meets the wish expressed by the experts The proposed research programme for the park than on disease reporting. who came for an on-the-spot appraisal prior 1986-90 ought to include a section dealing to the second renewal of the European with points of interest to the Committee of An ibex has just been captured with a teleanaesthetic rifle: Two years ago the Park recruited a press Diploma. Ministers: “ the natural environment in rela­ after having been examined, the animal will be released with a colou­ agent whose main function has been to tion to all forms of winter or summer red and numbered ear-tag. establish new links between the press and What political weight do "Recommenda­ access” . (Photo M. Delmas) the authorities. tions” carry at the present stage? There is Padjelanta is easier to visit in comparison to Sarek. A safe visit is however only pos­ sible during the summer months June to September. Through the park is a marked hiking trail along which you find nice over­ night cabins every 10-20 kilometres. Any­ how it is necessary that the visitors have a tent and other equipment for mountain hiking if the cabins are full. The starting points are either Ritsem or Kvikkjokk situa­ ted north and south-east of the parks. A walk along the whole length of the trail takes about 8 to 10 days. It is also possible to take The Swedish parks a flight to Staloluokta in Padjelanta either from Kvikkjokk or Vietas (situated in Stora Sjöfallet National Park).

Stefan Malmberg Muddus Muddus National Park is an enormous, very rough, wilderness area dominated of coni­ ferous forests and bog. The total area is about 50,000 hectares. The landscape is a flat primary rock plateau with a number of softly-rounded hills. The forest, totalling about 26,000 hectares, is a genuine virgin forest dominated by pine in the south and east and spruce in the west and central parts. The forest is in the most places very old. Giant pine trees found are 500-600 years old. The oldest spruce trees are “ only” 200-300 years old. Some parts have ll the three national parks are situated extreme, in some places up to 1,300 been ravaged by fires, most notably in north of the polar circle in the county metres. The precipitation is very high, over 1920,1933 and 1941. Recent research has Aof Norrbotten in Sweden. The 2,000 mm. The valley Rapadalen is the shown that fires are the natural way to rege­ Glutton (Gulo gulo) symbolises here the very rich national parks are owned by the Swedish most famous part of Sarek. It stretches from nerate the coniferous forests. state and the responsible authority is the the central parts to the south-east boun­ and varied fauna of the Swedish parks where elk, National Swedish Environmental Protection lynx and bear are some of the largest animals to dary. The river Rapaätno runs through the be seen. Lemmings and other small rodents, as More than 20,000 hectares are bog. The Board (NSEPB). The local manager is the valley. It is almost grey from all the silt com­ most common marshes are called strip- like the so-called Kisuris terraces in the well as otters and martens are also typical spe­ so-called Mountain Unit (Fjällenheten) ing from the surrounding glaciers. cies. Bird life too is abundant and certain species marshes, characterised by strips of peat- situated in Jokkmokk. The Mountain Unit is north-east corner, probably formed in a such as the snowy owl (Nyctea scandiaca) and ridges surrounded by swamp. There are an organisation shared between NSEPB The national park was created in 1909 and large glacial lake as a delta and a very big the long-tailed skua (Stercorarius longicaudus) several lakes; the biggest is Muddusjaure. and the County Council. It is responsible for covers 197,000 hectares. Most of the park area with tundra polygons close to are particularly typical of these areas months the reindeers are grazing in Padje­ the management of all protected areas and is above the coniferous forest limit: only a Staloluokta. (Photo P. Klaesson / B.O. Olsson) In general it can be said that Muddus lacks lanta and Sarek. Three Lapp-villages, Tuor- the system of trails in the mountain region small spruce forest is situated at the Rittak a wide variety of plant species, but the bogs pon, Jâkkâkaska and Sirkas, have their in the County of Norrbotten. The national valley in south-east. About 18,000 hectares The national park was founded in 1962 and and the canyon of Muddus jokk are interes­ reindeer pastures inside the parks. At cer­ parks were awarded the diploma in 1967. is mountain birch forest, 15,000 hectares covers an area of 198,400 hectares. Nearly ting for the botanist. tain seasons and certain phases, for ins­ glaciers, 1,700 hectares bog, 3,900 hec­ all the park is situated above the tree-line. tance the calf marking, the reindeer- tares water surface, the remainder being No coniferous trees are found. Only a few Muddus is very easy to reach during the Sarek and Padjelanta breeding can easily be disturbed, and the bare mountains. very small birch forests grow by the big summer months. From Skaite at the south­ The Swedish mountains belong to the lakes. The dominating vegetation type is fruits of several weeks’ hard work can be west boundary two hiking trails start and Caledonian Mountain Range which was brushwood moors. Quite common are also lost. It is important that visitors have respect continue through the southern part of the Padjelanta can be characterised as a wide to the Lapp’s work with their reindeers. formed 300 million years ago. There have open mountain plateau with large lakes and meadow lands and areas of willow. park. Four overnight cabins and two tourist been four Ice Age periods in the recent span huts adjoining the trails are available for occasional high mountains. The highest Besides the reindeer-breeding the Lapps of geological history in Sweden. These visitors staying overnight during the tourist mountain is Jeknaffo, 1,837 metres. What is unique for the park or for the whole get their income from fishing in the big glaciers have given the mountain region its season in the summer. g mountain region in Sweden are the big lakes. appearance like the great U-shaped The mountain plateaux, lying 800-900 mountain lakes Virihaure, Vastenjaure and valleys, terraces, eskers, moraines and metres above sea level, give the character Sallohaure. Only on a few other places in lateral drainage channels. to the landscape. The reason why big parts the mountains are found lakes with such an Accessibility of the area are plain is because that enormous expansive water surface. Sarek is the largest and most genuine high calcareous sandstones and shales, which The purpose of the National Parks is to pre­ mountain area in Sweden and it is a true weather easily, are very common in the serve a mountain landscape in its natural wilderness. Nowhere else are there so park. The high mountains however consist The Lapps state. Therefore you find strict regulations for both parks. many mighty peaks and hanging glaciers. of amphibolite. A botanically interesting Lapland, as the northernmost part of Swe­ Inside the park there are about 200 peaks rock type, which is found in many moun­ den is called, is homeland for the Lapps or over 1,800 metres above sea level and tains in the western parts, is serpentine Samerastheyare called in Swedish. Here In Sarek there are no facilities for tourism about 100 glaciers. The highest mountain stone. On a few of the high mountains, they have kept their reindeer herds since except that the trail “ Kungsleden” passes is Sarektjâkkâ, 2,089 metres. The high glaciers can be found. In the south-west cor­ ancient times. along the south-east boundary. Even during mountains consist mainly of the hard rock ner is situated one of Sweden’s largest the summer it can be very risky to hike in amphibolite. Between the mountains there glaciers, Almaijekna. Other geological The Lapps’ right to land and water for Sarek. Only people with extreme good are many deep valleys. The difference in interesting formations are different forms of reindeer raising is established by law, the experience of hiking in the Swedish moun­ altitude between peak and valley can be terrain generated by the Ice Age glaciers present one from 1971. During the summer tains can visit Sarek. Ku§cenneti Tansu Gürpinar

n ecological terms, Kuçcenneti National Park is the heart of Ku§ Gölü Lake (for­ Imerly Lake Manyas) which covers 162 km2 and has a great variety of wildlife. Kuçcenneti National Park, located on the delta of the Sigaru (which flows into the lake at its north-east shores) was awarded the European Diploma of the Council of Europe he happily-named Fair Isle, which inalienable under its special powers, given to responsibility of the islanders themselves, in 1976 and still holds it, with renewals every gives its name to the world-famous it by Act of Parliament. This means that, in using their boat the Good Shepherd. Even so, five years. Tknitwear, is the southernmost of the practice, no damaging developments would with winter storms and summer fogs, access Shetland islands. It lies nearly 25 miles from be permitted. This protection is reinforced by is often uncertain and occasionally uncomfor­ the nearest islands in the Shetland and the Shetland Islands Council, who exercise table. The introduction of scheduled air ser­ Orkney groups, lapped on one shore by the sensitive planning control, backed up by the vices has been a great boon, although this too Richness of wildlife Atlantic Ocean and on the other by the additional protection afforted by designation is very dependent on weather conditions. In Thanks to an effective protection, the Natio­ North Sea. A mere 3 miles in length and up of the island by the Secretary of State as a addition to being a crofter, most people have nal Park is flourishing even better today to 1 1/2 miles in breadth, with a total area National Scenic Area on the advice of the another function. than before receiving the “ national park” of only 830 hectares, Fair Isle is but a speck Countryside Commission for Scotland. This status. However, the reputation of the lake’s on the map for most people in the United mechanism brings into play special planning Fair Isle has been seen to satisfy the richness of wildlife dates back to the days Kingdom, never mind Europe as a whole. procedures designed to protect the requirements of Category C for the Council of the Roman Empire, when the region with appearance of the island. of Europe’s diploma—that is to say, it satisfies its gently rolling wooded hills was called Nevertheless, Fair Isle is home and the criteria for the cultural requirements of the “ Paradiso” . It was then also one of the best workplace to a community of some In view of its scientific interest, the Nature Diploma’s regulations. It is a living hunting grounds. Glossy ibis (Piegadis falcinellus) (Photo T. Gürpinar) 70 souls. Although subject to all the stress Conservancy Council has notified part of the demonstration of the close integration of a produced by remoteness and scale, the island as a Site of Special Scientific Interest, rural community with the conservation of its Also during the Ottoman Empire, the lake community on Fair Isle is vibrant and com­ which procedure also introduces constraints scenic, scientific and historic characteristics was famous for its bird life. The well-known mitted to a future on the island. There is a upon the management or development of the which, in the terms of the resolution taking the Turkish traveller, EvIiyaTchélébî noted that strong tradition of self-help and community property to protect the wildlife attributes island under the patronage of the Council of the lake harboured large numbers of duck, activity which sets an example to small, underlying the notification procedure. Europe, calls upon the authorities concerned geese, swans, grebes, cormorants, peli­ isolated communities in other parts of to consider the provision and maintenance of cans, herons and gulls. The discovery of the Europe. Whatever the bureaucratic controls, the key conditions which will encourage the popula­ richness of Kuçcenneti was made in 1938; to the wellbeing of the island lies in the tion to remain there and to guide the a satellite research station of the Hydrobio- islanders themselves. The economy is based Although small, the island is an outstand­ economic development of the island to con­ logical Institute of Istanbul was established on a system of crofting agriculture, coupled ingly beautiful place to live, with shapely serve its special attributes. The very fact of there in 1952 and finally in 1959 the Natio­ with co-operative schemes for sharing headlands and dramatic sea-cliffs. The recognition at a European level augurs well nal Park status was given to the area, thus machinery and equipment and with individual for the achievement of that objective, g southern half of the island is dotted with the securing the efficient protection of habitat, skills being developed for the benefit of the homes and buildings of the individual crofts, fauna and flora. whole community. As with all remote com­ whilst the northern half is heather-clad munities which have to rely on their own skills peatland rising to the summit of Ward Hill. At first view, Kuçcenneti is a willow wood in and aptitudes, they have a deep understand­ the lake. In springtime, the lake’s waters ing of the sustainability of the kind they work rise and this willow wood remains in water A staging point for birds for a living. The reasons which keep them about one or two metres deep. Some away from the bright lights of the mainland 15 years ago, visitors were taken by boat to Fair Isle is a staging point on the great will be as various as the individuals the nesting colonies and they could see north/south bird migration routes and has themselves but, without exception, they are spoonbills, ibises, cormorants at 15 to long been known for its value in committed to the island and will jealously pro­ 20 metres. But this caused a great distur­ understanding and measuring the seasonal tect it from damaging change. bance for the wildlife and was therefore can­ movements of bird populations. Located on celled. Instead of taking visitors by boat, a the island is the observatory set up by the This is not to say that they are not innovative 15 m high observation tower was erected in Fair Isle Bird Observatory Trust following or creative. For instance, the development of 1972 entirely made of wood to fit into the the Second World War, where all-year- an aerogenerator to produce electricity from natural surroundings and with a capacity of round studies are made of migrant and resi­ the almost constant winds that play over the receiving 40 people. dent bird populations. The Trust maintains island is based on high technology indeed. a permanent presence in the person of the The adoption of this approach required a The water under the trees means safety for observatory warden who, with his wife, also significant and firm contribution from all the the tree-nesting birds, since the predators manages the hostel where visiting scien­ islanders and its maintenance calls for from terrestrial ecosystems cannot reach tists are accommodated. engineering skills of the highest order. their nests. Water also means food: fish, frog, snake, salamander and a good num­ ber of invertebrates live in and around it. Landscape and wildlife are protectedIsland life The water’s edge is the zone most frequen­ The island’s landscape and wildlife interests Island life is demanding and stressful as well ted by birds in general. have been well recognised and protected. as rewarding. It has been described as an off­ The island belongs to the National Trust for shore island of an off-shore island! The Observation tower (Photo T. Gürpinar) Towards summer, the water level of the lake Scotland, which has declared it to be transport of people and supplies has been the drops. Lush vegetation growth on wet, rich Migration movements of the birds start during the second half of August. Storks and pelicans come in thousands and rest Hans Bibelriether The Bavarian forest and feed on the peaceful shores of Kuçcen­ neti. Waders and warblers stay several days at the park on their way south. Raptors and cranes glide high above the lake.

Many efforts to counteract the problems Kuçcenneti is not exempt from various ccording to Section 1 of the 1976 proceed without human interferences. heartland can now only be entered by kinds of environmental problems, but the Nature Conservation Act of the Exploitation is avoided only in some of the visitors using prescribed paths. natural purity of the habitat is still preserved Federal Republic of Germany, pro­ small nature reserves and in the “ natural and there are many efforts to solve these A perly regulated farming and forestry are forest enclaves” . Altogether, these con­ problems, both in governmental and volun­ crucial to the upkeep of the scenic and stitute no more than a fraction of the Federal Natural features tary circles. Republic’s 7.2 million hectares of recreational landscape and in general serve The National Park was founded in 1970 in woodland. It is obvious that such small Kuçcenneti is at the moment the only natio­ the aims of the Act. By introducing this the heart of Central Europe’s largest areas can hardly function as natural forests. nal park with the European Diploma. There “ agricultural clause” , the Parliament has wooded area. It extends from the ridges of are nevertheless 16 other national parks, established that farming and forestry do not this low mountain range, which lie at about These larger timber forests-cum-nature covering 270,728 hectares, with an impor­ constitute interference with the economy of 1,450 m to altitudes of 650-700 m above sea reserves in Germany are in complete con­ tant role in the field of conservation, not only nature—which is unjustifiable from the level. The climate of the region is cool and trast with the Bayerischer Wald National for Turkey but also for Eastern Europe and ecological point of view. This is the only damp. Mean annual temperatures range Park, where the aim is to phase out all forms the Eastern Mediterranean. Some of these possible explanation for the persistent from 6° in valley locations to 3° at the of exploitation or human intervention so that national parks harbour very rare and endan­ weakness or absence of restrictions on highest altitudes, and average rainfall from wide areas of woodland can develop fully in gered species of wild animals such as Ana­ agricultural as well as forestry operations in 1,000 mm to 2,000 mm. Snowy winters are accordance with their own regulatory pro­ tolian leopard and Mediterranean monk virtually all the larger German nature typical, for approximately 140 days per year cesses, under natural conditions. seal. In the hopefully near future, Turkey will reserves, which by definition should repre­ a compact blanket of snow lies over 50 cm 6,400 hectares of the park’s total make new applications for the European sent the strictest form of nature protection. deep. The substratum consists of very 13,000 hectares have by now been closed Diploma. In fact, stands of forest in nature reserves ancient granite and gneiss rocks which con­ Spoonbill (Platalea leucorodia) (Photo T. Gürpinar) to all forestry work or other intervention, and are persistently exploited, stemming the tain no limestone and are therefore com­ hunting has also ceased in the areas con­ Recently, two new laws dealing with envi­ development of woodland into a natural paratively acidic. Brown soils of con­ ronment and national parks have been pas­ ecosystem which growth and decay can cerned. Furthermore, large parts of this siderable depth predominate on the slopes sed by the Turkish Parliament. Currently while moist or wet soils are prevalent on the General Directorate of the Environment level ground, large parts of which are taken alluvial soil turns the environment into an was Director of the Park in the early 1970s; and National Parks Department is prepa­ up by low-lying or mountain moorland. The insect paradise. In fact, the high rate of pri­ 65 species breed in the park (44 being regu­ ring regulations for the implementation of steep slopes and mountain peaks, which mary organic production of these annual lar breeders) and the remaining 175 species these two new laws. At the end of 1986 most are bouldery and rocky, present a special plants is an excellent contribution to the visit Kuçcenneti during migration. Pelicans, of the regulations will probably be ready and soil formation. whole wetland ecosystem of the lake. cormorants, herons, spoonbills and ibises these laws will enter into force. No doubt have large breeding colonies in the park this will be an important milestone for nature 90 °/o of the National Park is wooded. The Usually, the period between high and low and all have their nests on willow trees. conservation in Turkey. g forests have been used for logging for about water level is between March and June and 120-150 years, but compared to other forest these few months are enough for birds to Dalmatian pelicans and glossy ibises were areas in Central Europe their composition raise their young. This also corresponds to attracted by the creation of suitable nesting remains relatively natural and original. The the hatching period of fishes. After the with­ sites and they settled in the park in 1968 and natural vegetation zones are still clearly drawal of the water, the roots of willow trees 1973 respectively. marked today. In the high locations at over start to breathe. The natural rhythm of the 1,150 m above sea level, natural spruce fluctuations of water makes everybody forests (Piceetum) predominate. Most of the The total number of large birds nesting at happy — birds, fishes, trees and, of course, 750-1,150 m altitude range lies within the Kuçcenneti varies between 3,000-3,700 man. area of mixed spruce-pine-beech mountain pairs from year to year, depending on wea­ forests (Abio fagetum). This sector of the ther and water conditions. Some of these Kuç Gölü lake is large but shallow. Some forest has been subjected to the most inten­ birds are on the list of “ Threatened birds of years it floods and reaches up to 200 km2 ORGANISCHE SUBSTANZ IM WALD sive logging over the past 150 years and Europe” , for instance Pelecanus crispus but its depth rarely exceeds 6 m. Limnolo- (BIOMASSE) was the most significantly altered. For one (65 pairs), Phalacrocorax pygmeus (80 gically, it is an argilothropic type of lake rich thing, the irregular age structure which in oxygen and plankton. Twenty-two spe­ pairs), Platalea leucorodia (500 pairs) and auf EINEM HEKTAR (100 M X 1 0 0 M ) IN El - originally typified these forests was turned Plegadis falcinellus (700 pairs). Grebes, cies offish live in the lake. Fortunately, fis­ NEM 60.3AHRE ALTEN WALD BEFINDEN SICH into a uniform one with narrow age bands, hermen and birds look for different kinds of duck, geese, coot, water rails, crakes, moo­ rhens and reed warblers nest in reeds and PFLANZEN TIERE and what is more the silver fir declined fish, therefore their relations are peaceful. EBU... LEBEHT 19 ABGESTORBEN significantly over large areas. The cause rushes while Strigiformes and most of the The crayfish is an important species of the was not only the style of forestry but also Passeriformes prefer trees. lake’s fauna. fw usiiau over-population with red and roe deer. A third alteration to be noted is the general The breeding season also corresponds with absence of dead, decaying trees. A bird paradise the high season for visitors of whom stu­ Birds, who gave the lake its name and repu­ dents are the most numerous. In the cold, moist hollows, where cold air tation, as well as to the National Park (Kuç accumulates through the year under the means “ bird” , Kusgolu “ bird-lake” and In summer, birds scatter all around the lake relevant weather conditons, afforestation Kuçcenneti “ bird-paradise” ) are the most and river-banks nearby. Small groups of patterns dominated by spruce are also well- attractive creatures of the ecosystem. I non-breeding white storks visit the park developed. These damp spruce forests, recorded about 240 species of bird when I from time to time. (Photo H. Bibelriether) known as “Aufichtenwälder” , are a distinguishing mark of the Bayerischer understanding of forests and of the multi­ Wald. ple relationships which make up their com­ plex ecosystem. The watch-word is “ forest Extending the Diploma’s influence In addition to the principal forest experience” — understanding of nature” . biocenoses, the park has special biotopes This means making visitors appreciate the covering limited areas, ie mountain streams park’s objectives and the value and rising on the wet and snowy ridges and high vulnerability of its forests with their varied or low-lying moorland. In the park itself plant and animal communities, thus induc­ there are also a few small open stretches of ing them to generally reform their attitude grassland created by former human use as to nature. One of the current priorities Peter Gay I ore than sites have now received Representation of the range pasture. They are of cultural and historical relates to the problem of forest destruction, the European Diploma. That is Simply because we are familiar with the interest as well as harbouring a wealth of which has recently afflicted the Bayerischer M:I equivalent to (roughly) one per habitats and countryside types in our own species and thus also enjoy protection Wald National Park in the same way as member country on average. Does this country, it is easy to overlook that what to within the National Park as special many other forests in the Federal Republic really represent all the places that merit the each one of us is a part of our everyday en­ biotopes. of Germany and elsewhere. Diploma? Surely not. In which case, would vironment can so often be something 50 be a feasible objective? Or 200? Is it special or unique when considering Europe The park’s plant communities are broken realistic to contemplate that all sites that as a whole. All such special places that down into 61 different vegetation units Value and importance of meet the criteria will even be offered by merit international recognition could be which mainly fall into the following the European Diploma for governments as candidates for the serious contenders for the European categories of species: the park’s activities Diploma? And is it right or helpful to think Diploma. They are the sites for which in — Northern species; of the Diploma as another example where As was pointed out in the introduction, the effect each country is the steward on behalf — Alpine species; success is judged solely by numbers? And of Europe. But is it realistic to aim at such — East European species—at the westerly park’s primary aim of allowing the should growth in the series of Diploma sites reconstitution of virgin forest over a con­ a representative role as guiding the choice limit of their distributions; be left entirely to the chance of applications of Diploma sites? I return to this later. — specialised species adapted to the siderable area of Central Europe through by individual governments, or is there any various natural mixed beech forest patterns (Photo H. Bibelriether) unchecked natural development guidance that can be given on how the and to moorland; represents an unprecedented goal for Ger­ Protection data, which is recorded in relation to the co­ series could best develop so that it con­ — species occurring in the vicinity of run­ man nature conservation. Over the 16 years For a site to be even a serious candidate for ordinates and remains on line for further tributes most effectively to European nature ning water; since the park was founded, this has been conservation? the Diploma it must already be adequately research work and other purposes. The — species which can exist in special loca­ methodically and progressively developed park is progressively becoming a major link tions subjected to human influence. and made a reality. The fact that half the in the environmental monitoring system for area of the park, more than 6,000 hectares, the Central European area. Animal species may be similarly classified; is no longer subject to any kind of human the following examples occur in the influence or exploitation is of significance National Park: Education and recreation for the whole of Central Europe as well as — Northern species: capercaillie (Tetrao for the Federal Republic of Germany. These urogallus), pygmy owl (Glaucidium In accordance with the relevant nature con­ strictly protected areas of the park now con­ passerinum), Tengmalm’s owl (Aegolius servation legislation, the park also pro­ stitute the largest untouched forest complex WATCH OVERTHE funereus), three-toed woodpecker motes education and relaxation for visitors in all Central Europe. (Picoid es tridactylus)\ “ insofar as nature protection considera­ NATIONAL PARKS — Alpine species: alpine shrew (Sorex tions permit” . Since 1970 the number of The award of the European Diploma alpinus), ring ouzel (Turdus torquatus)- visitors per year has risen from 200,000 to (Category A) is taken as an acknowledge­ — East European species: Ural owl (Strix some 1.5 million. Many facilities for visitors ment of the Bayerischer Wald National uralensis), red-breasted flycatcher have been created, the most important Park’s consistent effort to preserve natural (Ficedula parva), white-backed being an extensive information centre development, natural processes and con­ woodpecker (Dendrocopos leucotos), nut­ which has already had about a million sequently evolution itself. The distinction cracker (Nucifraga caryocatactes)\ visitors since it opened in 1982. As well as also entails a commitment to systematically — mixed beech forest species: garden dor­ exhibitions, film shows and slide lectures follow the course taken and phase out all mouse (Elyiomys quercinus), stock dove about the forest and its life, personal ser­ exploitation and interference in the (Columba oenas); vices, guided tours and talks are offered. A remainder of the park area. In the medium — moorland species: teal (Anas crecca), library and an “ adventure playground” for and long term, this will give rise to a natural redpoll (Carduelis flammea). individual experience with nature’s forest of well over 10,000 hectares in the materials are available. The Park House is heart of Europe, a virgin forest which surrounded by an extensive botanical and develops according to its own laws. At the Scientific importance geological park open to visitors, where same time, this woodland provided citizens anyone interested can find out about the alienated from nature with the possibility of Apart from nature conservation, research rock formations and geology of the gaining new insight and experience, a new is a leading objective of the National Park. Bayerischer Wald or about its plant com­ understanding of natural biocenoses, in The main emphasis is on inventorying of munities, whether occurring naturally or their encounter with primitive nature, g biotic and abiotic factors and continuous influenced by man, which number over monitoring of their development. A close 400 different higher plant species. and profitable co-operation is maintained with many universities and institutions. Dur­ According to a scientific enquiry, the ing its 15 years of existence, the park has National Park has acquired outstanding developed into one of the best-researched significance for the development of tourism RichardJtfft, aged 7 woodland areas in Europe; the list of in this remote part of Germany. It has been Luum, Btdfmdthin research projects already stands at over calculated that the park alone was respon­ Winner of the poster competition 200. sible for an annual turnover of organised by TV Times and ’Splash' in conjunction with the 25-30 million DM from tourism in the adjac­ Research findings produced within the park ent Freyung-Grafenau district. Countryside are recorded and made available with the ■■■■■■■«■ i i i m m m f / COMMISSION assistance of electronic data processing. A Education and information work is aimed John Dower House, Crescent Place, Cheltenham, Gkw G1.50 3HA grid with 100 m squares is used for collating primarily at giving visitors a better A * # M W protected. Despite this, from the cases sufficient that this experience is just kept explained in the earlier articles, the Diploma within “ the Club” . Diploma sites could play undoubtedly has been very effective in a bigger role as sources of inspiration and National Agencies of the Centre helping to protect sites from undesirable experience of well-tested methods for tack­ changes. And as pressures on land conti­ ling the problems of other special areas in nues, we have no reason to believe that the the countryside around them. added protection the Diploma gives through Contributors recognition of the international importance This is not something that will happen if it to this issue: is left to chance. It requires a clear decision AUSTRIA IRELAND THE NETHERLANDS of the sites will be any less necessary. Mr Peter SONNEWEND-WESSENBERG Mr Tommy O’SAUGHNESSY M rlng. P.M. DETHMERS Although this protective role was one of the by the managing authority of the individual Österreichische Gesellschaft Department of Tourism, Fisheries and Forestry Department for Nature Conservation reasons behind the establishment of the Diploma site that such a purpose is für Natur- und Umweltschutz Forest & Wildlife Service Environmental Protection Diploma, since then other things have hap­ amongst the objectives for managing that Excmo. Sr D. Alfonso Guerra Gonzales Holzgasse 2a Leeson Lane and Wildlife Management Vice-Président du Gouvernement A-6020 INNSBRUCK IRL-DUBLIN 2 Postbus 20401 pened which should make us look for a Diploma site. Perhaps it is a matter on Palacio de la Moncloa NL-2500 EK THE HAGUE much wider range of purposes to guide our which the Council of Europe could give E-Madrid thinking for the future. One of those devel­ encouragement. BELGIUM ITALY M. Jean-Pierre Ribaut Dr ssa Elena MAMMONE opments has been the establishment of the M. Jean RENAULT NORWAY This is not to underestimate the importance Chef de la Division Environnement et Ministern dell’ Agricoltura European Network of Biogenetic Reserves. Ministère de l’Agriculture Mrs Irene SIGUENZA Ressources Naturelles Ufficio delle Relazioni internazionali of the protective role of the Diploma, or of Administration Ministry of the Environment Conseil de l’Europe 18, via XX Settembre de la Recherche Agronomique Myntgaten 2 the greater national recognition that comes B.P. 431 R6 1-00187 ROMA Manhattan Center 7e étage P.O. Box 8013 to nature conservation as a whole through F-67006 Strasbourg Cédex Relationship Avenue du Boulevard 21 N-0030 OSLO the awareness of the international import­ B-1210 BRUXELLES Both in the Diploma’s protective and repre­ ance of Diploma sites. But conservation Mag. Josef Fischer-Colbrie LIECHTENSTEIN sentative roles we should consider its rela­ entails use. I am suggesting that the re­ Amt der Salzburger Landesregierung Ing. Mario F. BROGGI Liecht. Gesellschaft PORTUGAL tionship to this European Network. The sources of knowledge and experience Michael-Pacher-Straße 36 CYPRUS für Umweltschutz Prof. Luis SALDANHA A-5020 Salzburg Nature Conservation Service essential purpose of this Network is to obtained on Diploma sites could be much Heiligkreuz 52 Liga para a Protecçâo da Natureza Ministry of Agriculture and ensure that by acting together the member more fully used to the benefit of nature con­ FL - 9490 VADUZ Estrada do Calhariz de Benfica, No. 187 Natural Resources governments of the Council of Europe will servation throughout a country and throug­ Mr. Eythor Einarsson P-1500 LISBOA Director of Botany Forest Department secure the protection of the full European hout Europe. Museum of Natural History CY-NICOSIA range of wildlife habitats — each country P.O. Box 5320 LUXEMBOURG M. Charles ZIMMER nominating for the Network those of its pro­ In acting as sources of practical wisdom the ISL-125 Reykjavik SPAIN Ingénieur principal Mme M. del CARMEN de ANDRÉS CONDE tected sites which best contribute to the Diploma sites would be providing the DENMARK des Eaux et Forêts Direction General de Medio Ambiente leadership commensurate with their status. M. Theo Hunziker Miss Lotte BARFOD Ministère de l’Environnement overall scheme. Ministerio de Obras Püblicas y Badhausstraße 6 National Agency for the 5A rue de Prague We need such wisdom to help us to meet Urbanisme CH-3063 Ittigen/BE Protection of Nature, L-LUXEMBOURG-VILLE The Network is in its early days but has the the challenge of guaranteeing throughout Monuments and Sites Paseo de la Castellana n° 67 mechanisms to achieve that objective. It will Europe a beautiful countryside rich in wild­ Ministry of the Environment E-28071 MADRID entail the eventual designation across life. And such wider influence would bring M. José Macârio Correia 13 Amaliegade Vice-Président DK-1256 COPENHAGEN K MALTA Europe of certainly hundreds and maybe even greater recognition to the status of the Service Nacional de Parques, Réservas e Mr Joe SULTANA more than a thousand individual sites. This European Diploma. g Conservaçao da Natureza Department of Environment SWEDEN is the scale of what will be required to meet Rua da Lapa, 73 Ministry of Education and Environment Mr. Ingvar BINGMAN P-1200 Lisboa FRANCE M-VALLETA National Swedish Environment the need for a series of European represen­ Mlle Isabelle RAYNAUD Protection Board tative sites. It is a scale that the European Direction de la Protection P.O. Box 1302 Diploma could not sensibly contemplate. M. Claude Pairaudeau de la Nature S-171 25 SOLNA Directeur du Parc National de la Vanoise Ministère de l’Environnement Boîte postale 705 14, boulevard du Général-Leclerc Is there then a more distinctive role for the F-73007 Chambéry Cédex F-92524 NEUILLY-SUR-SEINE series of Diploma sites that goes beyond the CEDEX SWITZERLAND Dr Jürg ROHNER protective and representative purposes? Mr. Tansu Gürpinar Ligue Suisse General Directorate of Environment pour la Protection de la Nature Basbakanlik Cebre Genel Müdürliigü FEDERAL REPUBLIC Wartenbergstraße 22 Atatürk Bulvari 143 OF GERMANY Case postale 73 TR-Ankara Experience Deutscher Naturschutzring e.V. CH-4020 BÂLE Bundesverband für Umweltschutz I suggest that much greater emphasis Kalkuhlstraße 24 should be given to the role of Diploma sites Mr. Stefan Malmberg The National Environmental Protection Board Postfach 32 02 10 D-5300 BONN-OBERKASSEL 3 as special places where experience can be Box 1302 TURKEY gained that can be applied elsewhere. This S-17 125 Solna Mr Hasan ASMAZ would have relevance not just to the tech­ President of the Turkish Association for the Conservation of Nature GREECE niques of managing plants and animals in Mr. W.B. Prior and Natural Resources M. Byron ANTIPAS their communities, but (depending on the Secretary Menekse sokak 29/4 Secrétaire général Countryside Commission for Scotland Kizilay site and the “ class” of its Diploma) in hand­ Société hellénique pour la Battleby TR-ANKARA ling planning issues, in welcoming visitors Redgorton protection de la nature in ways that respect the special values of GB-Perth PH1 3EW 24, rue Nikis the site, in schemes for interpreting and GR-10557 ATHENES UNITED KINGDOM explaining the site, and in finding practical Dr. Hans Bibelriether Miss Shirley PENNY Ltd. Forstdirektor ways of integrating the conservation of Chief Librarian Nationalparkverwaltung Bayerischer Wald ICELAND nature with schemes for developing the Nature Conservancy Council D-8352 Grafenau Mr Gisli GISLASON local economy. Director Great Britain Headquarters Nature Conservation Council Northminster House Dr. Peter Gay Hverfisgötu 26 Northminster Road To some extent this is already happening Nature Conservancy Council ISL-101 REYKJAVIK GB-PETERBOROUGH PE1 1UA — the occasional meetings that the Coun­ Northminster House cil of Europe arranges for the managers of GB-Peterborough PE1 1UA the Diploma sites do enable them to draw on each other’s experience. That is, the les­ sons learned are being passed from one Information concerning Naturopa, the European Information Centre for Nature Conservation or the Council of Europe may be obtained from the Diploma site to another. But surely it is not Centre or the National Agencies listed above. Naturopa 53E -1986

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