The Palgrave Handbook of Global Counterterrorism Policy, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-55769-8 1070 INDEX

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INDEX

A AUCMS funding instability, Aarhus model, 419, 420, 425–427, 429, implications of, 992–995 915, 917 CT strategy, 987–990 Abattoir, 1016 equipment and funds, diverse Abbis, Nasir, 737, 744 sources, 984 Abdiweli, Ridwan Haji, 925 and funding instability, 982–983 Abdulmutallab, Umar Farouk, 860 institutional challenges/ Abidin, Mohamed Rashid Zainal, 755 instabilities, 984 Abrahms, Max, 789 unreliable financial resources, 983–984 Absolutist theory, 1065 war on terror, 995–996 Abu Bakr, Y., 265 African Union Mission in Somalia Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG), 705–706, 751 (AMISOM), 927, 932, 935, 981, Acharya, A., 254 996–999 Action Plan for Counterterrorism and contextual analysis, 985–986 Security, 377 CT capabilities and strategy, 990–991 Action Plan on Combating Terrorism CT strategy, 987 (APCT), 331–333 financial support, 993 Active Service Units (ASUs), 50 political, social and strategic Adalet ve Kalkinma Partisi constraints, 991–992 (AKP), 829–830 strategic effectuality, 986–987 Adebolajo, M., 339 strategic flaws of, 995 Adesoji, A., 1006 African Union Partners’ Groups Aerial attacks, 864 (AUPG), 998 Afghanistan, 605, 625 Agenzia informazioni e sicurezza esterna Africa, counterterrorism, 1043–1045 (AISE), 490 Africa Centre for the Study and Research Agenzia informazioni e sicurezza interna on Terrorism (ACSRT), 1044 (AISI), 490 African National Congress (ANC), 1056, Ahmed, Iajuddin, 629 1058 Ahmed, K., 195–219 African Peace and Security Architecture Ahmed, Mohiuddin, 623 (APSA), 984, 990, 998 Aircraft hijackings, 651 African Peace Facility (APF), 983 Airports Safety and Security System African Standby Force (ASF), 987 Improvement Project, 631 African Union (AU), 996–999, 1043 Air-transport Security Act, 363

AIVD, see Dutch General Intelligence Anti-Money Laundering Regulation, 676 and Security Service Anti-sabotaging law, 652 Akayev, A., 557–561 Anti-Terror Bureau, 676 Algerian War, 14, 21, 437, 439 Anti-Terrorism Act, 265, 266, 630, Algiers Accords, 1028, 1031 1009, 1057, 1062 Alla’r Dal, 621, 623 Antiterrorism Assistance (ATA) Allen, Charles, 819n11 program, 282, 1046 All-out offensive, 800 Anti-Terrorism Law, 288 All-out war, 795 Anti-terrorism legislation, 263–265, 342, All Progressive Congress (APC), 1010 733, 997, 1045 Al Mukmin, 707 Anti-Terrorism Ordinance Alonso, R., 49 (ATO), 629–631 Al-Qaeda (AQ), 40–42, 49, 165, 168, Anti-Terrorism Special Measure 169, 170–176, 181–187, 199–201, Law, 654 441, 442, 465, 488, 589, 601, 603, Antiterrorist action law, 697 638, 649, 653, 673, 692, 750, 858, Antiterror law, 677–679 861–862, 865 Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act, 779 Al Qaeda-centric threat Apocalyptic theory, 1065 Singapore; phase I, 752–756; phase Aquino, N. P., 712, 801 II, 756–759 Arab Higher Committee, 99 Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula Arab-Israeli (AQAP), 441, 814, 855, 859, 860, conflict, 99, 107 863–866, 865, 869, 870, 875 confrontation, 100 Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb Arab Spring, 122, 767, 811, 845, (AQIM), 968, 1021, 1036, 1043 846, 859, 860, 864, 865, 868, 871, Al-Shabaab movement, 986, 1043 972, 973 Amarthaligam, Appapilai, 638–639 Arendt, H., 13 Ambivalent counterterrorism Armed Forces Special Powers Act policies, 719 (AFSPA), 578, 580, 581 American policymakers, 163, 164, 189 Army Public School, 599 Amnesty International (AI), 51, 142, Arroyo, Gloria Macapagal, 709 237, 382, 384, 445, 449, 525, 846, Asahara, Shoko, 652 1009, 1016 Asia-Pacific Group, 591 Amsterdam Information Exchange Assam Disturbed Areas Act, 578 (AMS-IX), 386 Assam Maintenance of Public Order Anarco-insurrezionalisti militants, 487 (Autonomous District) Act, 578 Anderson, B., 121 Assam Preventive Detention Act, 578 Andhra Pradesh Control of Organised Association of Southeast Asian Nations Crime Act, 578 (ASEAN), 771 AngamiZapuPhizu, 582 Asybal Tauhid Indonesia, 760 Anglo-Malayan Defense Arrangement Asymmetric warfare, 623–624 (AMDA), 777 Atambayev, A., 562–563 Aniagolu, Anthony, 1005 Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal, 831 Annan, K., 19 Atkins, S.E., 104 Ansar al-Sharia in Libya (ASL), 954 ATPU, 1049–1051 Ansarullah Bangla Team, 623 Attorney General of the Federation Ansharul Khilafah Jawa Timur, 761 (AGF), 1008 Anti-Firearm Squads, 658 Attran, S., 109 Anti-Hijacking Act, 578 AUCMS funding instability, 992–995 INDEX 1071

Aum Shinrikyo, 652–653 terrorist attacks, 627–628 AU National ConﬂictManagement terrorist groups, 621–624 System (NCMS), 982 Bangladesh Development Partnership AU Peace and Security Architecture Center (BDPC), 628 (APSA), 987 Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters AU Peace Operation Programme, 992 (BIFF), 785, 797, 802 Authorization for Use of Military Force Bankoff, G., 608n3 (AUMF), 171, 172 Bardo attack, 974 Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia BarisanAlternatif (BA), 720 (AUC), 141, 295, 301, 304, 307, 308 Barisan Nasional (BN), 719 Autonomous Region in Muslim Barker, K., 247–268 Mindanao (ARMM), 784 Barna, J., 84 Awoniyi, O. H., 927 Barqa Council, see Cyrenaica Ayubi, Nazih, 949 Transitional Council Bartolucci, V., 337–350, 437–454 Bashar, Mohammad Abul, 623 B Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ- Ba’asyir, Abu Bakar, 741, 756 PNV), 462, 463, 468, 469 Babbar Khalsa International, 751 Basque region, 459–463 Badan Nasional Penanggulangan 3/11 terrorist attack, 465–466 Terorisme (BNPT), 745 Basque Country, 468 Badawi, Abdullah, 718, 721 EAJ-PNV, 462, 463, Bahrain, 811, 839–840 468, 469 Shia insurgency; demographic ETA, 459–460, 463–465 differences and power Navarre, 468 dynamics, 840–842; initial PSOE, 465 phases, 842–845 secessionism and terrorism, 466–467 shifting tactics, 845–851 Spanish government, 467–468; Bahrain Defense Force (BDF), 847 ETA, 472–473; policing Bahrain Financial Harbour, 844 strategies, 470–472; political Bahrain Freedom Movement, 846 strategies, 468–470 Bahrain Independent Commission of Bataclan attacks, 909 Inquiry (BICI), 842–843, 848 Beijing, 670, 678 Bakiyev, K., 561–562 Bekmurzaev, N., 553–568 Bakker, Edwin, 693 Belarus, 535–536 Balikatan, 709 Combating Terrorism, 541–543 Ballin, H., 377 domestic political Baltic States, 393–394, 399–404 environment, 545–546 Estonia, 400–404 hooliganism, 538–539 Latvia, 402–404 KGB building, explosion, 541, Lithuania, 403–404 543–544 Muslim populations, 396–400 Minsk Metro bombing, 539–540, 545 NATO, 399, 400 NATO, 538 Russian populations, 396 operational environment, 536–538 Bangladesh counterterrorism, 621 prevention and protection, measures counterterrorism strategy, 628–631 for, 545 Islam, political radicalization Russian diplomatic mission, 539 of, 624–625 terrorist threats, 538–541 resource predation thesis, 625–627 Belfast Agreement, 39, 41, 42, 63, 65 1072 INDEX

Ben Youssef, Salah, 968 OAS, 280 Bergen, P.L., 41 OECD, 287 Berman, E, 93 Operation Condor, 278 Beslan tragedy, 519, 527 politics of memory, 285–286 Bihar Maintenance of Public Order September 11 attacks, 279–280 Act, 578 Tri-Border area (TBA), 281–282 Biko, Steven, 1067 Tribunal of National Security, 276 Bin Laden, O., 41, 42, 164, 167–173, US-Brazil relations, 282 169, 181, 184–189, 282, 610n21, Brewer, J. D., 928 622, 692, 752, 1012 Bribery, 1047 Black Tigers, 641 Brigate Rosse (BR), 482–487 Blair, D., 84 Brigate Rosse-Partito Comunista Blair, T., 62, 63, 65, 175 Combattente (BR-PCC), 486–487 Blakeley, R., 140 Brodeur, J.-P., 124 Blick, A., 1009 Brown, C., 927 Blowback, 864 Bruton, B. E., 931 Boko Haram, 82–86, 928, 930, Brym, R. J., 927 955, 989, 1005–1007, Bundeskriminalant (German Federal 1007, 1009–1011, Police-BKA), 359, 360 1014–1017, 1043 Burhanuddin, Umar, 757 Bombs, 627 Burke, Edmund, 951 Border Guards Bangladesh (BGB), 630 Bush, G.W., 41, 54, 104, 105, 109, Border security, 234–235 120, 121, 163, 165, 166, Bouazizi, Mohamed, 810 169–189, 281, 304, 346, Bourdieu, P., 23 670, 703, 718, 856–859, 866, Bourgeois democracy, 775 874, 1012, 1034 Bourn/Way Ahead report, 57 Butler, J., 251 Brazil Buzan, B., 948 AI-5, abolition of, 278 al-Qaeda, 286 communist international C conspiracy, 276–277 Caguioa, Benjamin, 712 criminal groups, 282–283 Çakmak, C., 355–369 diplomacy, 280 Cameron, D., 121 Doctrine of National Security, 277 Canada, 195–197 FATF and GAFISUD, 284 al-Qaeda (AQ), 199–201 Federal Congress, 283–285 community-based intervention; Federative Republic of, 275 guidelines, 216–218; macro- guerrilla groups, 277–278 level, 212–216; meso- Hezbollah, 281–283 level, 207–212; micro- Institutional Act, 278 level, 203–207 Inter-American Committee against CT strategy, 196, 201–203 Terrorism (CICTE), 279 enforcement agencies and CBOs, 215 Islamic State in Iraq and al-Sham Islamophobia, 205, 214–216, 218 (ISIS), 286–287 methodology, 199 Law of Hideous Crimes, 279 Muslim community, 196, 199, 200, Law of National Security, 276–278 201, 203, 212–218 Law of Organized Crime (LCO), 283 national security, 199–201 military dictatorship, 275–276 radicalization, 197–199 INDEX 1073

social conflicts, 198 Central Governing Committee, 640 Canadian Security and Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 15, Service (CSIS), 204 164, 166, 170, 171, 173, 174, 179, Carapico, S., 864, 865 182, 183, 185, 187, 188, 490, 597, Caribbean, 247–250 755, 935 Abu Bakr, Y., legacy and Central Provident Fund (CPF), 781 counterterrorism legality, 265 Central Readiness Force, 659 CARICOM, 253–254, 257–264 Central Reserve Police Force glocalizing of counterterrorism (CRPF), 577, 587 policy, 254–256 Central Security Forces, 858 necessity, cooperation, 250–251 Chainoglou, K., 495–510 Obama, B., 247–248 Chalk, P., 323 post-9/11 attack, 254–256 Chandigarh Disturbed Areas Act, 578 Sharma vs. Attorney General of Chechenization, 526–527 Trinidad and Tobago, 266–267 Chechen war, 96, 518–519, 521–522, vulnerability, 251–254 524–526 Caribbean Basin Security Initiative Chechnya (Russia), 96, 97, 99, 460, (CBSI), 259 515–518, 521, 524, 525, 526, 528, Caribbean Community and Common 546 Market (CARICOM), 248, 249, Check the Web (CTW), 331–332 252–254, 256–264, 267–268 Cheng Chieh Incident, 691–692 Caribbean Customs Laws Enforcement Chhattisgarh Special Public Security Council (CCSL), 260 Act, 578–579 Caribbean Financial Action Task Force Chigora, P., 929 (CFATF), 260 China, counterterrorism, 667–668 Caribbean Security Summit, 248 administrative adjustments and Carnegie, P. J., 927 preventive measures, 675–677 Cartels, 230–231 Central Asia, strategic interests and Casablanca attacks, 975 great power Casualty sensitivity, 890 competition, 681–682 Categorical terrorism, 774 criminal law and antiterror Ceasefire Agreement, 645 law, 677–679 Center for Terror Analysis (CTA), 406 domestic separatism, 672–674 Center-seeking organizations, 803n2 emergence of, 669–670 Central American Regional Security estranged concept, 668–669 Initiative (CARSI), 239 increasing emphasis, 670–671 Central Asia, 671, 681–682 international cooperation, 679–680 CT programs, 554–556 new directions, 682–683 Islam, resurgence of, 553–554 social conflicts, 674–675 Kyrgyzstan, 556–557; Akayev, Chinese Communist Party’s (CCP), 668 A., 557–561; Atambayev, Chosen traumas, 637–638 A., 562–563; Bakiyev, Chowdhury, Ranjan, 630 K., 561–562 Circa, Italy’s CT policy, 480 Tajikistan; geopolitics and Civic action, 791–792 counterterrorism, 566–567; Civic Action Program, 587 independence, ideology, and civil Civil liberties, 719 war, 563–564; internal Civil peace theory, 1066 factors, 564–565; potential terror, Civil Protection Mechanism, 333 external factors, 565–566 Civil society, 590 1074 INDEX

Civil war, 625 Commonwealth of Independent States Clark, R., 461 Antiterrorism Center (CIS Clarridge, D., 15 ATC), 545, 548 Clinton, Hillary Rodham, 637, 866 Communist Party of Malaya (CPM), 777 Coalition pattern, 705 Communist Party of the Philippines Cohan, J.A., 140 (CPP), 710, 784, 793, 794, 802 COIN strategy, 184, 981, 982, 986, 998 Communist transformation, 651 Cold War, 41, 103, 163, 164, 167, 179, Community-based intervention 277, 296, 300, 307, 364, 410, 479, guidelines, 216–218 481, 556, 650, 670, 671, 677, 682, macro-level, 212–216 777, 814, 883, 884, 888, 900 meso-level, 207–212 Collateral damage, 897–898 micro-level, 203–207 Collier, Paul, 625, 631 Community-Based Organizations Colombia, 295–296 (CBOs), 198, 199, 201, 202, 207, AUC, 304 215–218 Bush, G.W., administration, 304 Community of Latin American and DSP, 305 Caribbean States (CELAC), 279 Duncan, G., 308 Complicitous civilians, 774 ELN, 297 Compulsory Identification Act, 384 FARC, 296–297, 302–306 Conflation, 870–872 human intelligence (HUMINT), 305 Conseil Constitutionnel, 449 HVTs, 304, 309 Constitution of India, 581 M-19, 297–300 Container Security Initiative (CSI), 706 MAS, 300–301 Controlled Substances Act, 238 narco-terrorism, 300–302 Conventional terrorism vs. National Security Statute, 298 narcoterrorism, 229–230 NSD, 298 Coolum Declaration, 256 over-militarization, 297, 299–300 Coons, Senator, 1038 revolutionary terrorism, 297–298 Coordinator for Counter-Terrorism September 11, 303 (CTC), 327–328 signals intelligence (SIGINT), 302 Copenhagen School (CS), 704 Uribe administration, 306 Cordano, D., 926 Colombijn, F., 735 Cordon and Search Operations Comando Vermelho (Red (CASO), 580 Command), 282 Corruption, Kenya Comitato di analisi strategica and CT, 1047–1049 antiterrorismo (CASA), 490 and human rights violation, 1047 Comitato parlamentare per la sicurezza Counter-extremism, 914 della Repubblica (COPASIR), 490 Countering violent extremism Commando Battalions for Resolute (CVE), 203, 216, 1015 Action (CoBRA), 587 Counterinsurgency (COIN), 43–45, 47, Committee on the Administration of 56, 57, 60, 61, 63–64, 164, Justice (CAJ), 44, 55 295–310, 467, 516, 599, 638, 1042 Common and Safe Future Action Counter Insurgency and Anti-Terrorist Plan, 423–424 (CIAT) Schools, 586 Common Security and Defence Policy Counterintelligence Corps, 803n1 (CSDP), 315, 317, 319, 322 Counter-radicalization, 914 Commonwealth of Independent States Counter-Terrorism and Extremism (CIS), 536, 545 Liaison Officers (CTELOs), 321 INDEX 1075

Counterterrorism and Organized Crime LTTE, 93–95 branch (CTOC), 247 massive military operations, 101–102 Counter-Terrorism and Security Act Narodnaya Volya, 76 (CTSA), 338, 349 Nigerian state, 84 Counterterrorism and society, 117–119 PIJ, 100 anti-Muslim perceptions, 123 policy implications, 85–86 jihadi extremism and political institutions, 73 terrorism, 119–122 Russia, 96–99 liberal democracies, 117–118 sovereign state and constituents, 85 proactive/high policing, 124–125 Sri Lankan government and trust and legitimacy, 122–126 LTTE, 92–95, 107 Counterterrorism Committee Executive terrorism, challenges in, 74–75 Directorate (CETD), 256 Terrorist act, 79–80 Counterterrorism Information United States, 102–105 Box, 376–377 Zionist resettlement Counterterrorism legislation movement, 99–100 counter-insurgency, two sides Counter Terrorism Policy (CTP), 733 of, 914–916 Counterterrorism policy sine 9/ Islamic State, 11, 601–604 contextualizing, 910–911 Counterterrorist deterrence recommendations, 916–918 (CTD), 881–882, 884, 885, terrorism-ization and securitization; 899–900 movement, freedom of, 912–913; assurance, problem of, 893–894 sovereignty, 913–914; terrorism, collateral damage, adverse effects designation, 912 of, 897–898 Counterterrorism (CT) policy, 73–74, costly retaliations, domestic and 91–92 international fallout, 898–899 Arab-Israeli conﬂict, 107 counterterrorist threat credibility behavior, 76 sources, 887–892 Caribbean, 254–256 experiential learning and TO’s categorization, 75 adaptation problem, 894–895 characteristics, 74–75 power and deterrability, Chechnya, 96–99 tradeoff, 895–896 concrete vs. abstract cognitive, weak host states, problem of, 896 106–107 Counter-Terrorist Operation criminal acts, 78 (CTO), 97–98, 108 CTO, 97–98 Counterterror legislation, 275, 360, FLQ and ETA, 77 422–424, 427–429, 912, 913, 918 FNL and PLO, 77 Credibility deﬁcit, 889 French Revolution, 76 Credible counterinsurgency guerrillas and insurgency, 80–82 (COIN), 981, 986 IDF, 101–102 Crenshaw, Martha, 638 international organisation, 78–79 Crime and Security Act, 139 international terrorism, 79–80 Crime and security policy, Irish Republican Army (IRA), 77 CARICOM, 260 ISIL and Boko Haram, 82–85 Crime Control Model, 928 ISIS, 82–83 Crimes of Terrorism Act, 378 Israel, 99–102 Criminal and Penal codes, 1009 legitimate and illegitimate violence, 75 Criminal Code, 677, 678 1076 INDEX

Criminal law, 677–679 counterterror legislation, 422–424, Criminal proceedings, 144–147, 151, 376 427–431 Cronin, A., 164 Danish counterterrorism, 419–422 Crouch, B., 3 Danish policy, 421–422 CT operations, 591, 592 foreign-ﬁghter phenomenon, 425 Cultural identity, 577 mentoring programmes, 425–427 Cyberchats, 579 trust vs. oppression, 427–431 Cyber-security, 590–591 Department of Foreign Affairs, 710 Cyber terrorism, 683 Department of Homeland Security Cyber Terrorism Countermeasure (DHS), 46, 104, 178, 179, 181, Promotion Ofﬁce, 659 187, 188, 376, 603, 680 Cyrenaica, 955, 956 Department of Justice, 172, 179 Cyrenaica Transitional Council Depoliticization, 916 (CTC), 956 Detasemen Khusus, 88, 739, 740, 742, 744 Detter, I., 85 Devlin, P., 52 D Dewan dakwah Islamiyah Indonesia Dadaab refugee camp, 1048 (DDII), 738 Daka, C. J., 1009 Dhaka, 631 Dalacoura, K., 177 Dhillon, K., 778 Danish counterterrorism, 405, 419–422, DI-Akram, 758 420, 425, 428, 430 Diani, M., 736 Danish counterterror Dipartimento delle informazioni per la legislation, 422–424, 427–431 sicurezza (DIS), 490 Danish Security Intelligence Diplomacy, 1023–1024 Service, 406, 421 Direction centrale du renseignement Darul Islam (DI), 734–736 intérieur (DCRI), 444 Declaration of Philadelphia of the Direction générale de la sécurité intérieure International Labour (DGSI), 444 Organization, 588 Directorate for Countering Special Defence Intelligence Agency, 586 Violent Crimes (DAEEV), 504 Dekel, Udi, 893 Directorate General of Forces De Kerchove, G., 108, 327 Intelligence (DGFI), 624 De Klerk, F. W., 1058, 1066 Disarmament, Demobilisation, DeLauro, Rosa L., 779 Reintegration (DDR), 961 Delgado, J.E., 295–310 Disarmament, demobilisation and Della Porta, D., 492n2, 736 reintegration (DDR), 149–151, Delta Force, 659 961, 963 DeLuca, T., 122 Disciplining Terror, 928 Demant, F., 374, 380 Disruptive activities, 577 Democratic Action Party (DAP), 720, 778 Distributive State, 951 Democratic Control of Armed Forces DKM Masjid Al Fataa, 761 (DCAF), 149 Domestic determinants, 776, 777 Democratic Security Policy (DSP), 305 Domestic policy, 235–238 Democrazia Cristiana (DC), 484 Domestic separatism, 672–674 Demographic engineering, 825 Domestic terrorism, Greece, 496–498 Denmark, 396, 404–406, Donor funds, 992 419–420 Doosje, B., 927 Aarhus model, 425–427 Drugs, war on, 682 INDEX 1077

Drug trafficking, 779 EU Counter-Terrorism Plan of Duerr, G., 459–475 Action, 328–329 Duncan, G., 308 EU Counter-Terrorism Durand Line, 599, 609n8 Strategy, 329–330 Durkheim, E., 120–121 EU Police Mission, 140 Dutch General Intelligence and Security Eurojust, 316, 324–326, 328 Service (AIVD), 376–377, 386, 387 Europe, deep introspection, 588 European Arrest Warrant (EAW), 319, 324, 325, 328 E European Bomb Data System E4 Headquarters Mobile Support (EBDS), 332 Unit, 59 European Convention on Human Rights East African Community (EAC), 1046 (ECHR), 45, 348, 381 East Turkestan Islamic Movement European Experts Network on Terrorism (ETIM), 603, 671 (EENeT), 333 Economist Intelligence Unit European Human Right, 1009 (EIU), 568n2 EuropeanMaritime Safety Agency Eelam People’s Revolutionary Liberation (EMSA), 332 Front (EPERLF), 636 European Network of Experts on Egypt, 811 Radicalisation (ENER), 332 Egyptian revolution, 890 European Security and Defence Policy Egyptian Tamarod movement, 850 (ESDP), 319 Eiland, Giora, 896 European Security Strategy, 317–318, 322 Ejercito de Liberacion Nacional European Union (EU), 315–316, 645, (ELN), 225, 295, 296, 297, 307 830, 834, 932, 985 Ejército Popular Revolucionario 9/11 attacks, 321 (EPR), 233–234 APCT, 331–333 Emergency Regulations, 644 aviation security, 328, 332 Emergency Response Coordination common identity, 316 Centre (ERCC), 333 counter terrorist financing, 328 Emergency Response Unit (Delta), 410 CSDP, 317 Emmers, R., 704 CTC, 327–328 Enemy-centric approach, 789 diplomatic activity, 328–329 Enhanced Defence Cooperation EAW, 325 Agreement (EDCA), 710 Eurojust, 324–325 Enhanced Partnership in Northern European Security Europe (e-PINE), 394 Strategy, 317–318, 322 Epanastatikos Agonas (EA), 496–497 Europol, 322–324 Erdogan, Recep Tayyip, 824 humanitarian aid, 329 Ersanilli, E., 374 Improvised Explosive Device Ershad, H. M., 624 (IED), 321–322 Eruvbetine, A. E., 927 JITs, 325–326 Esposito, John L., 771 non-conventional terrorist attacks, Estonia, 400–404 preparedness, 328 Ethnic democracy, 717 organisations and financing, Ethnicity, 790 terrorist, 326–327 Ethno Cultural Community-Based Petersberg Tasks, 317–318 Organizations (ECBOs), 198, 199, police and judicial cooperation, 328 201, 219n2 prevent, 329 1078 INDEX

European Union (EU) (cont.) Financial Action Task Force protect, 330 (FATF), 284, 287, 333, pursue, 330 501–502, 502, 505, 591, respond, 330 1004, 1012, 1013 SCRRT, 330–331 Financial Harbor, 844, 847 Serious Crime 5, 323 Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU), 407, strategic culture, 317 507, 1012, 1013 supporting for countries, 329 Financial Messaging Data, 333 TREVI and PWGT, 319–321 Financial Sanctions Unit (FSU), 507 Europol, 316, 319, 320, 322–326, 328, Financial Task Force on Money 329, 331, 332, 394 Laundering in South America Europol Drug Unit (EDU), 323 (GAFISUD), 284 EU Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo Fineman, M., 251 (EULEX), 140 Finland, 406–408 Euskadita Askatasuna (ETA), 67, 77, Finnish Immigration Service, 407 356, 459–460, 459–475, 463–465, Finnish Security Intelligence Service 472–473 (FSIS), 407 Executive Yuan of Taiwan, 697 Five Power Defense Arrangement Exit and Entry Administration Law (FPDA), 777 (EEAL), 676 Fjelde, H., 797–798 Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) Force Research Unit (FRU), 59, 60, 66 Network, 332 Foreign-ﬁghter phenomenon, 425 Extraordinary African Chambers, 145, Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act 151n1 (FISA), 180 Foreign Terrorist Organization, 929 Foreign Terrorist Organization Passport F Revocation Act, 379 Facebook, 579 Foroughi, P., 553–568 Faith-Based Organizations (FBOs), 198, Forum Aktivis Syariah Islam 199, 201, 203, 217 (FAKSI), 760 Fajr Libya, 946 Forum Komunikasi Ahlus Sunnah wal- Falkowski, Maciej, 682 Jama’ah, 738 February 14 Movement, 843, 849 Foucault, M., 3, 23 Federal Border Guard (BGS), 359 Fox, V., 235 Federal Bureau for the Protection France, 437–439 of the Constitution (BfV), 359, 360 Action Directe, 439–440 Federal Bureau of Investigation and Algerian Independence (FBI), 1009 movements, 439–440 Federal Emergency Management anti-Muslim, 451–453 Agency, 179 AQAP, 441 Federally Administered Tribal Areas Charlie Hebdo, 440–441, 450 (FATA), 599, 603 Conseil Constitutionnel, 449 Federalnaya Sluzhba Bezopasnosti CT approach, 442–445 (FSB), 518, 519 GIA, 440 Federazione Anarchica Informale ISIS, 442 (FAI), 487 jihadist terrorism, 437, 446 Fergusson, J., 195–219 Muslim communities, 451 Filipino, 710 population, 445 Finance Act, 1046 sociopolitical effects, 448–452 INDEX 1079

specificities, CT strategy, 446 Islamic State in Iraq and Levant UCLAT, 438 (ISIL), 360–361 Free Aceh Movement, 751 Kontaktsperregesetz, 362 French CT law and policies, 438, 453n4 legislative measures, 359–360 French law, 912 Muslim communities, 365–368 French Patriot Act, 444 Red Army Faction (RAF), 355–356 Front de libération du Québec September 11 attacks, 356–364 (FLQ), 77, 216 Gill, K.P.S., 585 Front de Libération Nationale Giwa Military Barracks, 1016 (FNL), 77, 439 Gleditsch, Kristian Skrede, 791 Front Pembela Islam (FPI), 738 Global Terrorism Database Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de (GTD), 530n2, 575, 796, 800, 801 Colombia (FARC), 150, 151n3, 225, Global Terrorism Database 295–297, 299, 302–307, 309, 460 (START), 93, 95, 530n2 Fukuda, Yasuo, 658 Global Terrorism Index (GTI), 394–395 Fundamental rights and Global Terrorism Index report, 575–576 freedoms, 361–364 Global War on Terror (GWOT), 105, Fusion Centre and Intelligence 856, 1044–1046 Centre, 46 Glocalization, 250, 254 Goal-oriented methods, 1052 Godane, Ahmed, 936 G Golden Triangle, 779 Gaddafi, Colonel Muammar, 950, Goldstone Report, 899 957, 960 Good Friday Agreement, 39, 62, 473 Gallipoli war monument, 831 Google Ngram Viewer, 5 Galula, David, 638 Gourevitch, P., 704–705 Gandhi, Indira, 585 Gove, M., 42 Gandhi, Mahatma, 584 Graaf, B. D., 380 Ganguly, S, 628 Greece, 495 Gender Inequality Index, 867–868 conventions, 499–500 General National Congress domestic laws, 501 (GNC), 945, 961 domestic terrorism, 496–498 Geneva Conventions, 13, 145, 172 FATF, 501–503 George, A. L., 900 financing of terrorism, 505–507 George, C., 714 FIU, 507 Gerakan Reformasi Islam (GARIS), 760 FSU, 507 Gerakan Tauhid Lamongan, 761 institutional German counterterrorism counterterrorism, 504–505 (CT), 355–356 international cooperation, 498–502 activism, 364–365 Penal Code, 502, 504 Afghanistan, deploy troops to, 365 prison reform bill, 507–509 Air-transport Security Act, 363 SFIU, 507 BGS, 359 Griffith, I., 248, 251 BKA and BfV, 359–360 Groupe Islamique Armée (GIA), 440 Convention, 363 Groupe Islamique Combattant Marocain fundamental rights and (GICM), 321, 970 freedoms, 361–364 Group of Popular Rebels (OLA), 497 Green Party and Left Party, 361 Group Tent, 637 Islam-based threats, 357 Growth coalition, 715 1080 INDEX

Guard Room, 1016 Holland, M., 52 Guerrillas, 80–82, 296, 299, 300, 302, Home Affairs Committee, 341, 343 639, 787, 827 Homeland Security Act, 179 Gujarat Prevention of Anti-Social Home Office, 340, 344, 349 Activities Act, 578 Horowitz, D., 466–467 Gulf cartel, 231 Houthis, 866 Gulf Cooperation Council Houthi Wars, 858 (GCC), 809–811, 818n5, 847 Howell, J., 1004 domestic paradoxes versus regional HuJI, 623 ambitions, 813–815 HuJI-B, 622, 630 IS threat and Saudi and, 815–817 Hull, Edmund, 857, 858 security and counterterrorism Human Intelligence cooperation, 812–813 (HUMINT), 59–60, 305 Gulf region, 811, 817 Human rights violation, 1047, Gunaratna, R., 97, 640 1051–1053 Gurkha Contingent, 766 Human Rights Watch, 846 Gutelius, David, 1022, 1037 Human trafficking, 779 Humiliation-revenge theory, 1065 Hunger Strikes, 53, 58, 919n6 H Hussain, S., 604 Habermas, J., 6 Hussein, S., 814 Haidara, Sheick Sherif Ousmane, 1026 Halawi Makmun Group, 761 Haq Movement, 847–848 I Harakat Shabaab al Mujahidin, 1043 Ibrahim, Anwar, 720 Haram, B., 83–84 Iceland, 408–409 Hariharan, Colonel R., 639 Identity politics, 734–735 Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami (HuJI) Identity theory, 1066 Bangladesh, 621 IGAD Capacity Building Programme Hasan, Usmen, 672 Against Terrorism (ICPACT), 1045 Hasina, Sheikh, 622 Ikhwan Muwahid Indunisy fie Jazirah Hassan, Tan Sri Musa, 773 al-Muluk, 760 Hassan, Y. M., 932 Imagined community, 736 Hebdo, Charlie, 588 Imagined decolonization, 736 Hegghammer, T., 818n8 Imohe, E. E., 928 Heinous massacre, 847 Implementation Agency for Crime and Henry Jackson Society, 915 Security (IMPACS), 260–261 Hezbollah, 15, 81, 101, 166, 167, 174, Improvised Explosive Device (IED), 63, 232, 281–283, 438, 751, 752, 842, 321, 496, 998 845, 847, 848, 882, 884, 890–892, Imron Group, 737 894, 896, 897, 899, 901n5, 954 India, 576–580, 585–588 High-Speed Rail attack, 695 Jammu and Kashmir, 580–581 High Value Targets (HVTs), 304, 309 leftist radicals, 583–584 Hijacking, 577–578 Northeast India, 581–582 Hizb ut-Tahrir, 621, 623 Punjab, 584–585 Hizbut Touhid, 623 Indian armed forces, 577 Hoeffler, Anke, 625, 631 Indian Army, 581 Hoffman, B., 13, 14, 18, 80, 81, 164 Indian Border Security Force (BSF), 581 INDEX 1081

Indian Constitution, 590 International Center for Transitional Indian Parliament, 581 Justice (ICTJ), 140, 142 Indian Peacekeeping Force (IPKF), 94 International Centre, 927 Indian Penal Code, 579 International Centre for Political Indian Railways, 590 Violence and Terrorism Research Indian State, 585–588 (ICPVTR), 765 India-Sri Lanka Peace Accord, 94 International Civil Aviation Organization Indonesia, 733–734 (ICAO), 332 fragmentation and offspring, 738–742 International Committee of the Red horns of a dilemma, 734–738 Cross (ICRC), 19 punitive action and preventative International Convention for the persuasion, 742–745 Suppression of Terrorist Indonesian National Police Bombings, 629, 679 Academy, 740 International Convention for the Informal economy, 1063–1064 Suppression of the Financing of Information Management and Analysis Terrorism, 256, 284, 628, 679 Centre, 592 International cooperation, 498–502, Information Technology Act (ITA), 581 661, 679–680 Inspector General of Police (IGP), 1008 International Criminal Tribunal for Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP) Rwanda (ICTR), 145 analyzes, 394 International Criminal Tribunals for the Institutional counterterrorism, Former Yugoslavia Greece, 504–505 (ICTY), 145–146, 151 Institutional Revolutionary Party, 227 International Humanitarian Law Instrumental violence, 9, 10, 12, 29n2 (IHL), 13, 19 Integrated Action Plan, 587 International Monetary Fund, 1013 Intelligence and Security Services International terrorism, 79–80, 139, Act, 376, 377, 386 141, 166–168, 171, 187, 201, Intelligence Bureau (IB), 577 232–233, 262, 281, 341, 394, Intelligence Reform and Terrorist 398–400, 407, 408, 411, 414, 437, Prevention Act, 179 440, 442, 448, 451, 489, 497, 504, Inter-American Committee against 505, 541, 543, 546, 547, 560, 598, Terrorism (CICTE), 279 658, 671, 1006, 1008 Inter-American Convention against Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), 597, Terrorism, 256 608n1, 623 Inter-American Defense Board Iranian-backed Hezbollah terrorist (IADB), 280 group, 232 Intergovernmental Authority on Iranian revolution, 166–167, 233, 737, Development (IGAD), 985, 810–812 1044–1045 Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps- Intergovernmental Counter-Terrorism Quds Force (IRQG-QF), 841, 842 Coordination Commission, 404 Iran-Iraq war, 812 Internal Security Act (ISA), 714 Iraq, 43–47, 658 Internal Security Department Irish Republican Army (IRA), 77, (ISD), 714, 754 338–339, 460 Internal Security Solution, 57–60 See also Provisional Irish Republican International antiterrorism Army (PIRA) conventions, 499, 629 IS Aceh, 760–761 1082 INDEX

IS-centric threat, Singapore left-wing and right-wing terrorism; phase I, 759–762 defeat of, 484–486; reactions phase II, 762–764 to, 482–483 Islam, 977n2 right-wing terrorism, 480–482 Islam, A., 628 separatist violence, solution to, 480 Islam, resurgence of, 553–554 Islamabad, 610n21 Islamic Caliphate, 764 J Islamic Cultural Institute (ICI), 487–488 Jabbar, Mufti Abdul, 623 Islamic Democratic Party (IDP), 621, 623 Jacobs, M.D., 163–189 Islamic doctrines, 815 Jaffna Public Library, 639 Islamic Emirates, 869 Jagrata Muslim Janata Bangladesh Islamic Human Rights organization, 589 (JMJB), 621 Islamic Jihad Union (IJU), 673 Jahiliyya, 82–83, 87n2 Islamic Law, 87n3, 764, 771, 954, 1026 Jalil, Matori Abdul, 757–758 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan Jama’ah Ansharut Tauhid, 737 (IMU), 554–557, 559, 561, 565, 673 Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid (JAT), 756, Islamic political movement, 622 757, 761 Islamic Religious Council, 706 Jamaah Islamiyah (JI), 706 Islamic Resistance Movement, 901n4 Jamaat, see Jamaat-e-Islami of Bangladesh Islamic State (IS), 589, 708, 750, 809, Jamaat-e-Islami of Bangladesh, 622 816, 819n13, 824, 855, 875, Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen Bangladesh 909–910, 909–911, 916, 967 (JMB), 621, 622 Islamic State of Iraq and Levant Jammu and Kashmir, 580–581 (ISIL), 82, 83, 103, 339, 360, 361, Jammu and Kashmir Disturbed Areas 501, 834 Act, 578 Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), 15, Jammu and Kashmir Public Safety 78, 82–86, 103, 105, 200, 232, Act, 578 233, 248, 257, 286, 287, 330, 400, Jammu and Kashmir Special Powers 406, 408, 409, 412, 441, 442, 447, (Press) Bill, 581 555, 566, 580, 692, 759–763, 763, Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP) 772, 955, 959 Insurrection, 635 Islami Samaj, 621, 623 Japan, 649–650 Islamist militancy, 628 Aum Shinrikyo, 652–653 Islamophobia, Canada, 205, evaluation and 214–216, 218 recommendations, 658–662 Islam Restoration Movement, 771 exorcism, 657–658 Israel, counterterrorism left-wing movements, 650–652 policy, 99–100, 891 social dynamics, 655–657 policies and actions, 101–102 and WOT, 653–655 violence, 100–101 Japanese Communist League Red Army Israeli Defence Force (IDF), 100, 101, Faction, 650, 651 102, 107, 890 Japanese Red Army (JRA), 650, 651 Israeli-Palestinian conﬂict, 101 Jarvis, Echoing, 598 Italy, 479 Jarvis, L., 606 9/11 period, 488–490 Jasper, J., 775 jihadist threat, 487–491 Jayawardene, J. R., 639 left-wing and anarchist Jazeera, A., 597 terrorism, 486–487 Jazlan, Nur, 772 INDEX 1083

Jemaah Islamiyah (JI), 735–741, human rights violation 751–759, 779, 794–796, and CT, 1049–1051 799, 801 Kerry, John, 861 Jenkins, B., 14 Kﬁr, I, 599 Jervis, Robert, 891 Khalid Sheik Mohammad Jihad, 82–84, 87n1, 98, 100, 167, (KSM), 168, 174, 752, 209, 379, 692–693, 707, 753, 755 719–720, 741 Khan, Navida, 607 Jihad, Jamaah Tauhid Wal, 759 Khilafatul Muslimin, 761 Jihadist terrorism, 83, 86, 233, 338, 339, Khorasani, Muhammad, 604 382, 437, 440, 442, 446, 479, Khyber Pakthunkhwa, 605 487–491, 515, 521, 588, 733, 739, Kilcullen, D., 65–66 741, 742, 745, 811, 814, 914, 916, Killer Mantiqi, 753 968, 969, 973 Klare, Michael, 626 Jihadi terrorism, 118–121, 126–128, Knopf, J. W., 883 215, 217, 337, 344–347, 380, 521, Koch, Christian, 812, 818n5 588, 598, 740, 946 Koizumi, J., 653 Johnston, Patrick B., 790 Komite aksi penanggulangan akibat krisis Joint Investigation Teams (KOMPAK), 738 (JITs), 324–326, 328 Komite Indonesia untuk Solidaritas Joint Special Tasks Force, 800 dengan dunia Islam (KISDI), 738 Joint Support Group (JSG), 66 Kongres Umat Islam Bekasi (KUIB), 760 Joint Task Force (JTF), 631, 1014 Kosovo Liberation Army, 791 Jongman, A.J., 91 Kostakopoulou, D., 252 Justice and Reconciliation Krajeski, Thomas, 858 Commission, 143 Kristof, Nicholas, 843 Kumaratunga, Chandrika, 641–642 Kumpulan MilitanMalaysia, 751 K Kumpulan Mujahiddin Malaysia Kagwanja, C., 931 (KMM), 759 Kalyvas, S., 12 Kunming attack, 680, 682 Kano Disturbances Tribunal of Kuomintang (KMT), 668 Enquiry, 1005 Kurd groups, 589 Kargilik County, 672 Kurdish question, 825–827, 835 Karnataka Control of Organised Crime Kurdistan Freedom Falcons, 829 Act, 578 Kurdistan Regional Government Karnavian, Tito, 756 (KRG), 824 Kartosuwiryo, S.M., 735, 736 Kurdistan Workers Party, 824 Kashmir, 608n7 Kyrgyzstan, 556–557 Kaufmann, Chaim, 790, 791 Akayev, A. and human rights, 557–561 KC-135 detachments, 706 Atambayev, A. and balanced Kelly, J., 247 counterterrorism, 562–563 Kennedy, J.F., 47–48 Bakiyev, K. and religious Kennedy-Glans, Donna, 871 repression, 561–562 Kenya, 936, 1041 Corruption; and CT, 1047–1049; and human rights violation, 1047 L counterterrorism, 1041–1043, Labor migration, 1063–1064 1045–1047 Lacquer, W., 81 1084 INDEX

Laitin, D.D., 93 Lone wolf terrorists, 691–694, 698–700, Lambeth, Benjamin, 897 1055, 1065 Lampung incident, 737 High-Speed Rail attack, 695 Landazábal, F., 298 Presidential Ofﬁce Building Truck Lang, Jozef, 682 attack, 695–697 Laskar Jundullah, 761 rice bomb incident, 694 Laskar Pembela Islam, 738 Los Zetas organization, 230–231 Latvia, 402–404 Loughgall incident, 60–61 Law and order, 738 Law-enforcement agency, 106–107, 563, 605 M Law of Hideous Crimes, 279 Maas, Heiko, 912 Law of National Security Mad Bomber, 693 (LSN), 276–279 Madrassas, 625 Law of Organized Crime (LCO), 283 Madras Suppression of Disturbances Lawrence, T.E., 66 Act, 578 Leaderless resistance, 692 Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Lebanese Hezbollah, 751 Act, 578 Leftist radicals, 583–584 Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act Left-wing extremism division, 587 (MRHA), 713 Left-wing movements, 650–652 Majelis Mujahidin Indonesia Legge Bartolomei, 483 (MMI), 739 Legge Cossiga, 484 Majelis Mujahiodeen Indonesia Legge sui pentiti, 485 (MMI), 756–757 Lewis, Alexandra, 869 Majoran, A., 927 Lewis, J.D., 83 Malayan Chinese Association Lewis, O., 3–29 (MCA), 719 Liberation movement, 1056 Malayan Indian Congress (MIC), 719 Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam Malaysia, 703, 707, 717–720, 771 (LTTE), 93–95, 107, 635–636, conceptual framework, 774–775 635–645, 638, 639–641, counterterrorism policy, 773–774 645, 751 national security, 776–780 Libya, 945–947 security cooperation, 780–781 armed extremist groups, proliferation security threat, 772–773 of, 952–955 Malaysian Chinese Association methodological note, 947 (MCA), 778 state legitimacy, struggle for, 959–963 Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC), 778 and state theory, 947–952 Malaysian People’s Socialist Party, 720 territory and resources, struggle for; Malaysian Special Branch (MSB), 756 federalism resurgent, 955–957; Mali, 1022–1023 tribalism resurgent, 957–959 American policy concerns and Malian Libyan Islamic Movement, 953 Policy Agency, 1031–1036 Libyan Muslim Brotherhood, 953 diplomatic communication, reading Libyan Shield Force, 961 identity in, 1023–1024 Lind, J., 1004 ethnic, tribal, cultural and religious Lindblad, T., 735 map, 1024 Line of Control (LoC), 599 malian state, counterterrorism, Lithuania, 403–404 territory, subjects, 1028–1031 Lone-wolf phenomenon, 580 territorial control, 1037 INDEX 1085

US diplomatic expertise, 1024–1028 militarization, 237 Malian Policy Agency, 1031–1036 murder rate, 223, 224 Malimath Committee, 579 narcoterrorism, 224–230 Mamdani, M., 82 PAN, 227 Manjikian, M., 371–389 political developments, 227 Marak, Pradi, 630 population, 226 Marco, Ferdinand, 792 PRI, 227 Marine police, 592 and primary districts, 224, 225 Maritime Self Defense Forces, 654 smuggling drugs and people, 232–233 Marone, F., 479–492 US policy and transnational Martini, A., 73–87 cooperation, 238–240 Masbah, Mohammed, 972 Zapatistas and EPR, 233–234 Mason, R., 57 Middle East, 661 Massive retaliation, 892 Middle East and North Africa Mass Rapid Transit (MRT), 766 (MENA), 811 Masters, J., 929 Middle East Partnership Initiative Masyumi, 735 (MEPI), 856 Matchett, W.R., 39–67 Miliband, D., 341 Mbai, Ansyad, 756 Military Intelligence and Security Service McCulley, Terence, 1027, 1035 (MIVD), 386, 387 McNeil-Willson, R., 419–432 Military operations, 602–603 McQuinn, Brian, 958 Millennium Challenge Compact, 1034 McTigue, M., 109 Miller, D., 915 Means, 713 Ministerstvo Vnutrennikh Del Media Development Authority (MVD), 518, 519 (MDA), 714 Misuari, Nur, 795 Medici, E., 278 Mizo National Front, 582 Meisels, T., 927 Mohamad, Jaafar, 720 Memorandum of Notification Mohammad, Sheikh Abdul Salam, 623 (MON), 173 Mohanasundaram, K., 92 Mentoring programmes, Molnar, Andrew, 842 425–427, 429 Monetary Authority of Singapore Merari, A., 81 (MAS), 300–302 Meso-level conflict, 803n3 Money Laundering Prevention Metesky, George, 693 Ordinance (MLPO), 630, 631 Metz, S., 81 Money Laundering Prohibition Mexico, counterterrorism Act, 1007, 1011–1014 policy, 223–224 Montenegro, S., 306 bizarre plot, 233 Moroccan Islamic Combatant border security, 234–235 Group, 970 CARSI, 239 Morocco, 967–968 cartels, 230–231 internal imbalances, conventional terrorism vs. exporting, 971–975 narcoterrorism, 229–230 terrorist threats, 970–971 domestic policy, 235–238 Moro Islamic Liberation Front drug-related killings, 228 (MILF), 737, 741, 751, 784, 796, Florida-based drug trafficking, 238 798, 801–802 kidnapping cases, 232 Moro National Liberation Front Los Zetas TCO, 231–232 (MNLF), 784, 797–799 1086 INDEX

Mouvement pour la Liberation Nationale National Action Plan, 598, 604, 605 d’Anzawad (MLNA), 1022 National Anti-Terrorism Coordination Mowell, B., 223–241, 393–415 Group (NATCG), 675, 676 Mubarak, Hosni, 811 National Coordinator for Security and Muhammadiyah, 745 Terrorism (NCTV), 376 Mujahidin Indonesia Barat, 761 National Counterterrorism and Mujahidin Indonesia Timur (MIT), 760 Extremism Policy, 604 Multiple regional institutions, 661 National Counter Terrorism Authority Multi-purpose National Identity (NACTA), 603 Cards, 592 National Counterterrorism Committee Musharraf, Pervez, 601, 610n21 (NAK), 519 Mushtaq, N., 926, 932 National Counter-Terrorism Strategy MuslimBrotherhood, 1004 (NACTEST), 1015 Muslim community, 118–120, 123, National culture theory, 1064–1065 124, 126–128, 196, 201, 203, National Defense University, 186 204, 206–212, 218, 281, 339, National Democratic Front of 344–346, 349, 362, 365–367, Bodoland, 582 373, 383, 398–402, 405, 407, National Dialogue Conference 448, 451, 528, 536, 713, 754, (NDC), 865, 868 763, 765, 825, 915, 936, National Front, 719 1050, 1052 National Health Insurance Muslim Human Rights Forum, 1004 Administration (NHIA), 691–692 Muslim Mindanao, 713 National Human Rights Muslim solidarity, 818n8 Commission, 1016–1017 Muslim Ummah, 608n2 National Intelligence Grid Muslim Youth Centre of (NATGRID), 586 Aarhus, 426–427 National Intelligence Model Mustafa, D., 598 (NIM), 45–47 Mutual Legal Assistance (MLA), 326, 642 National Intelligence Priorities Mutual Logistics Support Agreement Framework (NIPF), 1032, 1033 (MLSA), 705, 710–712 National Investigation Agency Muzaffar, Chandra, 773 (NIA), 586 Muzayyin, Mustaqim, 757 National Liberation Front (FLN), 14, 21, 26 National Oil Corporation, 950 N National People’s Congress (NPC), 676 Naftali, T., 166 National Police Service Act, 1046 Nagaland, 582 National Police Service (Amendment) Nagaland Security Regulation Act, 578 Act, 1046 Nahdlatul Ulama, 745 National Population Register, 592 Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), 735 National security, 776–780 Naim, Bahrun, 772 National security, Canada, 199–201 Nalbandov, R., 91–109 National Security Act, 179, 577 Narcissism theory, 1066 National Security Advisor (NSA), 1008, Narcoterrorism, 224–230, 1011, 1014 240, 241 National Security Advisory Board Narodnaya Volya, 76, 96 (NSAB), 586 Nathan, K.S., 776 National Security Agency (NSA), 180, National Action Party, 227 386, 559, 750 INDEX 1087

National Security Commission Moluccan terrorism, 374, 380 (NSC), 676 Open Society foundation, 381 National Security Coordination post-September 11, 375–376 Secretariat (NSCS), 765 Preventive Search Law, 384 National Security Council (NSC), 586, Snowden revelations, 386 645, 695 surveillance and intelligence National Security Doctrine (NSD), 298 sharing, 385–388 National Security Guards (NSG), 586 New Air Trafﬁc Law, 359 National security paradigm, 870 New People’s Army (NPA), 784, 793 National Security Strategy (NSS), 109, 860 New Red Brigades, 486 National Service Intelligence Act, 1046 New Vision Facebook, 931 National Skill Development Council Nieto, E., 237 (NSDC), 588 Nigeria, 1003–1004 National Socialist Council of bombing in, 999 Nagaland, 582 counter-terrorism institutions and National Strategy for Combatting policies, 1014–1016 Terrorism, 856–857 CT law impact and National Strategy for practices, 1016–1017 Counterterrorism, 861 CT laws, policies and National terrorist groups, 1042–1043 institutions, 1006–1007 National Trade Union Congress Money Laundering Prohibition (NTUC), 717 Act, 1011–1014 National Transitional Council Terrorism (Prevention) (NTC), 951–952, 960 Act, 1007–1011 National Unity Government, 963 Terrorism (Prevention) (Amendment) Navy Seals, 935 Act, 1007–1011 Naxal organizations, 583–584 violent religious movements, terrorism Nayef, Muhammad bin, 815 and CT, 1004–1006 Negara Islam Indonesia (NII), 734 Nigerian Army Seventh Division, 1014 Neo-Destour, 968, 969, 977n4 Nigerian Drug Law Enforcement Agency Netanyahu, B., 19 Act, 1012 Netherland, 371–372 Nigerian Financial Intelligence Action Plan for Counterterrorism and Unit, 1013 Security, 377 Nigerian Police, 1005 actuarial justice, 377 Nigerian Taliban, 1005 AIVD, 376–377, 386–387 Nilsson, D., 797–798 Compulsory Identiﬁcation Act, 384 9/11 attack, 40–42, 104, 164, 169, 173, discrimination., 382 321–329, 575, 601–605, 656, 670, domestic terrorism, 372 679, 706, 715, 1011 Dutch citizens, 374–375 1971 Revolt, 635 Dutch counterterrorist Njoku, E.T., 73–87 policies, 380–381 Non-Align Movement (NAM), 777 Dutch society, 372–374 Non-Bahrainis, 840 immigration policy, 372, 382–383 Noncombatant immunity, 18, 20 Intelligence and Security Services Non-Governmental Organizations Act, 377 (NGOs), 55, 140, 198, 217, 412, international arrest warrant, 388 426, 537, 543, 547, 745, 767, 866 legislation, 378–379 Non-state terrorism, 13–16, 25, 26, MIVD, 386–387 139–141, 144, 151 1088 INDEX

Noohu, Ishak Mohamed, 755 Novelty-seeking theory, 1065 Noor, Fadzil, 720 Novikau, A., 535–548 North American Free Trade Agreement Nusantara, Katibah, 761 (NAFTA), 227, 238 Nwolise, O. B. C, 927 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 329, 365, 386, 394, 399–401, 403, 408–410, 412–414, O 481, 485, 538, 547, 824, 831–833, Obama, B., 109, 165, 166, 181–189, 846, 946, 960, 962 196, 247–248, 304, 357, Northeast India, 581–582, 590 691, 692, 698, 846, 856, Northern Europe, 393–399 860–866, 935 Finland, 406–408 Ocalan, Abdullah, 827, 828 Iceland, 408–409 Odyssean Cyclops, 917 Muslim populations, 396–399 Office of Security and Counter-Terrorism Northern Ireland, 39–40, 39–42, (OSCT), 340 44, 64, 65 Office of the Police Ombudsman 9/11 and al-Qaeda, 40–42 of Northern Ireland active supports, 51–52 (OPONI), 55–56, 63 CAJ, 44 Official Development Assistance CID/Crime department, 56 (ODA), 676 Coalition Forces, 46 Oki, Y., 798 co-ethnic support, 54 Omelicheva, M.Y., 515–530 covert successes, 61–62 One Belt One Road (OBOR), 681–682 criminal courts, 54 On Guerrilla Warfare (Zedong), 788 ECHR, 45 Onuoha, F., 1006 Fusion and Intelligence Centres, 46 Open Society Foundations HUMINT, 59–60 (OSF), 1049–1050 Hunger Strikes, 58 Operation Blue Star, 585 IED, 63 Operation Cast Lead, 899 Internal Security Solution, 57–60 Operation Eagle, 936 Iraq, US strategy, 43–47 Operation Enduring Freedom, 793, 799 Loughgall incident, 60–61 Operation Green Hunt, 583 OPONI, 55–56 Operation Hadal, 974 OTR scheme, 62–63 Operation Pillar of Defense, 891 passive support, 52 Operation Protective Edge, 894 Petraeus, D., 44, 64 Operation Restore Order, 1014 PIRA/PSF, 47–51, 53 Operation Usalama Watch, 1050 police impartiality and Operation Zarb-e-Azb, 603, 604 professionalism, 53 Oppenheim, L., 85 politics and economics, 44 Oppenheimer, A.R., 47, 63 RIC police model, 47 Optional Protocol of the International RIPA, 45 Covenant on Civil and Political RUC SB model, 43 Rights, 1009 SB, 55–56 Ordinance, 629–630 Westminster police model and Organisation de l’armée secrète NIM, 45–46 (OAS), 15, 239, 260, 279, 280, North Korea, 651 439, 441 Norway, 409–411, 645, 912 Organisation of African Unity Norwegian diplomats, 640 (OAU), 998 INDEX 1089

Organisation of Islamic Partido Socialista Obrero Español Cooperation, 794 (PSOE), 465, 467 Organization for Economic Co- Parti Islam SeMalaysia (PAS), 779 operation and Development Parti Keadilan Rakyat (PKR), 778 (OECD), 287 Parti socialiste destourien (PSD), 969 Organization of African Unity Partiya Karkaren Kurdistan (OAU), 1043–1044 (PKK), 824–829, 832, 834 Organization of American States Partnership for Regional East Africa (OAS), 15, 239, 260, 279, 280, Counterterrorism (PREACT), 1046 439, 441 Pathan ethnicity, 605 Orimogunje, T. O., 929 Patriot Act, 179, 180, 187, 188, 444 Oshanugor, F., 927 Peace and Security Council (PSC), 984 Osman, Showkat, 622 Peace mission, 680 OTR scheme, 62–63 Peace process approach, 39, 94, 300, Ottomanism, 823, 825 303, 795, 833, 898 Over-militarization, 297, 299, Peace Support Mission in Somalia 300, 309 (IGASOM), 985 Pearl Monument, 839 Pearl Roundabout, 843 P Pedraza, A., 306 Pakistan Penal Code, 713 counterterrorism policy sine Pendukung dan Pembela Daulah 9/11, 601–604 (PPD), 760 Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), 597 People’s Action Party (PAP), 713, 714 post-colony, violence People’s Alliance (PA), 642 geographies, 599–601 People’s Armed Police (PAP), 676 rogue elements of, 625 People’s Democratic Party, 828 statecraft, legibility, and People’s Liberation Organization of counterterrorism, 605–607 Tamil Eelam (PLOT), 636 Palanithurai, G., 92 People’s Progressive Party (PPP), 778 Palermo Convention, 1012 Perelman, M., 439, 446 Palestine, 4, 99–100, 624, 842 Personal Data Protection Act, 381, 386 Palestinian, 898 Peruvian truth commissions, 151 Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ), 100 Peshawar school attacks, 605, 606, Palestinian Liberation Organization, 641 610n22 Palestinian Liberation Organization Peshmarga, 832 (PLO), 15, 77, 101, 166, 167, 882, Peterson, M., 46 886, 890, 896, 897, 901n3, 901n4, Petraeus, D., 42, 43, 44 902n12 Philippines, 705, 708–713, 783–785 Pan-African Conference (PAC), 1056 counterterrorism and Pan-Islamism, 818n8 Mindanao, 801–803 Panni, Bayazid Khan, 623 doctrine in, 788–792 Pan-Sahel Initiative, 1030 factors, 797–799 Partai Islam SeMalaysia (PAS), 707, 720 history, 785–788 Partido Acción Nacional (PAN), 227, policy effectiveness, 792–797 236, 237 post-9/11 policies, effect of, 799–801 Partido Popular (PP), 465, 467 Philippines Armed Forces Chief General Partido Revolucionario Institucional Ciamatu, 712 (PRI), 227, 237 Philipson, A., 508 1090 INDEX

Piazza Fontana bombing, 481 Proceeds of Crime and Anti-Money Pillar, P., 164 Laundering Act, 1046 PIRA, see Provisional Irish Process-oriented methods, 1052 Republican Army Protective Edge, 893 Plan of Action, 1044 Provisional Army Council (PAC), 48, Pogoson, I. A., 927 50, 1056 Police and Special Task Force, 645 Provisional Army Executive, 50 Police Corporate First Responder Provisional Irish Republican Army Scheme, 716 (PIRA), 40–42, 47–51, 53, 54, 57, Police professionalisation 58, 60–63, 303, 320 programmes, 55, 59 See also Irish Republican Army (IRA) Police Security Service (PST), 409, 410 Provisional Sinn Féin (PSF), 47–51, 53, Police Working Group on Terrorism 57, 60–63 (PWGT), 319–321, 328 Psychopathological theories, 1064 Policymaking, 682–684 Punjab, 584–585 Political Islam, 735 Punjab Disturbed Areas Act, 578 Political radicalization, 624–625 Putin, V., 96, 169, 518, 519, 521, 523, Political violence, 8–13, 16–18, 20, 23, 524, 527, 528, 530n8 25, 26, 73, 74, 77, 80, 81, 137, 143, 151, 263, 285, 350, 437, 453, 480, 650, 751, 846, 863, 916, 917, 1058 Q Popular Front for the Liberation Qassim, Isa, 849, 850 of Palestine (PFLP), 141 Quadrennial Development and Popular Revolutionary Army, 234 Diplomacy Review (QDDR), 860 Population-centric Quick Response System (QRS), 676 approach, 788–790, 792 Porch, D., 309 Post, Jerrold M., 1066 R Post-September 11, 375–377 Radicalization, 195–219, 247, 249, 251, Poynting, S., 916 256, 267, 286, 330–332, 334, 338, Prabakaran, Velupillai, 639, 640 344, 362, 366, 367, 382, 383, Presidential Ofﬁce Building Truck 404–407, 420, 422, 424–427, attack, 695–697 624–625, 915 Prevention, Rehabilitation, and Aftercare Rahman, Abdur, 622 (PRAC), 815 Rahman, Muhammad Mukhleshur, 623 Prevention Of Crime Act (POCA), 772 Rahman, Saidur, 630 Prevention of Crime Board, 772 Rahman, Sheikh Abdur, 630 Prevention of Organized Crime Rajab, Nabeel, 848 Act, 1046 Rajapaksa, M., 94–95, 641–642 Prevention of Terrorism Act Rajeeb, Nabeel, 850 (POTA), 258, 262, 577, Ramos, Fidel V., 793 586, 719, 721, 772, 773, Rand, D.H., 83 1046, 1051 RAND Terrorism Database, 103, 104 Preventive Search Law, 384 Rapid Action Battalion (RAB), 630 Price, Bryan C., 790 Rational deterrence theory Prima Linea (PL), 482 (RDT), 882–884 Primeiro Comando da Capital (PCC), Rauf, Mufti Abdur, 623 282–284 Razak, Najib, 718, 773 Primoratz, I., 18 Reconstruction Assistance, 654 INDEX 1091

Red Army, 814 Beslan tragedy, 519, 527 Red Army Faction, 649, 651 Byzantine Empire, 525 Red Army Faction (RAF), 141, 355–356, Chechenization, 526–527 356, 359, 649–651 Chechen war, 518–519, 521–522, Red de Cooperantes (informants 524–526 network), 305 Counteraction to Terrorism Act, 519 Red Mosque, 602, 606, 610n21 Dubrovka theater crisis, 527 RedUrbanaAntonio Nariño FSB, 518 (RUAN), 303 imperium, 517, 522, 523 Rees, M., 57 Islamic republic, goal of, 524–525 Regional Counter-Terrorism Structure jihadi movement, 521 (RCTS), 681 legislation, 524 Regional environment, 810–811 Medvedev, D., 516, 519–520 Regulatory Investigative Powers Act military-bureaucratic solutions and (RIPA), 45 practices, 526 Reid, R., 177 MVD, 518 Relative deprivation theory, 1064 North Caucasus, 515–522, 524, Religious Rehabilitation Group 525–530 (RRG), 765 policies and actions, 97–99 Re-politicization, 917 Putin, V., 518, 519, 521, 523, 524, Research and Analysis Wing 527–528, 530n8 (R&AW), 577 Russkii Mir, 523 Reservoirs of violence, 735, 736 Tsarist, 522, 523, 526, 530n6, 530n7 Resource endowments, 626–627 USSR, collapse of, 523–524 Resource wars, 626 violence, 96–97 Revivalism, 771 Russian diplomatic mission, 539 Revolutionary Popular Struggle (ELA), 496 Revolutionary terrorism, 297, 298, 300 S Riaz, A., 628 SAARC Regional Convention on Rice bomb incident, 694 Suppression of Terrorism, 591 Richards, B., 58 Sabir, R., 915 Rid, Thomas, 892 Sada al Jihad, 692 Right-wing terrorism, 1065 Safety and Security Watch Groups Ring Banten, 760 (SSWG), 716 Road Requirement Plan, 587 Sageman, Mark, 638 Romaniuk, S.N., 655–656 Salaﬁst Group for Preaching and Combat Roosevelt, Franklin D., 588 (SGPC)/al-Qaeda in the Islamic Royal Canadian Mounted Police, 585 Maghreb (AQIM), 488 Royal Canadian Mounted Police Saleh, Ahmed, 857–858 (RCMP), 200, 210, 215 Salmaniya Hospital Center, 845 Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) police Sampson, I. T., 1006 model, 45, 47, 59 Sandler, Todd, 590 Royal Malaysian Police, 779 Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC), 39, Academy, 585 43, 45, 47, 51, 52, 54, 56–58, 63, Sattar, Abdul, 624 64, 66, 67 Saudi Arabia, 811, 817–818 Rubongoya, J., 1004 and counterterrorism, 813–815 Russia, 96, 515–518 IS threat and, 815–817 1092 INDEX

Saudi society, 815 7/7 attacks in London, 215, 248, 253, Saynuddin, Muhammad Hasan, 755 319, 323, 329, 339, 349, 472 Sayyaf, Abu, 793 7/18 Incident attacks, 672 Scandinavia, 393 Shagari, Shehu, 1005 Denmark, 404–406 Shahadat-e-al Haqima (SAH), 621, 623 Norway, 409–411 Shaikh, Farzana, 607 Sweden, 411–413 Shanghai Cooperation Organization Schelling, T. C., 893 (SCO), 670, 671, 680 Scheme for Modernization of State Shapiro, J., 440, 442, 451 Police Forces (MPF scheme), 587 Sharia law, 926 Scheme of Fortiﬁed Police Stations, 587 Sharma vs. Attorney General of Trinidad Scheme of Special Industry Initiative and Tobago, 266–267 (SII), 587 Shia, 839–840 Schmid, A., 91 Shia insurgency, Bahrain Schmid, A.P., 81, 108, 930 demographic differences and power Schmitt, C., 9–10 dynamics, 840–842 Sciandra, E., 135–151 initial phases, 842–845 Scott, James, 605 Shimshoni, J., 894 Scott-Smith, G., 386 Shining Path, 143, 151 Secessionism and terrorism, 466–467 Shultz, R., 164 Sechta ton Epanastaton (SE), 497 Siddique, Kawsar Hossain, 623 Secularism, 624 Siddiqui, Abu Baker, 625 Secular nationalism, 735 Sikulim memukadim, 101 Securitization, 910 Silva, L. da, 280, 288 Securitization theory, 704–705 Simon, Jeffery D., 693 Security complex theory, 929 Sinaloa cartel, 230, 231, 237 Security cooperation, 780–781 Singapore, 706, 707, 713–716, 749–750 Security gaps, 869 al Qaeda-centric threat; phase Security Offences (Special Measures) Act I, 752–756; phase II, 756–759 (SOSMA), 772–774 context, 750–751 Security-Related Expenditure (SRE) IS-centric threat; phase I, 759–762; Scheme, 587 phase II, 762–764 Security sector reforms, 140, 141, left-wing groups, 751 147–151, 929 state and societal response, 764–766 Selamat, Mas, 755, 756 Singapore Armed Forces (SAF), 708, 766 Sela-Shayovitz, R., 930 Singapore Police Force (SPF), 766 Self Defense Forces Special Forces Singh, R., 85–86, 108 Group, 659 6/26 Incident attacks, 672 Self-determination movements, 799 Skoczylis, J., 117–128, 337–350 September 11 attacks, 169, 171, 177, Smoke, R., 900 279, 280, 303, 337, 340, 355–365, Snow Leopard Commando Unit 371, 372, 374–378, 382, 385, 387, (SLCU), 677 399, 438, 449, 486, 649, 653, 703, Sobhan, F., 628 721, 764, 799, 813, 954, 1003, Social conﬂicts, 674–675 1062 Socialist Destourian Party, 969 Sergie, M. A., 929 Social learning theories, 1064 Serious Crime 5 (SC 5), 323 socialscape, 606 Servizio informazioni e sicurezza militare Social Weather Station (SWS), 709 (SISMI), 490 Societies Act, 713 INDEX 1093

Sodozey, Nazir Ahmed, 625 South Asian Association for Regional Soft authoritarian state, 713 Cooperation (SAARC), 628–629, Somalia, 925–927 642, 646 African Union (AU), 996–999; South Asian Association of Regional AUCMS funding instability, Cooperation Regional Convention implications of, 992–995;CT on Suppression of Terrorism, 591 strategy, 987–990; equipment Southeast Asia, 750, 764 and funds, diverse sources, 984; Malaysia, 717–720 and funding instability, 982–983; Philippines, 708–713 institutional challenges/ securitization theory, 704–705 instabilities, 984; unreliable Singapore, 713–716 financial resources, 983–984; war terror threat and varying on terror, 995–996 responses, 705–708 African Union Mission in Somalia South East Asia (SEA), 650 (AMISOM), 981, 996–999; Southeast Asian Regional contextual analysis, 985–986;CT Counterterrorism Centre, 707 capabilities and Southeast Asia Terrorism Portal, 636 strategy, 990–991;CT South Korea, 935 strategy, 987; financial Southwestern Bangladesh, 627 support, 993; political, social and Soviet Union, 656 strategic constraints, 991–992; Spalek, B., 198, 199 strategic effectuality, 986–987; Spanish Civil War, 918n3 strategic flaws of, 995 Spanish government, 467–468 counterterrorism, challenges and ETA, 472–473 prospects of, 931–937 policing strategies, 470–472 terrorism, 927–929 political strategies, 468–470 terrorist groups, 929–931 Spanish Guardia Civil, 67 Source of Funds Investigation Unit Special Action Force (SAF), 801 (SFIU), 507 Special Anti-Robbery Squad, 1016 South Africa, 1055–1056 Special Assault Teams, 658, 659 counterterrorism, 1060 Special Court of Sierra Leone implications, 1066–1067 (SCSL), 145 labor migration and informal Special Operations Command economy, 1063–1064 (SOC), 766 9/11 attack, response to, 1062–1063 Special Operations Unit of the security challenges, 1060–1062 Lithuanian Army (AITVARAS), 404 South African security Sri Lanka, counterterrorism context, 1056–1057 policy, 92–93 state-sponsored terrorism/misuse of policies and actions, 94–95 counterterrorism, 1059–1060 violence, 93 terrorism theories, 1064–1065 Sri Lankan, 635–636 war on terror, 1058–1059 counterterrorism efforts, 642–643 South African Black Consciousness counterterrorism strategies, 643–645 Movement, 1059 economic and political South African Police Service exclusion, 637–638 Special Task Force LTTE, capabilities of, 639–641 (SAPS STF), 1056, 1057 negotiations, end conflict, 641–642 South Asian Anti-Terrorism Taskforce Tamil resistance against Sinhalese (SAAT), 631 Government, 638–639 1094 INDEX

Sri Lankan (cont.) Strong state, 948–949 terrorism definition, 636–637 Study of Terrorism and Responses to Sri Lankan Armed Forces, 645 Terrorism (START), 530n2 Sri Lankan Freedom Party (SLFP), 642 Suicidal terrorism, 674 Stanley, Elizabeth, 1059 Suicide attacks, 581 START (Global Terrorism Suicide bombings, 927 Database), 93, 95, 530n2 Sulaiman, Hishamuddin, 720 State and non-state terrorism, 139–141 Sulu-Sulawesi Seas, 711 State Committee for Combating Sunni community, 201, 208 Terrorism, 376–377 Sunni Muslims, 836n4 State counterterrorism, 25–26 Supply side, 626, 631 conceptualization methods, 7–8 Supreme Security Committee (SSC), 961 counterterrorism (CT), 20–22 Susan, B., 440, 442 counterterrorist actors, 23 Suspect communities, 914 Google Ngram Viewer, 5 Sweden, 411–413 ICRC, 19 Swedish Security Service, 413 IHL, 13, 19 Synomosía Pyrínon Tis Fotiás (SPF), 497 legitimacy, 23–25 Syrian conflict, 974 Nicaragua, insurgency in, 15 noncombatant immunity, 18, 20 non-state terrorism, 13–16 T Palestine and Israel war, 4 Tablighi Jamaat organization, 401–402 Pinochet government, protest Taiwan, 691–692 against, 4 antiterrorist action law, 697 political violence, 9–12, 16–17 High-Speed Rail attack, 695 scholars, C,T26–27 institutional developments, 697–698 subtypes, 26–28 lone wolf terrorism, 692–694 terrorism, 6, 12–20 Presidential Office Building Truck true sovereignty, 23 attack, 695–697 truth terrorist (T.T.), 17 rice bomb incident, 694 United States and United Kingdom, Tajikistan bombings, 4–5 geopolitics and counterterrorism victim, identity of, 17–18 assistance, 566–567 violence, threats of, 4 independence, ideology, and civil State legitimacy, 959–963 war, 563–564 State-owned enterprises (SOEs), 674 internal factors, 564–565 State-sponsored terrorism, 15, 16, potential terror, external factors 139–141, 143, 147–149, 437, 587, of, 565–566 751, 1059–1060 Takfir/kufir, 82–83, 87n3 State terrorism, 668 Taliban, 601 State theory, 947–952 Taliban movement, 44, 84, 105, 170, Stockholm Programme, 332 172, 174, 188, 226, 489, 565, Strait of Malacca, 780 566, 599, 601, 602, 610n20, 720, Strategic Planning, and Management 789, 954 Unit (SPMU), 985 Tamil, 638–639 Strategy for Combating Radicalisation Tamil Diaspora, 641 and Recruitment to Terrorism Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization (SCRRT), 330–331 (TELO), 636 Stritzel, H., 254 Tamil Elam, 638–639 INDEX 1095

Tamil New Tigers (TNT), 639 Terrorism Act, 139 Tamil United Liberation Front Terrorism (Prevention) Act (TULF), 638–639 (TPA), 1007–1011 Tamir udDeen, 621, 623 Terrorism and counterterrorism, 39–40 Tandzim Al-Qoidah Indonesia Serambi 9/11 and al-Qaeda, 40–42 Makkah, 756 active supports, 51–52 Tanjung Priok, 737 CAJ, 44 Tankebe, J., 124 CID/Crime department, 56 Tanzim Ittihad-e-Islamy Coalition Forces, 46 Afghanistan, 737 co-ethnic support, 54 Tebu Front for the Salvation of Libya covert successes, 61–62 (TFSL), 959 criminal courts, 54 Tebus, 958 ECHR, 45 Tecnicos Especialistas en Desactivacion Fusion and Intelligence Centres, 46 de Artefactos Explosivos HUMINT, 59–60 (TEDAX), 321 Hunger Strikes, 58 Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), 601, IED, 63 602, 609n10 Internal Security Solution, 57–60 Temby, Q., 736, 742 Iraq, US strategy, 43–47 Tentara Islam Indonesia (TII), 734 Loughgall incident, 60–61 Terrorisim-ization, 910 OPONI, 55–56 Terrorism, 12–13, 575 OTR scheme, 62–63 acts of, 139–141 passive support, 52 characteristic, 18, 20 Petraeus, D., 44, 64 Counterterrorism policy (see PIRA/PSF, 47–51 Counterterrorism policy) police impartiality and for Counter-terrorism policy (see professionalism, 53 Counter-terrorism policy) politics and economics, 44 ﬁnancing of, 505–507 RIC police model, 47 ICRC, 19 RIPA, 45 IHL, 13, 19 RUC SB model, 43 international, 27 SB, 55–56 noncombatant immunity, 18 Westminster police model and non-state, 13–16, 25 NIM, 45–46 political violence, 16–17 Terrorism in Western Europe Event secessionism and, 466–467 Dataset (TWEED), 394 sporadic inclusion of, 143 Terrorism-ization, counterterrorism state and non-state, 139–141 legislation theories of, 1064–1065 movement, freedom transitional justice, application of, 912–913 to, 137–139 sovereignty, 913–914 transnational, 27, 166–169 terrorism, designation, 912 truth terrorist (T.T.), 17 Terrorism Prevention and victim, identity of, 17–18 Investigation Measures Terrorism, Radicalism, Extremism, and (TPIMs), 255, 258, 259, International Violence (TREVI) 342, 913 Group, 319–321 Terrorism Prevention Bill, 1006 Terrorism, Security and Society Terrorism Response Team, 659 (TSAS), 197, 199, 203, 207 Terrorist act, 577 1096 INDEX

Terrorist and Disruptive Activiities Transportation Security Administration (Prevention) Act (TADA), 577, (TSA), 1007 579, 586 Trans-Saharan counterterrorism Terrorist attacks, Bangladesh Partnership (TSCT), 1030 counterterrorism, 627–628 Tri-Border area (TBA), 281–283, 286 Terrorist Finance Tracking Troop Contributing Countries Programme, 333 (TCCs), 985, 998 Terrorist Financing Operations Truman, H., 163 Sections, 180 Trust vs. oppression, 427–431 Terrorist Offences Monitoring Truth and Dignity Commission, 142 Desk, 642–643 Truth and Reconciliation Commission Terrorist organizations (TOs), 881–882 (TRC), 142–143, 1059 adaptation problem, 894–895 Truth commissions, 139, 141–145, deterrability, problem, 884–887 150, 151 vulnerability, 886, 887 Truth seeking, 135, 141, 144 Thamilchelvam, S., 641 Truth terrorist (T.T.), 17 Thanabalsinghem, Chetti, 639 Tsarist Russia, 522, 523, 526, 530n6, Thatcher, M., 57 530n7 TheUnitedNational Party (UNP), 642 Tuanku Imam Bonjol, 734 Thimpu Declaration, 641 Tuareg-Malian Algiers, 1027 3/11 Attacks on Madrid, 319, 323, Tuareg militancy, 1026 327, 329, 465–466, Tuèek, F., 315–334 472, 682 Tunisia, 589, 967–968 Tiananmen attack, 673 internal imbalances, Tibet, 672–674 exporting, 971–975 Tiefenbrun, S., 1009 terrorist threats, 968–970 Tokyo subway system, 652 Túpac Amuru Revolutionary Total defence strategy, 715 Movement, 151 Toxic bombs, 695 Turbiville, G., 931 Transitional Federal Institutions Turkey, 823–825 (TFLs), 997 civil-military relationship, 830–832 Transitional justice (TJ), 135–137 domestic political and counterterror acts of terrorism, 139–141 environment, 829–830 criminal proceedings, 144–147 post-1984 period, 827–829 mechanisms, 141–142 pre-1984 period, 826–827 reparations, 137–139 terrorism and Kurdish security sector reforms, 147–150 question, 825–826 state and non-state terrorism, 139–141 three-pronged counterterrorism terrorism, application to, 137–139 strategy and traditional approach, 136 implications, 832–835 truth commissions, 142–144 Turkish Hurriyet Daily News, 834 Transnational criminal organizations Turkish nationalism, 823 (TCOs), 224, 226–230, 231, 232, Turk Silahli Kuvvetleri (TSK), 823, 824, 234, 235, 239, 240, 241 830, 835, 835n1 Transnational organized crime, 779 Transnational terrorism, 27, 102, 103, 107, 139, 164, 166–169, 279, 410, U 602, 671, 925, 1042 Udaan Scheme, 587–588 Trans-Paciﬁc Partnership, 779 Ugandan army, 991 INDEX 1097

Ulema Anjuman al Baiyinaat United States, 102–103, 591, 603 (UAB), 621, 623 policies and actions, 104–105 Umar, Abu, 758 violence, 103–104 Umat Islam Nusantara (UIN), 760 United States of America, 27, 357 U.N. Human Rights Council, 846 Unlawful Activities Prevention Act UN Global Counter-Terrorism (UAPA), 577–578 Strategy, 1044–1045 UN Security Council (UNSC), 985 UN International Convention, 628 UN Security Council Resolution, 250, Union Cabinet, 578 256, 257, 326, 500, 501, 586, Union Government, 590 636, 708, 876n2, 932, 993, Union Territory, 582 997, 1012 United Arab Emirates (UAE), 812 UN Security Council Resolution Unite de Coordination de la Lutte 1744, 997 Anti-Terroriste (UCLAT), 320, 438 UN Security Council Resolution United Kingdom, 337–338 2124, 932 British security services, 347 USAID, 867, 876n4 CONTEST, 340, 341, 346, 347 USA PATRIOTIC Act, 1003, 1004, CTSA, 338 1009, 1010, 1017 Home Affairs Committee, 341, 343 U.S counterterrorism, 163–166 Irish Republican Army 9/11 attacks, 163–166 (IRA), 338–339 al-Qaeda, Obama, B. against, 181–187 Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Bush, G.W., 169–181 (ISIL), 339 Middle East and South Asia, 167–168 jihadist attacks, 339 non-state actors and transnational jihadi terrorism, 347 terrorism, 166–169 prevent, 343–345 US Department of State (DoS), 779 protect and prepare, 345 US-led war on terror, 717 pursue, 341–343 US National Intelligence Council Radical Middle Way, 344 (NIC), 597 September 11 attacks, 340 US policy and transnational sociopolitical effects, 346–348 cooperation, 238–240 Terrorism Act, 337 US policy program, 705 United Liberation Front of Assam US strategy, Iraq, 43–47 (ULFA), 582, 625 Uttar Pradesh Control of Goondas United Malays National Organization Act, 578 (UMNO), 719, 720, 778, 782 Uttar Pradesh Gangsters and Anti-Social United Nations, 590 Activities (Prevention) Act, 578 United Nations Convention against Uyghur Autonomous Region, 672 Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC), 779 United Nation’s Global Counter- V Terrorism Strategy, 989 Valeriano, N. D., 791, 792 United Nations Human Development Vargas, G., 276 Index (UNDP), 536 Vicious circle, 857 United Nations Human Rights Victims and Witnesses Unit, 146 Council, 958 Villainous Laws, 453n4 United Nations Security Council Violence, 576, 626, 631 (UNSC), 575, 586, 1004 indiscriminate, 20 United Red Army, 651 instrumental, 9, 10, 12, 29n2 1098 INDEX

Violence (cont.) Wimmer, Andreas, 1058 political (see Political violence) Women’s National Committee threats of, 4 (WNC), 871 Violent Islamic activism, 910 World against Violence and Violent Violent-jihadi, 910 Extremism (WAVE), 196 Visiting Forces Agreement (VFA), 712 World Bank, 1013 Volkan, V., 637 World Internet Conference, 683 von Clausewitz, C., 9, 10 World Tamil Movement, 641 Vulnerability, 58, 104, 119, 216, 232, WOT, 653–655 249–254, 256, 257, 259, 261, 262, 268, 340, 401, 403, 557, 640, 716, 885–887, 894, 900, X 1057, 1061, 1062 Xiaoping, Deng, 670 Xinjiang, 672–674 W Wafa Movement, 847–848 Y Wahhabism, 816 Walker, C., 340 Yadlin, Amos, 891 Walzer, M., 42 Years of Lead, 491, 492 – Warnes, R., 315–334 Yemen, 855 856 ﬂ – War on Terror, 601, 602 con ation with West, 870 872 War on terror, 703, 721, 1021, 1030, counterterrorism, military dominance – 1031, 1037, 1058–1059 in, 869 870 – Warriors Affairs Commission increasing insecurity, 872 874 (WAC), 961, 963 women and – Weak states, 948–950 counterterrorism, 867 869 Weapons of mass destruction Yemen-U.S. relations; Bush – (WMD), 706 years, 856 860; Obama – Weber, M., 24, 25, 26 years, 860 866 Weinstein, J., 626–627 Yemeni Armed Forces, 873 Weitzer, R., 52–53 Yodo-go Group, 651 West Bengal Maintenance of Public Yusuf, M., 609n10 Order Act, 578 Western Europe, 77, 380, 393–395, 399, 460, 474, 488, 654 Z Western intelligence services, 762 Zahra-Malik, M., 604 Westminster police model, 45, 47 Zapatista movement, 233–234 White, Gregory, 976n1 Zedong, Mao, 668, 669, 684n1, White House, 103, 164, 171, 174, 178, 684n2, 788 181–183, 189, 196, 238, 535, 759 Zhou Qiao Company, 695 White Russia, see Belarus Zionist resettlement movement, 99–100 Whyte, D., 916 Zúquete, J.P., 275–289 Wilkinson, P., 81–82, 297 Zürcher, C., 98 Williams, P. D., 931 Zwai, 959