Journal of the International Map Collectors' Society

SUMMER1999 ISSUE No. 77

CONTENTS

From the Editor's Desk 2 Hereford 47 IMCoS Visit to Berlin 3 Dundee 47 Cultural Imagery in Titlepages 4 Berliner Staats Bibliothek 49 German History through Postcards 14 From Alexander to Abraham 52 Ortelius as scientist and collector 21 Comments on the Bartholomews 62 IMCoS London Weekend 33 A History ofiMCoS 64 International News & Events 43 Book Reviews 66 Istanbul 1999 43 Advertisers in this issue 67 Miami, Barcelona, Moscow 45 IMCoS List of Officers 68

Cover map: 'Natoliae, quae olim Aisa Minor, Nova Descriptio', from Theatrum Orbis Terrarum by Abraham Ortelius, 1570. Courtesy Muhtar Katircioglu.

Copy and other material for our next issue (Autumn) should be submitted by 15 July 1999. All items for editorial use should be sent to The Editor, Susan Gole, 3 Aylesbury Road, Wing, Leighton Buzzard LU7 OPD. Tel: 01296 681 071 Fax: 01296 682 671. e-mail: [email protected]

For Advertising, contact the Journal Advertising Manager, Derek Allen, 25 St Margaret's Road, London SE4 lYL. Tel/Fax: 0181-469 3932. e-mail: [email protected]

Chairman: Jenny Harvey, 27 Landford Road, Putney, London SW15 lAQ. Tel: 0181-789 7358. Fax: 0181-788 7819, e-mail: [email protected] Vice-Chairman: Valerie Scott, 48 High Street, Tring, Herts HP23 5BH. Tel: 01442-824 977. e-mail: gp86@dial. pipex.com Gen Secretary: W.H.S. Pearce, 29 Mount Ephraim Road, Streatham, London SW16 lNQ. Tel: 0181-769 5041. Fax: 0181-677 5417 Membership Secretary: Sam Pearce, 7 East Park Street, Chatteris, Camb. PE16 6LA. Tel: 01354-692 023. Fax: 01354-692 697. e-mail: [email protected] Treasurer: E.H. Timothy Whitten, Lower Bonehill Farm, Widecombe-in-the-Moor, Newton Abbott, Devon TQ 13 7TD Publicity Officer: Yasha Beresiner, 43 Templars Crescent, London N3 3QR. Tel: 081-349 2207. Fax: 0181-346 9539 Int. Development Officer: Caroline Batchelor, Pikes, The Ridgeway, Oxshott, Surrey KT22 OLG. Tel: 01372-843 425 Jnt.Secretary: Dr Robert Clancy, 11 High Street, Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia IMCoS Web Site: http://www.harvey27.demon.co.uk/imcos/

All signed articles are the copyright of the author, and must not be reproduced without the written consent of the author. Whilst every care is taken in compiling this journal the Society cannot accept any responsibility for the accuracy of the information included therein. 1 From the Editor's Desk

This is our second journal from the new intelligible to the rest of us! We shall miss printer and method of printing, and I think I him at our meetings, and the many valuable am gradually getting the hang of how to use contributions he made to our discussions. all the software, scanner, etc that I have But the accounts will remain in the safe acquired I would certainly welcome any hands of Tim Whitten whom many of us suggestions from proficient computer users met at Budapest two years ago. He will be among our members if they can help me formally elected to the post of Treasurer at obtain better scans. Very little assistance the AGM on 12 May, and we welcome his beyond the basic facts of how to install the experience in looking after the accounts of system comes with them, particularly the organisations like ours. scanner. It took me some time to realise that I Some members received only an required yet another piece of equipment to empty envelope in March, instead of the scan in transparencies, as opposed to ordinary Journal, due to the poor quality of the enve­ photographs, and I still have to rely on the lopes I was forced to use. The manufacturer press to scan in the coloured illustrations, till I of those used previously stopped produc­ learn how to supply colour separations. tion suddenly, and there was difficulty in Perhaps by the Autumn issue ... obtaining replacements. I now have a new Although this Journal is being mailed supplier, and hope the same problem will earlier than usual (due to the early date of not recur. If any member missed their jour­ the Map Fair this year), and the AGM has nal, please do get in touch and I will send not yet been held, I would like to take this them another copy. opportunity of expressing the gratitude of On a similar topic, it seems that al­ the Executive Committee for the great work though Magister mailed registration forms of our Treasurer of the last nine years. Cyrus for the symposium in Istanbul to all our Ala'i joined the committee in 1990, replac­ members, using labels I had supplied, ing Eugene Burden who had filled in when some got lost in transit. More forms are Harry Pearce found it too much to manage available with me, and I will send them to both the Secretary's tasks as well as keeping any member who wishes to participate. the accounts. Cyrus has a long background There is still time to register before the fee of running his own company, as well as a goes up on 1st July. specialised knowledge of maps, especially We have again an increased number those of Persia drawn by Europeans, and of advertisements in this issue, thanks to more unusually of the indigenous carto­ the hard work of our Advertising Man­ graphic traditions of the region, so he was an ager, Derek Allen. However, I would like ideal choice to be the IMCoS Treasurer. Un­ to see more of them in colour. An adver­ der his guidance the annual 'turnover' of the tiser's name and address would certainly Society has risen from £18,000 to £34,000. I stand out from the others if it were in have to be careful when I stress the great bright, contrasting colours. This time we job he has done oflooking after our finances, also have two classified ads. This service because our accounts have always been hon­ is free to members for their private wants. estly kept, but under Cyrus they became S.G

2 A WEEKEND IN BERLIN

Over 30 members from 9 countries and several of Berlin (1668, 1825), together gathered in Berlin at the weekend. Our with World Atlases- Battista Agnese 1579, main aim was to visit the treasures in the Mercator 1633. newly integrated State Library. However In the afternoon in the impressive we also witnessed the rebirth of a city. modern building of the former West Berlin Final preparations were in hand for the Library, Herr Zogner, our host, had care­ opening on 19th April of the newly fully provided a contrast to the morning restored Reichtag building, once again to with a wider scope of material, of no lesser be home to the German Parliament after interest. Here we saw an array of Portolan 66 years. It would have been feasible to charts, the large World Map of Nicolas de produce a thematic map of high rise cranes Fer printed in 1754, a unique map of Europe - such was their profusion in the belt of by Gerardus de lode 1584, a Mercator ce­ land which formerly marked the border lestial globe of 15 51 , a silk map of Berlin between East and West! Not in vain is 1788, and even some oriental exhibits in­ Berlin currently called the construction cluding a Map of the Great Wall of China site of Europe. from the first half of the 18th century. Of Our weekend started on a social note, course there was more which space does not with Berlin dealer Nikolas Struck, kindly permit me to describe, but we certainly had being our host while we explored the con­ a feast of mapping throughout the day. tents of his gallery and renewed The afternoon had begun with a con­ acquaintances with other members. ducted tour of an exhibition of the work of Our map viewing began on Saturday the 19th century German cartographer morning in the Staatsbiblotek in Unter den Heinrich Kiepert. This exhibition had Linden. First we saw the Giant Atlas of 53 opened the previous evening with the sup­ maps, which was described by Oswald port of the German Map Collector's Circle Dreyer-Eimbcke on page 27 of the last to mark the 100th anniversary ofKiepert's Journal. I had read about this in advance, death. There were several themes within the and yet I was still not prepared for the size exhibition - Palestine being one of them and magnificence of this Atlas - I will cer­ and, particularly poignant today, maps fo­ tainly never see anything like it, except its cusing on territory borders within Europe 'brother' volumes in London and Rostock. being another. These three atlases bound in the workshop On Sunday, our theme changed from of Cors Dirckz contain wall maps from mapping to history and architecture. An ex­ 1646-1662 by well-known Amsterdam cursion to Potsdam to visit the palaces of map publishers, such as Blau, Hondius, the former German royal family and a re­ Visscher, Danckerts and others. The Berlin turn trip by boat on the Havel under the Atlas contains 35 wall maps - all conti­ famous former East West border crossing, nents being represented- and 18 sea charts. the Glienicker Bridge, provided a different To complement this, the remainder of kind of relaxation. Two days provided only the morning's display focused on Euro­ a taster of what this city has to offer. The pean town plans: London (Cary Pocket city felt full of life, hope and regeneration. Atlas 1820), St. Petersburg (Savinkov It will be nice to see this realised by a return 181 0), Paris (Pichon 1780), Wien 1821 visit in the future. J.H.

3 Cultural Imagery in the Titlepages of Ortelius and his Contemporaries

This article is an edited version ofa talk given at ample is that from Gratian's Decretum the coriference of the Brussels International (Venice, 14 77) which shows the Seven Map Collectors' Circle (BIMCC) held on 12 Virtues - Justice, Fortitude, Prudence, Dec 1998. The conference commemorated the Temperance, Faith, Hope and Charity four-hundredth anniversary of the death of (Fig.1). Abraham Ortelius in 1598 and there were two other talks on topics relating to Ortelius. With the advent of printing the tech­ Rodney Shirley's talk was illustrated by colour niques of composition changed. Some of slides and in addition there was a small the earliest titles are notable for their dis­ exhibition of about 20 decorative atlas tinctive borders showing putti, vases, titlepages and frontispieces. A similar talk and and floral decorations or even intricate exhibition is taking place at IMCoS' London Moorish patterns. Others bear little rela­ Meeting on 30 May 1999. tion to the work they preface. This is because interchangeable woodblock My talk embraces a rather elusive panels could be re-assembled for differ­ topic- the decorative titlepages and fron­ ent occasions; even to illustrate the verso tispieces that come at the beginning of of constituent maps. For instance there­ many atlases and similar topographical verse of Sebastian Munster's map of works from the 15th century onwards. France of 1550 has the titlepage frame This subject has been strangely ne­ from a book of the 1520s. The evangelis­ glected. It somehow falls within a tic figures and their symbols are no-man's land: by-passed by art histori­ reputedly by Hans Holbein the Younger ans, bibliographers and by specialists in (Fig.5). Another unusual example is the cartography. But the examples which I verso of Munster's Ptolemaic world map shall mention demonstrate the variety, of 1578 which consists of an imaginative complexity and imagery of the genre. woodcut print showing the moralistic Dealers have been breaking up at­ progression of pupils through the temp­ lases to sell their constituent maps since tations of this world until they achieve the 1920s, if not before. Too often the bliss and salvation. preliminary material to an atlas, includ­ Some of the earliest titlepage exam­ ing many fine engravings, has been ples are based on classical imagery. The discarded. It is now realised that many designer of the frontispiece - and titlepages invite a deeper appraisal in endpiece- to Waldeemuller's 1520 edi­ terms of their imagery and meaning tion of the Geographia of Claudius which is usually related to the contents of Ptolemy clearly wished to impart images the works they precede. of the classical world with his vignettes The decorative titlepage originated of the three Graces at the top and of the in the 15th century among selected Judgement of Paris at the foot sur­ manuscript works as a more inviting pre­ rounded by a tendrilled border (Fig.6). liminary than the plain endpiece or Waldseemuller' s frontispiece is also dis­ colophon. A relatively sophisticated ex- tinctive in that it is often found as an

4 l. An early Italian book frontispiece: Gratian's Decretum, 1477. 2. Ortelius' Theatrum Orbis Terrarum ( 1570), the first to show the continents in figurative form. 3. The second ( 1603) titlepage for Ortelius' classi­ cal atlas, the Parergon. 4. The unusual titlepage to De Jode's Speculum Orbis Terrarum, 1578. l12l 5 ~ example of two-colour printing. This was Theatrum Orbis Terrarum of Abraham achieved by using two woodcut blocks, Ortelius published in Antwerp in 1570. one for each colour. In the same atlas the His titlepage (Fig.2) was a highly inno­ map ofLotharingia (Lorraine) is a unique vative one. For the first time the example of an early map with three- col­ continents are given personification in our pnntlng. Early colour printing figurative form. The architectural nature florished in a limited way in Venice and of the titlepage, suggestive of the prosce­ in centres such as Augsburg for a few nium of a theatre, corresponds to the title years up to about 1520. However, there Ortelius chose for his atlas. The five fe­ were insuperable difficulties with the male figures immediately invite registration of successive blocks and so explanations of their roles. its adoption faded away, not be to Catholic Europe is seated atop an re-introduced until the invention of li­ imposing classical arch flanked by the thography in the late 18th century. figures of Africa and Asia. America is A different form oftitlepage is that of symbolically represented by an Amazo­ Munster's Cosmographia from 1544 nian huntress holding a severed head. onwards (Fig. 7). Effigies and escutch­ Ortelius took this image from Hans eons of the rulers of the known world Staden's Warhaftig Historia ... in Neuen flank the seated figure of the Holy Ro­ Welt published in Marburg in 1557. The man Emperor at top. The panels below remaining figure, a bust lit by a flame, is shown the threatening Asian hordes and, at first sight a baffling piece of symbol­ at the foot, the latest discoveries from the ism. However, its subtle meaning is New World are presented. These images elucidated by an explanatory poem reflect the fears and hopes of contempo­ printed in the preliminary pages to the at­ rary Europeans. las. The bust represents Magellanica, the Several elegant figurative and archi­ southern continent of which only the top tectural titlepages are found at the front part has been discovered, and the flame of Italian atlases and topographical works refers to the fires which sailors saw burn­ dating from the 1560s. An excellent ex­ ing on the coasts of Tierra del Fuego, the ample of this genre - more readily Land of Fire. available than the rare titlepage some­ The same form oftitlepage was used times prefacing the so-called Lafreri atlas in all editions of Ortelius' atlas up to - is that of Tommaso Porcacchi (Fig.8). 1612 and the preliminary poem invites First issued in 1572, the finely engraved his readers to explore the maps of the architectural frontage graced several later countries therein: editions. Note the two putti with an So you have seen, spectator, what the armillary sphere and the four figures per­ first page outside the book proper haps representing four elements of shows you. Let your eyes linger no Classical and Renaissance learning: Ge­ longer here: look further and take the ography, Astronomy, Mathematics and measure of the vast world in these small maps. You can now travel Geometry. safely through all regions, between One of the most important atlases unknown tribes, through remote cities, signalling the rise of Flemish and then rivers and mountains, valleys and Dutch supremacy in map-making was the seas. Your voyage will take you

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5. On the reverse ofMiinster's map ofFrance is the titlepage from a quite different book of the 1520s, reput­ edly designed by Hans Holbein. 6. The endpiece from the Waldseemiiller-Ptolemy atlas of 1520. 7. Titlepage from Miinster's Cosmographia from 1544 onwards. 8. An elegant classical titlepage, used by Porcacchi from 1572 onwards. 1:--J 7 li_jJ through the huge orbit of the world and by putti representing Hydography and all that it contains. Horology, each with their instruments or On the versos of some of Ortelius' s emblems of practice. The central oval ti­ titlepages may be found imposing coats tle frame is surrounded by all twelve signs of arms, a form of flattery honouring the of the zodiac, perhaps signifying the cos­ titular ruler (the Hapsburg Emperor of the mological order that the atlas was Low Countries) or the dedicatee (the intended to embrace. The two elongated King of England for the English-text edi­ pyramids on either side are faced by curi­ tion of 1606). ous signs and symbols reminiscent of the Two further titlepages are associated hieroglyphics of the Egyptians. Because with Ortelius' historical supplement the such signs were devised before the inven­ Parergon . The first, dating from 1595, is tion of writing they were considered of a solid architectural structure with two mystical origin and (as expressed by massive pillars on a decorated base. Valeriano in his Hieroglyphica of 1556) Rather unusually it is a woodcut, and it were regarded with awe by Europeans. had been used before in the Polyglot Bi­ The great Civitates Orbis Terrarum ble of Benedictus Arias Montanus by Braun and Hogenburg(l572-1618), published by the Plantin Press. The with its bird's-eye town plans and views phrase at the foot 'Historiae Oculus complemented Ortelius' Theatrum. Geographia' translates as 'Geography is There are six detailed allegorical title­ the Eye of History'. pages to the full set and Fig.9 shows A new and more sophisticated title­ volume III (1582). There are the personi­ page to the Parergon appeared in 1603, fications of Peace, Concord, Abundance after the printing of the atlas came into and Security seated on the upper part of hands of Jan Baptist Vrints (Fig.3). the arch, allegorising the virtues of the Flanking the title are two classical sup­ prosperous city state. Below, underpin­ porters of a celestial or terrestrial globe. ning these virtues are the obligations of Above them are two primeval figures, the Duty and Obedience, presided over by left-hand one holding a trident represent­ the central figure of Justice. Volume VI, ing the seas and the right-hand one with a 1618 (Fig.13) contrasts two opposing rudder representing the land, clouds and groups of rulers with, at the top, the im­ winds. Between them a serpent (Wisdom) ages of Prosperity and Punishment and encircles books of the ancients and above in the lower vignettes pictures of War is a Greek motto reading (in translation) and Peace. 'Foolishness in the eyes of God' the An important contemporary titlepage meaning of which in this context is not is that to Lucas W aghenaer' s Spiegel der clear. The historical scope of the Zeevaerdt or 'The Mariners' Mirror'. It Parergon, depicting the classical world of shows the nautical instruments used at the the ancients, is imaginatively displayed. time: two seamen (precariously balanced A contempory of Ortelius, Gerard de on a sort of floating superstructure) cast­ Jode, invoked occult symbolism in the ing out leaded lines for depth-sounding; titlepage to his Speculum Orbis dividers, box compasses, astrolabes, Terrarum of 1578 (Fig.4). The figure of quadrants, hour-glasses and portable Geography, seated at the foot, is flanked globes, both terrestrial and celestial.

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9. From the Civitates Orbis Terrarum, the atlas of town plans by Braun and Hogenburg; volume III, 1582. 10. Janssonius' Novus Atlas, 1648. A more complex set of images of the continents, with their associated fauna. 11. The general frontispiece from Blaeu's Atlas Major, 1662, after a picture by Rubens. 12 . Blaeu's frontispiece for the American section of his Atlas Major, showing an idealised Indian. f9lOl 9 ~ National pride and monarchial flat­ pire of Great Britaine with its niched tery is well exemplified by images columnar structure was copied from glorifying the ruler of the country con­ Mercator's prototype. The figures are cerned, often the dedicatee. Christopher those of the ancient inhabitants of Britain: Saxton's well-known and masterly fron­ the Romans, Saxons, Danes and Normans. tispiece to his 1579 atlas (probably In turn, Speed's imagery was copied by engraved by Remigius Hogenburg) viv­ the great Dutch houses of Blaeu and idly presents a resplendent image of J anssonius in the 1640s, and many similar Queen Elizabeth I and her majesty. This titlepages were designed for other parts of image, linked with Saxton's new maps of their multi-volume atlases. One of the fin­ the counties and whole realm of England, est of these is that for Janssonius' Novus articulates the theme of national pride Atlas. Engraved by D V Bremden for edi­ and unity. tions of the Novus Atlas from 1648, it Sometimes prominence was given to elaborates the images of the continents contemporary events. For instance, the with great artistic skill (Fig.1 0). titlepage to Guicciardini' s Description In France, national pride is exempli­ de Touts les Pays-Bas in the late edition fied by Le Clerc's Theatre du Royaume of 1609, shows the opposing generals de France ( 1631) showing the reigning Maurits and Spinola and their adherents King Louis XIII and his deceased father coming together to celebrate the signing Henri IV as historic personae accompa­ of the Twelve Years Truce on 16 April nied by maps of France and of Paris. 1609 (Fig.14). Up to now, most titlepages had been The many engravings which form rather stiff in form, with figures or heral­ the sectional titlepages to De Bry's Major dic arms placed against a backdrop of an and Minor Voyages from 1590 onwards arched proscenium. A more sophisti­ encapsulate explorations to the New cated development was the pictorial World and elsewhere, with depictions of titlepage where the title became a sub­ natives and their customs. All the figures sidiary element in the overall design. In a in De Bry's Virginiae (1590) are copied few cases the original is known to us, directly from the drawings by John such as a Rubens painting in the Louvre White, made during the ill-fated English which was adapted to form the grand attempt to colonise Virginia in 1585-87 frontispiece to Blaeu's Atlas Major of (Fig.15). Another De Bry titlepage is one 1662 (Fig.11 ). The section with maps of which did not appear until 1619 and America in the same atlas has an shows a world map with the track of strongly evocative frontispiece contrast­ Drake's circumnavigation of 1587-89. ing an idealised Indian with the The first titlepage to Mercator's At­ exploitation by the Spanish of the lands las lacked the flanking figures to the and peoples for gold (Fig.12). central image of Atlas. The 1606 edition, From the 1630s onwards the stylistic the first under the editorship of Jodocus forms and iconography of the baroque Hondius, included full-length figures of movement increasingly influenced atlas the continents, now increased to six decoration. A study of, for instance, the (Fig.16). Hondius' engraving of the ti­ many engraved titles and frontispieces tlepage to John Speed's Theatre ofthe Em- for the cartographic works associated

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13. From volume VI ofBraun & Hogenburg's Civitates Orbis Terrarum , 1618. 14. Guicciardini 's title­ page to his description of the Low Countries celebrates a (short-lived) treaty of political amity. 15. De Bry's representation of the natives of Virginia, based on accounts of the ill-fated British expedition there of 1585-8. 16. The titlepage to the Mercator-Hondius Atlas of 1606. ll3l4l 11 ~ )., with the German firm of Matthaeus '· ""C(' ' -·-.. Merian and his successors between 1630 ~~~~)~;:~.. and 1730 would be an art research project t~~ ~' in its own right. · " ~rmispqrrrs ,, 1 In summary, the titlepages described \ (::.)'. Antique Miips & Prints -~ J in this short overview all illustrate the ~~~~~,j ----,··-v· 1'1 - ~- - , \._l·-·- ~~----=-- \ • ·; t C ..._, r-· ·i I evolving way in which the cartographer .. ·, j~J:J..-.-~-----...... _..1 - or his engraver reacted to their perceived . (y >- market for their atlas and its maps. In form and content, they each reflect the Fine Original Antiquarian Maps contemporary society of which the from the 16th to 19th Centuries map-maker, or publisher, were creative Africa, eastern US, World, and General members. Many atlas titlepages express, even more vividly than their constituent Richard &Penelope Betz maps, classical symbolism, cultural im­ Box 355, Stoddard, NH, 03464, USA ages, emblems of national pride or the (T) 603-446-7181, (F) 603-446-2301 techniques of cartography. They deserve [email protected] wider attention than has been accorded hitherto. RODNEY SHIRLEY www. betzmaps.com

13 Cecil Court Telephone: 0171 240 4406 Charing Cross Road Fax: 0171 240 8058 London E-mail: [email protected] WC2N4EZ Website: www .btinternet.com/-tooleys

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Pieter van der Aa's spectacular version of Cassini's planisphere, published in Leiden, in Nouveau Theatre du Monde ... , c.l713

125 New Bond Street London • W1 Y 9AF • UK Tel: +44 (0) 171 491 3520 Fax: +44 (0) 171 491 9754 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: http://www.jpmaps.co.uk

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13 German History through Postcards A post-war border dispute

The period between the two World Wars Oldenburg, Munster and Elberfeld (ar­ was one ofrecriminations with much unrest eas later occupied by the British army in Germany at the way the borders were after the Second World War). redrawn. One area of interest that It is not known when the first of frequently appeared on postcards during these cards appeared but they are in this period was the Polish Corridor Region. some ways similar to maps circulating earlier. A double folding map in the au­ The period immediately after the thor's possession has a similar motif. First World War was taken up with re­ The front side has a map of The Map of criminations against the Allied Powers Europe of 1915. (The Dream of Our En­ for the way in which Germany was di­ emies.) and depicts a Europe similar to vided. After all, Germany had not lost the that of the postcards mentioned except war. An interesting map, possibly used for the boundaries. Northern Germany is for propaganda purposes during the last occupied by England and everything be­ stages of the war and the period immedi­ low Frankfurt is French with Germany ately following, was actually first remaining as a small enclave around the published in France by Publications city of Gotha. The reverse has The Fu­ Artistiques, 6 Rue Gitlie, Coer 5, Paris ture Europe, as the German-Austrian (Fig. 1). If the text is to be believed, this map of Germany had appeared in a "ou wv L"E~w u ~p 'i'R -r·A~G "E:""'- "'-'' French magazine or newspaper. This was ...... _.·, ~jV· ~~ ·:·;· v.::,')~z?~' . copied and published as a postcard with DE L'ALLEMAGNE :~~ ,.. :.~--~~-:--<- ...:t' ,.:.~. • ;,. ' '•.: .. -~.;r >'~ -~d . :.;. _;_.,.;.,t .. ~ ~-- :..~.- .,. -~ --~~~(. the text: Le Partage de L 'Al/emagne - - L'ECHEANCE DE DEMAIN L 'Echeance de de main. German text above and below, possibly added by the publisher F Astholz jun. in Hanover, ex­ plains that this was how the French, English and Russians would break up Germany after the war as War Booty. Very soon the card was copied and issued by G H Kretzschmar in Stuttgart in colour and with altered text: This is how our enemies want to divide Germany. Probably circulated during the final stages of the war to encourage resistance, the map depicts a much-reduced Ger­ many composed mainly of the Land of

Thuringia with the surrounding areas P U aLJCJ\ TIQ 113 J\ Rl'!~Tt~U e~ now occupied by foreign powers with Verte!iung von Deutsch land als :{rie~~~~beute '.ler Franzosen, Enqlander llnd r~ussen even England present occupying the area (Nach oinItaly the rest of Europe is evenly di­ follows: .. . thence to the easternmost vided between Germany and mouth of the Nogat River at a bearing of Austria-Hungary (with Ireland belonging approximately 209 & 176; East from true to the latter, Britain to the former). The North; thence up the course of the Nogat map has an imprint of A Sala of Berlin. River to the point where the latter leaves The maps are designed to be folded twice the Vistula (Weichsel); thence up the and then slipped in a cover the shape, size principal channel of navigation of the and printing of a postcard. Vistula, then the southern boundary of It is clear that the idea of partition was the Kreis of Marienwerder .... used as propaganda. Whether this was to The Treaty defined the border as be­ persuade the population to fight for their ing the middle of the Vistula (Weichsel) country or as a warning as to what might river.3 Section 30 of the treaty states: In happen if they lost is not clear. They were the case of boundaries which are defined probably used for both but the idea put for­ by a waterway, the terms "course" and ward as to possible division of the German "channel" used in the present Treaty sig­ Reich would have outraged most of the pop­ nify: in the case of non-navigable rivers, ulace. It was a foreboding of what was to the median line of the waterway or of its come. When peace did come most Germans principal arm, and, in the case of naviga­ were more than shocked to see how much ble rivers, the median line of the principal land they lost and were extremely angry. channel of navigation. It will rest with the The fact that many border disputes seemed Boundary Commissions provided by the to be settled arbitrarily and always to Ger­ present Treaty to specify in each case many's disadvantage must have done much whether the frontier line shall follow any to sew the seeds of discontent for years to changes of the course or channel which come. The situation of Bischofswerder is a may take place or whether it shall be defi­ typical example: where the border was nitely fixed by the position of the course drawn between the town and its own sta­ or channel at the time when the present tion! The Saar area was another Treaty comes into force. hotly-disputed border problem. This However, when the border was es­ Verlorenes - doch nicht vergessenes Land tablished it lay to the east of the river, at was the object of many postcards between one point annexing five villages4 with 1920-1935 and again after WW2. 1 mainly German-speaking populations to Good examples of the outrage felt at Poland. These five villages - Fiinf the carving up of Germany are the cards W eichseldorfer - are shown on some describing the border between Germany early cards (Fig. 2). One card that clearly (formerly eastern Prussia) and Poland and shows the area concerned is titled Danzig and the establishment of the Polish Ostpreussens Abschniirung von der Corridor. Early cards strongly attacked the Weichsel. Printed by Otto Siede of Elbing course of the border as laid down under it clearly shows the river and border. Al­ 2 the Versailles Treaty of 1919. though the Versailles Treaty laid down

15 that borders along rivers would follow the mid-channel line, here the border clearly runs along the east bank and at two places, the five villages and at a bridge further south, the border passes some hundreds of meters east to Po­ land's advantage. The five villages are located east of the main road from W eissenberg to Kurzebrack and the bor­ der has been severely stretched to include them in Polish territory. Fig. 2 (above left). A variation of this map postcard was Fig. 3 (above right). produced by the same publisher5 (Fig. 3) Fig. 4 (left). Fig. 5. (below, with with a number of additions and has To­ cut-out flap down). day: Corridor where the partner card has Fig. 6 (bottom). Poland. It also has a text on the back strongly attacking the corridor. The bor­ der stipulation of the Versailles Decree makes it impossible for the Prussian people to reach the Weichsel as the river does not form the border but has been converted into an inland waterway for the Poles, to which we have no access. The author's copy of this card was sent through the post in September 193 3. A third card is known with a different title. Another pair of cards has a simpler map of the area but more text. The first (Fig. 4) has: vom Reiche getrennt and Polens Willkur ausgeliefert. A text on

Der Korridor als Verkehrszentorer. the reverse mentions a meeting from Das ostdeutsche , nach Versailles. 6-8th July 1929 of the 4. Reichsjugendtag in Danzig: Ostpreussen ist unser Wanderziel, den deutschen Brudern, die im kleinkampf des Grenzlandes stehen, gilt unsere Fahrt gen Osten! A later version of the same card, printed by Georg Westermann in Braunschweig, is more controlled in its language: durch Grenzziehung ... vollig abgetrennt.6 Although these two corri­ dor cards are almost the same, the second (and probably later) card shows a slightly different section (the area has

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18 which menaces future peace in Europe, fascnating account of how maps can be used po­ and I urge that every means be taken to litically by non-politicians. G. Herb: Under the Map of Germany , Routledge, 1997. remove it before it is too late; Hitler: Let 3. Article 28: ... thence up the principal channel of us settle the matter in peace, all Germany navigation of the Vistula .... Article 30: In the asks for is a road and a railway; The case of boundaries which are defined as water­ Poles: Beside the Corridor we want East ways, ... the median line of the principal chan­ nel of navigation. Prussia and the whole of the Baltic coast 4. These villages were probably in the region where up to Stettin! The accompanying card Janowo is today, ie.e due east of Gniew (formerly (Fig. 7) depicted the east US coast and Mewe) and north ofKwidzyn (Marien werder). had Maine and New York separated by a 5 This card was distributed by the Arbeits­ gemeinschaft fur Grenzlandarbeit in Corridor New Hampshire belonging to Marienwerder in Westpreussen. (See Herb, p. Canada and posed the question: What 15ff for more about thei organisation). would you say if the United States of 6. .. .cut off.from the Reich and delivered over to Poland's America were to be treated in this way ... ? capridousness/despotism (depending on your point of view!) and cut offdue to redrawing ofborders . 7. Illustrated inK. Batten: 'History on a Postcard' NOTES in Mercator 's World, Vol 3, No 2, 1998, p. 56. 1. See Mahlon W. Wagner (Siegfried Feller): 8. Kohtz, H: Westpreussen, Adam Kraft, 1986. 'Saarland Maps on Postcards' in Cartomania, 9. Herb, op cit, p. 154ff. Issue 1, Spring 1986, pp2-6. 10 Herb, op cit, pp 21-23 . 2. I would like to thank Chris Tabor and Raymond 11. I am grateful to Mr Siegfried Feller for bringing Craib of MapHist for drawing my attention to this card to my attention. the treaty, especially paragraphs 27-30, and KIT BATTEN Guntrum Herb's recent book which is a

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20 Ortelius as a scientist, collector and merchant

Presentation for the Brussels International that this frightening occurrence takes Map Collectors ' Circle, Dec.12, 1998. place in the archipelago called Los Eo/canes. We are witnessing a veritable Why do I study Ortelius? disaster. What do we see below this dis­ Why have I occupied myself with tressing scene? Two mermaids, totally Ortelius over the past seventeen years, re­ oblivious of the catastrophe, or perhaps searching his life and works, publishing simply uninterested in it. They are beau­ about his atlas maps, and trading these tifying themselves, applying make-up maps, whereas most researchers concen­ and combing their hair in their hand-held trate on an area and/or a period in mirrors which happen to be around con­ historical cartography? veniently, to increase their appeal and When I am asked this question, I usu­ attractiveness. For whom? And why? ally answer that Ortelius represents a Are we witnessing an illustration of milestone in cartography, and that his Ortelius' motto in life Contemno et orno, maps are numerous and common enough mente, manu (I scorn and adorn, with to allow me to collect them, but rare and mind and hand)? This picturesque, ab­ important enough not to be trivial. This surdist scene, combining apparently may be true, but it is not the complete unrelated scenes of violence and vanity, story. I will now reveal to you my real represents an enigma. It can only have motivation for studying Ortelius. been conceived by someone with an ine. During my first amateur explorations of Ortelius' maps under the guidance of Professor Schilder, lecturing on historical cartography at Utrecht University, in 1981, I became fascinated by an illustra­ tion on the Ortelius' map ' Indiae Oriental is', my number 163 (van den Broecke 1996). Let us examine a detail of this map more closely. We see a merchant vessel in a state of severe distress off the Ameri­ can Northwest coast. Its sails are tom, caskets have been cast or flushed into the ocean, and it is evident that this ship will not return to its European home base. Even the whale that witnesses the scene looks scared. A second whale, probably ....::, ·: .·.· the cause of all this misery, two fuming ..... ·cciu./4. . spouts aggressively issuing from its head, 7an~O .. :n~~7fi,it•ll':}

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22 teresting mind. Someone who has a story from his uncle van Meteren. He acquired to tell, someone worth knowing better. some basic proficiency in Latin, a little bit of Greek, some geometry and mathe­ Four hundred years? matics, but it cannot have amounted to This year we celebrate the much. He had to help earn a living for quadricentennial of Ortelius's death. himself, his widowed mother and his two When did Ortelius die? We are not sure. sisters. At the age of 19 we find his first On October 4, 1582, when Ortelius was registration as a colourist of maps in the 55 years old, Pope Gregorius XIII abol­ Saint Luke guild. At the time, map ished the Julian calendar instituted by colouring was typically a task for chil­ Julius Caesar. The calendar time and as­ dren, who coloured two maps a day for 5 tronomical time had diverged too widely cents each. Ortelius had probably been in the intervening 16 centuries. Eleven doing this work for some time before for­ days were skipped or rather annulled, and mally entering the guild. He seems to October 4 was declared to be October 15. have been very good at colouring maps, This measure has caused confusion in since buyers insisted on buying atlases Ortelius' days extending into the present coloured by him personally as late as century. Thus, the Russian October revo­ 1575, although he clearly states that per­ lution actually occurred in November. sonally he preferred uncoloured maps for According to his contemporary biog­ optimal clarity and readability. rapher Sweertius, Ortelius was born on As regards his talents and skills, April 2, 1527 and died on June 28, 1598. Ortelius was typically a highly gifted Sweertius states, as exemplified in an in­ self-made and self-taught man, shaping scription on Ortelius' tomb, reproduced his own intellectual development. He in the editions ofhis atlas which appeared learned German by going to the book fair after his decease, that he lived for 71 in Frankfurt, French and Italian through years, 2 months and 18 days. There is his exploratory and commercial journeys something wrong here. Of the eleven there. He continued to apply himself to days skipped by Pope Gregorius, eight Latin, the most important language of his can be found in the time span specified by cartographic works, and the lingua franca Sweertius. Three days are unaccounted in science then like English is today. for. Thus, we do not know whether the Ortelius' interest in books, prints and life span which Sweertius specifies is maps dates from his youth, and Antwerp wrong, or that his date of Ortelius' de­ was in the 16th century the ideal location cease is incorrect. Let us conclude that to develop these talents, as explained elo­ Ortelius died some time between June 25 quently by Voet (1998). and June 28 June, according to the mod­ From his early twenties, Ortelius em Gregorian calendar. worked together with Gerard de Jode, the publisher of his first map, a wall map of Ortelius as a scientist the world in eight sheets, truly an ambi­ Ortelius never received a formal edu­ tious start. On this map, we find a feature cation as a scientist. He did receive some which was to be characteristic of all his private tuition, first from his father Leon­ subsequent publications, viz, specific ard, and after his father's untimely death mentioning of his sources.

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24 Acknowledgement of sources is now considered to be of sufficient value on the a self-evident feature of any scientific basis of his studies. It was the rigorous publication, but in the Middle Ages, application of this inquisitive and selec­ which only turned into the Renaissance tive attitude which distinguishes Ortelius some thirty years before Ortelius' birth, from his contemporaries, and which this was by no means the rule. It was cus­ makes him one of the most outstanding tomary in those days, especially in scientists of his time. When we compare literary works, to make frequent refer­ his atlas to that of his contemporary de ences to the classics to enhance the Jode, we see that Ortelius' Catalogus credibility of whatever was rewritten, but Auctorum represents a full justification these references were mostly of a vacu­ of his sources, contemporary and classi­ ous or ritual nature, in the sense that cal. authors had no access to classical manu­ The four versions of the first edition scripts, and moreover could not read of his atlas differ mainly by the growth Latin, let alone Greek. In Ortelius' time, of this Catalogus in each version, show­ this changed drastically. The invention of ing the importance Ortelius attached to book printing led to a dramatic increase an exhaustive specification of his of knowledge about the classical litera­ sources. In contrast, de Jade's ture which began to appear in print. This Catalogus Auctorum is a much shorter also led to a more critical, evaluative atti­ list, mainly consisting of literary, tude towards the classical authors. While non-cartographic sources from antiq­ it was customary in the Middle Ages sim­ uity. Whereas Ortelius continues to ply to repeat what the classical authors expand his list of sources, ultimately said, people now began to check their comprising 183 names in his 160 I edi­ classical sources. Thus, Aristotle's ob­ tion, the last he would edit, as compared servation that spiders have eight legs with only 87 in the first edition, his con­ turned out to conflict with actual obser­ temporaries and successors in the art of vation of spiders which showed that they atlas making neglected or omitted a only have six, and that the great master mentioning of sources altogether, copy­ had been 'sleeping' or even 'dreaming', ing each others plates, often merely as Ortelius tended to characterise such changing the name of the publisher. The anomalies. 'Take note of everything, and fact that the Catalogus was not further retain the valuable' is the attitude as­ expanded any further after his death, (al­ sumed by Ortelius and his humanist though new maps, based on other contemporaries. sources continued to be included), is a The notion of mentioning sources clear and significant proof of Ortelius' and only using good ones are the two pil­ unique and outstanding position in his lars of the emerging Renaissance full acknowledgement of sources. He scientific attitude and it led to spectacular truly deserves to be called the first mod­ advances in scientific knowledge. em scientist because of this self-evident Ortelius took these to heart by studying mentioning of sources. as many classical and contemporary In this respect, it should be noted that sources as he could lay his hands on, and Ortelius never introduced his own name by specifying all those sources which he on his contemporary maps (with the ex-

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26 ception of the 'F ezzae et Marocchi' map tion of his atlas, to send him better maps, of 1595, one of the last included in the to be included in future editions, did not editions he edited). In contrast to this, his remain unheeded. This not only shows in name appears on almost all Parergon the growth of his atlas, but also in his vo­ maps. The reason for this is simple: he luminous correspondence, of which an designed these maps himself, and takes important part has been preserved and responsibility for them by adding on published by Hessels in 1889. Next to them 'ex conatibus Abrahami Ortelij '. maps, he collected coins and medals, no­ We owe it to Ortelius' Catalogus tably Roman and Greek ones, to which he Auctorum that we know about the exis­ devoted a book in 1573: Deorum Dearum tence of some maps and map makers for Capita. We find numerous references in which any other evidence is lacking. the letters addressed to Ortelius and writ­ To conclude this section on Ortelius' ten by him, demonstrating that collecting scientific merits, I would like to draw at­ coins and medals (one was struck with tention to the fact that he was the first his own effigy in silver and even in gold) scientist to advance the notion of conti­ were his true passion, perhaps closer to nental drift, a notion which has been his heart than maps were. Also, he col­ accepted since the beginning of this cen­ lected books. He wrote books, traded in tury, but which incidentally has been them, but also possessed them, in large challenged recently. numbers. Of course, most of the authors of these books were writers from Roman Ortelius as a collector antiquity. Restricting ourselves to the nu­ Collectors may be scientists, but nor­ merous references in his atlas text, his mally, they are not merchants. Some map library must have contained many hun­ dealers, Nico Israel for example, even ar­ dreds of books. It would be extremely gue that dealers cannot be collectors. For enlightening if an attempt were made to Ortelius, and for myself too, for that mat­ reconstruct the contents of Ortelius' li­ ter, this is simply untrue. Collecting is brary. He usually put his name in his primarily a 'state of mind'. You are a col­ books, and annotated books in the mar­ lector, or you are not, and next to being a gin. His handwriting is recognisable and scientist and a merchant, Ortelius was a distinctive. born and passionate collector. Initially, Finally, Ortelius collected prints and due to his limited resources, he only col­ paintings, and rare, exotic objects. lected in a modest fashion. Later, when Sweertius, in his contemporary biography his atlas became a best-seller, his collec­ on Ortelius, provides some insight into tions grew dramatically in size and scope. which exotic objects he tended to collect: His friends called his house - and he ac­ shells, some so small you could hardly see quired increasingly bigger ones, always them, tortoises so large you could sit in the name of his sister Anna -a veritable around them with a company of ten peo­ museum. What could be found there? ple, and have dinner that way, feathers of First of all maps, of course. Through his tropical birds, cups and beakers made of commerce, Ortelius obtained numerous unusual materials, etc. To summarise, maps on a temporary or permanent basis. Ortelius was a passionate collector and his His request, which appeared in every edi- house looked like a museum.

27 Ortelius as a merchant bound by the binder, and sold by Ortelius Ortelius' mercantile spirit is often or by his publishers and his network of discussed somewhat condescendingly in bookshops/printers. Some of these at­ the literature, as if a mercantile and a sci­ lases were sold after their maps had first entific attitude mutually exclude each been coloured. Ortelius provided manu­ other. I do not share this view. On the script-maps which he drew or had drawn contrary. The combination of collecting, for him on the basis of his sources, to en­ studying and trading may strengthen each gravers, whose engraved copperplates of these activities, and it certainly did in were checked and handed over to the Ortelius' case. He was able to collect as printer for printing maps with them. much cartographic material as he did be­ Ortelius wrote the map texts or had them cause of his successful trade in atlases translated. Figure 2 shows the logistics and maps. This material, books, maps involved in this, with Ortelius right in the and coins, formed the basis for his scien­ centre of it all. tific work. Thus, the three elements Figure 3 shows the present situation shaping Ortelius' life, viz, science, com­ for what is left of the 7500 atlases, over merce and collecting, functioned as a 900,000 maps, that were printed about logical unit. His scientific knowledge 400 years ago. About 40%, roughly esti­ told him what to collect, and his commer­ mated, have survived as an atlas or in cial success allowed him to expand his loose form. Most atlases and maps are to collection. be found in libraries. A smaller part is in Let us have a closer look at Ortelius private hands of collectors, and the as a merchant, particularly with respect to smallest part in the hands of dealers and his atlas. On the basis of the financial re­ auction houses. Arrows indicate the traf- cords of Plantin, as published by Denuce (1912)1 have reconstructed (1986) that LOGISTICS IN ORTELillS' ATLASES/MAPS Ortelius made about 7200 atlases. Except for the 1588 Spanish edition, he financed ~manuscript ~ these atlases himself, the main reason copperpl e why he made so much money on them. More recent research by Imhof (1998), based on original Plantin sources, shows that this figure is most probably too low, and should be raised to about 7500 at­ lases. This amounts to about 900,000 maps. Figure 2 gives a schematic picture of the production of these atlases and their constituent maps, which were either bound in atlases, or sold in loose form without text on verso (about 5%). In the period from 1570 to 1612, some 900,000 sheets of paper were bought, mostly by Ortelius himself, printed at the printer, Figure 2.

28 LOCATION AND MOVEMENT OF REMAINING ORTEUUS-MATERIAL ing the procedure of breaking atlases to

Institutions and libraries an end. As noted, a reverse tendency is developing: private owners and dealers About 1300 atla.s.oa plus 90 ()()() now try to reconstruct incomplete at­ loose maps ods (• about 145 000 maps) lases to further increase their value. This will of course not lead to a reconstruc­

acquistnons sales thet\ tion of all atlases that have been broken .J.. ? in the course of time, since too many bindings and text sheets have been dis­ carded to allow such a reconstruction to

About SO atlu01 take place on a massive scale. doa.a.tio.u Further research Most research papers end with the Collectors tire Uood.s recommendation that additional re­ resuuraLionJ thet\s search is needed. Sometimes I suspect Aboutr 500 ot!&Rs plus 100 000 too .. mops missin!l scientists who say this of trying to se­

Total remaining ~ut I SSO atlas~ plus 200 000 loose m.1p1 &om 1700 broken atb.seJ cure their income in the future. From 7500 ~dues compns.any 950 000 maps rem,ajn now over I ISO atbses (• 23%) plus ~00 000 loose maps (• 21~ 1•), together 44~~ . Figure 3. Although I have no such motivation my­ self, I will make the same fie in atlases and maps between the recommendation. If we are to improve various owners. Obviously, the most our understanding of the significance of temporary owners are auction houses. Ortelius' work in historical cartography, Institutional possessions increase, there is still a lot of knowledge lacking. private ownership diminishes. Next to These are my priorities: losses, due to calamities, restoration of • a full translation of all texts on verso of atlases and maps occurs too, mostly at the Ortelius' atlas maps, including textual level of private owners and dealers. Insti­ growth and development over the vari­ tutions do not tend to restore and ous editions. Such a translation should complete incomplete atlases. include an analysis of the textual All loose Ortelius-maps with text on sources of these texts, as a follow up verso derive from broken atlases. This on the sources identified and listed by process has only stopped quite recently, Brandmayer (1913). Why and on what because market prices of atlases have de­ grounds did additions and deletions veloped to a point where complete atlases occur in these texts? are worth more now than their constitu­ • publication of Ortelius' correspon­ ent parts. A simple early copy in ordinary dence, insofar as not included in vellum binding with only 53 maps in Hessels (1889). Unpublished corre­ black and white will now easily fetch spondence, or letters published some $15000, and good copies in original elsewhere, are not trivial as regards leather binding and old colour of the late their numbers and possible signifi­ editions with over 150 maps may now cance. There may be scores, or even fetch as much as $125000 at auctions. hundreds of them waiting to be located This situation is a prerequisite for bring- in numerous institutions all over the

29 world. Their publication is certain to qualities ofOrtelius, who was not sim­ add to our knowledge and understand­ ply a publisher of other people's work, ing of Ortelius' work. The identified as has often been suggested, but an correspondence not contained in outstanding and original scholar who Hessels already numbers about 100 embodied par excellence the mutually letters, and there are bound to be many beneficial qualities of a scientist, col­ more. lector and merchant. A reconstruction • analysis of the sources, the signifi­ of Ortelius' library may be a useful cance and the influence of the tool in bringing about this recognition. Parergon-maps. As noted before, this part of his atlas was closest to Ortelius' LITERATURE heart, but apart from some recent, pre­ Bodenstein, W. (1998) 'Ortelius Maps of Africa', in : Abraham Ortelius and the First Atlas; Es­ liminary studies by Peter Meurer says Commemorating the Quadricentennial of (1998), the Parergon-maps are largely his Death, I 598-1998. M.P.R. van den terra incognita. Broecke, P. van der Krogt and P. Meurer edi­ • analysis of the various types of paper tors, 't Goy Houten: HES Publishers. Brandmair,E.( 1914) Bibliographische Unter­ sheets used in the Theatrum in order to suchungen tiber Entstehung und Entwicklung improve our understanding of the pro­ des Ortelianischen Kartenwerkes. Miinchen: duction process of Ortelius' atlases. In Dressely (reprint Amsterdam, Meridian Pub­ earlier publications (1993, 1994) I lishing Company, 1964). Hessels, J.H. (1887). Ahrahami Orteiji (geographi have attempted to demonstrate that Antverpiensis) et virorum eruditorum ad there are no 'canonical' editions of eundem et ad Jacobum Colium Ortelianum Ortelius' atlas. Because of the manual (Abrahami Ortelii sororis fihium) epistulae cum nature of their production process, no aliquot aliis epistulis et tractatibus quibusdam ab utroque collectis (1524-1 628) ex autographis two copies of the same edition of the mandante ecc1es1a Londino-Batava. atlas are exactly alike in all respects. A Cantabrigae (Canterbury), 1887. Reprint: better understanding of occurring vari­ Osnabrock: 0. Zeller. ants by including analysis of the paper Imbof, D. (1998). The Production of Ortelius 'sAt­ lases by Christopher Plantin, in Abraham and its maker not only provides a Ortelius and the First Atlas; Essays Commem­ better insight in Ortelius' atlas produc­ orating the Quadricentennial of his Death, tion, but also in that of his 1598-1998. M P R van den Broecke, P. van contemporaries and followers. Such derK.rogt and P. Meurer editors, 't Goy-Houten: LIES Publishers pp. 79-92. knowledge also helps to identify forg­ Van den Broecke, M.P.R. (1986). 'How rare is a eries (Van den Broecke 1998a). map and the atlas it comes from? Facts and • analysis of the various 'ghost mon­ speculations onproduction and survival of sters' and hidden cartouche images Ortelius's Theatrum Orbis Terrarum and its maps'. The Map Collector 36: 2-15. occurring on various atlas maps. What Van den Broecke, M.P.R. (1994). 'Variaties is it, that we see so faintly, and why did binnen edities van oude atlassen, geillustreerd unsuccessful deletion of these illustra­ aan Ortelius's Theatrum Orbis Terrarum', tions occur? A preliminary and Caert Thresoor 13 (4): 103-110. Van den Broecke, M.P.R. (1995a). 'Unstable edi­ tentative inventory of these has re­ tions of Ortelius' s atlas'. The Map Collector cently been provided by Bodenstein 70: 2-8. (1998). Van den Broecke, M.P.R. (1995b). 'Ortelius zag • recognition of the unique scientific continenten al drijven'. Caert-Thresoor 14: 9-10.

30 Van den Broecke, M.P.R. (1996a). Ortelius Atlas The Plates of Ortelius's Theatrum Orbis Maps: an illustrated guide. 't Goy-Houten: Terrarum', in: Van denBroecke et al. 1998, pp . LIES Publishers. 383-390. Van den Broecke, M.P.R. (1996b).' Platen en staten Vuylsteke, B. ( 1984) 'Het Theatrum Orbis in Ortelius's Theatrum Orbis Terrarurn'. In: Ca­ Terrarum van Abraham Ortelius (1595). Een pita Selecta uit de geschiedenis van de studie van de decoratieve elementenen de kartografie, ed. P.C.J. van der Krogt, NVK gehistorieerde voorstellingen'. Unpublished publikatiereeks no. 18. Amersfoort: Nederlandse Dissertation, Leuven University. Vereniging voor Kartografie, 3 9-42. Van den Broecke, M.P.R. (1997). 'Abraham MARCELP.R VANDENBROECKE Ortelius'. Mercator's World 2 (3): 18-24. Van den Broecke, M.P.R., van der Krogt, P.C.J., and Meurer, PH. (eds). (1998) Abraham Ortelius and the First Atlas; Essays Commemo­ Classified Advertisements rating the Quadricentennial of his Death, IMCoS Back Issues: Complete set from 1598-1998. 't Goy-Houten: HES Publishers. number 48 (Spring 92) till Issue number 75 Van den Broecke, M.P.R. (1998a). 'Unmasking a forgery'. Mercator's World 3 (3): 46-49 (Winter 98). Any reasonable offer. T. Van den Broecke, M.P.R. (1998b). 'Introduction to Oerlemans, Tel: 01483 575 280. the life and works of Abraham Ortelius', in: Van den Broecke et al., 1998, p. 29-54. Wanted: O.S. Devon one-inch Sheet XXI, Van den Broecke, M.P.R. and Gunzburger, D. 1809; prefer dissected & linen mounted (1998). 'The Wanderings of Patriarch Abra­ State 3. Also, Title Sheet Vol. II, 1809. ham', in: Van den Broecke et al., 1998, pp. Tim Whitten, Lower Bonehill, 319-330. Widecombe-in-the-Moor, Devon, TQ 13 Van den Broecke, M.P .R. (1998c ). 'Appendix II . 7TD.

~~~ ~aa~ [Jw_ !j~ ffiooL.

~ ':D~ ffiaitoa, 19, ~1. 28001 ~. ~~ ~J/ tJ

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32 IMCoS LONDON WEEKEND 1999 at The Commonwealth Conference & Events Centre Kensington High Street, London W8 on Sunday-Monday 30-31 May 1999

Programme for Sunday Invitation from Jenny Harvey 11.30 Lecture by Rodney Shirley: IMCoS Chairman 'Cultural Imagery in the Title Arrangements for the IMCoS weekend Pages of Ortelius and his are gathering pace with 40 people repre­ Contemporaries' senting six countries already booked for the 12.15 Drinks (Cash Bar) lecture and lunch. 12.40 Presentation of the 1999 Many thanks to those who have indi­ IMCoS-Helen Wallis Award cated that they will be bringing a map (or for 1999 maps) to display. These include people who 12.50 Lunch will be taking the trouble to bring some­ 14.00 Map Display thing from abroad, which is just what we hoped for. This session enables members to bring along a map of interest to display and explain to other As a society we spend a lot of time members. Screens and tables will be available looking at maps in libraries and museums so that maps may be hung (in protective and very little time looking at maps from covering) or placed flat. The first part of this each other's collections. Those of you who display will be some examples of title pages regularly attend the January meeting in from Rodney Shirley's talk. It will be very London will endorse my comments when I informal, with members moving around the say that we have gained much enjoyment stands at will, stopping to study whatever out of displaying our own materiel and takes their fancy. learning about what has captured the inter­ est of other collectors. The Centre is about five minutes walk from the I am looking forward to seeing and nearest underground station, High Street learning about the material which you Kensington on the District and Circle lines. On choose to bring from further afield. Those exiting the station on the High Street, tum left of you constrained by plane travel can, I and cross to the north side of the High Street. hope, find a smaller example which you can The Conference Centre is about ten minutes tuck into your hand luggage - after all, walk towards Hammersmith. You will there has always been room on the home­ recognise it by the flag poles along the street. wardjourney for wonderful purchases from There will be limited parking permitted within the Map Fair! the Centre itself, and since it is a Bank Holiday, So just dig out that cardboard tube and parking will be permitted on the surrounding roads. Several buses run along the High Street, find something interesting to bring with and there is a stop outside the Centre. you. Remember that the anecdote sur­ rounding a purchase can add to the interest Contact Harry Pearce, if you have not - what about maps purchased in Budapest, yet registered to participate, or did not receive Japan or any of the venues which we have the registration form. visited for our International Symposia.

33 Main Entrance 3-311 311 3 2---Public Aisle ,.-- - Dealers---- only Ill Lifta5 .c: -- - .--~ {.) c=-- 1-'---·--" -~ Public Aisle **1SJ.'* 1- 1- - _ :- De!!er!.,OI'\Jy _ f" J ilt £9 2 JW 116 • - IJ\41§-4 ~ ·b·t , Public Aisle Ex h1 1 ors

IM:CoS 19TH INTERNATIONAL MAP FAIR MONDAY 31st MAY 1999

The Commonwealth Conference & Events Centre Kensington High Street London W8

11.00-17.30 Admission Free

Doors Open for IMCoS Members 10.30 am Nearest underground station: High St Kensington on Circle Line

34 Main,._l ______lllll!ll!~~-• ntrancl! I§J I

' . -m. LIST OF EXIITBITORS

1. Intercol 24. TheArk 2. Robert Putman 25. Martayan Lan 3. Map Identification & Valuation 26. Antiquariat Reinhold Berg 4. Brendan Moss Esq 27. IMCoS 18th International Symposium 5. Altea Maps in Istanbul 6. Hemisphere - R & P Betz 28. Miami Map Fair 7. Map Collector Publications 29. Johannes Milller 8. Heritage Map Museum 30. Richard Arkway 9. Martinez & Frers 31. Adina Sapanaru-Sommer 10. Garwood & Voigt 32. Paulus Swaen 11. Nikolaus Struck 33. Hanno Schreyer 12. Hemy Taliaferro 34. G.-R. Schmidt 13. Nicolas 35. T & A Suarez 14. Richard Casten 36. Paralos Ltd 15. Lee Jackson 37. J.A.L. Franks 16. Jonathan Potter 38. Tooley Adams 17. Le Bail - Weissert 39. Roderick M. Barron 18. Clive A. Burden 40. Marcus Perini 19. Gonzalo Fernando Pontes 41. Armando Morbiato 20. Ben Hoepelman 42. Antiquariat DetlefReitzuch 21. Holger Christoph 43. Alexandre Antique Maps 22. Antiquariat Gebr. Haas 45. Beginners' Bargains 23. M. Katz-Moorthamers

35 Name & Stand No. Address & Tel/Fax/E-mail/Web Speciality

AJexandre~tique 4 3 194 Queen Street East Early & Decorative Maps of all Prints, Maps & Books Toronto M5C 156 parts of the World wityh an CANADA emphasis on North America. Tel: 00 1 (0)416 364 2378 Fax: 00 1 (0)416 364 8909 e-m: [email protected]

AJtea Maps & Books 5 3rd Floor, 91 Regent Street World Maps, Celestial Maps, London WlR Till Sea Charts of all parts of the Tel: 0171 494 9060 World, Atlases & Travel Fax: 0171 287 7938 Books, Catalogue on the e-m: [email protected] Internet. Web: www.antique-maps.co.uk

The Ark 24 Suderein 40 Maps, views and books on early Dr Fritz Muller 9225 LC Tie~erk voyages of discovery. THE NETHERLANDS Tel: 00 31 (0)511432 146 Fax: 00-31 (0)511 432 135

Richard B. Arkway 30 59 East 54th Street Dealers in fine antique Maps, New York NY 10022 Atlases and Voyage Books. USA Tel: 00 1 (0)212 751 8135 Fax: 00 1 (0)212 832 5389 e-m: [email protected] Webb: www.arkway.com

Roderick M. Barron 39 21 Bayham Road Rare & Decorate Atlases, Maps Sevenoaks, Kent TN13 3XD & Globes. Specialist in items Tel: 01732 742 558 referring to South East Asia & Fax: 01732 742 558 the Far East.

~ttiquariat Rheinhold 26 W ahlenstrasse 6 ~tiique Maps & Atlases, Berg D-93047 Regensburg illustrated Books, Decorative GERMANY Prints. Tel: 00 49 (0)941 52229 Fax: 00 49 (0)941 52229 e-m: [email protected]

R.A. and Penelope 6 Hemisphere ~tique Maps and Prints Betz 28 ~derson Road Stoddard, NH 03464 USA Tel: 00 1 (0)603 446 7181 Fax: 00 1 (0)603 446 2301 e-m: [email protected]

36 Name & Stand No. Address & Tel/Fax/E-mail/Web Speciality

Clive A. Burden Ltd 18 Elrncote House, The Green Antique Atlases & Maps, Croxley Green, Rickmansworth Topographical & Decorative Herts WQA 3HN Prints. Tel: 01923 772 387 & 778097 Fax: 01923 896 520 e-m: [email protected]

Richard Casten Ltd 14 4 Dodge Lane, Old Field Maps, Atlases, 15th-18th New York 11733 Centuries. USA Tel: 00 1 516 689 3018 Fax: 00 1 516 689 8909

Holger Christoph & 21 Venusbergweg 3 3 Map, Views, Atlases, Illustrated Co. GmbH D-53115 Bonn Books. GERMANY Tel: 00 49 (0)228 210 973 Fax: 00 49 (0)228 216 336

J.A.L. Franks Ltd 37 7 New Oxford Street Antique Maps of most types London WC 1A 1BA and areas, with an emphasis on Tel: 0171-405 0274 small, early maps. Fax: 0171 430 1259 e-m: [email protected] Web: http://www.bintemet.com

Garwood & Voigt 10 55 Bayham Road, Seven oaks Fine & Rare Books, Maps & KentTN13 3XE Prints Worldwide. Tel: 01732 460 025 Fax: 01732 460 026 e-m: gv:garwood-voigt.com Web: www.garwood-voigt.com

Antiquariat Gebr. Haas 22 Sonnenblick Sa Old Maps and Prints, Atlases, oHG D-47551 Bedburg-Hau!Ndrh lllustrated Books, Travel, GERMANY Topography and Decorative Tel: 00 49 (0)2821 6336 Prints. Fax: 00 49 (0)2821 6739 e-m: [email protected]

Heritage Map Museum 8 P .0. Box 412, Lititz, P A 17543 15th-19th century Atlases and USA Maps. Tel: 00 1 717 636 5002 Fax: 00 1 717 626 8858 e-m: [email protected] Web: http://www.carto.com

37 Name & Stand No. Address & Tel/Fax/E-mail/Web Speciality

Antiquariat Ben 20 Eikendonk 11, 5268 LB Helvoirt Maps, Views & Atlases. Hoepelman THE NETHERLANDS Tel: 00 31 (0)411 642 212 Fax: 00 31 (0)411 643 131

Intercol London 1 43 Temp1ars Crescent World & British County Maps, Y asha Beresiner LL.B. London N3 3QR Playing Card Maps and related Tel: 0181 349 2207 ephemera. Gallery (Wed or Sat Fax: 0181 346 9539 1000-1700) or by appointment, e-m: Y [email protected] 114 Islington High Street, Web: www.intercol.co.uk London Nl.

Lee Jackson 15 2 Southampton Street Antique Map Shop in Covent The Strand, Covent Garden Garden, open Monday-Friday London WC2E 7HA 1000-1700. Fine selection Tel/Fax: 0171 240 1970 covering all areas of the World. e-m: [email protected] Also Topographical & Web: http://www.btntrnet.com Botanical Prints.

Marianne 23 26, rue Olivier de Serres Books, Atlases and Maps. Katz-Moorthamers 75015 Paris FRANCE Tel: 00 33 (0) 1 4531 9498 & 4533 3122 Fax: 00 33 (0)14531 7133 e-m: [email protected] Web: http://www.katzmoor.com

Richard Lan!Martayan 25 48 East 57 Street 4th Floor Early and Rare Mpas of all Lan New York NY 10022 parts of the World. USA Tel: 00 1 212 308 0018 Fax: 00 1 212 308 0074

Libraire Le 17 5 rue Lagrause Maps, Atlases, Townviews. Bail-Weissert 75005 Paris FRANCE Tel: 00 33 1 4329 7259 Fax: 00 33 1 4046 8557

Map Collector 7 48 High Street, Tring, Publishers and distributors of Publications Ltd Herts HP23 5BH books on the history of Mrs V. Scott Tel: 01442 824 977 Cartography. Also have stock Fax: 01442 827 712~ of out-of-print reference books. e-m: [email protected] Web: http://www.mapcollector.com

38 Name & Stand No. Address & TeVFax!E-mail!Web Speciality

Martinez & Frers 9 Peru 285 Maps - Prints -Travel Books. 1641 Acassuso ARGENTINA Tel: 00 54 (0) 11 4798 3387 Fax: 00 54 (0)11 4793 8624

Morbiato Armando 41 Via Mazzini 12 Maps from all over the World. 3 5010 Vigonza (Padova) ITALY Tel: 00 49 (0)80 96 824

Brendan M. Moss Esq. 4 #110-332 Water Street (Gastown) Antiquarian Map Dealer Vancouver BC V6B IB6 specialising in West Coast of CANADA Canada, Ireland, Small Maps. Tel: 00 1 604 662 8171 Low to middle price range.

Johannes Muller 29 Hildmannplatz 1A Antique Maps, Topographical 5020 Salzburg Views. AUSTRIA Tel/Fax: 00 43 (0)662 846 338 e-m: kunsthandlung [email protected]

Nicolas 13 59 Fallowcourt Avenue Atlases, Maps, Prints, London N12 OBE lllustrasted Books and Art Tel: 0181 445 9835 Material on rthe Levant and Fax: 0181446 9615 orther Coutnries of the Central e-m: and Eastern Mediterranean and [email protected] the Middle East.

Paralos Ltd 36 4th Floor, 23-24 Margaret Street Specialising in Maps, Atlases, London WIN 7LB lllustrated Travel Books, Tel: 0171 637 0796 Classics. Private premises by Fax: 0171657 0819 appointment.

Marcus Perini 40 Via A. Sciese 11 Early Maps & Atlases-Travel 37122 Verona Books in general. ITALY Tel: 00 39 045 802 0073 Fax: 00 39 045 802 0073 e-m: [email protected]

Gonzalo Ferdinand 19 Nunez de Balbo a 19, Local 1 Maps and Topographical Pontes E-7800 1 Madrid Views, Travel Books. SPAIN Tel: 00 34 91 435 8000 Fax: 00 34 91 435 8000

39 Name & Stand No. Address & Tel/Fax/E-mail/Web Speciality

Jonathan Potter 16 125 New Bond Street Antique Maps, Charts and Plans London W1Y 9AF of all areas of Britain and the Tel: 0171 491 3520 World. Atlases. Reference Fax: 0171 491 9754 Books on the History of e-m: [email protected] Cartography.

Robert Putman 2 P.O. Box 70084 Maps & Atlases XVIth-XIXth 1007 KB Amsterdam century. Speicality: Sea Charts THE NETHERLANDS & Atlases, Cartobibliography. Tel: 00 31 (0)20 670 1700 Catalogues on Onternat. Fax: 00 31 (0)20 670 0350 Business by appointment. e-m: [email protected] Webb: http://www.nwa/putman

Antiquariat Detlef 42 Westerweg 92 Topography ofNew York and Reitzuch D-459549 Ladberden its environs. GERMANY Tel: 00 49 (0)5485 1829 & 1838 Fax: 00 49 (0)5485 1881

A. Sapunaru-Sommer 31 Rosenheimestrasse 8 Early Maps, Views, Decorative D-81669 Munich Prints. GERMANY Tel: 00 49 (0)89 811 2250 Fax: 00 49 (0)89 814 4440 e-m: [email protected]

Antiquariat G.-R. 34 Nemstrasse 16 Maps, Atlases, Prints. Schmidt D-28357 Bremen GERMANY Tel: 00 49 (0)421 256242 Fax: 00 49 (0)421 254138

Hanno Schreyer 33 Euskirchenstrasse 57 Old Maps and Views, D-53121 Bonn Decorative Prints, Books. GERMANY Tel: 00 49 (0)228 621059 Fax: 00 49 (0)228 613029

Antiquariat Nikolaus 11 Spandauerstrasse 29 Maps and Views. Struck D-10178 Berlin GERMANY Tel: 00 49 (0)30 242 7261 Fax: 00 49 (0)30 242 4065

40 Name & Stand No. Address & Tel/Fax/E-mail/Web Speciality

Thomas & Ahngsana 35 225 Warren Avenue Fine early Maps of all parts of Suarez Hawthorne, NY 10532 the World, specialising in USA 16th-17th Centwy Maps of the Tel: 00 1 (0)914 741 8155 World, America and the Far Fax: 00 1 (0)914 741 6156 East. e-m: [email protected]

Paulus Swaen Old 32 POB 128, 5590 AC Heeze Maps, Atlas, Globes, Prints of Maps Internet Auction THE NETHERLANDS all parts of the World. Internet or POB 1238, Indian Rocks Beach Auctions in March and FL 33785, USA November. Tel: 00 31 (0)495 599050 or 00 1 (0)727 596 8734 Fax: 00 31 (0)495 599051 or 00 1 (0)727 596 8734 e-m: [email protected] Web:http://www.swaen.com

Hemy Taliaferro 12 11 0 West 80th Street Maps and Atlases, New York, NY 10024 Topographical Views. USA Tel: 00 1 212 595 0289 Fax: 00 1 212 579 8403

Tooley Adams & Co. 3 8 13 Cecil Court Very large stock of rare and Charing Cross Road original Maps of all parts of the London WC2N 4EZ World 1482-1880. English Tel: 0171 240 4406 County and World Atlases. Fax: 0171 240 8058 Reference Books.

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T •~ Antique Maps, Prints & Rare Books

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42 International News & Events

1995l8th International Symposium 2000 9th International Symposium Istanbul, Turkey Reykjavik, Iceland 10-14 October Likely dates: 15-18 September Contact: Muhtar Katircioglu Karanfil Araligi 14 200 120th International Symposium Levent Istanbul Chicago and Milwaukee Tel: 90-212-264 17 86 Likely dates: 31 October- Fax: 90-212-269 81 54 3 November Travel Agency: Magister Tours Inc. Halaskargazi Street No: 32111 200721 st International Symposium Sisli, Istanbul The Netherlands Tel: 90-212-230 00 00 Fax: 90-212-233 15 52 E-m: [email protected]

Istanbul 1999 • additional 10 per cent discount on all other Despite the current political prob­ special THY fares . lems in the Eastern Mediterranean These tickets can only be issued by THY ' Muhtar has stressed that there is at pres- offices (not travel agents, who will have ent no cause for concern about the safety their own pricing). There is no 'number' for of travellers to Istanbul and western Tur­ our symposium, but the letter of key. There is still some to go before our confirmation from Magister should be symposium, and over the tourist summer adequate. All THY offices have (theoretically) been informed of this season, events should become clearer, or arrangement. resolved. The UK THY office is at 125 Pall Flights Mall, London SW1 Y 5EA. Tel: Magister has received confirmation 0171-766 9300. At present the APT fare from Turkish Airlines in Ankara that London-Istanbul-London is £386 but IMCoS participants may expect special ' the fare currently on offer for travel in discounts for flights starting within 10 October is £170 +£37.70 taxes. Internal days before the symposium until 10 days flights are currently priced at £40 single after it ends, for flights on Turkish Air­ per flight for all those included in the pre­ lines (THY). These include: and post-symposium tours. As stated ear­ • 50 per cent discount on all published normal APT fares (CN class) [However, lier, participants are responsible for no one ever pays the full APT price paying for all flights themselves, though anyway] seats have been reserved in their names • additional 10 per cent discount on all on the relevant internal flights by Magis­ published special APT fares ter, according to their registration (excursion/apex/pex/spex) requests.

43 MapForum.Com

A web site magazine about Antique Maps

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Biographies of John Speed & John Ogilby Early Maps of the United States of America Ptolemaic Atlases Charts of the New England Coast Mapping of Bermuda Checklist of a 'Lafreri' atlas Auction Reports

ALL ISSUES STILL ON-LINE AT: http:/ /www.mapforum.com

44 IMCoS in Miami opinion' enabling participants to bring A stand in a prime position at the maps in for identification. This was un­ Historical Museum of Florida's two-day dertaken in rotation by different dealers. map fair (Feb 8/9) in Miami led to some Workshops were also held throughout excellent contacts being made and the the weekend and included a keynote ad­ signing up of a number of new members. dress by Philip Burden. Representing IMCoS were the Chairman, Jenny Harvey, and Barcelona Vice-Chairman Valerie Scott. They were The Xth Course on the History of both delighted to learn that the founder Cartography was held at the Institut and chairman of the Miami fair, Joe Fitz­ Cartografic de Catalunya in Barcelona on gerald, and the organiser, Marcia Kanner, 22-26 February 1999. The theme was are to attend the IMCoS fair in London on 'La cartografia catalana'. an exchange visit. This consolidates the close cooperation between the organisers Moscow of these two major events. The first ever exhibition of early Lured by the sunshine of Miami and maps to go on display in a Russian mu­ the promise of a feast of early maps for seum took place between 20 February sale from 32 dealers from around the and 15 March 1999 at the Museum of Pri­ world, including several from Europe, vate Collections, Volkhonda 14, nearly 1,000 people visited the Miami Moscow. The maps were from the collec­ fair. The weekend began with a dinner at­ tion of IMCoS member Andrey Kusakin, tended by 150 people held at the Hyatt and the exhibition was titled: 'Geograph­ Regency Coral Gables Hotel. The Map ical Maps from Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Fair opened on the Saturday morning and to Catherine the Great'. An elegant cata­ running throughout the fair was 'expert logue lists the 45 maps on display.

45 Fine Antique Maps, Atlases & Globes

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46 Hereford soon after Saxton's mapping of England and Jenny Harvey writes: Bookings for Here­ Wales. The maps of Scotland in Volume V of ford through IMCoS are now closed. Blaeu's Atlas Novus, published in 1654, were Latecomers should apply directly to the based on manuscript maps attributed to Pont, Mappa Mundi Conference, 5 College Clois­ of which 77 survive. Project Pont was ters, Cathedral Close, Hereford HR1 2NG. launched in 1996 by the National Library of Tel: 01432 359880. Fax: 01432 355929. Scotland to stimulate study and research relat­ E-mail: [email protected] ing to the maps, the man (of whom little is Tickets for the Open Day, Wednes­ known), and the background. A particular im­ day 30th June, went on sale to the public petus was the availability of new scanning on 1st April, so it is now first come first technology which gives much clearer defini­ tion of the manuscripts. served! The ticket price is £12.50 and cheques should be made payable to 'The Corrections from the Editor Dean and Chapter of Hereford Cathedral. Several mistakes crept into the Spring Journal. Project Pont in Dundee Alan Bartlett, our Reviews Editor, can be Stuart Jackson writes: On 30th Jan there contacted on telephone number 01784 nearly a hundred people gathered at the third 464835, not as stated on page 3. Project Pont seminar organised by the Na­ In my account of the Farmers' Club tional Library of Scotland and held this year evening, I mistakenly noted that Hingham in Dundee. Nicholas Pont was a young StAn­ drew's graduate who undertook the daunting in Norfolk was the birthplace of Abraham task of mapping Scotland during the last Lincoln, when it was his ancestor Samuel twenty years of the sixteenth century, very who went from there to USA in 163 7.

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48 Berliner Staatsbibliothek : Past and Present

There are buildings that have a soul, and a now the site of four storage towers, the hid­ firm place in a city's memory. The 'Berliner eousness of which defies all description. Staatsbibliothek' (Berlin State Library) on As a result of the partition of Berlin Unter den Linden-known until 1945 as into a western and an eastern sector after 'Preussische Staatsbibliothek' (Prussian State the Second World War, a new library, de­ Library)- is an example. In reality, enthused signed by Hans Scharoun, was built on its director Adolf von Harnack at the opening Potsdamer Strasse in the western sector ceremony in March 1914, it was not a mere from 1967-1978. The building can house building, but a veritable 'cathedral of up to eight million volumes. The inventory scholarship'. at the building on Unter den Linden has That is what has remained, even more than doubled since Harnack's days. through two dictatorships hostile to the in­ During WWII the contents of the li­ tellectual world, with reservations here and brary were evacuated to more than 30 there, but indestructible at heart. places in Germany and Poland. Together Even von Harnack did not mean only with the Scharoun building, the the books and the bibliophilic treasures of Staatsbibliothek now reunited in the Pros­ world thinking housed here- many of sian Cultural Heritage Foundation after them hundreds of years old-when he went nearly five decades of partition is still one into raptures about his library, but also its of the largest in existence, and certainly the modernity, also much admired at the time. biggest in Germany. Modernity that is now history, though you Of the four million volumes in the can still sense it here. Unter den Linden building that were taken The building was constructed between over after the reunification of Germany, 1903 and 1914 in a neo-baroque style de­ 800,000 exhibit serious binding damage signed by Ernst von Ihnen. It was modelled and 1.2 million minor damage. The more on the best the world had to offer around the recent stocks (from about 1840) need tum of the century: the buildings of the fa­ deacidification treatment to preserve them mous national libraries in London and from decay. About 700,000 volumes from Washington. As late as the 1940s it still the pre-war inventory are still missing. A counted as the world's fourth largest li­ large number of these, including some very brary, after the French Bibliotheque valuable works, may be in the possession of Nationale, the British Library and the the Jagellonian Library in Cracow, and in American Library of Congress. In 1944 the Lodz, Lublin and Moscow. splendid glass cupola of the round reading The Great Elector founded the Library in room was penetrated by a parachute mine 1661-at that time in the castle, which no that exploded in the basement. Makeshift longer exists today either. Later, after 1701 , it repairs were made to the roof, but eventu­ was called the Royal Library, and in 1870 it ally in 1977 the demolition team moved in. moved into the Old Library (Alte Since the surviving fabric of the building Bibliothek)--the 'Kommode' on Bebelplatz. was senselessly removed, there can be no When even this building became too question now of restoring the much-vaunted cramped, the building known today as Build­ cupola hall, the show-piece of the old li­ ing 1 was built for the Pruss ian State Library brary. Where the famous room once stood, is at Unter den Linden 8. Bibliophilic collec-

49 J.A.L. FRANKS & CO., 7, NEW OXFORD ST., LONDON WClA lBA

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Exeter - Meissner, c1623, 14 x 9Y2 ems; fighting serpents in the foreground. £1 00 Scotland - Hondius, 1630. Three sheets showing Scotland, North Scotland & South Scotland each 19 x 14 ems. The set £180 Norway- Vander Aa, 1729, 30 x 22 ems. Decorative cartouche. £90 France - RuscelliNalgrisi, 1562, 24 x 18 ems. Based on Gastaldi's original of 1548. £70 Iberia- Ortelius, 1603, 12Y2 x 8Y2 ems; coloured with ornate cartouche. £45 Zeeland- Porcacchi, 1590, 14 x 10 ems; engraved by Porro; compass rose & decorative cartouche. £42 Konstanz - Schonsperger, 1496, 19 x 9 ems. Restored side margins; coloured, based on Schedel's portrayal. £85 Africa- Sanson, c1680, 27 x 19 ems. Decorative cartouche. £100 N. Africa- Gastaldi, 1548, 17 x 13 ems. From Libya to the Guinea Coast; includes Malta. £75 Middle East - De Fer, 1705, 34 x 23 ems. From Turkey & Egypt to Uzbekistan & Iran; old outline colour. £70 Red Sea- Bertius/Langenes, 1609, 12Y2 x 8Y2 ems; coloured. £65 Maldive Is & Sri Lanka- Mallet, 1683, 10 x 14 ems; coloured with a very fine cartouche. £30 China- DuVal/Hoffmann, 10 x 13; shows Korea as an island; coloured. £100 Sandwich Is - Hogg, 1784, 34 x 21 ems; inset of Karakakooa Bay. £130 South Pole - Buache?, c1730?, 20 x 23 ems. The western portion of Australia is shown as very narrow; old outline colour. £180 Gulf of Mexico & W. Indies- Lattre, 1783, 25 x 18 ems. In old outline colour with a decorative uncoloured cartouche. £80

50 tions from the French and Italian national libraries of France or the United Renaissance, a valuable music archive, a Kingdom have any thoughts of bringing all map collection (of which the most valuable the departments of their rich stocks together items include a portolan chart dating from at a single site and abandoning their venera­ 1530 and the famous, though somewhat un­ ble 'ancestral seat' entirely. wieldy Atlas of the Great Elector (2.22 by The map departments of the two build­ 1. 70 metres), precious first editions and ings - the official usage of the Library scholarly bequests, manuscripts, and of speaks of one (united) map department ­ course millions of books are gathered to­ are under the management of Dr Lothar gether under its roof. Zogner, who has been working for many Now space problems for readers and years in this capacity in Potsdamer Strasse. books in both buildings are once again giv­ The former head of the map department, ing cause to think about expansion. And here Egon Klemp, has now retired. By 31 De­ one can repeatedly hear voices - outside cember 1996 the combined inventory of the the Library - expressing the opinion that a map departments had grown to over a mil­ new building would at the same time make it lion items. And it continues to grow by possible to solve the massive and urgent res­ about 10,000 cartographic items every toration problems of the tradition-rich year. building in the east by closing it down. Every year 15,000 visitors in the map 'Unthinkable!' is the spontaneous re­ department's two reading rooms use action of many. Fortunately the building 67,000 items from the magazines and use enjoys protection as a historic monument, the reading room collections to inform though not as a library. But that is the only themselves. For their researches they can use to which it can be put, say insiders and also use the IKAR database, which now the long-serving staff. contains 240,000 maps (year of publication With its 107-metre facade on Unter up to 1850), of which 140,000 are kept in den Linden, the monumental structure Berlin. The rest are catalogued together -probably the biggest historic building with the relevant maps in the Bavarian complex in Berlin after the loss of the Cas­ State Library in Munich and the University tle - concludes the 'cultural mile'. It is Library in Gottingen. thus closely integrated in Berlin's 'intellec­ With these two buildings, Germany's tual centre '-in close proximity to the capital city has the chance of realising a li­ Museum Island, the Humboldt University, brary strategy that is equal to the challenges the Museum of German History, and the of our time. The federal bodies that will State Opera Unter den Linden. soon be installed here and all those in the Scharoun's 'library ship' in Potsdamer capital who bear intellectual and social re­ Strasse is to be developed into a modem in­ sponsibility should have at their disposal an formation library based on world-wide information system affording access in stocks. The building is one of the boldest and keeping with the latest advances, so that most imaginative library buildings of our they can find their way around in the rap­ century, and in terms of design and architec­ idly growing flood of knowledge. This ture is likely to endure in the long term requires in-depth insights into the cultural alongside the gigantic book towers of the and intellectual history of the nation, of Eu­ Bibliotheque Nationale de France completed rope and mankind, and careful observation last year and the less striking new building of of contemporary thought and ideas. the British Library. Nor do the tradition-rich OSWALD DREYER-EIMBCKE

51 From Alexander to Abraham - The European Cartographic Image of Asia in the Renaissance

The year 1998 was a special one for the Looking at Asia on the maps of the memory of the Flemish cartographer first edition of the Theatrum we notice Abraham Ortelius who died 400 years an impressive degree of accuracy with earlier on June 28 at the age of 71. He had respect to the overall shape of the land­ lived and worked in Antwerp, which had masses. This is all the more remarkable become the leading commercial port of if we compare these maps with the image Europe, especially for the spice trade. of the world as it was published less than Accordingly, a strong demand for maps, a century earlier, shortly after the inven­ discovery maps in particular, emerged. tion of book printing by Gutenberg (Fig. Ortelius was a leading figure to satisfy this 1). Those maps were based on the writ­ demand. In 1564 he published a wallmap ings of Ptolemy of Alexandria (active of the world, and in 1567 a wallmap of 2nd c), one of whose ancestors is said to Asia. His greatest and most influential have accompanied Alexander the Great achievement, however, was the publication on his Asian expedition in the 4th c BC. of his Theatrum Orbis Terrarum in 1570. On these earlier maps the Indian ocean is Herein, Ortelius assembled the knowledge surrounded by land. A great landmass of his time about the world in 53 maps with stretches from an oval Caspian Sea to the descriptive text in Latin on the reverse. eastern end of the 'known' world, where Further editions appeared also in Dutch, it is connected in a wide circle by the 'Si­ French, German, Italian, Spanish, and nus Magnus' to the sub-equatorial 'Terra (after Ortelius's death) in English. Ortelius Incognita Australis'. Asia's northern and kept on adding more maps, and by the year central parts comprise the lands of of his death 31 editions had appeared. 'Scythia' (Tartary), and 'Seres' (China). Altogether more than 40 editions were These are separated in the south by a lin­ published, one as late as 1641. Thus this ear chain of mountains from 'India intra work became extremely influential, and Ganges' (India) and 'India extra Ganges' many of Ortelius' s maps were copied or (Further India). The former can barely be reworked by other cartographers, even recognised as a peninsula, virtually con­ centuries later. Arguably, the Theatrum sisting only of its northern part, which remains the single most influential work in had been frequently described by ancient cartography till this day. One reason for authors like Herodotus (5th c BC) and this success may be that Ortelius was Megasthenes (c. 300 BC). However, to pioneering in two ways: he critically its south-west the large island organized the information which he had 'Taprobane' (Ceylon, which, of course, gathered through a wide network of actually lies to its south-east) is promi­ contacts with fellow scientists, clergymen, nent. Further India is drawn more like a merchants, etc. into maps of uniform subcontinent, wrongly extending too far format and style, and he scrupulously south, well beyond the equator, with acknowledged his sources, thereby giving 'Aurea Chersonesus' as a peculiar ap­ accountability to his work. pendix. Its eastern shores do not face an 52 open sea but the 'Sinus Magnus' con­ there, and Mongolian missions were sent necting Asia with the southern landmass, to the papal courts of Rome and A vignon. as mentioned above. A century later Nicoli di Conti, another Commercial intercourse between Eu­ Venetian merchant, travelled extensively rope and Asia along the Silk Road, but also on the Indian Ocean throughout Southeast along Asia's coastlines, had been frequent Asia. from antiquity through the Middle Ages. Hence, when the maps based on Ptol­ Marco Polo became the most famous trav­ emy's antique concept of the world were eller to the Far East, but he, his father and finally published towards the end of the his uncle, were not the only ones by any 15th century in printed editions of his means. Other medieval reports originated Geographia, they were already in obvious from diplomatic missions to the court of conflict with contemporary geographical the Khan. The Franciscan Friar Odoric knowledge, not only with respect to Eu­ travelled the sea route from India to China rope, but also to Asia. Such knowledge two decades after the Po los' return. By the was further increased through the discov­ first half of the 14th century Cambaluc eries made by Iberian seafarers. In (Beijing) had a Christian archbishop and recognition of the spherical nature of the the Chinese Latin community numbered globe Spanish ships sailed West to cir­ several thousands. European traders lived cumnavigate it. Columbus discovered the

Fig. 1. Ptolemaic World Map, Bologna, 1477

53 Antilles in 1492 (believing until his death plement Ptolemy with a body of'new' or that he had found Zipangu), and Magel­ 'modem' maps (Fig. 2). On these the lan reached the Philippines in 1521. Caspian Sea still retains its oval shape, a Meanwhile Portuguese sailors had straight mountain range runs horizon­ worked their way down south along the tally from east to west, separating India western shores of Africa. Bartolomeu (but no longer Further India) from cen­ Diaz rounded the Cape of Good Hope in tral Asia, and another one stretches north 1488. Vasco da Gama reached Calicut in from the springs of the river Ganges, 1498. Goa was captured in 1510 and separating the eastern and western parts Malacca in 1511, both by Albuquerque. of Scythia. India itself becomes a China was finally reached (again) on the full-fledged peninsula, albeit still much sea route in 1514, and Japan around 154 2. smaller than 'India extra Ganges'. Cey­ All this information, as it emerged, lon is now rather too small in could hardly be ignored by the different comparison, instead of being exagger­ editors ofPtolemy's Geographia. At first ated as 'Taprobane' was before, and the they addressed the issue by incorporating latter is sometimes identified with Su­ it into the body of Ptolemy's view ofthe matra, south of the Malayan peninsula. world, assuming that that was what the Along the Asian coasts we find the Por­ great ancient author had originally writ­ tuguese settlements like Goa, Calicut, ten, or actually intended, or at least would Pegu, Malacca, etc., but place-names for agree to, as he himselfhad said that 'more the interior still rely on ancient authors credit should always be given to recent supplemented by medieval sources like information.' But with the rapid progress Marco Polo. For some time the latter re­ of discoveries, this method soon reached mains also the only source for the its limits, and it became necessary to sup- fantastic shape of Japan, placed halfway

Fig. 2. Sebastian Munster, Asia, New World (detail), Basel, 1540 54 were recorded in ships' diaries and on manuscript seacharts to make it possible to repeat the daring but profitable voy­ ages. However, these were kept secret, since they contained extremely valuable commercial information. Other important cartographic achievements were the production of the oldest extant globe by Martin Behaim in Nuremberg in 1492, the publication of so-called !so/arias (island atlases) in Fig. 3. Sebastian Munster Venice (e.g. Benedetto Bordone, 1528), (attributed to), Asia, Basel, 1538 and of separately issued maps of the world in Florence (Francesco Rosselli, between Asia and the New World. 1492/93; Matteo Contarini and Francesco Geographical endeavours in the 15th Roselli, 1506), and in Strassburg (Martin and early 16th century were, of course, Waldseemi.iller, 1507). All ofthese, while not limited to the editions of Ptolemy's incorporating the new discoveries, re­ Geographia or other ancient writings. mained much indebted to Ptolemy for The routes to the newly discovered lands their concept of Asia, very much the

Fig. 4. Giacomo Gastaldi, Southeast Asia and Japan, Venice, 1554 55 Fig. 5. Abraham Ortelius, Asia, Antwerp, 1570 same as the tavolae modernae of contem­ soon becomes 'Regnum Malacha' on porary editions of the Geographia. A subsequent maps. It kept on appearing common feature is a newly invented third throughout the first half of the 16th c , al­ Asian subcontinent in the east. Already though the true position of Malacca was Marco Polo and Friar Odoric had been established beyond doubt by its Portu­ travelling the sea route between India and guese capture in 1511 (Fig. 3). the Far East. Thereby they had proven A major early departure from this tra­ wrong Ptolemy's assumption that the In­ dition came with Martin Waldseemi.iller's dian Ocean was landlocked by the 'Sinus Carta Marina (Strassburg 1516). On this Magnus'. This was now acknowledged map India, with a host of place-names by disconnecting Ptolomy's eastern along its newly discovered coastlines, is landbridge from 'Terra Incognita Austra­ getting close to its real shape. Following lis', converting it into another peninsula, an example set by an anonymous Portu­ even larger than 'India extra Ganges'. guese chart, the so-called Cantina Map Since the shape of this new subcontinent of c. 1502, the fictitious third Asian is derived from 'Sinus Magnus', it bends sub-continent is deleted again. However, to the south-west. At its southern tip it its prolonged shape is transferred to Fur­ also has an appendix, similar to the ther India, which therefore now 'Aurea Chersonesus' of Further India. protrudes far to the south of the equator, On earlier maps this new appendix is as­ almost to the Tropic of Capricorn. sociated with Polo's 'Regnum Lac', but The groundwork for a full modem

56 Fig. 6. Abraham Ortelius, Indiae Orientaliae ... Antwerp, 1570 picture of the East was laid by Giacomo the sources of the rivers were finally ex­ Gastaldi, who made use of Portuguese plored in the early 20th c. Here the lake is sources, as well as of Pigafetta's report surrounded by more factual designations on the discoveries made by Magellan's like 'Cochinchina' (Vietnam), 'Berma' expedition. In 1554 he created a map of (Burma), 'Syam' (Thailand), etc. Also Southeast Asia for Giovanni Battista Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes, Ramusio' s collection of travel accounts Halmahera, etc. reflect the fairly precise Delle navigatione e viaggi (Fig. 4). On data collected by the Iberian powers, this south-oriented map Further India is while knowledge about the Philippines is still missing its pronounced eastern still rudimentary, although the name bulge, but the Malay peninsula is ap­ 'Filipina' is introduced. proaching its actual shape, bending Widening the picture and filling in correctly east, not extending beyond the more details, Gastaldi completed in 1561 equator, and with 'C. do Cimcapula' a map of Asia in three sheets of different (Singapore) on its southern tip. A ficti­ scale. The Middle and Near East are dealt tious 'Lago de chiamay' is the source of with in great detail on parts 1 and 2. On several rivers including the Menam, but part 3 India and China are added to the not the Mekong. The latter opens into an­ area covered already by the map of 1554. other 'Lago' before falling into the open For the former Gastaldi could draw on sea. The origin of the myth of Lake much factual data, designating, e.g. Chiengmai is unclear. Engelbert 'Regno de Delli' (Delhi). But for China, Kaempfer was one of the first to doubt its Mongolia and Tartary he still had to rely existence, but it was only eradicated when mainly on the medieval reports of Marco 57 Polo and others. He helps himself by cov­ coast of Asia Ortelius largely follows ering the area with a largely speculative Gastaldi' s world map, lamenting in one network of rivers and lakes. of the numerous legends the lack of reli­ Japan, which was still called able knowledge about this area. To the 'Ciampagu' in 1554, becomes now east a new concept for Japan is intro­ 'Giapan'. From its wrong position, just duced, which shows some similarity to a north of the Tropic of Cancer, it is moved manuscript chart by Bartolomeu V elho to a more correct latitude, north of30°. Al­ of c. 1560. It reflects Portuguese first ready by 1554 Gastaldi had departed from hand information, which at the time ex­ the speculative rectangular Zipangu type, tended not much further than today's although with a still somewhat fuzzy Kansai region, designated by 'Osaquo' shape. Now he makes reference for the (Osaka) and 'Meaco' (Kyoto, misplaced first time to an actual place-name with 'C. west of Osaka). The archipelago de cangossima' and the city 'cangossima' stretches in west-east direction, with the (Kagoshima on Kyushu), thereby demon­ Ryukyu chain of islands attached in the strating that his image of Japan is not pure south-west. Honshu ('lapan') and fantasy. It is further improved on his wall Shikoku ('Tonsa') are prominent, but map of the world, also of 1561, to show a Kyushu is not clearly separated from large slender main island in west-east di­ Honshu, with 'Bungo' (the Oita region rection, with more place-names, and one on Kyushu) placed on the main island, small island each added in the north and 'Cangoxima' (Kagoshima, also on ('Torza') and south. The landmasses of Kyushu) on a smaller island, not next to Asia and North America are for the first Honshu, but further to the south-west, time shown separated by water, the 'Streto with three other islands in between. An­ di Anian', an assumption proven to be cor­ other peculiarity is the part of another rect only by Bering's discovery in 1728. large island 'Ziampagu', south-east of Another important feature of this map is Japan, cut off by the right border of the the bulge of Further India, which had map. It reveals uncertainty with respect started to appear from 1525 on Portuguese to Japan, as visited by the Portuguese, manuscript charts. and 'Zipangu', as described by Marco Ortelius' s wall map of the world of Polo, being one and the same. 1564 follows Gastaldi's in many ways, in Gerhard Mercator published his ep­ particular with respect to Asia, including ochal wall map of the world in 1569. For the eastern bulge of Further India, although Asia in general it seems to be largely in­ the shape of Japan is closer to the triangle debted to Gastaldi's world map of 1561, on the Ramusio map of 1554. In addition to including Further India's eastern bulge, 'Torza', north of the main island, also which is depicted even more rounded, 'Mazacar' is now designated in the south. and, hence, more accurately. For Japan, On his wall map of Asia of 1567 however, yet another concept is intro­ Ortelius adheres more closely to duced. This is also based on Portuguese Gastaldi' s three sheet map of Asia, which manuscript charts. They show the Japa­ he consolidates into a single image of nese archipelago as a double chain of uniform scale, extending its scope to­ tiny islands. In the middle 'Japam' is wards the north and the east. For the north designated, and the Ryukyu islands, in-

58 eluding "lequio maior" (Okinawa) and on either map, but 'Gilolo' (Halmahera) "lequio menore" (Taiwan), are attached is again more accurate on Indiae in the south. Mercator distinctively en­ Orienta/is... Mindanao appears better on larges the central island 'lap am', stating the Asia map, but the name 'Philippina' that this is the same as Polo's 'Zipangri' turns up on a small island (Cebu?) on and the 'Chrise' (gold island) of antiquity. Indiae Orienta/is . A peculiarity of the Following Gastaldi (World, 1561) and latter map is the reference to Ptolemy's Ortelius (World, 1564), two islands in the southern continent Terra Australis Incog­ north and south are marked as 'Torz"' and nita, of which a tip is shown south-east of 'Mazacar', respectively. The whole clus­ Java as 'Beach', a corruption of one of ter, north of 'lapam', is designated as Marco Polo's place-names which was al­ 'Insule de Miaco'. On the main island ready introduced into cartography by place-names from Jesuit reports and Por­ Mercator's world map. tuguese charts are complemented by Japan is, of course, more accurate on 'Dinlai', 'Menlai', and 'Hormar'. These the maps of Asia and Tartary according are Polean designations, originally not re­ to Ortelius's own model, than on the lated to Japan. With the two island chains maps of the world and Indiae attached north and south and the plump Orienta/is ... , where they are based on main island in the middle, the archipelago Mercator's kite shape. However, Ortelius resembles the picture of a kite. Although adopts yet another shape for Japan on his this image is much less correct than the separate map of China, added to the one established by Ortelius on his wall Theatrum in 1584 (Fig. 7). Kyushu, west­ map of Asia, it was frequently copied, em Honshu and the Kii peninsula even by Ortelius himself, due to Gerhard encompass Shikoku in crescent form. Mercator's overwhelming authority. New place-names appear on Kyushui In fact, in the first edition of his (e.g. 'Faccata'= Hakata) and the Kii pen­ Theatrum Ortelius promotes two dis­ insula (e.g. 'Sacai'=Sakai, and 'Cumano' tinctly different concepts for Asia: the =Kumano in Wakayama). This crescent maps of the world and of Indiae shape of Japan, as well as the new Orienta/is ... (Fig. 6) faithfully follow place-names along the Chinese coast Mercator's world map, while Ortelius's (e.g. 'C. Ciampo', from where the Portu­ map of Asia (Fig. 5) is a reduction of his guese had set out to eventually discover own wall map of the continent of 1567 (in Japan), and also the Chinese inland net­ turn, based on Gastaldi' s three part map work of rivers and lakes show much of Asia of 1561 ), and the map of Tartary similarity to manuscript charts by Vaz shows a segment of that map, putting Dourado, dating from c. 1570 to c. 1580. Asia in relation to North America. As a Dourado' s model of Japan appears result on Indiae Orienta/is ... Further In­ again in simplified form on Ortelius' s dia with its rounded bulge is better map of the Pacific (Fig. 8), dated 1589, rendered, but the Malay peninsula is get­ but published in the 1590 edition of the ting too wide. Its shape, as well as the Theatrum. In the north a gigantic 'Isla de situation and shape of Sumatra and Bor­ Plata' is shown. Its shape resembles a neo are better rendered on the map of similar island on a manuscript chart by Asia. Celebes is not very well portrayed Bartolomeu Velho of 1561, there bearing

59 Fig. 7. Abraham Ortelius, China Fig. 8. Abraham Ortelius, Pacific (detail), Antwerp, 1584 (detail), Antwerp, 1589190 a legend 'Nesta ilha ha muito ouro y Kuriles and parts of Ezo (Hokkaido) and prata' (this island has much gold and sil­ Sakhalin, the latter being mistaken for ver). On Velho's chart it is, however, the north-east ofEzo, generating another much smaller in proportion to Japan, largely fictitious gigantic island in the which itself is modelled not on the cres­ north of Japan on European maps. cent style of Dourado, but on Velho's Ortelius himself abandoned the sil­ own style, the precursor to Ortelius's ver island again on the separate map of model for Japan on his wall map of Asia Japan (Fig. 9), which he added to the (1567). Here, on the Pacific map, the situ­ Theatrum in 1595. This map is credited ation of the new island above central to 'Ludoico Teisera', a Portuguese car­ Honshu, i.e. not in the northeast, already tographer to the Spanish crown. It is a contradicts the assumption that this is an combination of western and Japanese early depiction of Ezo (Hokkaido ). sources. Honshu is shown for the first Moreover, Ortelius himself reveals in a time on a western map in its full exten­ legend the ancient 'Argyre' (silver is­ sion, including areas in the north-east, land), as the inspiration for this fictitious not yet visited at the time by Europeans. island. In spite of the fact that Francis Xa­ The nomenclature of the cities on the vier had already in one of his letters four main islands largely corresponds to warned against the futile search for this the names of the provinces on Japanese silver island 'because there are no islands maps of the Gyoki type. For the shapes in the Orient, where there are ofKyushu and Shikoku as well as for the silvermines, except the isles of Japan', many smaller islands including the these same stories still motivated the Rykyus western sources prevail. An­ Dutch expedition led by Maerten other novelty is the depiction and Gerritsz. Vries in the 17th c, which re­ designation of 'Corea' on a European sulted in the discovery of the southern printed map. Already medieval diplo- 60 Fig. 9. Abraham Ortelius, Japan, Antwerp, 1595 matic missions had reported on this at first glance, still includes a large num­ country, whose envoys they met at the ber of fantastic and fictitious details, court of the Khan. The misunderstanding which have bee perpetuated over many that it is an island rather than a peninsula decades by his followers and copyists, may have been caused by the impression and which it took almost two centuries to given by the more than 800 km long Yalu finally and completely eradicate. river forming a natural wet border, also in the north, especially since the shores of FURTHER READING Waldseemiiller's Carta Marina, Gastaldi 's map of that river were purposely kept uninhab­ Asia in three sheets, his wall map of the world, as ited to prevent any uncontrolled well as the wall maps of Asia and the world by intercourse between Korea and the Asian Ortelius can all be conveniently studied in volume mainland. In any case this misrepresenta­ II of Giinter Schilder's truly monumental series Monumenta Cartographica Neerlandica, tion of Korea as an island continued on Uitgeverij 'Canaletto', Alphen aan den Rijn, 1987. European maps for almost a century. The significance of the intense commercial inter­ In summary, Ortelius for his repre­ course between Europe and Asia since the antiquity is discussed in depth by Donald F. Lach, Asia in the sentation of Asia made use of the most Making of Europe, Volume I, The Century of Dis­ recent information available at his time, covery, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago which he combined with medieval travel & London, 1994 ( 1965). Thomas Suarez, Early reports, and also with ancient sources. Mapping of Southeast Asia, Tuttle, Tokyo, 1999 (Autumn/Winter), gives a fascinating account of The authority of Ptolemy and others was the routes covered by the explorers and the appear­ still so strong, that they were not only ance of their discoveries on maps. The changing used to fill in blanks, but attempts were shape of Japan from its first appearance on western continued to reconcile their data with con­ maps into the 19th century is dealt with by Lutz Walter (ed.), Japan - A Cartographic Vision, temporary discoveries. Thus, Ortelius's Prestel, New York & Munich 1994. image of Asia, which looks quite accurate LUTZ WALTER

61 Comments on the article 'Cartography of the Bartholomew Family Firm'

Editor's Note: Tim Nicholson is well known for (Sussex, North Devon). The numbered his research on cycling and other transportation series began in 1897. maps. Recently he has turned his eye to Bartholomew maps. Though too modem for Page 45 col 1 line 29ff some of our members, they can be found in most collections based on region rather than date or The 12-sheet 1,4 in. map of 1897 'ap­ cartographer, so I requested him to add to our pears to be a cheap version of the ~ in'. information on Bartholomew maps by No- not in 1897 when it first appeared. commenting on David Smith's article in the It was then still based on the old 16-sheet Spring Journal. 'Imperial' map of the 1860s. It was not until 1910 (Scotland) and 1911 (England Page 3 7 col 2 last para & Wales) that the 12-sheet map was 'Not notably active ... rarely ven­ given a new base, in the form of the~ in. tured into scales larger than its favoured layered map. And why 'A cheap ver­ ~in: 1 mile'. I don't know who the au­ sion'? It was simply a reduction of the~ thor is comparing Barts with, but 'rarely' in. And it was not 'only designed for is not the motjuste in any context. See en­ publication by others.' It was a feature of closed list of25large-scale town plans on the Bartholomew list for many years, as offer in 1898 alone. Also in the 1890s, well as being sold to other publishers. Buxton, Leeds, Scarborough, York and quite likely other towns were also cov­ Page 45 col 2 line 4 ered. And, around a dozen one-inch maps Central Europe mapped for tourists were published in the period to 1914. in 1891 on a half-inch scale. No - the number of sheets would be vast, and Page 43 col 1 line 12ff there is no sign of such a map in the 'The maps were layer coloured'. Not Bartholomew archive. so. Of the 30 Scottish district maps, all but nine were always unlayered, and at Page 45 col 2 last para least four of the nine were offered 'Surprisingly few Bartholomew unlayered as well as layered at various map appear in the collectors' market to­ times. Only five (possibly fewer) were day'. Not so. Even if we are talking of offered exclusively in layered form. In pre-1919 maps, they are often seen at the 1888 (not 1890) the district sheets began more down-market book fairs and at pa­ to be superseded by a numbered, sec­ per fairs generally; and are available tional series; these were all layered. from specialist dealers. I started collect­ ing pre-1914 Bartholomew maps Page 43 col 1 line 18ff seriously, but selectively, about 18 'The ~ in:mile map of England & months ago, and within a couple of Wales was published in 3 7 sheets be­ months had accumulated well over 300. I tween 1897 ... ' No. The earliest of the think that the author's subjective experi­ sheets, unnumbered, were published in ence has misled him; and the fact that he 1895 (Surrey, South Devon) and 1896 has not seen many maps would explain 62 most of the difficulties above. Bartholomew archive includes scores of bound volumes from 1877 onwards con­ Page 45 last line taining thousands of examples of the Not 'lost forever'. See above- there firm's best work. are a lot of them about. Also, the TIM NICHOLSON

THE POCKET SERIES OF TOURING MAPS Br J. BARTHOLOMEW, F.R.G.S. LIST OF SPECIAL DISTRICT MAPS & TOWN PLAN 3. Those lf!arhed with un asteriak are · price Ts . each, mounted on cloth and in cate-the other larger Maps are Ts . paper and 2s . ch th . •Alderahot- EDn. Sc., 4 m. to iu . •oxrordlhlre. 4 miles to inch. •Alderahot Camp ~ EnTiron•. sc , 'RUibY and Enva. Oo. 2 in . to mile. •SbiopalUre. Do. ·Bedfordshire. Sc., 4 m. to ln. •Somenetahlre. Do. British Illea K&UwayKap. -sta.fordahlre. Do. •Buxton. Katlo~k, k. 2m. to in. •sufrolk coun~y. CM. •Cmbrtdceshire. Selle, 4 m. to ln. •sun:ey t Suaaex. Du. ~ca.rdift' a.nd Environs. Do. Tbames~The River. 2 mile• t.o i1 ch. 'Cheshire. Oo. -Tunbri e a; Environs. 4tu. to in •(!ly~~ Wt~ert~;; ~!;.:c:. ~:a . ~ i·'· ·' tf'alea, orth. Scale, 4 m. to iu . •eonnemara. Diab'ict. 'm. to in . • Do., Central. no. 'CorD.w&ll Coun,r. 4 m. to in. • Do., SOuth-West. Do. "0\\mberla.nd and WesSmorl&nd. ~w.arwtckahire, with Pla.Da. Sule, 4 mllu to Inch. •WUtab.tre .. f miles to inth. •Derbyshire. Do. Windermere, Oontaton, Graamf re, DeVODJhire. Do. tc. 1 Inch to mile. ~nonega.l County. Do. Yorkshire. Selle, 4 lllila ~ inch •Dorsetlhire. Do. Edinburgh, Pocket Guide. 11. 'Edinburgh, Env. of. 2m. to in . TOWN PLANS. •Basex County. • mllu to ln. I, ~Birmingham with Index. ·ataagow, .Enu. or. Sc., 2m. to in. I ·Bla.ckpOOl, Wl~h EnvlroDJ. '3li}UC6il~&;;h!re. ~:::.le , ~ l::: t.c :a. I *!3C'.l."ll3:lOUth, w!Cl ~da:., Gu .de '.Hampshire. Dl• . ~ and Bnvtrou. 'Herefordsbire, tc. Do. I ··Bri«bton, wUh Index. 'Hertfordlhire and Dist. Do . •chtlteDba.m, with Bnva. 'Isle of Man. Scl.le, 2m. Lo inch. •DubliJl, with llldex, Guide a.nd Is1e oCWi!ht, with Oulde. 1 in. 1.0 m. E.nTirolll. 'Kent, county of. 4 m. to Inch. 'Durham. with BnvironL Kenrick, Ullawater. 1 inch to mile. •Eutbourne, with llldu: and Gu: de. Klllarney & Cork. 4 mllea to it1ch. •E41Jlburg~ with IDdex. •J..a.ke District and Windermere. 1 ·a.I&IIcnr, With lndeL ~ tuiles to inch. · ·nuttnca t St. Leonardi, ~ lth 'Laneuhire. Selle, 4 m. to ineh. 1 Index and Guide. 'Lincolnabire. Do. I 'Ha.rropte, wUh EDlirODJ. •Livel'))ool & EnTirou. 4 m. to inch . I •Bun. 'tiith Index aacl Guide. ·Loch Lomond- Troau.cha. 2m. toJn. Linrpool, with Index. London ~ Enva. w W.lle Radiua Map. London. with Index and Guide. 4 mild Lo Inch. .-:. LOndon, OltJ. Jt ln. to n1. London t En~oD.I. 1 Inch lo rulle. London. IUl · Do. lW11r&ylaUon K&p. London. Iouth,· with Index 1.Dd •tfancbuter t bY. Scale,4 m. to ln . Guide. •)t&tlock, Buxton. k t m. to in. . London, North. Melrose Pocket Qutde. 11. London. W'.ut. . •Norihumberland Co. 4 m. to ln. Muchuter, wUh Index. ~Norfolk Oo. Do. 'Newcastle, wUh En'rirou. •!forthamptonu4 Hunk. Do. Nott1qham. •!foUin(bamlhin. A Do. 1 •oxford, with EnVirons. •oba.D anctbrtrona. t mile.~ Inch. 1 Pl7Dloutb and Dnonport.

63 A History ofiMCoS

During my eighteen years as Chairman lies and all the members of their and International Chairman I have per­ committees and others for making these suaded many International Rep­ symposia so instructive and enjoyable resentatives and IMCoS members to or­ for us all over so many years. ganise International Symposia overseas. I It is regrettable that there is only have always felt that the immense energy room for one engraved name for each in planning these events has not been meeting. As our numbers swelled, the properly recognised and publicly re­ administration became ever more com­ corded. As soon as one symposium is plicated, and more helpers in every ended our minds are concentrating on the location became involved in the smooth next two events! It is for these reasons and running of the symposia. They are all re­ for the International Organisers that I am membered in the person of the main presenting this free-standing plaque which organiser who is named here. could be a centre-piece for the Society at The plaque has space for twenty IMCoS Dinners and UK events. more presidents and chairmen and at The plaque gives the names of the least forty more symposium organisers. presidents and chairmen to date and also The copper plates will be updated annu­ the principal founders who are still active ally and can be adjusted to take many in supporting the Society. more names. The engraved Van den Keere map of In the 1660s it was possible to find 1645 is copied from Rodney Shirley's The engravers of maps. Not so today, I can Mapping of the World. The details are assure you. I would like to congratulate pasted on the back of the frame. The map Graham Townsend of Colbourne's, is the last recorded work by Van den Trowbridge, Wiltshire, for his fine work. Keere, executed just before his death aged My personal thanks go to Susan Gole for 75 in 1646. It was prepared for the pocket assistance in design, David Webb for edition of John Speed's Prospect printed photography, and Rodney Shirley for the by Miles Fletcher for William Humble, choice of map. My final thanks go to the and there were further editions by Roger past and present members of the London Rea in 1662, 1665, 1666 and 1668, and by committee who have assisted in plan­ Thomas Basset and Richard Chiswell in ning these International Symposia. 1676. I hope this historical record of the The first Overseas Symposium was Society will give members pleasure over in 1982 in Amsterdam, and this is the many years. It will be on display at the name at the head of the upper left hand Annual Dinner, the Farmers' Club meet­ copper plate in the bottom section on the ings, and other suitable venues. It will plaque. The names of the Symposium Or­ also be carried for display at our interna­ ganisers world-wide are listed with the tional meetings. year and city where the event took place. This plaque is a tribute to all the In­ I am sure all members will join with ternational Organisers. me in thanking the organisers, their fami- MALCOLM R. YOUNG

64 PRESIDENTS PRINCIPAL FOUNDERS CHAIRMEN 1980 Rodney Shirley YJ$1lA BERESIIER RIXJIEY SltR.EY IW.roJI '((J.H; 1980 Malcolm Young 1986 HeleD Wallis 1988 Tof1y Burgess 1995 0 Oreyer·Eimbcke 1989 Susan Gofe =====--:==-======~~::::::;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;, 1996 Jenny Harvey

1982 Amsterd"m 1997 Budapest Werner Lo1renbardl lsolt Torok 1984 Nicosia 1998 Tokyo A Hadjtpaschalis H1deo Fu}lwJra 1985 Helsmki Arm;f>IIU 1986 &rce/ona Momserrat Galera 1987 Jerus.,/em fl'a Wa;ntraub 1988 l1J9reb & Dubrovmk DrlJgo Nor11k f989Athens Them~:; Strollt)tfos 1900 tfa:;hm,Fon £nc Wolf 1991 $mgap.Ye Mtt:nael S• &et $ydney Ro/YJrt Cl nty 1992 Madrrd Jtume Armf!fiJ 1993 M<31f11 .; 8t1nn 0 Drerr-Ctmbch 1994 Anllterp !ll h~l< ';p~rlmJ 1995 :J'Ih FrMcl>t.I'J lHfred ~~ ~ 'lm:'Jn /996 (0(),} ~ J"m~ .:-uauchmilnls

65 Book Reviews

Who's Who in the History of Cartography. outlines their utility at the present. Starting with The International Guide to the Subject the first extant fire insurance map, of (D9). Edited by Mary Alice Lowenthal. Map Charleston, South Carolina, made for an Eng­ Collector Publications Ltd. for Imago Mundi. lish insurance company by an English surveyor 1998. ISBN 0-906430-18-6. Pp 204. £24 in 1790, she ranges through the production of ($39) + £3 ($5) p&p. the pioneering map-making companies until As the name implies, this is the ninth edi­ they were, one by one, absorbed into the major tion of this invaluable work. Its structure is provider, the Sanborn Company. unchanged from its predecessor, but it is en­ The surveyor's duty was to map towns larged because the number of researchers and trading estates and detail the construction listed has increased by 24 per cent, surely a and uses of the various buildings so that in­ mammoth task for the editor who should be surers could quickly assess the risks posed to congratulated on the results of her labours. their customers, not only by their own build­ Part I. 'What's What in the History of ings and operations, but also by those of their Cartography' is a general guide to the litera­ neighbours. The insurers could also see if ture and publications, and the societies their risks were grouped too closely together working in the field. It does not claim to be so that a natural or man-made disaster in one comprehensive, but it is a very useful listing. area could result in a catastrophic loss to the Part II is the main section, the Who's msurers. Who listing the names, addresses, recent pub­ The Sanborn Company relied on meticu­ lications and fields of research of 630 lous and detailed training of each group of workers. The work concludes with four in­ employees: surveyors, draughtsmen, printers dexes classifying the fields of research by and colourists to achieve a high degree of people, places and subjects, and the geograph­ consistency. The maps were continuously ical locations of the researchers. updated by pasting amendments over the Such a work can only be as comprehen­ original map. sive as the researchers allow it to be. One can Diane Oswald supplements her account think of names not included, probably due to with a series of humorous sketches of em­ the modesty or isolation of the worker. ployees and tales told by surveyors on their A book every reference library should have travels when they were often treated with and every researcher should have access to. suspicion and hostility. EUGENE BURDEN Whilst the operations of the Sanborn Company were mainly confined to the USA, Fire Insurance Maps-Their History and another major operator was Charles Goad Applications. By Diane L. Oswald. Texas: who started his career as a representative of Lacewing Press, 1997. ISBN 0-9659698-0-0. the company in Canada. Goad spread his op­ Pp 102. $9.95 plus postage from Lacewing erations throughout the globe and became Press, 15889 Woodlake Dr, College Station, well known in England in the early years of TX 77845. E-mail for postage rate: this century for his fire insurance map of [email protected] large English towns. I thoroughly enjoyed reading this little Although these maps are no longer used book. Diane Oswald is an enthusiast on her for their original purpose, they may be found subject and she conveys her enthusiasm to the in locxallibraries and used by local historians, reader. Without going into too much detail developers and environmental; health officers she sketches the history and development of who may wish to learn of hazards posed to po­ fire insurance maps in the United States and tential development by former users.

66 A readable account for someone wishing frequent lack of proximity of the maps and the to know something of the story of these maps text to which they relate, so that one has to go EUGENE BURDEN leafing backwards and forwards. As Patrick Moore says in the foreword, The Shadow of the Moon. British solar this booklet will become the standard refer­ eclipse mapping in the eighteenth century. ence on the subject. Those wishing to know By Geoff Armitage. Foreword by Patrick more about the 1999 eclipse and the mysteries Moore. Tring; Map Collector Publications Ltd, of predicting eclipses, should read the RGO 1997. ISBN 0-906430-17-8. Pp 2+46. £22. Guide. 1 On 11th August 1999 a total eclipse of the sun will be observable in parts of Devon 1. The RGO Guide to the 1999 Total Eclipse of and Cornwall. The cyclical motions of the the Sun- Steve Bell. Cambridge. HM Nauti­ cal Almanac Office. Royal Greenwich earth and moon around the sun were known to Observatory, 1997. ISBN 0-905087-03-8. the Babylonians over 2500 years ago Because EUGENE BURDEN of these cycles, solar eclipses visible at partic­ ular points on the earth's surface sometimes ADVERTISERS IN THIS ISSUE occur in clusters. One such cluster occurred in the eighteenth century when five solar Altea inside back cover eclipses were visible over the British Isles Richard B. Arkway 42 within fifty years. Roderick M. Barron 26 Geoff Armitage details the immense sci­ Antiquariat Berg Rheinhold 48 entific interest in these eclipses and how this Book Dealer 47 was manifested in the production of 'predic­ The Carson Clark Gallery 48 tive' and 'retrospective' maps. One of Classified 31 Edmund Halley's achievements was to refine Frame 32 the tables of lunar motion so that he was able J.A.L. Franks 50 Hemispheres 12 to predict the 1715 solar eclipse to within four Intercol back cover minutes and its track within a few miles. He il­ KitS. Kapp 48 lustrated this in the form of a map of England Le Bail-Weissert 18 and Wales showing the track of the umbra. Warwick Leadlay Gallery 20 Others produced maps, but these did not have Map Collector Publications 20 the immediate impact of Halley's map. After The Map House inside front cover the event, Halley amended the plate to pro­ Map Forum 44 duce a retrospective map showing the actual Martayan Lan 46 course. Later he amended the plate again to Johannes Muller 42 add the prediction for the 1724 eclipse. Kenneth N ebenzahl 32 Armitage describes and illustrates the Old World Auctions 18 various maps produced for these two eclipses Philadelphia Print Shop 19 and for the later eclipses of 1737, 1748 and Gonzalo Fernandez Pontes 31 1764. Whilst the subject is 'British solar Jon athan Potter 64 eclipse mapping', Armitage also discusses the The Prime Meridian 20 influence of French and German mapmakers, Reiss & Sohn 46 George Ritzlin 24 illustrating a two-colour printing of a map by Robert Ross 19 Desnos for the 1764 eclipse. The booklet con­ Adina S. Sommer 20 cludes with a listing of the maps and their Neil Charles Street 47 locations and shelf marks. As one would ex­ Paulus Swaen 48 pect from Geoff Armitage, the booklet has Tooley Adams 12 been well researched and the results well pre­ The Witch Ball 18 sented. If one must criticise, it is in the Zenrin 22 67 IMCoS List of Officers President Oswald Dreyer-Eimbcke Executive Committee and Appointed Officers Chairman Jenny Harvey Advisory Council Vice Chairman Valerie Scott Past President Rodney Shirley General Secretary Harry Pearce Adelaide W.A.R. Richardson Membership Secretary Sam Pearce Barcelona Sra Montserrat Galera Treasurer Tim Whitten London Tony Campbell Publicity Officer Y asha Beresiner London Catherine Delano Smith Map Fair Organiser Roger Brown Paris Monique Pelletier Map Fair Liaison Philip Burden Quebec Ed Dahl Journal Advertisements Derek Allen Utrecht Dr Giinther Schilder Librarian Christopher Terrell Washington Ralph Ehrenberg Photographer David Webb Journal Editor Susan Gole Directors Themis Strongilos Alfred W. Newman International Officers Malcolm R. Young Chairman Susan Gole Secretary Robert Clancy Development Caroline Batchelor

Representatives America, Central: Paul F. Glynn, Korea: Dr. Chan Lee, # 1003 Pungnim Bid, Casa El Carmen, 3a Avenida Norte 8, La Kongdok-dong 404, Mapo-Ku, Anti qua, 03001 Guatemala Seoul 121-022 America, South: Dr Lorenzo Gliller Frers, Latvia: Dr Janis Strauchmanis, Peru 285, 1641 Acassuso, Argentina Tallinas 83-40, Riga, LV-1 009 Australia: Prof Robert Clancy, Mexico: Martine Chomel de Coelho, 11 High Street, Newcastle, NSW 2300 A.P. 40-230, Mexico 06140 DF Austria: Dr Stefan J. Missine, Netherlands: Hans Kok, Unt. Weissgerberstr. 5-4, 1030 Vienna Poelwaal 15, 2162 HA Lisse Belgium: Phillippe Swolfs, New Zealand: Neil McKinnon, Nieuwe Steenweg 31, Elversele, 9140 PO Box 847, Timaru Canada: Edward H. Dahl, 1292 Montee Norway: Pal Sagen, Bygdoy Aile 69, Paiement, Gatineau, Quebec J8R 3K5 PO Box 102 Tasen, N-0801 Oslo 8 Croatia: Ankica Pandzic, Hist. Museum of Philippines: RudolfLietz, POB 2348 MCPO, Croatia, Matoseva 9, 1000 Zagreb 1263 Makati, Metro Manila Cyprus: Michael Efrem, P.O. Box 2267, Portugal: JC Silva, 1519 Nicosia Travessa de Quelmada 28, Lisbon 2 Finland: Jan Strang, Jatasalmentie 1, Saudi Arabia: Fay Huiderkoper-Cope, c/o FIN-00830 Helsinki Rezayat Co Ltd, PO Box 90, Alkhobar 3952 France: Jacques Reutemann, Singapore & Malaysia: Julie Yeo, 21 Cuscaden 54 Rue des Grands Forts, 26110 Nyons Rd, Ming Arcade,O 1-02, Singapore 1024 Germany: Prof Dr D. Novak South Africa: Elizabeth Bisschop, Adenaurallee 23 , D-5300 Bonn 1 P.O Box 26156, Hout Bay, 7872 Greece: Themis Strongilos, Spain: Jaime Armero, Frame SL, 19 Rigillis Sreeet, GR-1 06 74 Athens General Pardiiias 69, Madrid 6 Hungary: Dr Zsolt Torok, Dept of Geography, S1veden: Gunnar Skoog, Eotvos Univ. Ludovika 2, Budapest Fridhemsvagen 25, S-217 74 Malmo Iceland: Kjarten Gunnarsson, Thailand: Dr Dawn Rooney, Smaragata 9, Reykjavik 101 PO Box 11, 1238 Bangkok Indonesia: GeoffEdwards Turkey: F. Muhtar Katircioglu, PO Box 1390/JKS, Jakarta 12013 Karanfil Aralligi 14, Levent, 80620 Istanbul Israel: Eva Wajntraub, USA, Central: Kenneth Nebenzahl, 4 Brenner Street, Jerusalem PO Box 370, Glencoe, Ill60022 Italy: Marcus Perini, Via A. Sciesa 11 USA, East: Robert A. Highbarger, 7509 37122 Verona Hackamore Drive, Potomac, MD 20854 Japan: Kazumasa Yamashita, 10-7-2-chome, USA, West: Alfred W. Newman, 1414 Mariposa Sendagaya, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo Street, Vallejo, CA 94590

68 ALTEA c = ""::> Maps & Books ANTIQUARIAN BOOKSELLER

Third floor- 91 Regent Street- London W1R 7TB Tel: 0171-494 9060 - Fax: 0171-287 7938- Mobile: 0467-430726 Web site: www.antique-maps.co.uk- E-mail: [email protected]

SPEED,JOHN. The Kingdome of China ... 1627. A beautiful map of China and japan, from Speed's Prospect of the Most Famous Parts of the World, with eight vignettes of costumes down the sides, views along the top. 400 x 520mm. visit Yasha Beresiner's Gallery at 114 Islington High Street (in the Camden Passage) London Nl tel: 0171 354 2599 Tuesday to Saturday g :m - 500

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.Jk- J i'' ~ . t for a free catalogue, please write to: · InterCol 43 Templars Crescent, London N3 3QR Tel: 0181 349 2207 Fax: 0181 346 9539 E-Mail: [email protected] Please visit our Website: www.intercol.co.uk