Monday, January 28, 2002

Part II

Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service 50 CFR Part 17 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Revised Determinations of Prudency and Proposed Designations of Critical Habitat for Plant Species From the Islands of Kauai and Niihau, Hawaii; Proposed Rule

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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR critical habitat for nine of these species proposed for three species of loulu (Ctenitis squamigera, Diellia erecta, palm, Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii, P. Fish and Wildlife Service Diplazium molokaiense, Hibiscus napaliensis, and P. viscosa for which we brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, determined, on November 7, 2000, that 50 CFR Part 17 Mariscus pennatiformis, Phlegmariurus critical habitat designation is not RIN 1018–AG71 manni, Silene lanceolata, and Vigna o- prudent because it would likely increase wahuensis) in other proposed rules the threats from vandalism or collection Endangered and Threatened Wildlife published on December 18, 2000 (Maui of these species on Kauai and Niihau, and Plants; Revised Determinations of and Kahoolawe), on December 27, 2000 and no change is made to that Prudency and Proposed Designations (Lanai), and on December 29, 2000 determination here. Critical habitat is of Critical Habitat for Plant Species (Molokai). In this proposal we not proposed for two species, Melicope From the Islands of Kauai and Niihau, incorporate the prudency quadrangularis and Acaena exigua, for Hawaii determinations for these nine species which we determined, on November 7, and propose designation of critical 2000, and December 18, 2000, AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, habitat for Ctenitis squamigera, Diellia respectively, that critical habitat was not Interior. erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, prudent because they had not been seen ACTION: Revised proposed rule and Ischaemum byrone, Mariscus recently in the wild, and no viable notice of determinations of whether pennatiformis. Critical habitat is not genetic material of these species was designation of critical habitat is proposed for Hibiscus brackenridgei, known. No change is made to that prudent. Phlegmariurus manni, Silene determination here. lanceolata, and Vigna o-wahuensis on We propose critical habitat SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and the islands of Kauai and Niihau because Wildlife Service (Service), originally designations for 83 species within 15 we are unable to determine habitat critical habitat units totaling determined that designation of critical which is essential to their conservation habitat was prudent, and proposed approximately 40,147 hectares (ha) on these islands. We determined that (99,206 acres (ac)) on the island of designation of critical habitat for 76 critical habitat was not prudent for plants from the islands of Kauai and Kauai, and within one critical habitat Acaena exigua, a species known only unit totaling approximately 282 ha (697 Niihau on November 7, 2000. We from Kauai and Maui, in the proposal incorporate those 76 prudency ac) on the island of Niihau. published on December 18, 2000 (Maui If this proposal is made final, section determinations here. In this proposal we and Kahoolawe). This species had not 7 of the Act requires Federal agencies to have revised the proposed designations been seen recently in the wild and no ensure that actions they carry out, fund, to incorporate new information, and/or viable genetic material was known to or authorize do not destroy or adversely address comments and new information exist. No change is made here to the modify critical habitat to the extent that received during the comment periods. earlier prudency determination for this In the November 7, 2000, proposal we the action appreciably diminishes the species. value of the critical habitat for the did not propose critical habitat for three In this proposal, we determine that species of loulu palms, Pritchardia survival and recovery of the species. critical habitat is prudent for four other Section 4 of the Act requires us to aylmer-robinsonii, P. napaliensis, and P. species (Achyranthes mutica, viscosa. We determined that critical consider economic and other relevant Isodendrion pyrifolium, Phlegmariurus impacts of specifying any particular area habitat designation was not prudent nutans, and Solanum incompletum) for because it would likely increase the as critical habitat. which prudency determinations have We solicit data and comments from threats from vandalism or collection of not been made previously, and that no the public on all aspects of this these species on Kauai and Niihau, and longer occur on Kauai but are reported proposal, including data on the no change is made to that determination from one or more other islands. Critical economic and other impacts of the here. We also did not propose critical habitat is proposed at this time for designations. We may revise or further habitat for two species, Melicope Phlegmariurus nutans on Kauai based refine critical habitat boundaries prior quadrangularis and Phyllostegia on new information and information to final designation based on habitat and waimeae, which had not been seen in received during the comment periods on plant surveys, public comment on the the wild and for which no viable genetic the November 7, 2000, proposal. Critical revised proposed critical habitat rule, material of these species was known to habitat is not proposed for Achyranthes and new scientific and commercial exist. Due to new information received mutica, Isodendrion pyrifolium, and information. during the comment periods regarding Solanum incompletum on the islands of the rediscovery of Phyllostegia waimeae Kauai and Niihau because we are unable DATES: We will accept comments until on Kauai, we have reconsidered our to determine habitat which is essential March 29, 2002. Wewill hold one public earlier finding and determine that to their conservation on these islands. hearing on this proposed rule. The critical habitat is prudent for this We are now proposing critical habitat public hearing will be held from 6:00 species. Designation of critical habitat is for 83 of the 95 species from the islands p.m. to 8:00 p.m., Wednesday, February proposed for this species on Kauai. No of Kauai and Niihau. Critical habitat is 13, 2002, on the island of Kauai, Hawaii. change is made here to the November 7, not proposed for seven of the 95 species Prior to the public hearing, we will be 2000, not prudent determination for (Achyranthes mutica, Hibiscus available from 3:30 to 4:30 p.m. to Melicope quadrangularis. brackenridgei, Isodendrion pyrifolium, provide information and to answer In the November 7, 2000, proposal we Phlegmariurus mannii, Silene questions. Registration for the hearing did not determine prudency nor lanceolata, Solanum incompletum, and will begin at 5:30 p.m. propose designation of critical habitat Vigna o-wahuensis) which no longer ADDRESSES: If you wish to comment, for 14 species that no longer occur on occur on the islands of Kauai or Niihau, you may submit your comments and Kauai and Niihau but are reported from and for which we are unable to materials concerning this proposal by one or more other islands. We determine any habitat that is essential to any one of several methods: determined that critical habitat was their conservation on the islands of You may submit written comments prudent and proposed designation of Kauai or Niihau. Critical habitat is not and information to the Field Supervisor,

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U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific during normal business hours at the (telephone 808/541–3441; facsimile Islands Office, 300 Ala Moana Blvd., above address. The public hearing will 808/541–3470). Room 3–122, P.O. Box 50088, Honolulu, be held at the Radisson Kauai Beach SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: HI 96850–0001. Resort, 4331 Kauai Beach Drive, Lihue, You may hand-deliver written Kauai. Additional information on this Background comments to our Pacific Islands Office hearing can be found under ‘‘Public at the address given above. Hearing’’ found in the Background In the Lists of Endangered and You may view comments and section of this rule. Threatened Plants (50 CFR 17.12), there materials received, as well as supporting FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Paul are 95 plant species that, at the time of documentation used in the preparation Henson, Field Supervisor, Pacific listing, were reported from the islands of this proposed rule, by appointment, Islands Office (see ADDRESSES section) of Kauai and Niihau (Table 1).

TABLE 1.— SUMMARY OF ISLAND DISTRIBUTION OF 95 SPECIES FROM KAUAI AND NIIHAU

Island distribution Species N.W. Isles, Kauai Oahu Molokai Lanai Maui Hawaii Kahoolawe Niihau

Acaena exigua (liliwai) ...... H ...... H Achyranthes mutica (No Common H ...... C Name (NCN)). Adenophorus periens (pendent kihi CHCRHC fern). Alectryon macrococcus (mahoe) ...... C C C ...... C Alsinidendron lychnoides C (kuawawaenohu). Alsinidendron viscosum (NCN) ...... C Bonamia menziesii (NCN) ...... CCHCCC Brighamia insignis (olulu) ...... C ...... Ni (C) Centaurium sebaeoides (awiwi) ...... CCCCC Chamaesyce halemanui (NCN) ...... C Ctenitis squamigera (pauoa) ...... HCCCCH Cyanea asarifolia (haha) ...... C Cyanea recta (haha) ...... C Cyanea remyi (haha) ...... C Cyanea undulata (NCN) ...... C Cyperus trachysanthos (puukaa) ...... CCHH...... Ni (C) Cyrtandra cyaneoides (mapele) ...... C Cyrtandra limahuliensis (haiwale) ...... C Delissea rhytidosperma (NCN) ...... C Delissea rivularis (oha) ...... C Delissea undulata (NCN) ...... C ...... H C Ni (H) Diellia erecta (asplenium-leaved CHCHCC diellia). Diellia pallida (NCN) ...... C Diplazium molokaiense (NCN) ...... HHHHC Dubautia latifolia (naenae) ...... C Dubautia pauciflorula (naenae) ...... C Euphorbia haeleeleana (akoko) ...... C C Exocarpos luteolus (heau) ...... C Flueggea neowawraea C C H ...... C C (mehamehame). Gouania meyenii (NCN) ...... C C Hedyotis cookiana (awiwi) ...... C H H ...... H Hedyotis st.-johnii (Na Pali beach C hedyotis). Hesperomannia lydgatei (NCN) ...... C Hibiscadelphus woodii (hau kuahiwi) .. C Hibiscus brackenridgei (mao hau hele) HCHCCCKa (R) Hibiscus clayi (Clay’s hibiscus) ...... C Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae C (kokio keokeo). Ischaemum byrone (Hilo ischaemum) C H C ...... C C Isodendrion laurifolium (aupaka) ...... C C Isodendrion longifolium (aupaka) ...... C C Isodendrion pyrifolium (wahine noho ...... HHHHCNi (H) kula). Kokia kauaiensis (kokio) ...... C Labordia lydgatei (kamakahala) ...... C Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis C (kamakahala). Lipochaeta fauriei (nehe) ...... C Lipochaeta micrantha (nehe) ...... C

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TABLE 1.— SUMMARY OF ISLAND DISTRIBUTION OF 95 SPECIES FROM KAUAI AND NIIHAU—Continued

Island distribution Species N.W. Isles, Kauai Oahu Molokai Lanai Maui Hawaii Kahoolawe Niihau

Lipochaeta waimeaensis (nehe) ...... C Lobelia niihauensis (NCN) ...... C C ...... Ni (H) Lysimachia filifolia (NCN) ...... C C Mariscus pennatiformis (NCN) ...... H H ...... C H NW (C) Melicope haupuensis (alani) ...... C Melicope knudsenii (alani) ...... C ...... C Melicope pallida (alani) ...... C C Melicope quadrangularis (alani) ...... H Munroidendron racemosum (NCN) ..... C Myrsine linearifolia (kolea) ...... C Nothocestrum peltatum (aiea) ...... C Panicum niihauense (lau ehu) ...... C ...... Ni (H) Peucedanum sandwicense (makou) ... C C C ...... C Phlegmariurus mannii (wawaeiole) ...... H ...... C C Phlegmariurus nutans (wawaeiole) ..... H C Phyllostegia knudsenii (NCN) ...... C Phyllostegia waimeae (NCN) ...... C Phyllostegia wawrana (NCN) ...... C Plantago princeps (laukahi kuahiwi) .... C C C ...... C H Platanthera holochila (NCN) ...... C H C ...... C Poa mannii (Mann’s bluegrass) ...... C Poa sandvicensis (Hawaiian blue- C grass). Poa siphonoglossa (NCN) ...... C Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii (wahane) ...... Ni (C) Pritchardia napaliensis (loulu) ...... C Pritchardia viscosa (loulu) ...... C Pteralyxia kauaiensis (kaulu) ...... C Remya kauaiensis (NCN) ...... C Remya montgomeryi (NCN) ...... C Schiedea apokremnos (maolioli) ...... C Schiedea helleri (NCN) ...... C Schiedea kauaiensis (NCN) ...... C Schiedea membranacea (NCN) ...... C Schiedea nuttallii (NCN) ...... C C C ...... R Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda C (NCN). Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina C (NCN). Schiedea stellarioides (NCN) ...... C Sesbania tomentosa (ohai) ...... CCCHCCNW (C), Ka Silene lanceolata (NCN) ...... HCCH...... C Solanum incompletum (popolo ku mai) H ...... HHHC Solanum sandwicense (aiakeakua, CH popolo). Spermolepis hawaiiensis (NCN) ...... CCCCCC Stenogyne campanulata (NCN) ...... C Vigna o-wahuensis (NCN) ...... HCCCCNi (H), Ka Viola helenae (NCN) ...... C Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis C (nani waialeale). Wilkesia hobdyi (dwarf iliau) ...... C Xylosma crenatum (NCN) ...... C Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (ae) ...... C ...... CHCC KEY: C (Current)—population last observed within the past 30 years. H (Historical)—population not seen for more than 30 years. R (Reported)—reported from undocumented observations.

Fifty-seven of these species are prudent, and proposed designation of Bonamia menziesii, Brighamia insignis, endemic to the islands of Kauai and/or critical habitat, for 76 plants from the Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce Niihau, while 38 species are reported islands of Kauai and Niihau on halemanui, Cyanea asarifolia, Cyanea from one or more other islands, as well November 7, 2000. These species are: recta, Cyanea remyi, Cyanea undulata, as Kauai and/or Niihau. Adenophorus periens, Alectryon Cyperus trachysanthos, Cyrtandra We originally determined that macrococcus, Alsinidendron cyaneoides, Cyrtandra limahuliensis, designation of critical habitat was lychnoides, Alsinidendron viscosum, Delissea rhytidosperma, Delissea

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rivularis, Delissea undulata, Diellia In the November 7, 2000, proposal we exigua, a species known only from pallida, Dubautia latifolia, Dubautia also determined that critical habitat was Kauai and Maui, published in the pauciflorula, Euphorbia haeleeleana, not prudent for Melicope proposed rule for Maui and Kahoolawe Exocarpos luteolus, Flueggea quadrangularis and Phyllostegia on December 18, 2000, and it is hereby neowawraea, Gouania meyenii, waimeae, two species endemic to Kauai, incorporated by reference (65 FR Hedyotis cookiana, Hedyotis st.-johnii, because they had not been seen recently 79192). In that proposal, we determined Hesperomannia lydgatei, in the wild, and no viable genetic that critical habitat was not prudent for Hibiscadelphus woodii, Hibiscus clayi, material of these species was known to Acaena exigua because it had not been Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae, exist. Due to new information received seen recently in the wild, and no viable Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion during the comment periods regarding genetic material was known to exist. longifolium, Kokia kauaiensis, Labordia the rediscovery of Phyllostegia waimeae In this proposal, we determine that lydgatei, Labordia tinifolia var. on Kauai, we have reconsidered our critical habitat is prudent for four other wahiawaensis, Lipochaeta fauriei, earlier finding and determine that species (Achyranthes mutica, Lipochaeta micrantha, Lipochaeta critical habitat is prudent for this Isodendrion pyrifolium, Phlegmariurus waimeaensis, Lobelia niihauensis, species because we believe that such nutans, Solanum incompletum) for Lysimachia filifolia, Melicope designation would be beneficial to this which prudency determinations have haupuensis, Melicope knudsenii, species. Designation of critical habitat is not been made previously, and that no Melicope pallida, Munroidendron proposed for this species on Kauai. No longer occur on Kauai but are reported racemosum, Myrsine linearifolia, change is made here to the November 7, Nothocestrum peltatum, Panicum 2000, not prudent determination for from one or more other islands. These niihauense, Peucedanum sandwicense, Melicope quadrangularis and it is four plants were listed as endangered Phyllostegia knudsenii, Phyllostegia hereby incorporated by reference (65 FR species under the Endangered Species wawrana, Plantago princeps, 66808). Act of 1973, as amended (Act), between Platanthera holochila, Poa mannii, Poa In the November 7, 2000, proposal we 1991 and 1996. At the time each plant sandvicensis, Poa siphonoglossa, did not determine prudency nor was listed, we determined that Pteralyxia kauaiensis, Remya propose designation of critical habitat designation of critical habitat was not kauaiensis, Remya montgomeryi, for 14 species that no longer occur on prudent because designation would Schiedea apokremnos, Schiedea helleri, Kauai and Niihau but are reported from increase the degree of threat to the Schiedea kauaiensis, Schiedea one or more other islands. We species and/or would not benefit the membranacea, Schiedea nuttallii, determined that critical habitat was plant. We determine that critical habitat Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda, prudent and proposed designation of is prudent for these four species because Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina, critical habitat for nine of these species we believe that such designation would Schiedea stellarioides, Sesbania (Ctenitis squamigera, Diellia erecta, be beneficial to these species. Critical tomentosa, Solanum sandwicense, Diplazium molokaiense, Hibiscus habitat is proposed at this time for Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Stenogyne brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, Phlegmariurus nutans on Kauai based campanulata, Viola helenae, Viola Mariscus pennatiformis, Phlegmariurus on new information and information kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis, Wilkesia manni, Silene lanceolata, and Vigna o- received during the comment periods on hobdyi, Xylosma crenatum, and wahuensis) in other proposed rules the November 7, 2000, proposal. Critical published on December 18, 2000 (Maui Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. No change is habitat is not proposed for Achyranthes and Kahoolawe), on December 27, 2000 made to these prudency determinations mutica, Isodendrion pyrifolium, and (Lanai), and on December 29, 2000 in this revised proposal and they are Solanum incompletum on the islands of (Molokai). No change is made to these hereby incorporated by reference (65 FR Kauai and Niihau because we are unable prudency determinations for these nine 66808). In this proposal we have revised to determine habitat which is essential species in this proposal and they are the proposed designations for the 76 to their conservation on these islands. hereby incorporated by reference (65 FR plants based on new information 79192, 65 FR 82086, 65 FR 83158). In Critical habitat for 83 of the 95 species received during the comment periods. this proposal, we propose designation of from the islands of Kauai and Niihau is In addition, we incorporate new critical habitat for Ctenitis squamigera, proposed at this time. Critical habitat is information, and/or address comments Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, not proposed for seven of the 95 species and new information received during Ischaemum byrone, and Mariscus (Achyranthes mutica, Hibiscus the comment periods on the November pennatiformis on the island of Kauai, brackenridgei, Isodendrion pyrifolium, 7, 2000, proposal. based on new information and Phlegmariurus mannii, Silene In the November 7, 2000, proposal we information received during the lanceolata, Solanum incompletum, and did not propose critical habitat for three comment periods on the November 7, Vigna o-wahuensis) which no longer species of loulu palm, Pritchardia 2000, proposal. Critical habitat is not occur on the islands of Kauai or Niihau, aylmer-robinsonii, P. napaliensis, and P. proposed for Hibiscus brackenridgei, and for which we are unable to viscosa. We determined that critical Phlegmariurus manni, Silene determine any habitat that is essential to habitat designation was not prudent lanceolata, and Vigna o-wahuensis on their conservation on the islands of because it would likely increase the the islands of Kauai and Niihau because Kauai or Niihau. However, proposed threats from vandalism or collection of we are unable to determine habitat critical habitat designations, or non- these species on Kauai and Niihau. No which is essential to their conservation designations, for these species will be change is made to these determinations on these islands. included in other future Hawaiian here and they are hereby incorporated No change is made here to the plants proposed critical habitat by reference (65 FR 66808). prudency determination for Acaena proposed rules (Table 2).

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TABLE 2.—LIST OF PROPOSED RULES IN WHICH CRITICAL HABITAT DESIGNATIONS OR NON-DESIGNATIONS WILL BE MADE FOR SEVEN SPECIES FOR WHICH WE ARE UNABLE TO DETERMINE HABITAT ESSENTIAL FOR THEIR CONSERVATION ON THE ISLANDS OF KAUAI AND NIIHAU

Species Proposed rules in which critical habitat designations will be made

Achyranthes mutica ...... Hawaii Island. Hibiscus brackenridgei ...... Maui and Kahoolawe reproposal; Lanai reproposal; Molokai reproposal; Hawaii Island; Oahu. Isodendrion pyrifolium ...... Maui and Kahoolawe reproposal; Lanai reproposal; Molokai reproposal; Hawaii Island; Oahu. Phlegmariurus mannii ...... Maui and Kahoolawe reproposal; Hawaii Island. Silene lanceolata ...... Molokai reproposal; Lanai reproposal; Hawaii Island; Oahu. Solanum incompletum ...... Maui and Kahoolawe reproposal; Lanai reproposal; Molokai reproposal; Hawaii Island. Vigna o-wahuensis ...... Maui and Kahoolawe reproposal; Lanai reproposal; Molokai reproposal; Hawaii Island; Oahu.

Critical habitat is not proposed for three forest reserves, natural area reserves, history information for this species is species of loulu palm, Pritchardia and a wilderness area), and the Federal currently known (Service 1998a). aylmer-robinsonii, P. napaliensis, and P. Government. Most of the taxa included Historically, Alsinidendron viscosa for which we determined, on in this proposed rule persist on steep lychnoides was found on the east rim of November 7, 2000, that critical habitat slopes, precipitous cliffs, valley Kalalau Valley near Keanapuka, the designation is not prudent because it headwalls, and other regions where western and southeastern margins of the would likely increase the threats from unsuitable topography has prevented Alakai Swamp, and southwest of the vandalism or collection of these species agricultural development, or where Swamp near Kaholuamano on the island on Kauai and Niihau. No change is inaccessibility has limited of Kauai. Currently, there are two made to these prudency determinations encroachment by non-native plant and populations with a total of 10 individual in this proposal and they are hereby animal species. plants. This species is extant on State- incorporated by reference (65 FR Niihau’s relative isolation and severe owned land in the Alakai Swamp, the 66808). Critical habitat is not proposed environmental conditions have Mohihi Waialae Trail, Keanapuka and for two species, Melicope produced a few endemic species. Pihea in the Alakai Wilderness Preserve, quadrangularis and Acaena exigua, for Unfortunately, human disturbance, Na Pali Coast State Park, and Na Pali- which we determined, on November 7, primarily ungulate ranching, has Kona Forest Reserve (Hawaii Natural 2000, and December 18, 2000, drastically changed the vegetation and Heritage Program (HINHP) Database respectively, that critical habitat was not hydrologic parameters of the island, 2000; Geographic Decision Systems prudent because they had not been seen leaving few of the native vegetation International (GDSI) 2000). recently in the wild, and no viable communities. Niihau has been privately genetic material of these species was owned since 1864 and access has been, Alsinidendron lychnoides typically known to exist. No change is made to and continues to be, restricted grows on steep riparian clay or silty soil these prudency determinations here and (Department of Geography 1998). banks in montane wet forests dominated they are hereby incorporated by Therefore, current information on plant by Metrosideros polymorpha (ohia) and reference (65 FR 66808, 65 FR 79192). locations and population status is Cheirodendron spp. (olapa), or by extremely limited. Metrosideros polymorpha and The Islands of Kauai and Niihau Dicranopteris linearis (uluhe), and at Because of its age and relative Discussion of Plant Taxa elevations between 828 and 1,344 isolation, Kauai has levels of floristic Species Endemic to Kauai and Niihau meters (m) (2,715 and 4,408 feet (ft)). diversity and endemism that are higher Associated native plant species include Alsinidendron lychnoides than on any other island in the Asplenium spp. (No Common Name (kuawawaenohu) Hawaiian archipelago. However, the (NCN)), Astelia spp. (painiu), vegetation of Kauai has undergone Alsinidendron lychnoides, a member Broussaisia arguta (kanawao), Carex extreme alterations because of past and of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is spp. (NCN), Cyrtandra spp. (haiwale), present land use. Land with rich soils a weakly climbing or sprawling Diplazium sandwichianum (hoio), was altered by the early Hawaiians, and subshrub, woody at the base, with a Elaphoglossum spp. (ekaha), Hedyotis more recently, converted to agricultural dense covering of fine glandular hairs terminalis (manono), Machaerina spp. use or pasture (Gagne and Cuddihy throughout. This short-lived perennial (uki), Peperomia spp. (ala ala wai nui), 1999). Intentional or inadvertent species is distinguished from others in or Vaccinium spp. (ohelo) (61 FR 53070; introduction of non-native plant and this endemic Hawaiian genus by the Ken Wood, National Tropical Botanical animal species has also contributed to weakly climbing or sprawling habit, Garden (NTBG), pers. comm., 2001). the reduction of native vegetation on the color of the sepals (modified leaves), The major threats to this species are island of Kauai. Native forests are now number of flowers per cluster, and size competition from the aggressive non- limited to the upper elevation mesic of the leaves. It is closely related to native plant species Rubus argutus (moist) and wet regions within Kauai’s Alsinidendron viscosum, which differs (prickly Florida blackberry); habitat conservation district. The land that primarily in having narrower leaves, degradation by feral pigs (Sus scrofa); supports the habitat essential to the fewer capsule valves, and fewer flowers trampling by humans; risk of extinction conservation of the 83 plant taxa is per cluster (Wagner et al. 1999). from naturally occurring events, such as owned by various private parties, the This species was observed with fruits landslides or hurricanes; and reduced State of Hawaii (including State parks, during February. No additional life reproductive vigor due to the small

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number of extant individuals (61 FR Melinis minutiflora (molasses grass); include Artemisia australis, 53070). and a risk of extinction from naturally Chamaesyce celastroides, Eragrostis occurring events, such as landslides or variabilis, Heteropogon contortus, Alsinidendron viscosum (NCN) hurricanes; and reduced reproductive Hibiscus kokio, Hibiscus kokio ssp. Alsinidendron viscosum, a member of vigor due to the small number of extant saintjohnianus, Lepidium serra, the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a populations and individuals (61 FR Lipochaeta succulenta (nehe), weakly climbing or sprawling subshrub 53070). Munroidendron racemosum, or Sida densely covered with fine glandular fallax (59 FR 9304; K. Wood, pers. Brighamia insignis (olulu) hairs. This short-lived perennial species comm., 2001). is distinguished from others in this Brighamia insignis, a member of the The major threats to this plant are endemic Hawaiian genus by the weakly bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is browsing and habitat degradation by climbing or sprawling habit, color of the an unbranched plant with a succulent feral goats; human disturbance; fire; the sepals, number of flowers per cluster, stem that is bulbous at the bottom and introduced Carmine spider mite and size of the leaves. It is closely tapers toward the top, ending in a (Tetranychus cinnabarinus); a risk of related to Alsinidendron lychnoides, compact rosette of fleshy leaves. This extinction from naturally occurring which differs primarily in having wider short-lived perennial species is a events, such as landslides or hurricanes, leaves and more capsule valves and member of a unique endemic Hawaiian due to the small number of individuals; flowers per cluster (Wagner et al. 1999). genus with only one other species, B. restricted distribution; reduced Alsinidendron viscosum was observed rockii, presently known only from reproductive vigor; and competition in flower during January, February, and Molokai, from which it differs by the from non-native plant species such as April 1995. No additional life history color of its petals, its shorter calyx Melinis minutiflora, Setaria gracilis, information for this species is currently lobes, and its longer flower stalks (59 FR Sporobolus africanus (smutgrass), known (Service 1998a). 9304; Lammers 1999). Lantana camara, Psidium cattleianum, Historically, Alsinidendron viscosum Current reproduction is not thought to Psidium guajava, Kalanchoe pinnata, was found at Kaholuamano, Kokee, be sufficient to sustain populations, Ageratum conyzioides (maile hohono), Halemanu, Nawaimaka, and Waialae with poor seedling establishment due to or Stachytarpheta dichotoma (59 FR areas of northwestern Kauai. Currently, competition with non-native grasses as 9304). there are a total of five populations the limiting factor. Pollination by native containing about 263 individuals on the sphingid moths (Sphingidae family) is Chamaesyce halemanui (NCN) island of Kauai. These populations are likely; however, pollination failure is Chamaesyce halemanui, a short-lived on State-owned land at the Halemanu common, due to either a lack of perennial member of the spurge family Kokee Trail, Mohihi Waialae Trail, pollinators or a reduction in genetic (Euphorbiaceae), is a scandent Kawaiiki Valley, Waialae Falls, and variability. The flower structure appears (climbing) shrub. It is distinguished Nawaimaka Valley in the Alakai to favor out crossing (pollination from closely related species by its Wilderness Preserve, Kokee State Park, between different parent plants). Some decussate leaves (arranged in pairs at and the Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve (61 vegetative cloning has been observed right angles to the next pair above or FR 53070; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI and flower and leaf size appear to be below), persistent stipules (bract-or leaf- 2000). dependent on moisture availability. like structures), more compact flower Alsinidendron viscosum is typically Seeds of this species are undoubtedly clusters, shorter stems on cyathia, and found at elevations between 754 and dispersed by gravity. Although they may smaller capsules (57 FR 20580; Koutnik 1,224 m (2,474 and 4,016 ft), on steep be blown for short distances, they are 1987; Koutnik and Huft 1999). slopes in Acacia koa (koa)— not obviously adapted for wind Little is known about the life history Metrosideros polymorpha lowland, dispersal, being ovoid to ellipsoid, of Chamaesyce halemanui. Its flowering montane mesic forest. Associated native smooth, and lacking any sort of wing or cycles, pollination vectors, seed plant species include Alyxia oliviformis outgrowth (59 FR 9304; Service 1995). dispersal agents, longevity, specific (maile), Asplenium polydon (NCN), Historically, Brighamia insignis was environmental requirements, and Bidens cosmoides (poola nui), Bobea known from the headland between limiting factors are unknown (Service spp. (ahakea), Carex meyenii (NCN), Hoolulu and Waiahuakua Valleys along 1995). Carex wahuensis (NCN), Coprosma spp. the Na Pali Coast on the island of Kauai, Historically, Chamaesyce halemanui (pilo), Dryopteris unidentata (NCN), and from Kaali Spring on the island of was found in Kauhao and Makaha Dryopteris glabra (hohiu), Dodonaea Niihau. Currently, there are a total of Valleys in the Na Pali-Kona Forest viscosa (aalii), Dubautia laevigata four populations containing a total of Reserve, Mahanaloa Valley in Kuia (naenae), Dianella sandwicensis about 65 individuals on the islands of NAR, the Halemanu drainage in Kokee (ukiuki), Dryopteris wallichiana (ionui), Kauai and Niihau. It is reported on State State Park, and Olokele Canyon on the Doodia kunthiana (ohupukupulauii), land (Hono O Na Pali Natural Area island of Kauai. Currently, there are a Gahnia spp. (NCN), Ilex anomala (aiea), Reserve) and privately owned lands at total of six populations, containing Melicope spp. (alani), Panicum Hoolulua and Waiahuakua Valleys, about 143 individuals, in Kuia Valley, nephelophilum (konakona), Pteridium Haupu, and Keopaweo, and on the Poopooiki Valley, Kauhao Valley, Kaha aquilinum var. decompositum (bracken privately owned island of Niihau Ridge, Awaawapuhi Valley, Waipio fern), Pleomele spp. (hala pepe), (Service 1995; GDSI 2000; HINHP Falls, Halemanu, and Kaluahaulu in the Psychotria spp. (kopiko), Schiedea Database 2000; Steve Perlman, NTBG, Kokee State Park, Kuia Natural Area stellarioides (laulihilihi), or Vaccinium pers. comm., 2000). Reserve, and Na Pali-Kona Forest dentatum (ohelo) (K. Wood, pers. Brighamia insignis is found at Reserve on State-owned land (K. Wood, comm., 2001). elevations between 0 and 748 m (0 and in litt. 1999; HINHP Database 2000; The major threats to this species are 2,453 ft) on rocky ledges with little soil GDSI 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., destruction of habitat by feral pigs and or on steep sea cliffs in lowland dry 2001). goats (Capra hircus); competition with grasslands or shrublands with annual Chamaesyce halemanui is typically the non-native plant species Rubus rainfall that is usually less than 165 cm found on the steep slopes of gulches in argutus, Lantana camara (lantana), and (65 in.). Associated native plant species mesic Acacia koa forests at elevations

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between 556 and 1,202 m (1,825 and (naenae), Hedyotis centranthoides habitat degradation by feral pigs; 3,944 ft). Associated native plant (NCN), Hedyotis elatior (awiwi), browsing by goats; unidentified slugs species include Asplenium spp., Lysimachia filifolia (kolokolo kuahiwi), that feed on the stems; and competition Alphitonia ponderosa (kauila), Machaerina angustifolia (uki), with the non-native plant species Antidesma platyphyllum (hame), Bobea Metrosideros polymorpha, or Panicum Blechnum occidentale (blechnum fern), brevipes (ahakea lau lii), Carex meyenii, lineale (NCN) (59 FR 9304; K. Wood, Lantana camara, Rubus rosifolius Carex wahuensis, Cheirodendron pers. comm., 2001). (thimbleberry), Clidemia hirta (Koster’s trigynum (olapa), Coprosma spp., The major threats to this species are curse), Crassocephalum crepidioides Diospyros sandwicensis (lama), a risk of extinction from naturally (NCN), Deparia petersenii (NCN), Dodonaea viscosa, Elaeocarpus bifidus occurring events, such as hurricanes Erechtites valerianifolia (fireweed), (kalia), Hedyotis terminalis, Kokia and rock slides, and/or reduced Melastoma candidum (NCN), Paspalum kauaiensis (kokio), Metrosideros reproductive vigor due to the small conjugatum (Hilo grass), Sacciolepis polymorpha, Melicope haupuensis number of existing individuals; indica (Glenwood grass), or Youngia (alani), Microlepia strigosa (NCN), predation by introduced slugs and japonica (Oriental hawksbeard) (61 FR Panicum nephelophilum, Pisonia spp. rodents (rats (Rattus rattus) and mice 53070). (papala kepau), Pittosporum spp. (Mus musculus)); and habitat Cyanea remyi (haha) (hoawa), Pleomele aurea (hala pepe), degradation by feral pigs (59 FR 9304). Cyanea remyi, a member of the Psychotria mariniana (kopiko), Cyanea recta (haha) Psychotria greenwelliae (kopiko), bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a Pouteria sandwicensis (alaa), Santalum Cyanea recta, a member of the shrub with generally unbranched, freycinetianum (iliahi), or Styphelia bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is unarmed (lacking prickles) stems which tameiameiae (pukiawe) (57 FR 20580; K. an unbranched shrub with densely hairy are hairy toward the base. This short- Wood, pers. comm., 2001). flowers. This short-lived perennial lived perennial species is distinguished The major threats to this species are species is distinguished from other from others in the genus that grow on competition from non-native plants, species in the genus that grow on Kauai Kauai by its shrubby habit, relatively such as Lantana camara, Psidium by the following collective slender, unarmed stems, smooth or cattleianum (strawberry guava), and characteristics: horizontal or ascending minutely toothed leaves, densely hairy Stenotaphrum secundatum (St. inflorescence; narrowly elliptic leaves flowers, the shape of the calyx (outer Augustine grass); habitat degradation by 12 to 28 centimeters (cm) (4.7 to 11 whorl of flower consisting sepals) lobes, feral pigs; restricted distribution; small inches (in.).) long, flat leaf margins; and length of the calyx and corolla (part of population size; increased potential for purple berries (Lammers 1990). flower consisting of separate or fused extinction resulting from naturally Little is known about the life history petals), and length of the corolla lobe occurring events, such as landslides or of Cyanea recta. Its flowering cycles, relative to the floral tube (Lammers hurricanes; and depressed reproductive pollination vectors, seed dispersal 1999). vigor (57 FR 20580). agents, longevity, specific Little is known about the life history environmental requirements, and of Cyanea remyi. Its flowering cycles, Cyanea asarifolia (haha) limiting factors are unknown (Service pollination vectors, seed dispersal Cyanea asarifolia, a member of the 1998a). agents, longevity, specific bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a Historically, Cyanea recta was found environmental requirements, and sparingly branched shrub. This short- in upper Hanalei Valley, Waioli Valley, limiting factors are unknown. lived perennial species is distinguished Hanapepe Valley, Kalalau cliffs, Currently, there are seven known from others of the genus that grow on Wainiha Valley, Makaleha Mountains, populations with approximately 374 Kauai by the shape of the leaf base, the Limahuli Valley, Power line Trail, and plants among them on the island of leaf width in proportion to the length, the Lehua Makanoe-Alakai area on the Kauai. Cyanea remyi is reported from and the presence of a leaf stalk (59 FR island of Kauai. Currently, there is a Pali Eleele, Waioli Valley, Makaleha, 9304; Lammers 1999). total of seven populations, with Blue Hole, Kawaikini, and Kapalaoa on Little is known about the life history approximately 609 individuals, on State privately and State-owned lands, of Cyanea asarifolia. Flowering cycles, and private lands in the following areas: including the Halelea and Lihue-Koloa pollination vectors, seed dispersal Waioli Valley, the left and right Forest Reserves (Lammers and Lorence agents, longevity, specific branches of Wainiha Valley, Makaleha 1993; K. Wood, in litt. 1999; HINHP environmental requirements, and Mountains, and Puu Eu, including areas Database 2000; GDSI 2000). limiting factors are unknown (Service in Halelea Forest Reserve, Kealia Forest Cyanea remyi is usually found in tight 1995). Reserve, and the Lihue-Koloa Forest drainages and wet stream banks in Historically, Cyanea asarifolia was Reserve (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database lowland wet forest or shrubland at known only from along the bank of 2000). elevations between 215 and 1,167 m Anahola Stream on Kauai. Currently, Cyanea recta grows in lowland wet or (704 and 3,829 ft). Associated native one population with approximately five mesic Metrosideros polymorpha forest plant species include various ‘‘finger’’ individuals is reported from the or shrubland, usually in gulches or on (ferns in the Grammitaceae family) and headwaters of the Wailua River in slopes, and typically at elevations ‘‘filmy’’ (ferns in the Hymenophyllaceae central Kauai on State-owned land in between 234 and 1,406 m (768 and family) fern species, Adenophorus spp. the Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserve (HINHP 4,613 ft). Associated native plant (pendant fern), Antidesma spp., Database 2000; GDSI 2000). species include Dicranopteris linearis, Cheirodendron spp., Cyrtandra spp., This species typically grows in Psychotria spp., Antidesma spp. (hame), Diplazium sandwichianum, Eragrostis pockets of soil on sheer wet rock cliffs Cheirodendron platyphyllum (lapalapa), grandis (kawelu), Bidens spp., and waterfalls in lowland wet forests at Cibotium spp. (hapuu), or Diplazium Broussaisia arguta, Metrosideros elevations between 182 and 1,212 m spp. (NCN) (61 FR 53070; K. Wood, polymorpha, Freycinetia arborea (ieie), (597 and 3,976 ft). Associated native pers. comm., 2001). Hedyotis terminalis, Machaerina plant species include ferns, Bidens spp. The major threats to this species are angustifolia, Perrottetia sandwicensis (kookoolau), Dubautia plantaginea bark removal and other damage by rats; (olomea), Pipturus spp. (mamaki),

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Psychotria hexandra (kopiko), Syzygium Sadleria pallida (amau), Sadleria Wainiha Valley, and Makaleha (61 FR sandwicensis (ohia ha), Thelypteris spp. squarrosa (amau), Smilax 53070; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database (palapalaia), Touchardia spp. (olona), or melastomifolia (pioi), Sphenomeris 2000). Urera glabra (opuhe) (61 FR 53070; K. chinensis (palaa), Syzygium Cyrtandra cyaneoides typically grows Wood, pers. comm., 2001). sandwicensis, or Thelypteris spp. on talus rubble on steep slopes or cliffs The major threats to this species are (Service 1994; K. Wood, pers. comm., with water seeps running below, near competition with the non-native plant 2001). streams or waterfalls in lowland or species Erechtites valerianifolia, The primary threats to this species montane wet forest or shrubland Paspalum conjugatum, Psidium include competition with the non-native dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha cattleianum, Rubus rosifolius, or plant species Psidium cattleianum, or a mixture of Metrosideros Melastoma candidum; habitat Melastoma candidum, Rhodomyrtus polymorpha, Cheirodendron spp., and degradation by feral pigs; browsing by tomentosa (rose myrtle), Clidemia hirta, Dicranopteris linearis at elevations feral goats; predation by rats; Melaleuca quinquenervia (paperbark between 157 and 1,406 m (514 and unidentified slugs that feed on the tree), Stachytarpheta dichotoma (owi), 4,614 ft). Associated native species stems; and a risk of extinction from Rubus rosifolius, Elephantopus mollis include Bidens spp., Boehmeria grandis naturally occurring events, such as (NCN), Erechtites valerianifolia, (akolea), Cyanea spp. (haha), Cyrtandra landslides or hurricanes, due to the Youngia japonica, Pluchea carolinensis longifolia (haiwale), Cyrtandra small number of remaining populations (sourbush), Oplismenus hirtellus kauaiensis (haiwale), Cyrtandra (61 FR 53070). (basketgrass), Paspalum conjugatum, limahuliensis (haiwale), Coprosma spp., Paspalum urvillei (Vasey grass), Diplazium sandwichianum, Freycinetia Cyanea undulata (NCN) Sacciolepis indica, Setaria gracilis arborea, Gunnera spp. (ape ape), Cyanea undulata is an unbranched (or (yellow foxtail), Deparia petersenii, or Hedyotis terminalis, Hedyotis tryblium the stem is occasionally forked) shrub or Cyathea cooperi (Australian tree fern); (NCN), Machaerina spp., Melicope undershrub with fine rust-colored hairs trampling by feral pigs; landslides; seed clusiifolia (kolokolo mokihana), covering the lower surface of the leaves predation by rats; herbivory by Melicope puberula (alani), Perrottetia (Lammers 1999). introduced slugs; loss of pollinators; sandwicensis, Pipturus spp., Psychotria Native members of the hurricanes; and decreased reproductive spp., Pritchardia spp. (loulu), or Campanulaceae (bellflower) family, vigor, restricted distribution, and Stenogyne purpurea. (NCN) (61 FR including the genus Cyanea, are extinction due to unforseen 53070; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). generally believed to have adapted to circumstances because of small The major threats to this species are pollination by native nectar-eating population size (56 FR 47695; Service competition with non-native plant passerine birds, such as the Hawaiian 1994). species such as Paspalum conjugatum, ‘‘honeycreepers.’’ The long, tubular, Rubus rosifolius, Deparia petersenii, Cyrtandra cyaneoides (mapele) slightly curved flowers of C. undulata and Drymaria cordata (pipili); predation fit this model, but field observations are Cyrtandra cyaneoides, a member of of seeds by rats; reduced reproductive lacking. The fleshy orange fruits of this the African violet family (Gesneriaceae), vigor and a risk of extinction from species are adapted for bird dispersal is an erect or ascending, fleshy, usually naturally occurring events, such as like other species of Cyanea. Although unbranched shrub with opposite landslides and hurricanes, due to the recognized as a short-lived perennial toothed leaves which have impressed small number of populations; and species, specific details of the life veins on the lower surface that are habitat degradation by feral pigs (61 FR history of this species, such as growth sparsely covered with long hairs. This 53070). rates, age plants begin to flower, and short-lived perennial species differs longevity of plants, are unknown from others of the genus that grow on Cyrtandra limahuliensis (haiwale) (Lorence and Flynn 1991; Service1994). Kauai by being a succulent, erect or Cyrtandra limahuliensis, a member of Historically, Cyanea undulata was ascending shrub and having a bilaterally the African violet family (Gesneriaceae), known only from the Wahiawa Bog area symmetrical calyx that is spindle- is an unbranched or few-branched shrub on Kauai. Currently, one population shaped in bud and falls off after with moderately or densely hairy leaves. with a total of 28 plants is reported on flowering, leaves that are 41 to 56 cm The following combination of privately owned land along the bank of (16 to 22 in.) long and 23 to 35 cm (9 characteristics distinguishes this short- a tributary of the Wahiawa Stream in the to 14 in.) wide and have a wrinkled lived perennial species from others of Wahiawa Drainage (HINHP Database surface, and berries with shaggy hairs the genus: the leaves are usually hairy 2000; GDSI 2000). (Wagner et al. 1999). (especially on lower surfaces), the Cyanea undulata typically grows in Little is known about the life history usually symmetrical calyx is tubular or tight drainages and wet stream banks in of Cyrtandra cyaneoides. Its flowering funnel-shaped and encloses the fruit at Metrosideros polymorpha dry to cycles, pollination vectors, seed maturity, and the flowers are borne montane wet forest or shrubland at dispersal agents, longevity, specific singly (Wagner et al. 1990). elevations between 145 and 1,066 m environmental requirements, and Little is known about the life history (476 and 3,497 ft). Associated native limiting factors are unknown (Service of Cyrtandra limahuliensis. Flowering species include various grammitid and 1998a). cycles, pollination vectors, seed filmy ferns, Adenophorus spp., Historically, Cyrtandra cyaneoides dispersal agents, longevity, specific Antidesma spp., Broussaisia arguta, was known to occur only along the trail environmental requirements, and Cheirodendron spp., Diplazium to Waialae Valley on Kauai until limiting factors are unknown (Service sandwichianum, Dryopteris glabra, recently discovered in other areas. It is 1995). Eragrostis grandis, Bidens spp, currently known from five populations, Historically, Cyrtandra limahuliensis Freycinetia arborea, Machaerina containing about 404 individuals, on was known from three locations on angustifolia, Mariscus spp. (NCN), private and State lands (including Kauai: Wainiha Valley, Lumahai Valley, Melicope feddei (alani), Perrottetia Halelea Forest Reserve and Alakai and near Kilauea River until recently sandwicensis, Pipturus spp., Psychotria Wilderness Preserve) at Pihea, Waioli discovered in additional areas. mariniana, Psychotria hexandra, Valley, Lumahai, the left branch of Currently, a total of 11 populations,

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containing approximately 822 plants, 122 and 915 m (400 and 3,000 ft) on the total of 40 individuals. The populations are reported on private and State lands island of Kauai. Currently, three are reported from Moaalele and (including the Halelea Forest Reserve, populations, on private and State lands Hanakapiai on State land within the Kealia Forest Reserve, and the Lihue- (including Kuia Natural Area Reserve), Hono o Na Pali Natural Area Reserve (K. Koloa Forest Reserve) at Limahuli Falls, with a total of 19 individuals, are Wood, in litt. 1999; HINHP Database Lumahai Valley, Waipa Valley, Waioli reported from Kuia Valley, Puhakukane, 2000; GDSI 2000). Valley, Kekoiki, Makaleha, the right fork and the Haupu range (HINHP Database Delissea rivularis is found on steep of Wainiha Valley, Kualapa and Blue 2000; GDSI 2000). slopes near streams in Metrosideros Hole, Kepalaoa, and Puu Kolo. This species generally grows in well- polymorpha-Cheirodendron trigynum However, it has been estimated that the drained soils with medium or fine- montane wet or mesic forest at total number of plants on Kauai may be textured subsoil in Diospyros diverse elevations between 722 and 1,306 m as high as a few thousand (HINHP lowland mesic or diverse Metrosideros (2,370 and 4,286 ft). Associated native Database 2000; GDSI 2000). polymorpha-Acacia koa forests at plant species include Boehmeria This species typically grows along elevations between 167 and 895 m ( 547 grandis, Broussaisia arguta, Carex spp., stream banks in lowland wet forests at and 2,935 ft). Associated native plant Coprosma spp., Dubautia knudsenii elevations between 208 and 1,594 m species include grammitid ferns, (naenae), Diplazium sandwichianum, (681 and 5,228 ft). Associated native Adenophorus oligadenus (pendant fern), Hedyotis foggiana (NCN), Ilex anomala, plant species include Antidesma spp., Cyanea spp., Dianella sandwicensis, Machaerina angustifolia, Melicope Boehmeria grandis, Bidens spp., Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea clusiifolia, Melicope anisata Charpentiera spp. (papala), Cibotium viscosa, Doodia kunthiana, Euphorbia (mokihana), Pipturus spp., Psychotria glaucum (hapuu), Cyanea spp., haeleeleana (akoko), Hedyotis spp. hexandra, or Sadleria spp. (amau) (61 Cyrtandra kealiae (haiwale), (NCN), Microlepia strigosa, Nestegis FR 53070; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). Dicranopteris linearis, Diplazium sandwicensis (olopua), Psychotria The major threats to this species are sandwichianum, Dubautia spp. hobdyi (kopiko), Pisonia spp., Pteralyxia competition with the encroaching non- (naenae), Eugenia spp. (nioi), Gunnera spp.(kaulu), or Styphelia tameiameiae native plant Rubus argutus; habitat kauaiensis (ape ape), Hedyotis (59 FR 9304; K. Wood, pers. comm., destruction by feral pigs; predation by terminalis, Hibiscus waimeae (kokio 2001). rats; and reduced reproductive vigor keokeo), Metrosideros polymorpha, The major threats to this species are and a risk of extinction from naturally Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pisonia spp., predation and/or habitat degradation by occurring events, such as landslides or Pipturus spp., Pritchardia spp., mule or black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hurricanes, due to the small number of Psychotria spp., Touchardia latifolia hemionus columbianus), feral pigs, and remaining individuals (61 FR 53070; (olona), or Urera glabra (59 FR 9304; K. goats; herbivory by rats and introduced Service 1998a). slugs; fire; and competition with the Wood, pers. comm., 2001). Diellia pallida (NCN) The major threats to this species are non-native plants Lantana camara, competition from non-native plant Passiflora ligularis (sweet granadilla), Diellia pallida, a member of the species (Psidium cattleianum, Paspalum Cordyline fruticosa (ti), and Passiflora spleenwort family (Aspleniaceae), is a conjugatum, Melastoma candidum, mollissima (banana poka); and a risk of plant that grows in tufts of three to four Psidium guajava (common guava), extinction from naturally occurring light green, lance-shaped fronds along Hedychium flavescens (yellow ginger), events, such as landslides or hurricanes, with a few persistent dead ones, and Rubus rosifolius, Youngia japonica, and/or reduced reproductive vigor due reproduces by spores, the minute, Erechtites valerianifolia, Blechnum to the small number of existing reproductive dispersal unit of ferns and occidentale, or Clidemia hirta); habitat individuals (59 FR 9304; Service 1995). fern allies. This short-lived perennial degradation by feral pigs; natural species differs from others of this Delissea rivularis (oha) landslides; and hurricanes (59 FR 9304). endemic Hawaiian genus by the color Delissea rivularis, a member of the and sheen of the midrib, the presence Delissea rhytidosperma (NCN) bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a and color of scales on the midrib, and Delissea rhytidosperma, a member of shrub, unbranched or branched near the the frequent fusion of sori (a group or the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), base, with hairy stems and leaves cluster of spore cases) (Wagner 1952, is a branched shrub with lance-shaped arranged in a rosette at the tips of the 1987). or elliptic toothed leaves. This short- stems. This short-lived perennial Little is known about the life history lived perennial species differs from species is distinguished from others of of Diellia pallida. Its flowering cycles, other species of the genus by the shape, the genus by the color, length, and pollination vectors, seed dispersal length, and margins of the leaves and by curvature of the corolla, shape of the agents, longevity, specific having hairs at the base of the anthers leaves, and presence of hairs on the environmental requirements, and (part of stamen that produces pollen and stems, leaves, flower clusters, and limiting factors are unknown (Service usually is borne on a stalk) (Lammers corolla (Lammers 1999). 1995). 1999). Little is known about the life history Diellia pallida was known historically Little is known about the life history of Delissea rivularis. Its flowering from Halemanu on the island of Kauai. of Delissea rhytidosperma. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed More recently additional populations cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific have been found and currently, there is dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and a total of four populations with 20 to 25 environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service individuals in Mahanaloa and Kuia limiting factors are unknown (Service 1998a). Valleys, Makaha Valley, Waimea 1995). Historically, Delissea rivularis was Canyon, and Koaie Canyon, all on State- Historically, Delissea rhytidosperma found at Waiakealoha Waterfall, owned land including Kuia Natural was known from as far north as Wainiha Waialae Valley, Hanakoa Valley, and Area Reserve, Na Pali-Kona Forest and Limahuli Valleys, as far east as Kaholuamanu on the island of Kauai (61 Reserve, and Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve Kapaa and Kealia, and as far south as FR 53070). Currently, this species is (59 FR 9304; K. Wood, in litt. 1999; Haupu Range, between the elevations of known from two populations with a HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).

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This species grows on bare granular its leaves. New growth and flowering Dubautia pauciflorula (naenae) soil with dry to mesophytic leaf litter occur in the fall, with fruits developing Dubautia pauciflorula, a member of with pH of 6.9 to 7.9. on steep, talus in November. Pollinators and seed the aster family (Asteraceae), is a slopes in lowland mesic forests at dispersal agents are unknown (Carr somewhat sprawling shrub or erect elevations between 445 and 1,027 m 1982b; Service 1995). small tree with narrowly lance-shaped (1,460 and 3,371 ft). Associated native Historically, Dubautia latifolia was or elliptic leaves clustered toward the plant species include Acacia koa, found in the Makaha, Awaawapuhi, ends of the stems. The tiny, two- to four- Alectryon macrococcus, Alphitonia Waialae, Kawaiula, and Kauhao Valleys flowered heads distinguish this short- ponderosa, Alyxia oliviformis, of the Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, lived perennial species from its relatives Antidesma platyphyllum, Asplenium Nualolo Trail and Valley in Kuia (Carr 1985, 1999a). spp., Carex meyenii, Diospyros Natural Area Reserve; Halemanu in Few details are known about the life hillebrandii (lama), Diospyros Kokee State Park; along Mohihi Road in history of any Dubautia species under sandwicensis, Doodia kunthiana, both Kokee State Park and Na Pali-Kona natural conditions. Certain species Hedyotis knudsenii (NCN), Metrosideros Forest Reserve, along the Mohihi- produce viable seed when self- polymorpha, Microlepia strigosa, Waialae Trail on Mohihi and Kohua pollinated (self-fertile), although others Myrsine lanaiensis (kolea), Nestegis Ridges in both Na Pali-Kona Forest fail to do so (self-infertile). Low sandwicensis, Psychotria mariniana, Reserve and Alakai Wilderness pollinator numbers resulting in reduced Psydrax odoratum (alahee), Pteralyxia Preserve; and at Kaholuamanu on the cross-pollination and consequently low kauaiensis (kaulu), Rauvolfia island of Kauai. Currently, there are a numbers of viable seeds could explain sandwicensis (hao), Styphelia total of nine populations containing the small population sizes. Because of tameiameiae, Tetraplasandra approximately 80 individuals on State- their structure and small size, flowers of kauaiensis (ohe ohe), Wilkesia owned land in Kauhao Valley, Makaha D. pauciflorula are presumably gymnoxiphium (iliau), or Zanthoxylum Valley headwaters, Kuia Valley, pollinated by small generalist insects, dipetalum (ae) (59 FR 9304; K. Wood, Kawaiula Valley, Kumuwela Ridge, pers. comm., 2001). although field observations are lacking. Awaawapuhi Valley, Waiakoali picnic The bristle-like pappus (tuft of The major threats to this species area, Alakai picnic area, Honopu Trail, include competition with the non-native appendages that crowns the ovary or Nualolo Trail, Waineke Swamp, Noe fruit) probably represents an adaptation plants Lantana camara, Melia Stream, Kumuwela Ridge, Mohihi Ditch, azedarach (Chinaberry), Stenotaphrum for wind dispersal. Very little is known Mohihi Waialae Trail, and Kaluahaulu about the life cycle of this species, secundatum, Oplismenus hirtellus, Ridge in the Alakai Wilderness Aleurites moluccana (kukui) or including growth rates, longevity of the Preserve, Kokee State Park, Kuia Natural plants, and number of years the plants Cordyline fruticosa; predation and Area Reserve, Na Pali-Kona Forest habitat degradation by feral goats, pigs, remain reproductive (56 FR 47695; Carr Reserve, and the Waimea Canyon State and deer; fire; and a risk of extinction 1985; Service 1994). Park (Carr 1982b; K. Wood, in litt. 1999; from naturally occurring events, such as Historically and currently, this HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000). landslides or hurricanes, and/or species is found only on State reduced reproductive vigor due to the This species typically grows on gentle (including the Lihue-Koloa Forest small number of existing individuals (59 to steep slopes in well drained soil and Reserve) and privately owned lands in FR 9304). in semi-open or closed, diverse montane the Wahiawa Drainage on Kauai. There mesic forest dominated by Acacia koa are two populations containing 42 Dubautia latifolia (naenae) and/or Metrosideros polymorpha, at individual plants (HINHP Database Dubautia latifolia, a member of the elevations between 544 and 1,277 m 2000; GDSI 2000). aster family (Asteraceae), is a diffusely (1,786 and 4,189 ft). Commonly These populations are found in branched, woody perennial vine with associated native plant species are Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris leaves which are conspicuously net- Alphitonia ponderosa, Antidesma spp., linearis lowland wet forest within veined, with the smaller veins outlining Bobea spp., Claoxylon sandwicense stream drainages at elevations between nearly square areas. A vining habit, (poola), Coprosma waimeae (olena), 564 and 1,093 m (1,849 and 3,587 ft). distinct petioles (stalks), and broad Cyrtandra spp., Dicranopteris linearis, Associated native plant species include leaves with conspicuous net veins Diplazium sandwichianum, Dodonaea Antidesma platyphyllum, Broussaisia outlining squarish areas separate this viscosa, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Hedyotis arguta, Cheirodendron spp., Dubautia from closely related species (Carr 1982b, terminalis, Ilex anomala, Melicope laxa (naenae pua melemele), Embelia 1985, 1999a). anisata, Nestegis sandwicensis, pacifica (kilioe), Hesperomannia Individual plants of this species do Pleomele spp., Pouteria sandwicensis, lydgatei, Labordia waialealae not appear to be able to fertilize Psychotria mariniana, Scaevola spp. (kamakahala lau lii), Melicope spp., themselves. Since at least some (naupaka), or Xylosma spp. (maua) (59 Nothoperanema rubiginosa (NCN), individuals of Dubautia latifolia require FR 9304; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). Pritchardia spp., Psychotria spp., cross-pollination, the wide spacing of The threats to this species include Sadleria spp., Scaevola mollis (naupaka individual plants (e.g., each 0.5 competition from the non-native plants kuahiwi), Syzygium sandwicensis, or kilometer (km) (0.3 mile (mi)) apart) Passiflora mollissima, Rubus argutus, Tetraplasandra spp. (ohe ohe) (K. may pose a threat to the reproductive Lonicera japonica (Japanese Wood, pers. comm., 2001). potential of the species. The very low honeysuckle), Acacia mearnsii (black The threats to this plant include seed set noted in plants in the wild wattle), Hedychium spp. (ginger), direct competition with the non-native indicates a reproductive problem, Erigeron karvinskianus (daisy fleabane), plant species such as Psidium possibly asynchronous flowering or lack or Psidium cattleianum; damage from cattleianum or Melastoma candidum, of pollinators. Seedling establishment trampling and grazing by feral pigs and and potential threats from Rhodomyrtus and survival to juvenile stage is also deer; vehicle traffic and road tomentosa, Clidemia hirta, Melaleuca rare. Dubautia latifolia experiences maintenance; seasonal dieback; small quinquenervia, Stachytarpheta seasonal vegetative decline during the number of extant individuals; and dichotoma, Rubus rosifolius, spring and summer, often losing most of restricted distribution (59 FR 9304). Elephantopus mollis, Erechtites

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valerianifolia, Youngia japonica, macraeana (ala ala wai nui), Claoxylon reproductive vigor because of the small Pluchea carolinensis, Oplismenus sandwicense, Santalum freycinetianum, population sizes and restricted hirtellus, Paspalum conjugatum, or Styphelia tameiameiae (59 FR 9304; distribution (56 FR 49639; Service Paspalum urvillei, Sacciolepis indica, Service 1995; K. Wood, pers. comm., 1995). Setaria gracilis, Deparia petersenii, or 2001). Hesperomannia lydgatei (NCN) Cyathea cooperi; trampling by feral pigs; The major threats to this species are landslides and erosion; restricted feral goats and pigs; competition with Hesperomannia lydgatei, a member of distribution; and hurricanes (56 FR the non-native plants Erigeron the aster family (Asteraceae) is a 47695; Service 1994). karvinskianus, Acacia mearnsii, sparsely branched, small, long-lived Corynocarpus laevigata (karakanut), perennial tree 2 to 4 m (6.5 to 13 ft) tall Exocarpos luteolus (heau) Myrica faya (firetree), or Rubus argutus; with alternately arranged, lance-shaped, Exocarpos luteolus, a member of the seed predation by rats; fire; and erosion or elliptic leaves that are 10 to 30 cm (4 sandalwood family (Santalaceae), is a (59 FR 9304; Service 1995). to 12 in.) long and 3.5 to 9 cm (1.4 to moderately to densely branched shrub 3.5 in.) wide, broader above the middle with knobby branches and leaves which Hedyotis st.-johnii (Na Pali beach and paler beneath. The flower heads are are either minute scales or typical hedyotis) in groups of four or five on slender leaves. This short-lived perennial Hedyotis st.-johnii, a member of the stems and are clustered at the ends of species is distinguished from others of coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a succulent branches and pendant when mature. the genus by its generally larger fruit perennial herb with slightly woody, The flower heads consist of four to eight with four indentations and by the color trailing, quadrangular stems and fleshy circles of overlapping bracts, the outer of the receptacle and fruit (Wagner et al. leaves clustered towards the base of the are purplish or brownish and the inner 1999). stem. This species is distinguished from are silver, that surround the slender, Little is known about the life history related species by its succulence, tubular yellow florets, which are 2.2 to of Exocarpos luteolus. This species basally clustered fleshy leaves, shorter 2.5 cm (0.9 to 1 in.) long (Wagner et al. tends to grow at habitat edges where floral tube, and large leafy calyx lobes 1999). there is adequate light and is likely to when in fruit (Wagner et al. 1999). Almost no mature fruits develop, and be semi-parisitic. Flowering cycles, Little is known about the life history it is possible that it is self-infertile and pollination vectors, seed dispersal of Hedyotis st.-johnii. Flowering cycles, fails to set seed unless cross-pollinated agents, longevity, other specific pollination vectors, seed dispersal with other individuals. The flower environmental requirements, and agents, longevity, specific heads with long, tubular yellow florets limiting factors are unknown (Service environmental requirements, and suggest pollination by long-tongued 1995). limiting factors are unknown (Service insects such as moths or butterflies, Historically, Exocarpos luteolus was 1995). although field observation is required to known from three general locations on Currently, there are a total of four confirm this. Absence of the appropriate Kauai: Wahiawa Bog, Kaholuamanu, populations, containing approximately pollinator(s) could be responsible for and Kumuwela Ridge. Currently, there 296 individuals, on State-owned land in the observed lack of viable seeds. The is a total of eight populations containing Nualolo Valley, Nualolo Kai, Kaahole plume-like hairs crowning the fruit approximately 75 individual plants. Valley, Keawanui, Kawaiula Valley, strongly suggests dispersal by wind, as This species has a scattered distribution Milolii Spring, Makaha Point, Polihale in many members of the aster family. on State (Kuia Natural Area Reserve, Na Spring, Kalepa Valley, and This species grows almost exclusively Pali Coast State Park, Na Pali-Kona Nakeikionaiwi Caves within the Na Pali along streams, however, so dispersal by Forest Reserve, and Puu Ka Pele Forest Coast State Park and Puu Ka Pele Forest water currents is also likely. Specific Reserve) and privately owned lands and Reserve (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI details regarding growth rates, age trees is reported from Pohakuao, the right 2000). begin flowering in the wild, length of fork of Kalalau Valley, the left fork of This plant grows in the crevices of time they remain reproductive, and Kalalau Valley, Hipalau Valley, Koaie north-facing, near-vertical coastal cliff longevity of the plants are unknown Canyon, Mahanaloa Valley, Kuia Valley, faces in sparse dry coastal shrubland at (Service 1994). Poopooiki Valley, Nualolo Trail, elevations between 0 and 187 m (0 and Historically, Hesperomannia lydgatei Makaha Valley, and Haeleele Valley (K. 613 ft). Associated native plant species was found in the Wahiawa Mountains of Wood, in litt. 1999; HINHP Database include Artemisia australis (ahinahina), Kauai. Currently, this species is known 2000; GDSI 2000). Bidens spp., Capparis sandwichiana from State (Halelea Forest Reserve) and This species is found at elevations (maia pilo), Chamaesyce celastroides privately owned lands in the Pali Eleele, between 361 and 1,465 m (1,183 and (akoko), Eragrostis variabilis (kawelu), Waiole Valley, Wahiawa and Kapalaoa 4,808 ft) in wet places bordering Heteropogon contortus (pili grass), areas. There are three populations swamps or open bogs; open, dry ridges Lipochaeta connata (nehe), Lycium containing a total of 295 individual in lowland or montane mesic Acacia sandwicense (ohelo kai), Myoporum plants (K. Wood, in litt. 1999; GDSI koa-Metrosideros polymorpha sandwicense (naio), Nototrichium 2000; HINHP Database 2000). dominated forest communities with sandwicense (kului), or Schiedea Hesperomannia lydgatei is found at Dicranopteris linearis. Associated native apokremnos (maolioli) (56 FR 49639, K. elevations between 405 and 1,570 m plant species include Cheirodendron Wood, pers. comm., 2001). (1,329 and 5,151 ft) along stream banks trigynum, Pouteria sandwicensis, The major threats to this species are and forested slopes in rich brown soil Dodonaea viscosa, Pleomele aurea, herbivory and habitat degradation by and silty clay in Metrosideros Psychotria mariniana, Psychotria feral goats; competition from non-native polymorpha or Metrosideros greenwelliae, Bobea brevipes, Hedyotis plant species, especially Pluchea polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis terminalis, Elaeocarpus bifidus, carolinensis; landslides; fire; trampling lowland wet forest. Associated native Melicope haupuensis, Dubautia and grazing by cattle (Bos taurus); and plant species include Adenophorus laevigata, Dianella sandwicensis, Poa a risk of extinction due to naturally periens, Antidesma spp., Broussaisia sandvicensis (Hawaiian bluegrass), occurring events, such as landslides or arguta, Cheirodendron spp., Cyanea Schiedea stellarioides, Peperomia hurricanes, as well as decreased spp., Dubautia knudsenii, Dubautia

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laxa, Dubautia pauciflorula, Dubautia Major threats to Hibiscadelphus Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae (kokio raillardioides (naenae), Elaphoglossum woodii are habitat degradation by feral keokeo) spp., Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis goats and pigs; competition from the Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae, a terminalis, Labordia lydgatei, non-native plant species Erigeron member of the mallow family Machaerina angustifolia, Peperomia karvinskianus; nectar robbing by (Malvaceae), is a gray-barked tree with spp., Pritchardia spp., Psychotria Japanese white-eye (Zosterops star-shaped hairs densely covering its hexandra, or Syzygium sandwicensis japonicus), an introduced bird; and a leaf and flower stalks and branchlets. (Service 1994; HINHP Database 2000; K. risk of extinction from naturally The long-lived perennial species is Wood, pers. comm., 2001). occurring events (e.g., rock slides), and distinguished from others of the genus Threats to the species include non- reduced reproductive vigor due to the by the position of the anthers along the native plants, feral goats, rats, small number of existing individuals at staminal column, length of the staminal landslides, and erosion (Service 1994). the only known site (61 FR 53070; column relative to the petals, color of Lorence and Wagner 1995). Hibiscadelphus woodii (hau kuahiwi) the petals, and length of the calyx. Two Hibiscus clayi (Clay’s hibiscus) subspecies, ssp. hannerae and ssp. Hibiscadelphus woodii, a member of waimeae, both endemic to Kauai, are the mallow family (Malvaceae), is a Hibiscus clayi, a member of the recognized. Subspecies hannerae is small branched, long-lived perennial mallow family (Malvaceae), is a long- distinguishable from ssp. waimeae by its tree with a rounded crown. lived perennial shrub or small tree. This larger leaves and smaller flowers (Bates Hibiscadelphus woodii differs from the species is distinguished from other 1999). other Kauai species by differences in native Hawaiian members of the genus Little is known about the life history leaf surface and characteristics of the by the lengths of the calyx, calyx lobes, of Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae. Its whirled leaves or bract and flower color and capsule and by the margins of the flowering cycles, pollination vectors, (Lorence and Wagner 1995; Bates 1999). leaves (Bates 1999). seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific Flowering material has been collected Little is known about the life history environmental requirements, and in March, April, and September, but no of Hibiscus clayi. Flowering cycles, limiting factors are unknown (Service fruit set has been observed in spite of pollination vectors, seed dispersal 1998a). efforts to manually outcross and bag the agents, longevity, specific Historically, Hibiscus waimeae ssp. flowers. A museum specimen of a environmental requirements, and hannerae was known from Kalihiwai liquid-preserved flower has been limiting factors are unknown (Service and adjacent Valleys, Limahuli Valley, identified that contains three adult 1995). and Hanakapiai Valley. This subspecies Nitidulidae (sap) beetles, probably an Historically, Hibiscus clayi was is no longer extant at Kalihiwai. endemic species. The damage by these known from scattered locations on Currently, there are three populations larvae may be responsible for the Kauai: the Kokee region on the western containing 27 individuals on State (Na observed lack of fruit set in side of the island, Moloaa Valley to the Pali Coast State Park) and privately Hibiscadelphus woodii (Lorence and north, Nounou Mountain in Wailua to owned lands in Hanakapiai Valley, Wagner 1995; Service 1998a). No the east, and as far south as Haiku near Limahuli Valley, and Pohakuao (Bates additional life history information for Halii Stream. At this time, only the 1999; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI this species is currently known. population on State land in the Nounou 2000). Hibiscadelphus woodii has been Mountains, with a total of six trees, is Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae found only at the site of its original known to be extant (HINHP Database grows at elevations between 174 and discovery on State-owned land in left 2000; GDSI 2000). 1,154 m (570 and 3,787 ft). It is found branch of the Kalalau Valley, within the Hibiscus clayi generally grows on in Metrosideros polymorpha- Na Pali Coast State Park on Kauai; only slopes at elevations between 9 and 380 Dicranopteris linearis or Pisonia spp.- two trees of this species are currently m (29 and 1,245 ft) in Acacia koa or Charpentiera elliptica (papala) lowland known (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database Diospyros spp.-Pisonia spp.- wet or mesic forest with Antidesma 2000; K. Wood, in litt. 2001). Metrosideros polymorpha lowland dry spp., Psychotria spp., Pipturus spp., Hibiscadelphus woodii is found at or mesic forest with Artemisia australis, Bidens spp., Bobea spp., Sadleria spp., elevations between 219 and 1,197 m Bidens spp., Cyanea hardyi (haha), Cyrtandra spp., Cyanea spp., Cibotium (717 and 3,926 ft) on basalt talus or cliff Hedyotis acuminata (au), Gahnia spp., spp., Perrottetia sandwicensis, or walls in Metrosideros polymorpha Munroidendron racemosum (NCN), Syzygium sandwicensis (Service 1998a; montane mesic forest. These forests Pandanus tectorius (hala), Panicum Bates 1999; HINHP Database 2000; K. contain one or more of the following tenuifolium (mountain pili), Pleomele Wood, pers. comm., 2001). associated native plant species: aurea, Pipturus spp., Psychotria spp., or Major threats to Hibiscus waimeae Artemisia australis, Bidens sandvicensis Psydrax odoratum (59 FR 9304; HINHP ssp. hannerae are habitat degradation by (kookoolau), Carex meyenii, Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., feral pigs, competition with non-native Chamaesyce celastroides var. 2001). plant species, and a risk of extinction hanapepensis (akoko), Dubautia spp., The major threats to this species are from naturally occurring events (e.g., Hedyotis spp., Lepidium serra herbivory and habitat degradation by landscapes and hurricanes) and/or (anaunau), Lipochaeta spp.(nehe), feral pigs; competition from non-native reduced reproductive vigor due to the Lobelia niihauensis (NCN), Lysimachia plant species, Psidium cattleianum and small number of remaining populations glutinosa (kolokolo kuahiwi), Melicope Araucaria columnaris (Norfolk Island (61 FR 53070; HINHP Database 2000). pallida (alani), Myrsine spp. (kolea), pine); trampling by humans; and a risk Nototrichium spp. (kului), Panicum of extinction due to naturally occurring Kokia kauaiensis (kokio) lineale, Poa mannii (NCN), or Stenogyne events, such as landslides or hurricanes, Kokia kauaiensis, a member of the campanulata (NCN) (Lorence and as well as decreased reproductive vigor mallow family (Malvaceae), is a small Wagner 1995; 61 FR 53070; HINHP because of the small population sizes tree. This long-lived perennial species is Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., and restricted distribution (59 FR 9304; distinguished from others of this 2001). HINHP Database 2000). endemic Hawaiian genus by the length

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of the bracts surrounding the flower distinguish it from other members of the recognized: var. lanaiensis on Lanai and head, number of lobes and the width of genus growing in the same area (Wagner Molokai; var. tinifolia on Kauai, Oahu, the leaves, the length of the petals, and et al. 1999). Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii; and var. the length of the hairs on the seeds Immature fruits were seen on two wahiawaensis, endemic to Kauai. The (Bates 1999). plants during surveys in 1991 and 1992 variety wahiawaensis is distinguished Little is known about the life history by botanists from NTBG, and remnants from the other two by its larger corolla of Kokia kauaiensis. Its flowering of old fruiting bodies were seen on (Wagner et al. 1999). cycles, pollination vectors, seed another, suggesting that the plants are Little is known about the life history dispersal agents, longevity, specific able to self-fertilize. It is also suspected of Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis. environmental requirements, and that the fruits of this species are adapted Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, limiting factors are unknown (Service for bird dispersal. Due to a lack of bird seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific 1998a). or other native pollinators, pollination environmental requirements, and Historically, Kokia kauaiensis was may be inhibited. Micro-habitat limiting factors are unknown. found at seven scattered populations on requirements for seed germination and Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis northwestern Kauai. Currently, there are growth may also be extremely specific. has only ever been known from one a total of five populations with 166 Virtually nothing is known about the population with a current total of individuals, found in Pohakuao, the left life history or ecology of this species approximately 100 individual plants on branch of Kalalau Valley, Paaiki Valley, (Service 1994). private land in the Wahiawa Drainage in Kuia Valley, Koaie Canyon, Kipalau This species was originally known the Wahiawa Mountains (GDSI 2000; Valley, and Kawaiiki Valley, all on from the Wahiawa Drainage, Waioli HINHP Database 2000). State-owned land within Kuia Natural Stream Valley, and Makaleha Mountains Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis Area Reserve, Na Pali Coast State Park, on Kauai. Labordia lydgatei is currently grows along streambanks in lowland and Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve (K. known from six populations, consisting wet forests dominated by Metrosideros Wood, in litt. 1999; HINHP Database of 37 individual plants, located on State polymorpha at elevations between 458 2000; GDSI 2000). (Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserve and Halelea and 1,006 m (1,502 and 3,301 ft), with Kokia kauaiensis typically grows in Forest Reserve) and privately owned Antidesma platyphyllum, Athyrium diverse mesic forest at elevations lands at Pali Eleele, Waioli Valley, microphyllum (akolea), Cheirodendron between 215 and 1,037 m (707 and Leleiwi, Lumahai Valley, and Kapalaoa spp., Cyrtandra spp., Dicranopteris 3,402 ft). Associated native plant (K. Wood, in litt. 1999; HINHP Database linearis, Hedyotis terminalis, or species include Acacia koa, Alyxia 2000; GDSI 2000). Psychotria spp. (HINHP Database 2000; oliviformis, Antidesma spp., Bobea spp., Labordia lydgatei is found on K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). Chamaesyce celastroides, Claoxylon streambanks in Metrosideros The primary threats to the remaining sandwicense, Dicranopteris linearis, polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis individuals of Labordia tinifolia var. Diellia pallida, Diospyros hillebrandii, lowland wet forest at elevations wahiawaensis are competition with Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea between 182 and 1,140 m (597 and non-native plants, habitat degradation viscosa, Flueggea neowawraea, Hibiscus 3,740 ft). Associated native plant by feral pigs, trampling by humans, and spp. (aloalo), Hedyotis spp., Isodendrion species include Antidesma a risk of extinction from catastrophic laurifolium (aupaka), Lipochaeta fauriei platyphyllum var. hillebrandii (hame), random events or reduced reproductive (nehe), Melicope spp., Metrosideros Cyanea spp., Cyrtandra spp., Dubautia vigor due to the small number of polymorpha, Nestegis sandwicensis, knudsenii, Hedyotis terminalis, Ilex individuals in a single population (61 Nototrichium spp., Pisonia spp., anomala, Labordia hirtella (NCN), FR 53070). Pleomele aurea, Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria spp., or Syzygium Psydrax odoratum, Pteralyxia sandwicensis (Service 1994; HINHP Lipochaeta fauriei (nehe) kauaiensis, Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., Lipochaeta fauriei, a member of the Santalum freycinetianum var. 2001). aster family (Asteraceae), is a perennial pyrularium (iliahi), Streblus pendulinus Competition from non-native plants herb with somewhat woody, erect or (aiai), Syzygium sandwicensis, poses the greatest threat to the survival climbing stems. This short-lived Tetraplasandra spp., or Xylosma spp. of Labordia lydgatei (56 FR 47695). perennial species differs from other (Service 1998a; Bates 1999; HINHP Additional threats include habitat species on Kauai by having a greater Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., degradation from feral pigs; rats, a number of disk and ray flowers per 2001). potential seed predator; landslides and flower head, longer ray flowers, and Competition with and habitat erosion; and a lack of dispersal, longer leaves and leaf stalks (Gardner degradation by invasive non-native germination or pollination agents 1976, 1979; Service 1995; Wagner et al. plant species, substrate loss from (Service 1994). 1985, 1990). erosion, habitat degradation and Little is known about the life history Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis browsing by feral goats and deer, and of Lipochaeta fauriei. Flowering cycles, (kamakahala) seed predation by rats are the major pollination vectors, seed dispersal threats affecting the survival of Kokia Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis, agents, longevity, specific kauaiensis (Wood and Perlman 1993; a member of the logania family environmental requirements, and Service 1998a; HINHP Database 2000). (Loganiaceae), is a shrub or small tree limiting factors are unknown (Service with hairless, cylindrical young 1995). Labordia lydgatei (kamakahala) branches. This long-lived perennial Historically and currently, Lipochaeta Labordia lydgatei, a member of the species differs from others of the genus fauriei is known from Olokele Canyon logania family (Loganiaceae), is a much- by having a long common flower cluster on Kauai. This species is now found on branched perennial shrub or small tree stalk, hairless young stems and leaf State-owned land in Poopooiki Valley, with sparsely hairy, square stems. The surfaces, transversely wrinkled capsule Kuia Valley, Haeleele Valley, and small size of the flowers and capsules valves, and corolla lobes usually 1.7 to Kawaiiki Valley with the Kuia Natural borne on sessile (attached to the base) 2.3 millimeter (mm) (0.1 to 0.2 in.) long. Area Reserve, Na Pali-Kona Forest inflorescences (a flower cluster) Three varieties of Labordia tinifolia are Reserve, and Puu Ka Pele Forest

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Reserve. Currently there is a total of four known from privately owned land in the discovery along the rim of Kauai’s populations with 183 individuals. A vicinity of Haupu Range and southwest Waimea Canyon on State-owned land. population in Koaie Canyon previously of Hokunui summit. Historically, L. There are no more than 100 individuals thought to be L. fauriei was later micrantha var. micrantha was known (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000). identified as L. subcordata (Service from Olokele Canyon, Hanapepe Valley, This species grows on eroded soil on 1995; Gardner 1979; K. Wood, in litt. and the Koloa District on Kauai. a precipitous, shrub-covered gulch in a 1999; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database Currently, this variety is only known diverse lowland forest at elevations 2000). from three populations totaling 121 between 44 and 460 m (145 and 1,509 This species grows most often in individuals on State land within the Na ft) with Artemisia australis, moderate shade to full sun and is Pali-Kona Forest Reserve in Koaie Chamaesyce celastroides, Dodonaea usually found on the sides of steep Canyon and Kawaiiki Valley (HINHP viscosa, Lipochaeta connata, Santalum gulches in diverse lowland mesic forests Database 2000; GDSI 2000). ellipticum (iliahialoe), Schiedea at elevations between 436 and 947 m Lipochaeta micrantha grows on cliffs, spergulina, or Panicum spp. (NCN) (1,432 and 3,108 ft). Associated native ridges, stream banks, or slopes in mesic (Wagner et al. 1999; HINHP Database plant species include Acacia koa, Carex to wet mixed communities at elevations 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). meyenii, Carex wahuensis, between 35 and 1,362 m (115 and 4,468 The major threats to Lipochaeta Dicranopteris linearis, Diospyros spp., ft). Associated species include Acacia waimeaensis are competition from non- Dodonaea viscosa, Euphorbia koa, Artemisia australis, Antidesma native plants and habitat destruction by haeleeleana, Hibiscus waimeae, Kokia spp., Bidens sandvicensis, Bobea spp., feral goats, whose presence exacerbates kauaiensis, Myrsine lanaiensis, Nestegis Chamaesyce celastroides var. the existing soil erosion problem at the sandwicensis, Pleomele aurea, hanapepensis, Diospyros spp., site. The single population, and thus the Psychotria greenwelliae, Psychotria Dodonaea viscosa, Eragrostis grandis, entire species, is threatened by mariniana, or Sapindus oahuensis Eragrostis variabilis, Hibiscus kokio extinction from naturally occurring (lonomea) (HINHP Database 2000; K. (kokio), Lepidium bidentatum events, such as landslides or hurricanes, Wood, pers. comm., 2001). (anaunau), Lobelia niihauensis, and/or reduced reproductive vigor due Major threats to Lipochaeta fauriei are Melicope spp., Metrosideros to the small number of existing predation and habitat degradation by polymorpha, Neraudia kauaiensis, individuals (59 FR 9304). feral goats and pigs and competition Nototrichium spp. Plectranthus Melicope haupuensis (alani) with invasive non-native plants. Fire is parviflorus (ala ala wai nui), Pleomele also a significant threat to L. fauriei due aurea, Psydrax odoratum, Pipturus spp., Melicope haupuensis, a member of to the invasion of Melinis minutiflora, a Rumex albescens (huahuako), Sida the rue family (Rutaceae), is a small fire-adapted grass that creates fallax (ilima), or Xylosma hawaiiense long-lived perennial tree. Unlike other unnaturally high fuel loads. The small (maua) (Service 1995; HINHP Database species of this genus on Kauai, the total number of individuals makes the 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). exocarp (outermost layer of a fruit) and species susceptible to extinction from The major threats to both varieties of endocarp (innermost layer of a fruit) are naturally occurring events, such as Lipochaeta micrantha are habitat hairless and the sepals are covered with landslides or hurricanes, and/or degradation by feral pigs and goats; and dense hairs (Stone et al. 1999). reduced reproductive vigor (59 FR 9304; competition with non-native plant Little is known about the life history Service 1995; HINHP Database 2000). species, such as Lantana camara, of Melicope haupuensis. Flowering Pluchea carolinensis, Erigeron cycles, pollination vectors, seed Lipochaeta micrantha (nehe) karvinskianus, or Stachytarpheta dispersal agents, longevity, specific Lipochaeta micrantha, a member of dichotoma. The species is also environmental requirements, and the aster family (Asteraceae), is a threatened by extinction from naturally limiting factors are unknown (Service somewhat woody short-lived perennial occurring events, such as landslides or 1995). herb. The small number of disk florets hurricanes, and/or reduced reproductive For 62 years, Melicope haupuensis (one of the small flowers forming the vigor due to the small number of was known only from the site of its head of a composite plant) separates this existing populations (Lorence and Flynn original discovery on the north side of species from the other members of the 1991; Service 1995; HINHP Database Haupu Ridge on Kauai. This population genus on the island of Kauai. The two 2000). is now gone. The species is now known recognized varieties of this species, var. from four populations with a total of exigua and var. micrantha, are Lipochaeta waimeaensis (nehe) five individuals on State-owned land distinguished by differences in leaf Lipochaeta waimeaensis, a member of within the Alakai Wilderness Preserve, length and width, degree of leaf the aster family (Asteraceae), is a low Na Pali Coast State Park, and Na Pali- dissection, and the length of the ray growing, somewhat woody, short-lived Kona Forest Reserve in Kalahu, florets (Gardner 1976, 1979; Wagner et perennial herb. This species is Awaawapuhi Valley, and Koaie Canyon al. 1990). distinguished from other Lipochaeta on (K. Wood, in litt. 1999; GDSI 2000; Little is known about the life histories Kauai by leaf shape and the presence of HINHP Database 2000). of Lipochaeta micrantha var. exigua or shorter leaf stalks and ray florets Melicope haupuensis grows on moist L. m. var. micrantha. Flowering cycles, (Gardner 1976, 1979; Wagner et al. talus slopes in Metrosideros pollination vectors, seed dispersal 1990). polymorpha dominated lowland mesic agents, longevity, specific Little is known about the life history forests or Metrosideros polymorpha- environmental requirements, and of Lipochaeta waimeaensis. Flowering Acacia koa montane mesic forest at limiting factors are unknown (Service cycles, pollination vectors, seed elevations between 111 and 1,141 m 1995). dispersal agents, longevity, specific (364 and 3,745 ft). Associated native Historically, Lipochaeta micrantha environmental requirements, and plant species include Antidesma var. exigua was only known from the limiting factors are unknown (Service platyphyllum var. hillebrandii, Bobea Haupu Range on Kauai. Currently, two 1995). brevipes, Cheirodendron trigynum, populations of L. micrantha var. exigua, Lipochaeta waimeaensis has been Claoxylon sandwicensis, Cryptocarya with a total of 110 individuals, are known only from the original site of mannii (holio), Dianella sandwicensis,

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Diospyros hillebrandii, Diospyros of this species. Although a survey after Forest Reserve, Nonou Forest Reserve, sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, hurricane Iniki in 1992 did not relocate and Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve) and Elaeocarpus bifidus, Hedyotis any individuals, it is hoped that there is privately owned lands (HINHP Database terminalis, Melicope anisata, M. a seed bank or that undiscovered 2000; GDSI 2000). barbigera (alani), M. ovata (alani), individuals remain to be found (Stone et Munroidendron racemosum is Pleomele aurea, Pouteria sandwicensis, al. 1999). typically found on steep exposed cliffs Pritchardia minor (loulu), Psychotria Melicope quadrangularis grows in or on ridge slopes in coastal to lowland mariniana, P. greenwelliae, Metrosideros polymorpha diverse mesic forests at elevations between 6 Tetraplasandra waimeae (oheohe), or lowland wet forest that ranges from and 979 m (19 and 3,213 ft). Associated Zanthoxylum dipetalum (HINHP mesic to wet conditions at elevations plant species include Bobea brevipes, Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., between 608 and 1,593 m (1,995 and Brighamia insignis (olulu), Canavalia 2001). 5,228 ft). Associated native plant napaliensis (awikiwiki), Diospyros Habitat degradation by feral goats and species include Antidesma sandwicensis, Diospyros hillebrandii, competition with invasive non-native platyphyllum, Broussaisia arguta, Nestegis sandwicensis, Pisonia plant species are the major threats to Cheirodendron fauriei (olapa), Cibotium sandwicensis (papala kepau), Pisonia Melicope haupuensis. In addition, this nealiae (hapuu), Cyrtandra pickeringii umbellifera (papala kepau), Pleomele species may be susceptible to the black (haiwale), Dicronopteris lineraris, aurea, Pouteria sandwicensis Psychotria twig borer (Xylosandrus compactus). Machaerina angustifolia, Machaerina spp., Psydrax odoratum, Rauvolfia The existence of only five known trees mariscoides (uki), other Melicope spp., sandwicensis, Schiedea spp. (NCN), constitutes an extreme threat of Metrosideros waialealae (NCN), Sida fallax, or Tetraplasandra spp. (59 extinction from naturally occurring Psychotria hexandra, P. mariniana, P. FR 9304; Gagne and Cuddihy 1999; events, such as landslides or hurricanes, wawraea (kipiko), Sadleria pallida, HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. or reduced reproductive vigor (59 FR Scaevola gaudichaudiana (naupaka comm., 2001). 9304; Hara and Beardsley 1979; kuahiwi), Syzygium sandwicensis, or The threats to Munroidendron Medeiros et al. 1986; HINHP Database abundant ferns and mosses (K. Wood, racemosum are competition with non- 2000). pers. comm., 2001). native plant species, such as Aleurites This species is threatened by over- moluccana, Psidium guajava, Lantana Melicope quadrangularis (alani) collecting for scientific purposes, camara, or Leucaena leucocephala (koa Melicope quadrangularis, a member stochastic extinction, and/or reduced haole); habitat degradation by feral of the rue family (Rutaceae), is a shrub reproductive vigor, non-native plants or small tree. Young branches are and habitat disturbance by feral pigs goats, fire, and fruit predation by rats; generally covered with fine yellow fuzz (Service 1994). introduced insect of the long-horned but become hairless with age. The thin, beetle family (Cerambycidae); extinction leathery, elliptical leaves, are oppositely Munroidendron racemosum (NCN) from naturally occurring events, such as arranged. The upper leaf surface is Munroidendron racemosum, a landslides or hurricanes, and reduced hairless, and the lower surface is member of the ginseng family reproductive vigor (59 FR 9304; Service sparsely hairy, especially along the (Araliaceae), is a small tree with a 1995; HINHP Database 2000). veins. Flowers are solitary or in clusters straight gray trunk crowned with Myrsine linearifolia (kolea) of two. The specific floral details are not spreading branches. This long-lived known. The fruits are somewhat cube- perennial species is the only member of Myrsine linearifolia, a member of the shaped, flattened capsules, with a a genus endemic to Hawaii. The genus myrsine family (Myrsinaceae), is a conspicuous central depression at the is distinguished from other closely branched shrub. This long-lived top of the fruit. The capsules are four- related Hawaiian genera of the family by perennial species is distinguished from lobed and completely fused. The its distinct flower clusters and corolla others of the genus by the shape, length, exocarp is sparsely hairy, and the (Constance and Affolter 1999). and width of the leaves, length of the endocarp is hairless. This species differs Reproduction occurs year-round, with petals, and number of flowers per from others in the genus in having the flowers and fruits found throughout the cluster (Wagner et al. 1999). following combination of characters: year. Self pollination is assumed to Little is known about the life history oppositely arranged leaves, only one or occur since viable seeds have been of Myrsine linearifolia. Its flowering two flowers per cluster, cube-shaped produced by isolated individuals. cycles, pollination vectors, seed capsules with fused lobes, and a deep Pollinators have not been observed, but dispersal agents, longevity, specific central depression at the top of the fruit insect pollination is likely. Dispersal environmental requirements, and (Stone et al. 1999). mechanisms are unknown (Service limiting factors are unknown (Service Little is known about the life history 1995). 1998a). of Melicope quadrangularis. Flowering Historically, Munroidendron Historically, Myrsine linearifolia was cycles, pollination vectors, seed racemosum was known from scattered found at scattered locations on Kauai: dispersal agents, longevity, specific locations throughout the island of Olokele Valley, Kalualea, Kalalau environmental requirements, and Kauai. Populations are now known from Valley, Kahuamaa Flat, Limahuli- limiting factors are unknown (Service Waiahuakua, Pohakuao, the left branch Hanakapiai Ridge, Koaie Stream, 1995). of Kalalau Valley, the right branch of Pohakuao, Namolokama Summit Melicope quadrangularis is known Kalalau Valley, Nakeikionaiwi Valley, Plateau, and Haupu. There are currently from the type locality in the Wahiawa Awaawapuhi Valley Spring, Honopu eight populations with approximately Bog region of Kauai. One adult plant Valley, Nualolo Valley, Poomau Valley, 522 individuals on State (Alakai and two seedlings were discovered in Kawaiiki Valley, Koaie Canyon, Nonou, Wilderness Preserve and Na Pali Coast 1991 by Ken Wood of NTBG on an east- Haupu, and Keopaweo. There are State Park) and privately owned lands. facing slope of Wahiawa Ridge at 853 m currently 14 known populations with The populations are found in Limahuli (2,800 ft) on privately owned land. approximately 101 individuals on State Valley, Alealau, the left branch of Subsequent exploration has resulted in (Hono o Na Pali Natural Area Reserve, Kalalau Valley, Puu O Kila, Koaie the location of a total of 13 individuals Na Pali Coast State Park, Na Pali-Kona Canyon, Na Molokama, and Kapalaoa

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(K. Wood, in litt. 1999; GDSI 2000; polymorpha, at elevations between 725 (akiaki) (HINHP Database 2000; K. HINHP Database 2000). and 1,290 m (2,378 and 4,232 ft). Wood, pers. comm., 2001). Myrsine linearifolia typically grows at Associated native plants include Primary threats to Panicum elevations between 105 and 1,380 m Alphitonia ponderosa, Antidesma spp., niihauense are destruction by off-road (346 and 4,526 ft), in diverse mesic or Bobea brevipes, Broussaisia arguta, vehicles, competition with non-native wet lowland or montane Metrosideros Cheirodendron trigynum, Claoxylon plant species, and a risk of extinction polymorpha forest, with Cheirodendron sandwicensis, Coprosma spp., from naturally occurring events (e.g., spp., or Dicranopteris linearis as co- Cryptocarya mannii, Dianella landslides or hurricanes) and reduced dominant species. Plants growing in sandwicensis, Dicranopteris linearis, reproductive vigor due to the small association with this species include Diplazium sandwichianum, Dodonaea number of individuals in the one Bobea brevipes, Cryptocarya mannii, viscosa, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Hedyotis remaining population (61 FR 53108; Dubautia spp., Eurya sandwicensis terminalis, Ilex anomala, Melicope HINHP Database 2000). (anini), Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis anisata, M. barbigera, M. haupuensis, terminalis, Lysimachia glutinosa, Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pleomele Phyllostegia knudsenii (NCN) Machaerina angustifolia, Melicope spp., aurea, Pouteria sandwicensis, Phyllostegia knudsenii, a member of Myrsine spp., Nothocestrum spp. (aiea), Psychotria mariniana, P. greenwelliae, the nonaromatic mint family Psychotria spp., Sadleria pallida, Tetraplasandra kauaiensis, or Xylosma (Lamiaceae), is an erect herb or vine. Syzygium sandwicensis, or native ferns spp. (HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, This short-lived perennial species is (61 FR 53070; HINHP Database 2000; K. pers. comm., 2001). distinguished from others in the genus Wood, pers. comm., 2001). Competition with non-native plants by its specialized flower stalk; it differs Competition with non-native plants, (such as Passiflora mollissima, Lantana from the closely related P. floribunda by such as Erigeron karvinskianus, Lantana camara, Rubus argutus, or Erigeron often having four flowers per group camara, Rubus argutus, Psidium karvinskianus), and habitat degradation (Wagner et al. 1999). cattleianum, Rubus rosifolius, and by feral pigs, deer, and red jungle fowl Little is known about the life history Kalanchoe pinnata (air plant), and (Gallus gallus) constitute the major of Phyllostegia knudsenii. Its flowering habitat degradation by feral pigs and threats to Nothocestrum peltatum. This cycles, pollination vectors, seed goats are the major threats to Myrsine species is also threatened by fire, risk of dispersal agents, longevity, specific linearifolia (61 FR 53070). extinction from naturally occurring environmental requirements, and events (e.g., landslides or hurricanes), Nothocestrum peltatum (aiea) limiting factors are unknown (Service and reduced reproductive vigor due to 1998a). Nothocestrum peltatum, a member of the small number of existing individuals Until 1993, Phyllostegia knudsenii the nightshade family (Solanaceae), is a (59 FR 9304; HINHP Database 2000). small tree with ash-brown bark and was only known from the site of its woolly stems. The usually peltate leaves Panicum niihauense (lau ehu) original discovery made in the 1800s and shorter leaf stalks separate this Panicum niihauense, a member of the from the woods of Waimea on Kauai. species from others in the genus (Symon grass family (Poaceae), is a perennial There is currently one known 1999). bunchgrass with unbranched culms population with a total of 17 individuals Although plants of this long-lived (aerial stems). This short-lived perennial on State-owned land in Koaie Canyon perennial species have been observed species is distinguished from others in within the Alakai Wilderness Preserve flowering, they rarely set fruit. This the genus by the shape of the (K. Wood, in litt. 1999; Wagner et al. could be the result of a loss of inflorescence branches, which are erect, 1999; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI pollinators, reduced genetic variability, and the arrangement of the spikelets, 2000). or an inability to fertilize itself. Little which are densely clustered (Davidse Phyllostegia knudsenii is found in else is known about the life history of 1999). Metrosideros polymorpha lowland Nothocestrum peltatum. Flowering Little is known about the life history mesic or wet forest at elevations cycles, pollination vectors, seed of this species. Reproductive cycles, between 399 and 1,059 m (1,309 and dispersal agents, longevity, specific longevity, specific environmental 3,475 ft). Associated native plant environmental requirements, and requirements, and limiting factors are species include Bobea timonioides limiting factors are unknown (59 FR unknown (Service 1999). (ahakea), Claoxylon sandwicensis, 9304). Panicum niihauense was known Cryptocarya mannii, Cyrtandra Historically, Nothocestrum peltatum historically from Niihau and one kauaiensis, Cyrtandra paludosa (hai was known from Kauai at Kumuwela, location on Kauai. Currently, this wale), Diospyros sandwicensis, Kaholuamanu, and the region of species is only known from one Elaeocarpus bifidus, Ilex anomala, Nualolo. This species is now known population of 23 individuals at the Myrsine linearifolia, Perrottetia from a total of six populations with 19 Polihale State Park area on State-owned sandwicensis, Pittosporum kauaiense individuals, located at Kahuamaa Flats, land (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI (hoawa), Pouteria sandwicensis, Awaawapuhi Trail, Awaawapuhi 2000). Pritchardia minor, Selaginella Valley, Kawaiula Valley, and Makaha Panicum niihauense is found arbuscula (lepelepeamoa), Valley all on State-owned land within scattered in sand dunes in coastal Tetraplasandra oahuensis (ohe ohe), or the Kokee State Park, Kuia Natural Area shrubland at elevations between 0 and Zanthoxylum dipetalum (61 FR 53070; Reserve, Na Pali Coast State Park, Na 103 m (0 and 337 ft) . Associated native K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, and the Puu plant species include Cassytha filiformis Major threats to Phyllostegia Ka Pele Forest Reserve (K. Wood, in litt. (kaunaoa pehu), Chamaesyce knudsenii include habitat degradation 1999; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI celastroides, Dodonaea viscosa, Nama by feral pigs and goats, competition 2000). sandwicensis (nama), Ophioglossum with non-native plants, and a risk of This species generally grows in rich pendulum ssp. falcatum (NCN), extinction from naturally occurring soil on steep slopes in mesic or wet Scaevola sericea (naupaka kahakai), events (e.g., landslides and hurricanes) forest dominated by Acacia koa or a Sida fallax, Vitex rotundifolia (kolokolo and reduced reproductive vigor due to mixture of Acacia koa and Metrosideros kahakai), or Sporobolus virginicus the small number of individuals in the

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only known population (61 FR 53070; Phyllostegia wawrana (NCN) native species of Poa in the Hawaiian Service 1998a). Phyllostegia wawrana, a nonaromatic Islands are endemic to the island of Kauai. Poa mannii is distinguished from Phyllostegia waimeae (NCN) member of the mint family (Lamiaceae), is a perennial vine that is woody toward both P. siphonoglossa and P. Phyllostegia waimeae, a nonaromatic the base and has long, crinkly hairs sandvicensis by its fringed ligule (an member of the mint family (Lamiaceae), along the stem. This short-lived appendage on the sheath of a blade of is a climbing perennial plant with hairy perennial species can be distinguished grass) and from P. sandvicensis by its shorter panicle (a pyramidal loosely- four-angled stems that are woody at the from the related P. floribunda and P. branched flower cluster) branches base. The oval leaves are 5 to 13 cm (2 knudsenii, by its less specialized flower to 5 in.) long, 2.5 to 6 cm (1 to 2.4 in.) (O’Connor 1999). stalk (Wagner et al. 1999). Little is known about the life history wide, and have rounded, toothed Seeds were observed in the wild in of Poa mannii. Flowering cycles, margins. They are wrinkled and August 1993. No additional life history sparsely dotted with oil glands. Flowers pollination vectors, seed dispersal information for this species is currently agents, longevity, specific grow in groups of six along an known (Service 1998a). unbranched leafy stalk usually 10 to 15 environmental requirements, and Phyllostegia wawrana was reported to limiting factors are unknown (Service cm (3.9 to 5.9 in.) long. The bracts be found at Hanalei on Kauai in the below each flower stalk are broad and 1995). 1800s and along Kokee Stream in 1926. Historically, this species was found in partially overlap the flowers. The calyx Currently, populations are reported resembles an inverted cone with broad Olokele Gulch on Kauai. Currently, from Koaie Canyon, Moaalele, there is a total of six populations with lobes. The corolla, 8 to 12 mm (0.3 to Awaawapuhi Valley, and Makaleha. A 0.5 in.) long, is pinkish or may be white. approximately 268 individuals on State- total of four populations with owned land in the right and left The fruits, probably nutlets, have not approximately 49 individuals are found been observed. Characteristics that branches of Kalalau Valley, on State-owned land within the Alakai Awaawapuhi Valley, Kuia Valley, and distinguish this species from others in Wilderness Preserve, Hono o Na Pali the genus are the nearly stalkless bracts Kauhao Valley within the Kuia Natural Natural Area Reserve, and Kokee State Area Reserve, Na Pali Coast State Park, that partially overlap and cover the Park (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI flowers, and relatively fewer oil glands Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, and 2000). Waimea Canyon State Park (K. Wood, in on the leaves (Wagner et al. 1999). This species grows at elevations Little is known about the life history litt. 1999; O’Connor 1999; HINHP between 398 and 1,284 m (1,306 and Database 2000; GDSI 2000). of Phyllostegia waimeae. Flowering 4,212 ft) in Acacia koa-Metrosideros This species typically grows on cliffs cycles, pollination vectors, seed polymorpha-Cheirodendron mixed or rock faces in lowland or montane dispersal agents, longevity, specific mesic forest. Associated native plant mesic Metrosideros polymorpha or environmental requirements, and species include Alectryon spp., Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha limiting factors are unknown Service Asplenium polypodon (NCN), Athyrium forest at elevations between 327 and 1995). microphyllum, Carex spp., Claoxylon 1,222 m (1,072 and 4,009 ft). Associated Historically, Phyllostegia waimeae sandwicense, Cyanea fissa (haha), native plant species include Antidesma was known from Kaholuamanu and Delissea rivularis, Dianella platyphyllum, Artemisia australis, Kaaha on Kauai. Currently, one sandwicensis, Diplazium Bidens cosmoides, Bidens sandvicensis, population with six individuals persists sandwichianum, Dodonaea viscosa, Carex meyenii, C. wahuensis, from State land in Kawaiiki Valley Doodia kunthiana, Dryopteris Chamaesyce celastroides var. within the Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve wallichiana, Dubautia knudsenii, hanapepensis, Dodonaea viscosa, (K. Wood, in litt. 2001). Dubautia laevigata, Hedyotis tryblium, Diospyros sandwicensis, Eragrostis This species typically grows in Acacia Machaerina angustifolia, Panicum variabilis, Hedyotis terminalis, Lobelia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha nephelophilum, Peperomia macraeana, niihauensis, Lobelia yuccoides (NCN), dominated wet or mixed mesic forest Perrottetia sandwicensis, Poa Luzula hawaiiensis (woodrush), with Cheirodendron spp. or sandvicensis, Pleomele aurea, Pteridium Mariscus phloides (NCN), Melicope Dicranopteris linearis as co-dominants aquilinum var. decompositum, Sadleria anisata, M. barbigera, M. pallida, at elevations between 655 and 1,224 m pallida, Schiedea stellarioides, Scaevola Nototrichium spp., Panicum lineale, (2,149 and 4,016 ft). Associated native procera, Syzygium sandwicensis, Pleomele aurea, Pouteria sandwicensis, plant species include Broussaisia Touchardia latifolia, or Vaccinium Psychotria mariniana, P. greenwelliae, arguta, Claoxylon sandwicense, dentatum (61 FR 53070; HINHP Schiedea lydgatei var. attenuata, Diplazium sandwichianum, Dubautia Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., Schiedea membranacea, or Wilkesia knudsenii, Elaphoglossum spp., 2001). gymnoxiphium (59 FR 56330; HINHP Gunnera spp., Hedyotis spp., Myrsine Major threats to Phyllostegia wawrana Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., lanaiensis, Pleomele aurea, Psychotria include habitat degradation by feral pigs 2001). spp., Sadleria spp., Scaevola procera and competition with non-native plant Poa mannii survives only in very (naupaka kuahiwi), Syzygium species, such as Rubus rosifolius, steep areas that are inaccessible to goats, sandwicensis, or Vaccinium spp. (K. Passiflora mollissima, Rubus argutus, suggesting that goat herbivory may have Wood, pers. comm., 2001). Melastoma candidum, Erigeron eliminated this species from more Habitat destruction by feral goats, karvinskianus, and Erechtites accessible locations, as is the case for erosion, and competition with valerianefolia (61 FR 53070; Service other rare plants from northwestern introduced grasses are the major threats 1998a). Kauai. Threats to P. mannii include to Phyllostegia waimeae. The species is habitat damage, trampling, and also threatened by over-collecting for Poa mannii (Mann’s bluegrass) browsing by feral goats, and competition scientific purposes, stochastic Poa mannii, a member of the grass with invasive non-native plants. extinction, and/or reduced reproductive family (Poaceae), is a perennial grass Erigeron karvinskianus has invaded vigor due to the small number of with short rhizomes (underground Kalalau, Koaie, and Waialae Valleys, existing individuals (Service 1995). stems) and erect, tufted culms. All three three of the areas where P. mannii

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occurs. Lantana camara threatens all Hedyotis spp., Melicope spp., sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, known populations, and Rubus argutus Peperomia spp., Psychotria spp., Dubautia spp, Hedyotis spp., Lobelia threatens the populations in Kalalau Scaevola procera, Schiedea yuccoides, Melicope spp., Microlepia and Waialae Valleys. Poa mannii is also stellarioides, or Syzygium sandwicensis strigosa, Myrsine spp, Panicum threatened by fire and reduced (57 FR 20580; HINHP Database 2000; K. nephelophilum, Poa sandvicensis, reproductive vigor and/or extinction Wood, pers. comm., 2001). Psychotria spp., Scaevola procera, from naturally occurring events, such as The greatest immediate threats to the Styphelia tameiameiae, Tetraplasandra landslides or hurricanes, due to the survival of Poa sandvicensis are kauaiensis, Vaccinium spp., Wilkesia small number of existing populations competition from non-native plants, gymnoxiphium, Xylosma spp, and individuals (59 FR 56330). such as Erigeron karvinskianus, Rubus Zanthoxylum dipetalum (57 FR 20580, argutus, Passiflora mollissima, or Poa sandvicensis (Hawaiian bluegrass) K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). Hedychium spp.; erosion caused by feral The primary threat to the survival of Poa sandvicensis is a perennial grass pigs and goats; and State forest reserve Poa siphonoglossa is habitat (Poaceae) with densely tufted, mostly trail maintenance activities and human degradation and/or herbivory by feral erect culms. Poa sandvicensis is recreation. In addition, naturally pigs and deer. The non-native plant distinguished from closely related occurring events could constitute an Rubus argutus invading Kohua Ridge species by its shorter rhizomes threat of extinction or reduced constitutes a probable threat to that (horizontal subterranean plant stem), reproductive vigor due to the species’ population. Small population size and shorter culms (grass stalk) which do not small population size (57 FR 20580; potential for one disturbance event to become rush-like with age, closed and Service 1995). destroy the majority of known fused sheaths, relatively even-edged Poa siphonoglossa (NCN) individuals are also serious threats to ligules, and longer panicle branches this species (57 FR 20580; Service 1995; Poa siphonoglossa is a perennial grass (O’Connor 1999). HINHP Database 2000). Little is known about the life history (Poaceae). It differs from P. sandvicensis of Poa sandvicensis. Flowering cycles, principally by its longer culms, lack of Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii (wahane) pollination vectors, seed dispersal a prominent tooth on the ligule, and Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii, a agents, longevity, specific shorter panicle branches. Poa member of the palm family (Arecaceae) environmental requirements, and siphonoglossa has extensive tufted and is a fan-leaved tree about 7 to 15 m (23 limiting factors are unknown (Service flattened culms that cascade from banks to 50 ft) tall. This species is 1995). in masses. Short rhizomes, long culms, Historically, this species was known closed and fused sheaths, and lack of a distinguished from others of the genus from six areas on the island of Kauai: tooth on the ligule separate P. by the thin leaf texture and drooping the rim of Kalalau Valley in Na Pali siphonoglossa from P. mannii and other leaf segments, tan woolly hairs on the Coast State Park, Halemanu Ridge, closely related species (O’Connor 1999). underside of the petiole and the leaf Kumuwela Ridgs, and Kauaikanana Little is known about the life history blade base, stout hairless flower clusters Drainage in Kokee State Park; of Poa siphonoglossa. Flowering cycles, that do not extend beyond the fan- Awaawapuhi Trail in Na Pali-Kona pollination vectors, seed dispersal shaped leaves, and the smaller spherical Forest Reserve; Kohua Ridge/Mohihi agents, longevity, specific fruit (Read and Hodel 1999). drainage in both the Forest Reserve and environmental requirements, and Little is known about the life history Alakai Wilderness Preserve; and limiting factors are unknown (Service of Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii. Its Kaholuamanu. Hillebrand’s (1888) 1995). flowering cycles, pollination vectors, reference to a Maui locality is most Historically, Poa siphonoglossa was seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific likely an error. Currently, there is a total known from five sites on the island of environmental requirements, and of nine populations with 1,740 Kauai: Kohua Ridge in Na Pali-Kona limiting factors are unknown (61 FR individuals occurring on State-owned Forest Reserve; near Kaholuamanu; 41020). land. Poa sandvicensis is known to be Kaulaula Valley in Puu Ka Pele Forest Historically, Pritchardia aylmer- extant at Alealau, Keanapuka, Reserve; Kuia Valley; and Kalalau. robinsonii was found at three sites in Awaawapuhi Trail, Kumuwela Ridge, Currently, there are a total of five the eastern and central portions of the Maile Flat Trail, Mohihi Stream, Mohihi populations with a total of 50 island of Niihau. Trees were found on Waialae Trail, Kawaiiki Valley, and individuals on State-owned land at Kaali Cliff and in Mokouia and Haao Waialae Valley in the Alakai Wilderness Kahuamaa Flats, Mohihi Waialai Trail, Valleys at elevations between 70 and Preserve, Hono o Na Pali Natural Area Kuia Valley, Makaha Ridge, and 270 m (230 and 885 ft) on privately Reserve, Kokee State Park, Na Pali Coast Kaulaula Valley in the Alakai owned land. The most recent State Park, and Na Pali-Kona Forest Wilderness Preserve, Kuia Natural Area observations indicate that two plants Reserve (57 FR 20580; HINHP Database Reserve, Na Pali Coast State Park, Na still remain on Kaali Cliff (Read and 2000; GDSI 2000; K. Wood, in litt. 1999). Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, and Puu Ka Hodel 1999; HINHP Database 2000; Poa sandvicensis grows on wet, Pele Forest Reserve (K. Wood, in litt. GDSI 2000). shaded, gentle to steep slopes, ridges, 1999; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii and rock ledges of stream banks in semi- 2000). typically grows on rocky talus in open to closed, wet, diverse Acacia koa Poa siphonoglossa typically grows on seepage areas within coastal dry forest -Metrosideros polymorpha montane shady banks on steep slopes in mesic at elevations between 91 to 259 m (300 forest, at elevations between 498 and Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa to 850 ft). Associated native plant 1,290 m (1,635 and 4,232 ft). Associated forests at elevations between about 498 species include Brighamia insignis, native plant species include Alyxia and 1,290 m (1,635 and 4,232 ft). Cyperus trachysanthos, Lobelia oliviformis, Bidens sandvicensis, Associated native plant species include niihauensis or Lipochaeta lobata var. Cheirodendron spp., Claoxylon Acacia koa, Alphitonia ponderosa, lobata (nehe). Originally a component of sandwicense, Coprosma spp., Dianella Alyxia oliviformis, Bobea brevipes, the coastal dry forest, this species now sandwicensis, Dicranopteris linearis, Carex meyenii, Carex wahuensis, occurs only in a rugged and steep area Dodonaea viscosa, Dubautia spp., Coprosma waimeae, Dianella where it receives some protection from

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grazing ungulates (61 FR 41020; HINHP gymnoxiphium (Service 1998a; 61 FR a botanist or seed collector to scale the Database 2000). 53070; HINHP Database 2000). tree. In mid-1996, a young plant and The species is threatened by habitat Major threats to Pritchardia seeds from mature Pritchardia viscosa degradation and/or herbivory by cattle, napaliensis include habitat degradation plants were removed from the only feral pigs, and feral goats and seed and grazing by feral goats and pigs; seed known location of this species. Because predation by rats. Small population size, predation by rats; and competition with of this past activity, it is reasonable to limited distribution, and reduced the non-native plants, such as assume that these plants are threatened reproductive vigor makes this species Kalanchoe pinnata, Erigeron by over-collection and vandalism. Also, particularly vulnerable to extinction (61 karvinskianus, Lantana camara, because of the small numbers of FR 41020). Psidium guajava, or possibly Cordyline individuals in the only known fruticosa. The species is also threatened Pritchardia napaliensis (loulu) population, this species is susceptible to by vandalism and over-collection. In extinction since a single naturally Pritchardia napaliensis, a member of 1993, near the Wailua River, the Hawaii occurring event (e.g., a hurricane) could the palm family (Arecaceae), is a small Department of Forestry and Wildlife destroy all remaining plants (61 FR tree with about 20 leaves and an open (DOFAW) constructed a fenced 53070; C. Koga, in litt. 1999; A. Kyono, crown. This species is distinguished enclosure around 39 recently planted P. pers. comm., 2000). from others of the genus that grow on napaliensis individuals. Shortly after Kauai by having about 20 flat leaves being planted, the fence was vandalized Pteralyxia kauaiensis (kaulu) with pale scales on the lower surface and the 39 plants were removed. Also, Pteralyxia kauaiensis, a member of that fall off with age, inflorescences because of the small number of the dogbane family (Apocynaceae), is a with hairless main axes, and globose remaining populations and individuals, long-lived perennial tree 3 to 8 m (10 to (having or consisting of globules) fruits this species is susceptible to a risk of 26 ft) tall. The leaves are dark green and less than 3 cm (1.2 in.) long (Read and extinction from naturally occurring shiny on the upper surfaces, but pale Hodel 1999). events, such as landslides or hurricanes, and dull on the lower surfaces. This Little is known about the life history and from reduced reproductive vigor (61 species differs from the only other of Pritchardia napaliensis. Its flowering FR 53070; Craig Koga, DOFAW, in litt. species of this endemic Hawaiian genus cycles, pollination vectors, seed 1999; A. Kyono, pers. comm., 2000). in having reduced lateral wings on the dispersal agents, longevity, specific seed (Wagner et al. 1999). environmental requirements, and Pritchardia viscosa (loulu) Little is known about the life history limiting factors are unknown (Service Pritchardia viscosa, a member of the of Pteralyxia kauaiensis. Flowering 1998a). palm family (Arecaceae), is a small tree cycles, pollination vectors, seed Pritchardia napaliensis has only been 3 to 8 m (10 to 26 ft) tall. This species dispersal agents, longevity, specific known from three populations with 155 differs from others of the genus that environmental requirements, and individuals on State-owned land in grow on Kauai by the degree of hairiness limiting factors are unknown (Service Pohakuao, Alealau, Waiahuakua; and of the lower surface of the leaves and 1995). Hoolulu Valley within the Hono o Na main axis of the flower cluster, and Historically, Pteralyxia kauaiensis Pali Natural Area Reserve and Na Pali length of the flower cluster (Read and was known from the Wahiawa Coast State Park (K. Wood, in litt. 1999; Hodel 1999). Mountains in the southern portion of HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000). Historically, Pritchardia viscosa was Kauai. This species is now known from Pritchardia napaliensis typically known only from a 1920 collection from 15 populations, with a total of 807 grows in areas between elevations of Kalihiwai Valley. It was not seen again individuals in the following scattered 152 and 1,158 m (500 and 3,800 ft) in until 1987, when Robert Read observed locations on State land: Limahuli a wide variety of habitats ranging from it in the same general area as the type Valley, the left branch of Kalalau Valley, lowland dry to diverse mesic forests locality, off the Powerline Road at 512 Pohakuao, the right branch of Kalalau dominated by Diospyros spp. or m (1,680 ft) elevation (HINHP Database Valley, Makaha Valley, Kuia Valley, montane wet forests dominated by 2000). Currently, there is one Haeleele Valley, Koaie Canyon, Metrosideros polymorpha and population with three individuals on Kawaiiki Valley, Hipalau, Haupu, Blue Dicranopteris linearis. Several State-owned land within the Halelea Hole, Poomau Valley, and Kapalikea associated native plant species besides Forest Reserve (61 FR 53070; HINHP within the Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserve, those mentioned above include Database 2000; GDSI 2000). Na Pali Coast State Park, Na Pali-Kona Alsinidendron lychnoides, Alyxia This species is found in Metrosideros Forest Reserve, and Puu Ka Pele Forest oliviformis, Boehmeria grandis, polymorpha -Dicranopteris linearis Reserve. There is also an undocumented Cheirodendron trigynum, Cibotium spp., lowland wet forest at elevations sighting of one individual at Makaleha, Dubautia knudsenii, Elaeocarpus between 488 to 518 m (1,600 to 1,700 ft). above the town of Kapaa (59 FR 9304; bifidus, Hibiscus kokio ssp. Associated native species include K. Wood, in litt. 1999; Wagner et al. saintjohnianus (kokio), Lipochaeta Antidesma spp., Bobea spp., Cibotium 1999; HINHP Database 2000). connata var. acris (nehe), Melicope spp., Cyanea fissa, Cyrtandra This taxon is typically found in peduncularis (alani), Nesoluma kauaiensis, Cyrtandra longiflora, diverse mesic or Diospyros polynesicum (keahi), Ochrosia Dubautia knudsenii, Nothocestrum spp., sandwicensis mixed mesic forests with kauaiensis (holei), Rauvolfia Perrottetia sandwicensis, Psychotria Pisonia spp. between elevations of 915 sandwicensis, Stenogyne purpurea spp., Sadleria pallida, or Syzygium and 1,007 m (3,002 and 3,305 ft). (NCN), Syzygium sandwicensis, sandwicensis (Service 1998a; 61 FR Associated native plant species include Phyllostegia electra (NCN), Pleomele 53070). Acacia koa, Alectryon macrococcus, spp., Poa sandvicensis, Pouteria Pritchardia viscosa is threatened by Alphitonia ponderosa, Antidesma sandwicensis, Psychotria spp., Psydrax Psidium cattleianum and non-native platyphyllum var. hillebrandii, Bobea odoratum, Pteralyxia kauaiensis, grasses, such as Paspalum conjugatum; brevipes, Carex spp., Charpentiera Santalum freycinetianum var. and seed predation by rats. At least one elliptica, Claoxylon sandwicense, pyrularium, Vaccinium dentatum, of the remaining mature trees has been Cyanea spp., Dianella sandwicensis, Xylosma hawaiiense, or Wilkesia damaged by spiked boots used either by Diospyros spp. (lama), Dodonaea

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viscosa, Diplazium sandwichianum, Valleys, Makaha Valley, Kauhao Valley, (1,102 and 4,411 ft), primarily on steep, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Freycinetia and Kaulaula Valley within the Alakai north or northeast-facing slopes or cliffs arborea, Gahnia spp., Gardenia remyi Wilderness Preserve, Kuia Natural Area in transitional wet or Metrosideros (nanu), Hedyotis terminalis, Hibiscus Reserve, Na Pali Coast State Park, Na polymorpha dominated mixed mesic kokio, Kokia kauaiensis, Metrosideros Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, Puu Ka Pele forest. Associated native plant species polymorpha, Myrsine lanaiensis, Forest Reserve, and Waimea Canyon include Artemisia australis, Bobea spp., Neraudia spp. (NCN), Nesoluma State Park (K. Wood, in litt. 1999; GDSI Boehmeria grandis, Cheirodendron spp., polynesicum, Nestegis sandwicensis, 2000; HINHP Database 2000). Claoxylon sandwicensis, Cyrtandra Peperomia spp., Pleomele aurea, Remya kauaiensis grows chiefly on spp., Dubautia spp., Ilex anomala, Pipturus spp., Pisonia sandwicensis, steep, north or northeast-facing slopes at Lepidium serra, Lysimachia spp. Poa sandvicensis, Pouteria elevations between 560 and 1,247 m (kolokolo kuahiwi), Myrsine linearifolia, sandwicensis, Psychotria spp., Psydrax (1,836 and 4,090 ft). It is found Nototrichium spp., Pleomele aurea, Poa odoratum, Pritchardia spp., Rauvolfia primarily in Acacia koa-Metrosideros mannii, Sadleria spp., Scaevola spp., sandwicensis, Santalum freycinetianum polymorpha lowland mesic forest with Stenogyne campanulata, var. pyrularium, Schiedea spp., Chamaesyce spp. (akoko), Claoxylon Tetraplasandra spp., or Zanthoxylum Styphelia tameiameiae, Syzygium sandwicense, Dianella sandwicensis, dipetalum (HINHP Database 2000; K. sandwicensis, Tetraplasandra spp., Diospyros spp., Dodonaea viscosa, Wood, pers. comm., 2001). Xylosma hawaiiense, or Zanthoxylum Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope spp., The primary threats to Remya dipetalum (59 FR 9304; HINHP Database Nestegis sandwicensis, Pouteria montgomeryi are herbivory and habitat 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). sandwicensis, Psychotria spp., Schiedea degradation by feral goats, pigs, cattle, The major threats to Pteralyxia spp., or Tetraplasandra spp. (56 FR and deer, and competition from non- kauaiensis are habitat destruction by 1450; Herbst 1988; HINHP Database native plant species. Other threats feral animals and competition with 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). include erosion, fire, and an increased introduced plants. Animals affecting the The primary threats to Remya risk of extinction from naturally survival of this species include feral kauaiensis include herbivory and occurring events (e.g., landslides or goats and pigs, and, possibly, rats, habitat degradation by feral goats, pigs, hurricanes) because of the small size of which may eat the fruit. Fire could cattle, and deer, and competition from the populations and their limited threaten some populations. Introduced non-native plant species. Other threats distribution (56 FR 1450; Service 1995). plants competing with this species include erosion, fire, and risk of include Psidium guajava, Erigeron extinction from naturally occurring Schiedea apokremnos (maolioli) karvinskianus, Aleurites moluccana, events, such as landslides or hurricanes, Schiedea apokremnos, a member of Lantana camara, Psidium cattleianum, and/or reduced reproductive vigor due the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a or Cordyline fruticosa (59 FR 9304; to the small number of remaining low, branching short-lived perennial Service 1995; HINHP Database 2000). populations and individuals (56 FR shrub 20 to 51 cm (8 to 20 in.) tall. The Remya kauaiensis (NCN) 1450; Service 1995). leaves are oppositely arranged, oblong, Remya kauaiensis, one of three Remya montgomeryi (NCN) and somewhat fleshy and glabrous species of a genus endemic to the The genus Remya, in the aster family (having a surface without hairs). Hawaiian Islands, is in the aster family (Asteraceae), is endemic to the Schiedea apokremnos is distinguished (Asteraceae). Remya kauaiensis is a Hawaiian Islands. Remya montgomeryi from related species by shorter sepals, small short-lived perennial shrub, about was discovered in 1985 by Steven nectaries, and capsules (Wagner et al. 1 m (3 ft) tall, with many slender, Montgomery on the sheer, virtually 1999). sprawling branches which are covered inaccessible cliffs below the upper rim Some S. apokremnos individuals are with a fine tan fuzz near their tips. The of Kalalau Valley, Kauai. It is a small functionally female and must be cross- leaves, coarsely toothed along the edges, short-lived perennial shrub, about 1 m pollinated to set seed. This reproductive are green on the upper surface while the (3 ft) tall, with many slender, sprawling strategy may be ineffective in lower surface is covered with a dense to weakly erect, smooth branches. The populations with few individuals. Little mat of fine white hairs (Wagner et al. leaves are coarsely toothed along the is known about the life history of 1999). edges, and are green on the upper as Schiedea apokremnos. Flowering Seedlings of this taxon have not been well as lower surfaces (Wagner et al. cycles, pollination vectors, seed observed. Flowers have been observed 1999). dispersal agents, longevity, specific in April, May, June, and August, and are Seedlings of this taxon have not been environmental requirements, and probably insect-pollinated. Seeds are observed. Flowers have been observed limiting factors are unknown (Service probably wind or water-dispersed. in April, May, June, and August, and are 1995). Remya kauaiensis may be self- probably insect-pollinated. Seeds are Schiedea apokremnos has been incompatible (56 FR 1450; Herbst 1988; probably wind or water-dispersed. collected from Nualolo Kai, Kaaweiki Service 1995). Remya montgomeryi may be self- Ridge, and along a 10.5 km (6.5 mi) long Historically, this species was found in incompatible (Herbst 1988; 56 FR 1450). section of the Na Pali coast including the Na Pali Kona Forest Reserve at Remya montgomeryi is known only Milolii Valley, Kalalau Beach, Kaalahina Koaie, Mohihi, Kalalau, Makaha, from Kauai. Three populations with 113 and Manono Ridges, Haeleele Ridge, Nualolo, Kawaiula, Kuia, Honopu, individuals are reported on State-owned and, as far north as, Pohakuao Valley, Awaawapuhi, Kopakaka, and Kauhao, land in the left and right branches of all on the island of Kauai. There is on Kauai. There are currently 12 known Kalalau Valley, Koaie Canyon, and Kuia currently a total of five populations populations with a total of 124 Valley within the Alakai Wilderness containing 751 individuals on State- individuals on State-owned land. They Preserve and Na Pali Coast State Park owned lands. The species is extant at occur in Hipalau Valley, Awini Valley, (Herbst 1988; K. Wood, in litt. 1999; Nakeikionaiwi, Pohakuao, Nualolo Koaie Canyon, Mohihi Stream, the left GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000). Valley, Haeleele Valley, and Kawaiiki branch of Kalalau Valley, Awaawapuhi Remya montgomeryi grows at Valley within the Na Pali Coast State and Nualolo Valleys, Kuia and Kawaiula elevations between 336 and 1,344 m Park and Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve (56

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FR 49639; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI Schiedea helleri is found on ridges Schiedea kauaiensis typically grows 2000). and steep cliffs in closed Metrosideros in diverse mesic to wet Acacia koa- Schiedea apokremnos grows in the polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis Metrosideros polymorpha forest on crevices of near-vertical basalt coastal montane wet forest, M. polymorpha- steep slopes at elevations between 192 cliff faces, at elevations between 12 and Cheirodendron spp. montane wet forest, and 1,290 m (631 and 4,232 ft). 391 m (40 and 1,283 ft). The species or Acacia koa-M. polymorpha montane Associated native plant species include grows in sparse dry coastal cliff shrub mesic forest at elevations between 941 Alphitonia ponderosa, Cryptocarya vegetation along with Artemisia and 1,223 m (3,088 and 4,011 ft). Other mannii, Diospyros spp., Dodonaea australis, Bidens spp., Carex meyenii, native plants growing in association viscosa, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Chamaesyce celastroides, Eragrostis with this species include Broussaisia Exocarpos luteolus, Microlepia strigosa, variabilis, Lepidium serra, Lipochaeta arguta, Cheirodendron spp., Cibotium Nestegis sandwicensis, Pisonia spp., connata, Lobelia niihauensis, spp., Cyanea spp., Dianella Peucedanum sandwicense, Psychotria Myoporum sandwicense, Peperomia sandwicensis, Dubautia spp., spp., Psydrax odoratum, or Styphelia spp., Pleomele aurea, Psydrax Elaeocarpus bifidus, Hedyotis tameiameiae (61 FR 53108; HINHP odoratum, or Wilkesia spp. (56 FR terminalis, Melicope spp., Myrsine spp., Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 49639; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, Poa sandvicensis Scaevola procera, 2001). pers. comm., 2001). Syzygium sandwicensis, or Viola Threats to Schiedea kauaiensis The restriction of this species to wailenalenae (pamakani) (K. Wood, include habitat degradation and/or inaccessible cliffs suggests that goat pers. comm., 2001; HINHP Database destruction by feral goats, pigs, and herbivory may have eliminated them 2000). cattle; competition from several non- from more accessible locations. The Competition with the non-native native plant species; predation by greatest current threat to the survival of plant Rubus argutus, a risk of extinction introduced slugs and snails; and a risk Schiedea apokremnos is still herbivory from naturally occurring events (e.g., of extinction from naturally occurring and habitat degradation by feral goats, landslides or hurricanes), and reduced events, such as landslides or hurricanes, as well as competition from the non- reproductive vigor due to the small and/or reduced reproductive vigor due native plants Leucaena leucocephala number of extant individuals are serious to the low number of individuals in threats to Schiedea helleri (61 FR only two known populations. Schiedea and Hyptis pectinata (comb hyptis), and 53070). kauaiensis is also potentially threatened trampling by humans. Given the small by fire (61 FR 53108; Service 1998a; size of most populations and restricted Schiedea kauaiensis (NCN) HINHP Database 2000). distribution, depressed reproductive Schiedea kauaiensis, a member of the vigor may be a serious threats to the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a Schiedea membranacea (NCN) species. In addition, a single generally hairless, erect subshrub. The Schiedea membranacea, a member of environmental disturbance (such as a green, sometimes purple-tinged leaves the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a landslide or fire) could destroy a are opposite, narrowly egg-shaped or perennial herb. The unbranched, fleshy significant percentage of the extant lance-shaped to narrowly or broadly stems rise upwards from near the base individuals (56 FR 49639; Service 1995). elliptic. Lacking petals, the perfect and are somewhat sprawling. During Schiedea helleri (NCN) flowers are borne in open branched dry seasons, the plant dies back to a inflorescences, and are moderately woody, short stem at or beneath the Schiedea helleri, a member of the covered with fine, short, curly, white ground surface. The oppositely arranged pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a hairs. This short-lived perennial species leaves are broadly elliptic to egg-shaped, short-lived perennial vine. The stems, is distinguished from others in this generally thin, have five to seven smooth below and minutely hairy endemic Hawaiian genus by its habit, longitudinal veins, and are sparsely above, are usually prostrate and at least larger leaves, the hairiness of the covered with short, fine hairs. The 15 cm (6 in.) long with internodes at inflorescence, the number of flowers in perfect flowers have no petals, are least 4 to 15 cm (1.6 to 6 in.) long. The each inflorescence, larger flowers, and numerous, and occur in large branched opposite leaves are somewhat thick, larger seeds (Wagner et al. 1999). clusters. This short-lived perennial triangular, egg-shaped to heart-shaped, Little is known about the life history species differs from others of the genus conspicuously three-veined, and nearly of this taxon. Fruit and flowers have that grow on Kauai by having five-to hairless to sparsely covered with short, been observed in July and August, and seven-nerved leaves and a herbaceous fine hairs, especially along the margins. flowering material has been collected in habit (Wagner et al. 1999). This species is the only member of the September. There is no evidence of Research suggests that this species genus on Kauai that grows as a vine regeneration from seed under field largely requires outcrossing for (Wagner et al. 1999). conditions. Reproductive cycles, successful germination and survival to Three plants were observed flowering longevity, specific environmental adulthood. Pollinators for Schiedea in February. No additional life history requirements and limiting factors are membranacea are unknown, since none information for this species is currently unknown (Service 1998a). have been seen during the daytime, and known (Service 1998a). Historically, Schiedea kauaiensis was none were observed during one set of Schiedea helleri was originally found known from the northwestern side of night observations. Little else is known only at a single location above Waimea, Kauai, from Papaa to Mahanaloa. It was about the life history of Schiedea at Kaholuamano on the island of Kauai, thought to be extinct until the two membranacea. Its flowering cycles, over 100 years ago. There is currently a currently known populations in pollination vectors, seed dispersal total of three populations with 63 Mahanaloa and Kalalau Valleys, with a agents, longevity, specific individuals on State-owned land at total of 22 individuals, were found. Both environmental requirements, and Mohihi Stream, Nawaimaka Valley, and populations occur on State land within limiting factors are unknown. (Service Mohihi Waialae Trail within the Alakai the Kuia Natural Area Reserve and Na 1998a). Wilderness Preserve and Na Pali-Kona Pali Coast State Park (GDSI 2000; Schiedea membranacea is currently Forest Reserve (K. Wood, in litt. 1999; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, in litt. known from the western side of the HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000). 1999). island of Kauai, on State and privately

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owned lands at Poopooiki Valley, short-lived perennial subshrub. The connata, Microlepia strigosa, Nestegis Milolii Ridge, Kuia Valley, Awaawapuhi opposite leaves are very narrow, one- sandwicensis, Nototrichium Valley, Nualolo Valley, Kahuamaa Flats, veined, and attached directly to the sandwicense, Panicum lineale, Waialae Falls, Koaie Canyon, and the stem. The flowers are unisexual, with Peucedanum sandwicense, or Wilkesia right branch of Wainiha Valley. On State male and female flowers on different gymnoxiphium (59 FR 9304; Lorence lands it occurs within the Alakai plants. Flowers occur in compact and Flynn 1991; Service 1995; HINHP Wilderness Preserve, Halelea Forest clusters of three. The capsular fruits Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., Reserve, Kuia Natural Area Reserve, Na contain nearly smooth, kidney-shaped 2001). Pali Coast State Park, and Na Pali-Kona seeds. Of the 22 species in this endemic The major threats to Schiedea Forest Reserve. There are currently genus, only two other species have spergulina var. leiopoda are habitat seven populations containing 195 smooth seeds. Schiedea spergulina destruction by feral goats and individuals (Wood and Perlman 1993; differs from those two in having very competition with non-native plants 61 FR 53070; K. Wood, in litt. 1999; compact flower clusters. The two such as Leucaena leucocephala, HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000). weakly defined varieties differ primarily Lantana camara, or Furcraea foetida This species is typically found on in the degree of hairiness of the (Mauritius hemp). Individuals have also cliffs and cliff bases in mesic or wet inflorescences, with S. s. var. leiopoda been damaged and destroyed by rock habitats, in lowland, or montane being the less hairy of the two (Wagner slides. This variety is potentially shrubland, or forest communities et al. 1999). threatened by pesticide use in nearby dominated by Acacia koa, Pipturus spp. Little is known about the life histories sugarcane fields, as well as a risk of and Metrosideros polymorpha or of either Schiedea spergulina var. extinction from naturally occurring Urticaceae shrubland on talus slopes at leiopoda or Schiedea spergulina var. events (e.g., hurricanes) and/or reduced elevations between 422 and 1,205 m spergulina. Flowering cycles, reproductive vigor due to the small (1,386 and 3,953 ft). Associated native pollination vectors, seed dispersal number of existing individuals (59 FR plant species include Alphitonia agents, longevity, specific 9304; Lorence and Flynn 1991; Service ponderosa, Alyxia oliviformis, environmental requirements, and 1995). Asplenium spp., Athyrium sandwicensis limiting factors are unknown (Service Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina is (akolea), Bobea brevipes, Boehmeria 1995). threatened by competition with non- grandis, Cyrtandra spp., Diplazium Historically, Schiedea spergulina var. native plant species, including Erigeron sandwichianum, Dodonaea viscosa, leiopoda was found on a ridge on the karvinskianus, Lantana camara, Melia Eragrostis variabilis, Hedyotis east side of Hanapepe on Kauai. One azedarach, or Triumfetta semitriloba terminalis, Hibiscus waimeae, Joinvillea population with approximately 50 (Sacramento bur). The area in which ascendens ssp. ascendens (ohe), individuals is now known to grow in this variety grows is used heavily by Labordia helleri (kamakahala), Lepidium Lawai Valley on Kauai on privately feral goats, and there is evidence that serra, Lysimachia kalalauensis (NCN), owned land (HINHP Database 2000; plants are being browsed and trampled Machaerina angustifolia, Mariscus GDSI 2000). (59 FR 9304; Lorence and Flynn 1991; pennatiformis, Melicope spp., Myrsine Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina HINHP Database 2000). spp., Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pisonia was historically found in Olokele Schiedea stellarioides (laulihilihi) spp., Pleomele aurea, Poa mannii, Poa Canyon, but is now known only from sandvicensis, Pouteria sandwicensis, the right branch of Kalalau Valley, Koaie Schiedea stellarioides, a member of Psychotria spp., Psydrax odoratum, Canyon, and Waimea Canyon. A total of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a Remya kauaiensis, Sadleria cyatheoides three populations numbering slightly erect to prostrate subshrub with (amau), Scaevola procera, Thelypteris approximately 206 individuals is branched stems. The opposite leaves are cyatheoides (kikawaio), Thelypteris reported on State-owned land within very slender to oblong-elliptic, and one- sandwicensis (palapalaia), or the Na Pali Coast State Park, Na Pali- veined. This short-lived perennial Touchardia latifolia (61 FR 53070; Kona Forest Reserve, and the Puu Ka species is distinguished from others of HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. Pele Forest Reserve. However, it has the genus that grow on Kauai by the comm., 2001). been estimated that this species may number of veins in the leaves, shape of Habitat degradation by feral goats, and number in the thousands on Kauai the leaves, presence of a leaf stalk, pigs, and deer; competition with the (Service 1995; HINHP Database 2000; length of the flower cluster, and shape non-native plant species Erigeron GDSI 2000). of the seeds (Wagner et al. 1999). karvinskianus, Lantana camara, Rubus Both varieties of Schiedea spergulina Plants were observed flowering in the argutus, R. rosifolius, Psidium are usually found on bare rock outcrops field in February. Little else is known cattleianum, Ageratina riparia or sparsely vegetated portions of rocky about the life history of Schiedea (Hamakua pamakani), or Passiflora cliff faces or cliff bases in diverse stellarioides. Its flowering cycles, mollissima; loss of pollinators; and lowland dry to mesic forests at pollination vectors, seed dispersal landslides are the primary threats to elevations between 21 and 87 m (69 and agents, longevity, specific Schiedea membranacea. Based on 284 ft) for Schiedea spergulina var. environmental requirements, and observations indicating that snails and leiopoda and elevations between 144 limiting factors are unknown (Service slugs may consume seeds and seedlings, and 828 m (474 and 2,718 ft) for 1995). it is likely that introduced molluscs also Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina. Historically, Schiedea stellarioides represent a major threat to this species Associated native plant species include was found at the sea cliffs of Hanakapiai (61 FR 53070; Wood and Perlman 1993; Acacia koa, Artemisia australis, Bidens Beach, Kaholuamano-Opaewela region, Service 1998a). sandvicensis, Carex meyenii, the ridge between Waialae and Chamaesyce celastroides, Dianella Nawaimaka Valleys, and Haupu Range Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda and sandwicensis, Doryopteris spp. on the island of Kauai. Currently it is Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina (kumuniu), Eragrostis variabilis, found in Kawaiiki Valley and Waialae (NCN) Erythrina sandwicensis (wiliwili), Falls within the Na Pali-Kona Forest Schiedea spergulina, a member of the Gahnia spp, Heliotropium spp. Reserve. There is a total of two pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a (ahinahina), Lepidium serra, Lipochaeta populations with 400 individuals on

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State-owned land (K. Wood, in litt. Weller and Sakai 1999; K. Wood, pers. This species is found in Metrosideros 1999; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI comm., 2001). polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis 2000). The restriction of this species to lowland wet forest or Metrosideros Schiedea stellarioides is found on virtually inaccessible cliffs suggests that polymorpha-Cheirodendron wet forest steep slopes in closed Acacia koa- herbivory by feral goats may have growing on stream drainage banks or Metrosideros polymorpha lowland to eliminated it from more accessible adjacent Valley bottoms in light to montane mesic forest or shrubland at locations. Goat herbivory and habitat moderate shade at elevations between elevations between 476 and 1,216 m degradation remain the primary threat. 522 and 1,006 m (1,712 and 3,301 ft). (1,561 and 3,990 ft). Associated native Feral pigs have disturbed vegetation in Associated native plant species include plant species include Alsinidendron the vicinity of these plants. Erosion Antidesma platyphyllum var. viscosum, Artemisia australis, Bidens caused by feral goats or pigs exacerbates hillebrandii, Broussaisia arguta, cosmoides, Chenopodium spp. (ahe the potential threat of landslides. Dicranopteris linearis, Diplazium ahea), Dianella sandwicensis, Dodonaea Erigeron karvinskianus and Rubus sandwichianum, Dubautia spp., viscosa, Mariscus spp., Melicope spp., argutus are the primary non-native Freycinetia arborea, Hesperomannia Nototrichium sandwicense, Pipturus plants threatening Stenogyne lydgatei, Melicope spp, or Pritchardia spp., Styphelia tameiameiae, Syzygium campanulata. The small number of spp. (Service 1994; HINHP Database sandwicensis, or Zanthoxylum individuals and its restricted 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). dipetalum (61 FR 53070; HINHP distribution are serious potential threats Threats include competition from Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., to the species. The limited population non-native plant species, including 2001). size may depress reproductive vigor, or Psidium cattleianum, Melastoma The primary threats to this species a single environmental disturbance, candidum, potentially Melaleuca include habitat degradation and such as a landslide, could destroy all quinquenervia, Stachytarpheta herbivory by feral pigs and goats, known extant individuals (57 FR dichotoma, Rubus rosifolius, competition with the non-native plants 20580). Elephantopus mollis, Erechtites Melinis minutiflora and Rubus argutus, valerianifolia, or various non-native Viola helenae (NCN) and a risk of extinction of the two grasses; trampling and browsing damage remaining populations from naturally Viola helenae is a small, unbranched by feral pigs; landslides and erosion; occurring events, such as landslides or perennial subshrub with an erect stem and hurricanes (56 FR 47695; Service hurricanes (61 FR 53070). in the violet family (Violaceae). The 1994). hairless leaves are clustered on the Stenogyne campanulata (NCN) upper part of the plant and are lance- Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis Stenogyne campanulata, a member of shaped with a pair of narrow, (nani waialeale) the mint family (Lamiaceae), is a vine membranous stipules below each leaf. Viola kauaiensis, a member of the with four-angled, hairy stems. A short- The small, pale lavender or white violet family (Violaceae), is a short-lived lived perennial species, Stenogyne flowers are produced on stems either perennial herb with upward curving or campanulata is distinguished from singly or in pairs in the leaf axils. The weakly rising, hairless, lateral stems. closely related species by its large and fruit is a capsule that splits open at The species is distinguished from others very broadly bell-shaped calyces that maturity, releasing the pale olive brown of the genus by its nonwoody habit, nearly enclose the relatively small, seeds (Wagner et al. 1999). widely spaced kidney-shaped leaves, straight corollas, and by small calyx Little is known about the life history and by having two types of flowers: teeth that are half as long as wide and ecology of Viola helenae. Wagner et conspicuous, open flowers and smaller, (Weller and Sakai 1999). al. (1999) stated that the flowers are all unopened flowers. Two varieties of the Little is known about the life history chasmogamous (open at maturity for species are recognized, both occurring of Stenogyne campanulata. Flowering access by pollinators) and not on Kauai: var. kauaiensis and var. cycles, pollination vectors, seed cleistogamous (remain closed and self- wahiawaensis. Viola kauaiensis var. dispersal agents, longevity, specific fertilize in the bud) as in certain other wahiawaensis is distinguished by environmental requirements, and violets. Therefore, it is likely that its having broadly wedge-shaped leaf bases limiting factors are unknown (Service flowers require pollination by insects (Service 1998a; Wagner et al. 1999). 1995). for seed set. Mature flowering plants do Five Viola kauaiensis var. Stenogyne campanulata is known produce seed; however, seed viability wahiawaensis plants were observed in from two populations with 66 may be low and microhabitat flower in December. Little else is known individuals which were originally requirements for germination and about the life history of Viola kauaiensis discovered in the left branch of Kalalau growth may be very specific. Seeds var. wahiawaensis. Its flowering cycles, Valley on State-owned land in the Na planted at NTBG on Kauai failed to pollination vectors, seed dispersal Pali Coast State Park (GDSI 2000; germinate, although they may not have agents, longevity, specific HINHP Database 2000). been sufficiently mature when collected environmental requirements, and Stenogyne campanulata grows on the and violet seeds are often very slow to limiting factors are unknown. (Service rock face of a nearly vertical, north- germinate. The seeds are jettisoned 1998a). facing cliff in diverse lowland or when the capsule splits open, as in most Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis is montane mesic forest at elevations species of the genus (Service 1994). known only from two populations in the between 335 and 1,290 m (1,100 and Historically, Viola helenae was Wahiawa Mountains of Kauai with a 4,232 ft). The associated native plant known from four populations, two along total of 13 individual plants, on species include Lepidium serra, Lobelia either branch of the Wahiawa Stream on privately owned land. This taxon is not niihauensis, Lysimachia spp., Kauai. Currently, there is one known known to have occurred beyond its Metrosideros polymorpha, Melicope population, with a total of 137 current range (HINHP Database 2000; pallida, Neraudia kauaiensis, individual plants, on privately owned GDSI 2000). Nototrichium divaricatum (kului), Poa land within the Wahiawa Drainage (56 Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis is mannii, Remya montgomeryi, or FR 47695; Service 1994; GDSI 2000; found in Machaerina angustifolia- Wilkesia gymnoxiphium (57 FR 20580; HINHP Database 2000). Rhynchospora rugosa (kuolohia)

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lowland bog or mixed wet shrubland 1971). Currently, there are six limiting factors are unknown (Service and adjacent Metrosideros polymorpha populations with a total of 491 1995). wet forest at elevations between 393 and individuals. This species occurs on Historically, Xylosma crenatum was 1,006 (1,291 and 3,301 ft). Associated State-owned lands within the Hono o known from two sites on Kauai: along native plant species include Antidesma Na Pali Natural Area Reserve, Na Pali upper Nualolo Trail in Kuia Natural platyphyllum var. hillebrandii, Bidens Coast State Park, and Puu Ka Pele Forest Area Reserve and along Mohihi Road forbesii (kookoolau), Chamaesyce remyi Reserve and on land under Federal between Waiakoali and Mohihi (akoko), Chamaesyce sparsiflora jurisdiction within the Pacific Missile drainages in Na Pali-Kona Forest (akoko), Coprosma grayana (pilo), Range Facility (PMRF) at Makaha Ridge. Reserve. Currently, this species is extant Cyanea fissa, Dicranopteris linearis, The plants occur in Milolii Valley, on State-owned land in Kainamanu, Diplopterygium pinnatum (NCN), Makaha Ridge, Haeleele Ridge, Nualolo Trail, and Mohihi Valley within Dubautia imbricata (naenae), Dubautia Kaaweiki Ridge, Polihale Spring, the Kokee State Park, Kuia Natural Area raillardioides, Gahnia vitiensis (NCN), Pohakumano, and Pohakuao (HINHP Reserve, and Na Pali-Kona Forest Lobelia kauaensis (NCN), Machaerina Database 2000; GDSI 2000). Reserve. There are three populations angustifolia, Machaerina mariscoides, Wilkesia hobdyi grows on coastal dry with a total of eight individual plants Melicope spp., Psychotria wawrae, cliffs or very dry ridges at elevations (57 FR 20580; Service 1995; HINHP Sadleria pallida, Scaevola between 12 and 685 m (40 and 2,246 ft). Database 2000; GDSI 2000). gaudichaudii, Sphenomeris chinensis, The associated native plant species Xylosma crenatum is known from Styphelia tameiameiae, Syzygium include Artemisia australis, Dodonaea diverse Acacia koa-Metrosideros sandwicensis, Tetraplasandra viscosa, Eragrostis variabilis, Hibiscus polymorpha montane mesic forest, oahuensis, or Vaccinium dentatum kokio ssp. saint johnianus, Lipochaeta Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris (Lorence and Flynn 1991; 61 FR 53070; connata, Lobelia niihauensis, linearis montane wet forest, or Acacia Service 1998a; HINHP Database 2000; K. Myoporum sandwicense, Peperomia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha montane Wood, pers. comm., 2001). blanda (ala ala wai nui), Peperomia wet forest at elevations between 936 and The primary threats to Viola leptostachya (ala ala wai nui), 1,284 m (3,070 and 4,212 ft). Associated kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis are a risk Peperomia tetraphylla (ala ala wai nui), native plant species include Athyrium of extinction from naturally occurring Peucedanum sandwicense, Psydrax sandwicensis, Cheirodendron spp., events, such as landslides or hurricanes, odoratum, Sida fallax, Waltheria indica Claoxylon sandwicense, Coprosma spp., and reduced reproductive vigor due to (uhaloa), or Wilkesia gymnoxiphium (57 Cyanea hirta (haha), Diplazium the small number of existing FR 27859; Service 1995; Wagner et al. sandwichianum, Dubautia knudsenii, populations and individuals; habitat 1999; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). Hedyotis spp., Ilex anomala, Lobelia degradation through the rooting The greatest immediate threats to the yuccoides, Myrsine spp., Nestegis activities of feral pigs; and competition sandwicensis, Perrottetia sandwicensis, with non-native plants, such as Juncus survival of this species are habitat disturbance and browsing by feral goats. Pleomele aurea, Poa sandvicensis, planifolius (NCN) or Pterolepis Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria spp., glomerata (NCN) (61 FR 53070; Lorence Although the low number of individuals and their restricted habitat could be Scaevola procera, Streblus pendulinus, and Flynn 1991; Service 1994; HINHP Tetraplasandra spp., Touchardia Database 2000). considered a potential threat to the survival to the species, the plant latifolia, or Zanthoxylum dipetalum (57 Wilkesia hobdyi (dwarf iliau) appears to have vigorous reproduction FR 20580; Service 1995; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., Wilkesia hobdyi, a member of the and may survive indefinitely if goats 2001). sunflower family (Asteraceae), is a were eliminated from its habitat. Fire The small number of individuals and short-lived perennial shrub which and extinction through naturally scattered distribution makes this species branches from the base. The tip of each occurring events, such as landslides or vulnerable to human or natural branch bears a tuft of narrow leaves hurricanes, could also be threats to the environmental disturbance. Xylosma growing in whorls joined together into survival of the species (57 FR 27859; crenatum is also threatened by a short sheathing section at their bases. Service 1995). competition from non-native plants, The cream-colored flower heads grow in Xylosma crenatum (NCN) particularly Psidium guajava. In clusters (Carr 1982a, 1999b). This species is probably pollinated Xylosma crenatum is a dioecious addition, feral pigs may threaten this through outcrossing and is probably (plant bears only male or female species (57 FR 20580; Service 1995; self-incompatible. Insects are the most flowers, and must cross-pollinate with HINHP Database 2000). likely pollinators. In 1982, Carr reported another plant to produce viable seed) Multi-Island Species that reproduction and seedling long-lived perennial tree in the establishment were occurring and flacourtia family (Flacourtiaceae). The Acaena exigua (liliwai) appeared sufficient to sustain the tree grows up to 14 m (45 ft) tall and has Acaena exigua is a small perennial populations. Flowering was observed dark gray bark. The somewhat leathery rosette herb in the rose family most often in the winter months, but leaves are oval to elliptic-oval, with (Rosaceae) with narrow, fern-like, also during June. Fruits may be coarsely toothed edges and moderately divided leaves and slender flowering dispersed when they stick to the hairy undersides. More coarsely toothed stalks 5–15 cm (2–5.9 in.) long. It is feathers of birds. Densities reach one leaf edges and hairy undersides of the easily hidden among the other low, plant per square meter (approximately leaves distinguish X. crenatum from the tufted bog plants with which it grows. one square yard) in localized areas, and other Hawaiian member of this genus The narrow, oblong leaves are usually hybridization with Wilkesia (Wagner et al. 1999). 10–25 mm (0.4–1.0 in.) long with 6–17 gymnoxiphium may be occurring (Carr Little is known about the life history leaflets 1–4 mm (0.04–0.16 in.) long and 1982a). of Xylosma crenatum. Flowering cycles, 1–2 mm (0.04–0.08 in.) wide. The leaflet First collected in 1968 on Polihale pollination vectors, seed dispersal on the end is wider (to 3 mm (0.12 in.)). Ridge, Kauai, this species was not agents, longevity, specific The upper surface of the leaves is glossy formally described until 1971 (St. John environmental requirements, and with conspicuous veins; the lower

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surface is whitish. The flowers lack short and congested (Wagner et al. This species, an epiphyte (a plant that petals and are arranged in short, dense 1999). derives moisture and nutrients from the spikes 5–10 mm (0.2–0.4 in.) long held Historically, Achyranthes mutica was air and rain) usually growing on on slender, sparsely leafy stalks 5–15 known from three collections from Metrosideros polymorpha trunks, is cm (2–6 in). tall. The base of the flower opposite ends of the main archipelago: found in riparian banks of stream is urn-shaped, sometimes with very Kauai and Hawaii. Currently, this systems in well-developed, closed short spines or bristles, and encloses a species is known only from Hawaii canopy that provides deep shade or high single cone-shaped dry fruit (achene) 1 island, from the Kilohana Gulch on humidity in Metrosideros polymorpha- mm (0.04 in.) long (Wagner et al. 1999). private land. It was last observed on Cibotium glaucum lowland wet forests, Little is known about the life history Kauai in the 1850s (61 FR 53108; open Metrosideros polymorpha montane of Acaena exigua. Its flowering cycles, HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000). wet forest, or Metrosideros polymorpha- pollination vectors, seed dispersal Nothing is known of the preferred Dicranopteris linearis lowland wet agents, longevity, specific habitat of or native plant species forest at elevations between 107 and environmental requirements, and associated with Achyranthes mutica on 1,593 m (351 and 5,228 ft). Associated limiting factors are unknown (Service the island of Kauai. native plant species include Antidesma 1997). Nothing is known of the threats to platyphyllum, Athyrium Historically, Acaena exigua was Achyranthes mutica on the island of sandwichianum, Broussaisia spp., known from Puu-kukui on West Maui Kauai. Cheirodendron trigynum, Cyanea spp., and from Mount Waialeale on Kauai. On Adenophorus periens (pendent kihi Cyrtandra spp., Dicranopteris linearis Kauai, Acaena exigua was last collected fern) Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis by Wawra between 1869 and 1870, and Adenophorus periens, a member of terminalis, Labordia hirtella, it has not been seen in the wild since the grammitis family (Grammitidaceae), Machaerina angustifolia, Psychotria (Wagner et al. 1999). is a small, pendant, epiphytic (not spp., Psychotria hexandra, Syzygium Acaena exigua is known only from rooted on the ground) fern. This species sandwicensis, or Tetraplasandra sites with extensive cloud cover and differs from other species in this oahuensis (59 FR 56333; Linney 1989; moderate to strong winds in wet endemic Hawaiian genus by having K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). The threats to this species on Kauai montane shrub bog or bog margins hairs along the pinna (a leaflet) margins, include habitat degradation by feral pigs characterized by a thick peat substrate by the pinnae being at right angles to the and goats and competition with the non- overlying an impervious clay substrate, midrib axis, by the placement of the sori native plant Psidium cattleianum (59 FR on the pinnae, and the degree of with hummocks of sedges and grasses, 56333; HINHP Database 2000). stunted trees, and shrubs and elevations dissection of each pinna (Linney 1989). between 666 and 1,598 m (2,185 and Little is known about the life history Alectryon macrococcus var. 5,244 ft). Associated native plant of Adenophorus periens, which seems macrococcus (mahoe) species include Deschampsia nubigena to grow only in closed canopy dense Alectryon macrococcus, a member of (hair grass), Dichanthelium cynodon forest with high humidity. Its breeding the soapberry family (Sapindaceae), (NCN), Dichanthelium hillebrandianum system is unknown, but outbreeding is consists of two varieties, macrococcus (NCN), Dichanthelium isachnoides very likely to be the predominant mode and auwahiensis, both trees with (NCN), Dubautia spp., Melicope spp., of reproduction. Spores are dispersed by reddish-brown branches and net-veined Metrosideros polymorpha, Oreobolus wind, possibly by water, and perhaps on paper- or leather-like leaves with one to furcatus (NCN), or Vaccinium spp. (K. the feet of birds or insects. Spores lack five pairs of sometimes asymmetrical Wood, pers. comm., 2001). a thick resistant coat which may egg-shaped leaflets. The underside of The reason for the disappearance of indicate their longevity is brief, the leaf has dense brown hairs, this species is not known. Though probably measured in days at most. Due persistent in A. macrococcus var. impact from herbivory and rooting by to the weak differences between the auwahiensis, but only on leaves of pigs is assumed and often cited, feral seasons, there seems to be no evidence young A. macrococcus var. pigs have become established at of seasonality in growth or macrococcus plants. The only member Waialeale (Kauai) only within the past reproduction. Additional information of its genus found in Hawaii, this two decades. The main current threats on reproductive cycles, longevity, species is distinguished from other to Acaena exigua, if it exists, are specific environmental requirements, Hawaiian members of its family by believed to include small population and limiting factors is not known being a tree with a hard fruit 2.3 cm (0.9 size; human impacts (collecting and site (Linney 1989). in.) or more in diameter (Wagner et al. degradation); potentially consumption Historically, Adenophorus periens 1999). of vegetative or floral parts of this was reported from Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, Alectryon macrococcus is a relatively species by non-native slugs and/or rats; Maui, and the island of Hawaii. slow-growing, long-lived tree that grows predation and habitat disturbance by Currently, it is known from several in xeric to mesic sites and is adapted to feral pigs; and non-native plant species locations on Kauai, Molokai, and periodic drought. Little else is known especially, Juncus planifolius (57 FR Hawaii (HINHP Database 2000). On about the life history of Alectryon 20772). Kauai, there is a total of seven macrococcus. Flowering cycles, populations on private and State-owned pollination vectors, seed dispersal Achyranthes mutica (NCN) lands (Halelea Forest Reserve, Hono o agents, longevity, and specific Achyranthes mutica, a member of the Na Pali Natural Area Reserve, and environmental requirements are amaranth family (Amaranthaceae) and a Kealia Forest Reserve), with unknown (Service 1997). short-lived perennial, is a many- approximately 80 individuals, that Alectryon macrococcus var. branched shrub with egg-shaped leaves occur at Pihea, Pali Eleele, Waioli macrococcus historically and currently and stalkless flowers. This species is Valley, Mount Namahana, Lumahai occurs on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai and distinguished from others in the genus Valley, Wainiha Valley, and Kapalaoa Maui. On Kauai, Alectryon macrococcus by the shape and size of the sepals and (59 FR 56333; GDSI 2000; HINHP var. macrococcus occurs on State- by characteristics of the spike, which is Database 2000). owned land in the Alakai Wilderness

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Preserve, Na Pali Coast State Park, Na petioles, and rounder leaves (Austin arrangement of the flower cluster Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, and Puu Ka 1999). (Wagner et al. 1999). Pele Forest Reserve on Kauai. A total of Little is known about the life history Centaurium sebaeoides has been six populations of 204 individuals is of Bonamia menziesii. Its flowering observed flowering in April. It is known from Kalalau Valley, Kipalau cycles, pollination vectors, seed possible that heavy rainfall induces Valley, Haeleele Valley, Waimea dispersal agents, longevity, specific flowering. Populations are found in dry Canyon, Hipalau Valley, and Kawaiiki environmental requirements, and areas, and plants are more likely to be Falls (K. Wood, in litt. 1999; GDSI limiting factors are unknown (Service found following heavy rains. Little else 2000). This variety is also found on 1999). is known about the life history of Oahu, Molokai, and West Maui (57 FR Historically, Bonamia menziesii was Centaurium sebaeoides. Its flowering 20772). Alectryon macrococcus var. known from the following general areas: cycles, pollination vectors, seed auwahiensis is found only on leeward scattered locations on Kauai, the dispersal agents, longevity, specific east Maui and will be reviewed further Waianae Mountains of Oahu, scattered environmental requirements, and in a subsequent rule (Medeiros et al. locations on Molokai, one location on limiting factors are unknown (Service 1986; HINHP Database 2000). West Maui, and eastern Hawaii. 1999). The habitat of Alectryon macrococcus Currently, it is known from Kauai, Historically and currently, var. macrococcus on Kauai is Diospyros Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii. On Centaurium sebaeoides is known from spp.-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland Kauai, there are eight total populations scattered localities on the islands of mesic forest, Metrosideros polymorpha with 62 individuals on State (Alakai Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and Maui. Currently on Kauai, there are a total of mixed mesic forest, or Diospyros spp. Wilderness Preserve, Hono o Na Pali three populations with approximately mixed mesic forest on dry slopes or in Natural Area Reserve, Lihue-Koloa 52 individuals on State-owned land. gulches, at elevations between 341 and Forest Reserve, Na Pali Coast State Park, This species is found at Puanaiea Point, 954 m (1,120 and 3,129 ft). Associated and Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve) and the caves at Nakeikionaiwi, and native plant species include Acacia koa, privately owned lands in Waiahuakua, Pohakuao within the Na Pali Coast State Alyxia oliviformis, Antidesma spp., Kalalau Valley, Awaawapuhi Valley, Park (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI Bobea timonioides, Caesalpinia Paaiki Valley, Kipalau Valley, Hulua, 2000). kauaiense (uhiuhi), Canavalia spp. Wahiawa Falls, and Laauhihaihai (awikiwiki), Carex meyenii, Carex Centaurium sebaeoides typically (Service 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999; wahuensis, Doodia kunthiana, Hibiscus grows in volcanic or clay soils or on HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000). waimeae, Kokia kauaiensis, Melicope cliffs in arid coastal areas at elevations Bonamia menziesii is found in dry, knudsenii, Microlepia strigosa, between 0 and 147 m (0 and 483 ft). Munroidendron racemosum, Myrsine mesic, or wet Metrosideros polymorpha- Associated native plant species include lanaiensis, Nesoluma polynesicum, Cheirodendron-Dicranopteris forest at Artemisia spp. (hinahina), Bidens spp., Nestegis sandwicensis, Pisonia spp., elevations between 351 and 1,415 m Chamaesyce celastroides, Dodonaea Pleomele spp., Pouteria sandwicensis, (1,151 and 4,644 ft). Associated native viscosa, Fimbristylis cymosa (mauu Psychotria spp., Psydrax odoratum, plant species include Antidesma akiaki), Heteropogon contortus, Pteralyxia spp., Rauvolfia sandwicensis, platyphyllum, Alphitonia ponderosa, Jacquemontia ovalifolia (pauohiiaka), Streblus pendulinus, Tetraplasandra Acacia koa, Cyanea spp., Cyrtandra Lipochaeta succulenta, Lipochaeta spp., Xylosma spp., or Zanthoxylum pickeringii, Cyrtandra limahuliensis, heterophylla (nehe), Lipochaeta spp. (57 FR 20772; HINHP Database Dianella sandwicensis, Diospyros integrifolia (nehe), Lycium sandwicense, 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Lysimachia mauritiana (kolokolo Alectryon macrococcus var. Dubautia knudsenii, Hedyotis kuahiwi), Mariscus phleoides, Panicum macrococcus on Kauai is threatened by terminalis, Isodendrion longifolium, fauriei (NCN), P. torridum feral goats and pigs; the non-native Labordia hirta, Melicope anisata, (kakonakona), Scaevola sericea, Sida plant species Melinis minutiflora, Melicope barbigera, Myoporum fallax, or Wikstroemia uva-ursi (akia) Schinus terebinthifolius sandwicense, Nestegis sandwicensis, (56 FR 55770; K. Wood, pers. comm., (Christmasberry), or Psidium Pisonia spp., Pittosporum spp., Pouteria 2001). cattleianum; damage from the black sandwicensis, Psychotria mariniana, The major threats to this species on twig borer; seed predation by rats and Psychotria hexandra, Psydrax Kauai include habitat degradation by mice (Mus musculus); fire; depressed odoratum, Sapindus oahuensis, feral goats and cattle; competition from reproductive vigor; seed predation by Scaevola procera, or Syzygium the non-native plant species Casuarina insects (probably the endemic micro- sandwicensis (HINHP Database 2000; equisetfolia (ironwood), Casuarina lepidopteran Prays cf. fulvocanella); Service 1999; K. Wood, pers. comm., glauca (saltmarsh), Leucaena loss of pollinators; and, due to the very 2001). leucocephala, Prosopis pallida (kiawe), small remaining number of individuals The primary threats to this species on Schinus terebinthifolius, Syzygium and their limited distribution, natural or Kauai include habitat degradation and cumini (Java plum), and Tournefortia human-caused environmental possible predation by feral pigs and argentea (tree heliotrope); trampling by disturbances which could easily be goats, deer, and cattle; competition with humans on or near trails; and fire (56 FR catastrophic (57 FR 20772). a variety of non-native plants; and fire 55770; Medeiros et al. 1999; Service (59 FR 56333). 1999). Bonamia menziesii (NCN) Centaurium sebaeoides (awiwi) Bonamia menziesii, a member of the Ctenitis squamigera (pauoa) morning-glory family (Convolvulaceae), Centaurium sebaeoides, a member of Ctenitis squamigera is a short-lived is a vine with twining branches that are the gentian family (Gentianaceae), is an perennial of the spleenwort family fuzzy when young. This species is the annual herb with fleshy leaves and (Aspleniaceae). It has a rhizome only member of the genus that is stalkless flowers. This species is (horizontal stem) 5 to 10 mm (0.2 to 0.4 endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and distinguished from C. erythraea (bitter in.) thick, creeping above the ground differs from other genera in the family herb), which is naturalized in Hawaii, and densely covered with scales similar by its two styles, longer stems and by its fleshy leaves and the unbranched to those on the lower part of the leaf

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stalk. The leaf stalks are densely clothed shape of the glumes, and the length of undulata. Its flowering cycles, with tan-colored scales up to 1.8 cm (0.7 the culms (Koyama 1999). pollination vectors, seed dispersal in.) long and 1 mm (0.04 in.) wide. The Little is known about the life history agents, longevity, specific sori are tan-colored when mature and of Cyperus trachysanthos. Its flowering environmental requirements, and are in a single row one-third of the cycles, pollination vectors, seed limiting factors are unknown (Service distance from the margin to the midrib dispersal agents, longevity, specific 1996; 61 FR 53124). of the ultimate segments. The indusium environmental requirements, and Historically and currently, Delissea (an outgrowth of a fern frond that limiting factors are unknown (Service undulata ssp. kauaiensis is known only invests the sori) is whitish before 1999). from Kauai. Currently, there is one wrinkling, thin and suborbicular (less Historically, Cyperus trachysanthos known population of three individuals than completely, perfectly round), with was known on Niihau, Kauai, scattered on State-owned land in Kuia Valley a narrow sinus extending about half locations on Oahu, Molokai, and Lanai. within the Kuia Natural Area Reserve. way, glabrous except for a circular It was last observed on Molokai in 1912 Delissea undulata ssp. niihauensis was margin which is ciliolate (fringed with and on Lanai in 1919. Currently, this known only from Niihau, but has not minute hairs) with simple several-celled species is reported from the Nualolo been seen since 1865. Delissea undulata glandular and nonglandular hairs Valley on Kauai on State-owned land ssp. undulata was known from arising directly from the margin or from and west of Mokouia Valley on the southwestern Maui and western Hawaii. the deltoid base. Ctenitis squamigera privately owned island of Niihau. There Currently, this variety occurs only on can be readily distinguished from other is one known population with about 300 the island of Hawaii (K. Wood, in litt. Hawaiian species of Ctenitis by the individuals on the island of Kauai and 1999; Lammers 1999; GDSI 2000; 61 FR dense covering of tan-colored scales on an unknown number of individuals on 53124; HINHP Database 2000). Niihau (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI its frond (Degener and Degener 1957; Delissea undulata ssp. kauaiensis Wagner and Wagner 1992). 2000). Cyperus trachysanthos is usually occurs in dry or open Acacia koa- Little is known about the life history found in wet sites (mud flats, wet clay Metrosideros polymorpha mesic forests of Ctenitis squamigera. Its flowering soil, or wet cliff seeps) on seepy flats or or Alphitonia ponderosa montane forest cycles, pollination vectors, seed talus slopes at elevations between 0 and at elevations between 139 and 1,006 m dispersal agents, longevity, specific 234 m (0 and 767 ft). Hibiscus tiliaceus (456 and 3,299 ft). Associated native environmental requirements, and (hau) is often found in association with species include Diospyros sandwicensis, limiting factors are unknown (Service this species (61 FR 53108; Koyama Dodonaea viscosa, Doodia kunthiana, 1998c). 1999; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). Eragrostis variabilis, Euphorbia Historically, Ctenitis squamigera was On Kauai, the threats to this species haeleeleana, Kokia kauaiensis, recorded from the islands of Kauai, are the loss of wetlands and a risk of Microlepia strigosa, Panicum spp., Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and extinction from naturally occurring Pleomele aurea, Psychotria mariniana, Hawaii. It is currently found on Oahu, events, such as landslides or hurricanes, P. greenwelliae, Santalum ellipticum (K. Lanai, Molokai, and Maui. It was last due to the small number of populations. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). seen on Kauai in 1896 (HINHP Database The threats on Niihau are unknown (61 The threats to this subspecies on 2000). FR 53108; Service 1999). Kauai are feral goats, pigs, and cattle; This species is found on rock faces in small population size; competition with gulches in the forest understory at Delissea undulata (NCN) the non-native plants Passiflora elevations between 568 and 1,069 m Delissea undulata, a member of the mollissima and Delairea odorata (cape (1,863 and 3,507 ft), in Metrosideros bell flower family (Campanulaceae), is ivy); fire; introduced slugs; seed polymorpha-Diospyros spp. mesic forest an unbranched, palm-like, woody- predation by rats and introduced game and diverse mesic forest. Associated stemmed perennial tree, with a dense birds; and a risk of extinction due to native plant species include Myrsine cluster of leaves at the tip of the stem. random naturally occurring events, such spp., Psychotria spp., and Xylosma spp. One or two knob-like structures often as landslides or hurricanes (Service (Service 1998a; HINHP Database 2000; occur on the back of the flower tube. 1996). K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). The three recognized subspecies are Diellia erecta (asplenium-leaved diellia) The primary threats to Ctenitis distinguishable on the basis of leaf squamigera are habitat degradation by shape and margin characters: D. Diellia erecta, a short-lived perennial feral pigs and goats, competition with undulata ssp. kauaiensis, leaf blades are fern in the spleenwort family non-native plant species, especially oval and have a flat-margin with sharp (Aspleniaceae), grows in tufts of three to Psidium cattleianum or Schinus teeth; D. undulata ssp. niihauensis, leaf nine lance-shaped fronds emerging from terebinthifolius; fire; and extinction blades are heart shaped and have a flat- a rhizome covered with brown to dark from naturally occurring events due to margin with shallow, rounded teeth; gray scales. This species differs from the small number of existing and D. undulata ssp. undulata, leaf other members of the genus in having populations and individuals (Service blades are elliptic to lance-shaped and large brown or dark gray scales, fused or 1998a). wavy-margin with small, sharply separate sori along both margins, shiny pointed teeth. This species is separated black midribs that have a hardened Cyperus trachysanthos (puukaa) from the other closely related members surface, and veins that do not usually Cyperus trachysanthos, a member of of the genus by its large flowers and encircle the sori (Degener and the sedge family (Cyperaceae), is a berries and broad leaf bases (Lammers Greenwell 1950; Wagner 1952). perennial grass-like plant with a short 1990). Little is known about the life history rhizome. The culms are densely tufted, On the island of Hawaii, Delissea of Diellia erecta. Its flowering cycles, obtusely triangular in cross section, tall, undulata ssp. undulata was observed in pollination vectors, seed dispersal sticky, and leafy at the base. This flower and fruit (immature) in August agents, longevity, specific species is distinguished from others in and outplanted individuals were environmental requirements, and the genus by the short rhizome, the leaf observed in flower in July. Little else is limiting factors are unknown (Service sheath with partitions at the nodes, the known about the life history of Delissea 1999).

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Historically, Diellia erecta was known environmental requirements, and Associated native plant species include on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, limiting factors are unknown (Service Acacia koaia (koaia), Antidesma scattered locations on Maui, and various 1998c). platyphyllum, Claoxylon sandwicense, locations on the Island of Hawaii. Historically, Diplazium molokaiense Carex meyenii, Carex wahuensis, Currently, it is only known from was found on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Diplazium sandwichianum, Dodonaea Moloka‘i, Maui, and Hawaii and Lanai, and Maui. Currently, this species viscosa, Erythrina sandwicensis, Kokia recently rediscovered on Kauai. On is only known from Maui. It was last kauaiensis, Pleomele aurea, Psychotria Kauai there is one known population seen on Kauai in 1909 (HINHP Database mariniana, P. greenwelliae, Pteralyxia with 30 individuals in Kawaiiki Valley 2000). sandwicensis, Rauvolfia sandwicensis, on State-owned land within the Na Pali- This species occurs in brown soil Reynoldsia sandwicensis (ohe), Kona Forest Reserve (Service 1999; with basalt outcrops near water falls in Sapindus oahuensis, Tetraplasandra HINHP Database 2000). lowland or montane mesic Metrosideros kauaiensis, Pouteria sandwicensis, This species is found in brown polymorpha-Acacia koa forest at Pisonia sandwicensis, or Xylosma spp. granular soil with leaf litter and elevations between 476 and 1,284 m (61 FR 53108; K. Wood, pers. comm., occasional terrestrial moss on north (1,562 and 4,212 ft) (Service 1998a; 2001). facing slopes in deep shade on steep HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. Threats to this species on Kauai slopes or gulch bottoms in Metrosideros comm., 2001). include habitat degradation and polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis wet The primary threats on Kauai are destruction by deer, feral goats, and forest or Metrosideros polymorpha habitat degradation by feral goats, and pigs; seed predation by rats; fire; and mixed mesic with Acacia koa and pigs and competition with non-native competition with non-native plants (61 Acacia koaia as codominants, at plant species (59 FR 49025; Service FR 53108; Service 1999). elevations between 655 and 1,224 m 1998a; HINHP Database 2000). Flueggea neowawraea (mehamehame) (2,149 and 4,016 ft). Associated native Euphorbia haeleeleana (akoko) plant species include Asplenium Flueggea neowawraea, a member of aethiopicum (NCN), Asplenium Euphorbia haeleeleana, a member of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), is a contiguum (NCN), Asplenium macraei the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), is a large dioecious tree with white oblong (NCN), Coprosma spp., Dodonaea dioecious tree with alternate papery pores covering its scaly, pale brown viscosa, Dryopteris fusco-atra (NCN), leaves. This short-lived perennial bark. This long-lived perennial species Dryopteris unidentata, Hedyotis species is distinguished from others in is the only member of the genus found terminalis, Melicope spp., Microlepia the genus in that it is a tree, whereas in Hawaii and can be distinguished strigosa, Myrsine spp., Nestegis most of the other species are herbs or from other species in the genus by its sandwicensis, Psychotria spp., Styphelia shrubs, as well as by the large leaves large size, scaly bark, the shape, size, tameiameiae, Syzygium sandwicensis, with prominent veins (Wagner et al. and color of the leaves, flowers or Wikstroemia spp. (Service 1999; 1999). clustered along the branches, and the HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. Individual trees of Euphorbia size and shape of the fruits (Neal 1965; comm., 2001). haeleeleana bear only male or female Linney 1982; Hayden 1999; Service The major threats to Diellia erecta on flowers, and must be cross-pollinated 1999). Kauai are habitat degradation by pigs from a different tree to produce viable Individual trees of Flueggea and goats; competition with non-native seed. Euphorbia haeleeleana sets fruit neowawraea bear only male or female plant species, including Blechnum between August and October. Little else flowers, and must be cross-pollinated occidentale, Grevillea robusta (silk oak), is known about the life history of this from a different tree to produce viable Lantana camara, Mariscus meyenianus species. Reproductive cycles, longevity, seed. Little else is known about the life (NCN), Myrica faya, Passiflora specific environmental requirements, history of this species. Reproductive mollissima, Rubus argutus, or Setaria and limiting factors are unknown cycles, longevity, specific palmifolia (palm grass); and random (Wagner et al. 1999; Service 1999). environmental requirements, and naturally occurring events that could Euphorbia haeleeleana is known limiting factors are unknown (Hayden cause extinction and/or reduced historically and currently from 1999). reproductive vigor due to the small northwestern Kauai and the Waianae Historically, Flueggea neowawraea number of existing individuals (59 FR Mountains of Oahu. On Kauai, there is was known from Kauai, Oahu, Maui, 56333; Service 1996). a total of seven populations with 597 Molokai, and the island of Hawaii. individuals occurring on State-owned Currently, it is known from Kauai, Diplazium molokaiense (NCN) land. It is found at Pohakuao, Kalalau Oahu, east Maui, and Hawaii. On Kauai, Diplazium molokaiense, a short-lived Valley, Hipalau Valley, Koaie Canyon, this species is reported from Limahuli perennial member of the woodfern Mahanaloa Valley, Kuia Valley, Valley, Pohakuao, the left branch of family (Dryopteridaceae), has a short Poopooiki Valley, Nualolo Trail, Kalalau Valley, Kuia and Paaiki Valleys, prostrate rhizome and green or straw- Makaha Valley, and Haeleele Valley Kipalau Valley, Koaie Falls, Kawaiiki colored leaf stalks with thin-textured within the Kuia Natural Area Reserve, Valley, and Waimea Canyon. There are fronds. This species can be Na Pali Coast State Park, Na Pali-Kona eight populations with 85 known distinguished from other species of Forest Reserve, and Puu Ka Pele Forest individuals occurring on State (Alakai Diplazium in the Hawaiian Islands by a Reserve (61 FR 53108; Service 1999; K. Wilderness Preserve, Na Pali Coast State combination of characteristics, Wood, in litt. 1999; HINHP Database Park, and Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve) including venation pattern, the length 2000). and privately owned lands. However, it and arrangement of the sori, frond Euphorbia haeleeleana is usually has been estimated that the total number shape, and the degree of dissection of found in lowland mixed mesic or dry of individuals may be slightly over 100 the frond (Wagner and Wagner 1992). Diospyros forest that is often co- (Hayden 1999; Service 1999; K. Wood, Little is known about the life history dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha in litt. 1999; HINHP Database 2000; of Diplazium molokaiense. Its flowering and Alphitonia ponderosa. This plant is GDSI 2000). cycles, pollination vectors, seed typically found at elevations between Flueggea neowawraea occurs in dry or dispersal agents, longevity, specific 284 and 1,178 m (931 and 3,866 ft). mesic forests at elevations between 210

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and 1,178 m (689 and 3,865 ft). et al. 1999; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database Pleomele aurea, Pipturus kauaiensis Associated native plant species include 2000). (mamaki), Pouteria sandwicensis, Alectryon macrococcus, Antidesma This species typically grows on rocky Psydrax odoratum, or Rauvolfia pulvinatum (hame), A. platyphyllum, ledges, cliff faces, and ridge-tops in dry sandwicensis. Hedyotis cookiana is Bidens sandvicensis, Bobea timonioides, shrubland or Metrosideros polymorpha believed to have formerly been much Caesalpinia kavaiensis, Charpentiera lowland diverse mesic forest at more widespread on several of the main spp., Diospyros spp., Diplazium elevations between 375 and 1,179 m Hawaiian Islands (Wagner et al. 1999; K. sandwichianum, Freycinetia arborea, (1,231 and 3,867 ft). Associated native Wood, pers. comm., 2001). Hibiscus spp., Isodendrion laurifolium, plant species include Bidens spp., Carex The threats to this species on Kauai Kokia kauaiensis, Melicope spp., meyenii, Chamaesyce spp., Dodonaea are risk of extinction from naturally Metrosideros polymorpha, viscosa, Diospyros spp., Eragrostis occurring events, such as landslides or Munroidendron racemosum, Myrsine variabilis, Euphorbia haeleeleana, hurricanes, and/or reduced reproductive lanaiensis, Nesoluma polynesicum, Hedyotis spp., Hibiscadelphus spp., vigor due to the small number of Nestegis sandwicensis, Tetraplasandra Lysimachia spp., Melicope pallida, individuals in the only known spp., Pittosporum spp., Pouteria Neraudia kauaiensis, Nestegis population; flooding; competition with sandwicensis, Pritchardia minor, sandwicensis, Nototrichium non-native plants; and habitat Psychotria spp., Psydrax odoratum, divaricatum, Panicum lineale, Poa modification by feral pigs and goats (59 Pteralyxia kauaiensis, Rauvolfia mannii, Psychotria spp., Senna FR 9304; Service 1995; HINHP Database sandwicensis, Streblus pendulinus, gaudichaudii (kolomona), or Wilkesia 2000). gymnoxiphium (56 FR 55770; HINHP Tetraplasandra spp., Xylosma Hibiscus brackenridgei (mao hau hele) hawaiiense, or Xylosma crenatum (59 Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., FR 56333; HINHP Database 2000; 2001). Hibiscus brackenridgei, a short-lived Service 1999; K. Wood, pers. comm., Threats to Gouania meyenii on Kauai perennial and a member of the mallow 2001). include competition from the non- family (Malvaceae). The species is a The threats to this species on Kauai native plants Schinus terebinthifolius, sprawling to erect shrub or small tree. include the black twig borer; habitat Melinis minutiflora, or Psidium This species differs from other members degradation by feral pigs, goats, deer, cattleianum; fire; habitat degradation by of the genus in having the following and cattle; competition with non-native feral pigs and goats; and the small combination of characteristics: yellow plant species; fire; small population number of extant populations and petals, a calyx consisting of triangular size; depressed reproductive vigor; and individuals (56 FR 55770; Service lobes with raised veins and a single a potential threat of predation on the 1998b). midrib, bracts attached below the calyx, fruit by rats (59 FR 56333; HINHP and thin stipules that fall off, leaving an Hedyotis cookiana (awiwi) Database 2000; Service 1999). elliptic scar. Two subspecies are Hedyotis cookiana, a member of the currently recognized, Hibiscus Gouania meyenii (NCN) coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a small brackenridgei ssp. brackenridgei and H. Gouania meyenii, a member of the shrub with many branches and papery- brackenridgei ssp. mokuleianus (Bates buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae), is a textured leaves which are fused at the 1990). shrub with entire, papery leaves. This base to form a sheath around the stem. Hibiscus brackenridgei is known to short-lived perennial species is This short-lived perennial species is flower continuously from early February distinguished from the two other distinguished from other species in the through late May, and intermittently at Hawaiian species of Gouania by its lack genus that grow on Kauai by being other times of year. Intermittent of tendrils on the flowering branches, entirely hairless (Wagner et al. 1999). flowering may possibly be tied to day the absence of teeth on the leaves, and Little is known about the life history length. Little else is known about the the lack or small amount of hair on the of Hedyotis cookiana. Flowering cycles, life history of this plant. Pollination fruit (Wagner et al. 1999). pollination vectors, seed dispersal biology, longevity, specific Gouania meyenii flowers from March agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and to May. Seed capsules develop in about environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 6 to 8 weeks. Plants appear to live about limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999). 10 to 18 years in the wild. Little else is 1995). Historically, Hibiscus brackenridgei known about the life history of Gouania Historically, Hedyotis cookiana was was known from the islands of Kauai, meyenii. Its flowering cycles, known from the islands of Hawaii, Oahu, Lanai, Maui, Molokai, and the pollination vectors, seed dispersal Kauai, Molokai, and Oahu. Currently, it island of Hawaii. Hibiscus brackenridgei agents, longevity, specific is only known from one population of was collected from an undocumented environmental requirements, and 80 individuals on State-owned land site on Kahoolawe, though the limiting factors are unknown (Service within Hono O Na Pali Natural Area subspecies has never been determined. 1998b). Reserve in Waiahuakua Valley on Kauai Currently, Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. Historically, Gouania meyenii was (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000). mokuleianus is only known from Oahu. known only from Oahu. It was This species generally grows in Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. discovered on Kauai in 1993 (Lorence et streambeds or on steep cliffs close to brackenridgei is currently known from al.) and published in the supplement to water sources in relict Metrosideros Lanai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii the Manual of Flowering Plants of polymorpha low mesic and low wet (Bates 1990; Service 1999; HINHP Hawaii (Wagner et al. 1999). Currently, forest communities at elevations Database 2000). this species is found on Oahu and on between 119 and 553 m (392 and 1,814 Nothing is known of the preferred Kauai on State-owned land within the ft). Associated native plant species habitat of or native plant species Na Pali Coast State Park and the Na Pali- include Boehmeria grandis, associated with Hibiscus brackenridgei Kona Forest Reserve. There is a total of Chamaesyce celastroides var. on the island of Kauai. three populations on Kauai with nine hanapepensis, Hibiscus kokio ssp. Nothing is known of the threats to individuals found in the Kalalau and saintjohnianus, Machaerina Hibiscus brackenridgei on the island of Hipalau Valleys (56 FR 55770; Wagner angustifolia, Nototrichium sandwicense, Kauai.

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Ischaemum byrone (Hilo ischaemum) Kauai and Oahu. Currently, on Kauai, lands (Lorence and Flynn 1991, 1993; Ischaemum byrone, a short-lived this species is found on State-owned 61 FR 53108; Service 1999; HINHP perennial member of the grass family land within the Alakai Wilderness Database 2000; GDSI 2000). (Poaceae), is a perennial species with Preserve, Kuia Natural Area Reserve, Na Isodendrion longifolium is found on creeping underground and erect stems. Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, and Puu Ka steep slopes and some flats in certain Ischaemum byrone can be distinguished Pele Forest Reserve in the following undisturbed areas, gulches, or stream from other Hawaiian grasses by its tough locations: Paaiki, Poopooiki, Kawaiula banks in mesic or wet Metrosideros outer flower bracts, dissimilar basic Valley, Mehanaloa Valley, Makaha polymorpha-Acacia koa forests, usually flower units, which are awned and two- Valley, Haeleele Valley, Kipalau Valley, at elevations between 38 and 1,541 m flowered, and a di- or trichotomously- Kawaiiki Valley and Kaluahaulu Ridge. (125 and 5,057 ft). Associated native branching (two-or three-tiered) There are a total of five populations plant species include Antidesma spp., inflorescence (O’Connor 1999). with 151 individuals (HINHP Database Bidens spp., Bobea brevipes, Additional information on the life 2000; GDSI 2000; Service 1999). Cheirodendron spp., Cibotium spp., history of this plant, reproductive Isodendrion laurifolium is usually Cyanea hardyi, Cyrtandra spp., cycles, longevity, specific found at elevations between 376 and Dicranopteris linearis, Diospyros spp., environmental requirements, and 1,163 m (1,233 and 3,817 ft) in diverse Eugenia spp., Hedyotis spp., Ilex limiting factors is generally unknown mesic forest, dominated by Metrosideros anomala, Melicope spp., Nestegis (Service 1996). polymorpha, Acacia koa or Diospyros sandwicensis, Peperomia spp., Historically, Ischaemum byrone was spp. Associated native species include Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pipturus spp., reported from Oahu, Molokai, East Alphitonia ponderosa, Antidesma spp., Pittosporum spp., Pritchardia spp., Maui, Kauai and the island of Hawaii. Claoxylon sandwicense, Dodonaea Psychotria spp., Psydrax odoratum, or Currently, this species is found on viscosa, Dubautia spp., Elaeocarpus Syzygium spp. (61 FR 53108; Service Molokai, Hawaii, Maui, and recently bifidus, Euphorbia haeleeleana, 1999; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, rediscovered on the north shore of Hedyotis terminalis, Kokia kauaiensis, pers. comm., 2001). Kauai. On Kauai, there are two Melicope anisata, Melicope barbigera, The major threats to Isodendrion populations with at least two Melicope ovata, Melicope peduncularis, longifolium on Kauai are habitat individuals at Kaweonui Point and Myrsine lanaiensis, Nestegis degradation or destruction by feral goats Kauapea Beach on privately owned land sandwicensis, Pisonia spp., Pittosporum and pigs, and competition with various (59 FR 10305; HINHP Database 2000). glabrum (hoawa), Pleomele aurea, non-native plants (Lorence and Flynn The habitat of Ischaemum byrone is Pouteria sandwicensis, Psydrax 1993; 61 FR 53108; Service 1999; coastal shrubland, occurring near the odoratum, Streblus pendulinus, or HINHP Database 2000). ocean among rocks and seepy cliffs at Xylosma hawaiiense (HINHP Database Isodendrion pyrifolium (wahine noho elevations between 0 and 297 m (0 and 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). kula) 975 ft). Associated native plant species The primary threats to Isodendrion include Bidens spp., Chamaesyce laurifolium on Kauai are habitat Isodendrion pyrifolium, a short-live celastroides, Fimbristylis cymosa, degradation by feral goats, pigs and deer perennial of the violet family Lipochaeta succulenta, Lysimachia and competition with non-native plants (Violaceae), is a small, branched shrub mauritiana, or Scaevola sericea (HINHP (61 FR 53108; HINHP Database 2000; with elliptic to lance-shaped leaf blades. Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., Service 1999). The papery-textured blade is moderately hairy beneath (at least on the veins) and 2001). Isodendrion longifolium (aupaka) Threats to Ischaemum byrone include stalked. The petiole is subtended by the invasion of non-native plants, fire, Isodendrion longifolium, a member of oval, hairy stipules. Fragrant, bilaterally grazing and browsing by goats and pigs. the violet family (Violaceae), is a symmetrical flowers are solitary. The Disturbance incurred from these slender, straight shrub. Hairless, pedicel (flower stalk) is white-hairy, and ungulates further promotes the leathery, lance-shaped leaves subtended by two bracts. Bracts arise at introduction and establishment of non- distinguish this species from others in the tip of the peduncle. The five sepals native weeds. Some populations are also the genus (Wagner et al. 1999). are lance-shaped, membranous-edged threatened from residential Little is known about the life history and fringed with white hairs. Five development (59 FR 10305; Service of Isodendrion longifolium. Its flowering green-yellow petals are somewhat 1996; HINHP Database 2000). cycles, pollination vectors, seed unequal, and lobed, the upper being the dispersal agents, longevity, specific shortest and the lower the longest. The Isodendrion laurifolium (aupaka) environmental requirements, and fruit is a three-lobed, oval capsule, Isodendrion laurifolium, a member of limiting factors are unknown (Service which splits to release olive-colored the violet family (Violaceae), is a 1999). seeds. Isodendrion pyrifolium is slender, straight shrub with few Historically and currently, distinguished from other species in the branches. The short-lived perennial Isodendrion longifolium is known from genus by its smaller, green-yellow species is distinguished from others in scattered locations on Kauai and Oahu. flowers, and hairy stipules and leaf the genus by its leathery, oblong-elliptic On Kauai, this species is reported from veins (Wagner et al. 1999). or narrowly elliptic lance-shaped leaves Limahuli Valley, Manoa Stream, During periods of drought, this (Wagner et al. 1999). Hanakapiai, Pohakea, Waioli Valley, the species will drop all but the newest Little is known about the life history left branch of Kalalau Valley, Honopu leaves. After sufficient rains, the plants of Isodendrion laurifolium. Its flowering Valley, Kawaiula Valley, Wahiawa, and produce flowers with seeds ripening cycles, pollination vectors, seed Haupu. There is a total of nine one to two months later. No other life dispersal agents, longevity, specific populations containing approximately history information is currently known environmental requirements, and 521 individual plants on State (Halelea for this species (Service 1996). limiting factors are unknown (Service Forest Reserve, Hono o Na Pali Natural Isodendrion pyrifolium is known 1999). Area Reserve, Kokee State Park, Na Pali historically from six of the Hawaiian Historically, Isodendrion laurifolium Coast State Park, and Na Pali-Kona Islands. Locations of the populations on is known from scattered locations on Forest Reserve) and privately owned Niihau, Molokai, and Lanai were

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unspecified. Specific populations were apokremnos, or Wilkesia hobdyi brown scales. Mariscus pennatiformis is found in Oahu’s central Waianae (Service 1998b; Lammers 1999; HINHP a subdivided into two subspecies, ssp. Mountains, Maui’s southwestern Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., bryanii and ssp. pennatiformis, which Mountains, and on the western slope of 2001). are distinguished by the length and Hualalai mountain on the island of On Kauai, the major threats to this width of the spikelets; color, length, and Hawaii. It is currently found only on the species are habitat degradation and width of the glume; and by the shape island of Hawaii. It was last seen on browsing by feral goats and competition and length of the achenes. This species Niihau in the 1850s (59 FR 10305; from non-native plants (56 FR 55770). differs from other members of the genus Service 1996; GDSI 2000; HINHP by its three-sided, slightly concave, Lysimachia filifolia (NCN) Database 2000; Marie Bruegmann, pers. smooth stems; the length and number of comm., 2000). Lysimachia filifolia, a member of the spikelets; the leaf width; and the length Information on the physical and primrose family (Primulaceae), is a and diameter of stems (Koyama 1990). biological features that are essential to small shrub. This short-lived perennial Mariscus pennatiformis is known to the conservation of Isodendrion species is distinguished from other flower from November to December pyrifolium on the island of Niihau is not species of the genus by its leaf shape after heavy rainfall. Additional known. and width, calyx lobe shape, and corolla information on the life history of this Information on the threats of length (Wagner et al. 1999). plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, Isodendrion pyrifolium on the island of Little is known about the life history specific environmental requirements, Niihau is not known. of Lysimachia filifolia. Flowering cycles, and limiting factors is generally pollination vectors, seed dispersal Lobelia niihauensis (NCN) unknown (Service 1999). agents, longevity, specific Historically, Mariscus pennatiformis Lobelia niihauensis, a member of the environmental requirements, and was known from Kauai, Oahu, East bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a limiting factors are unknown (Service Maui, the Island of Hawaii, and from small, branched shrub. This short-lived 1995). Laysan in the Northwestern Hawaiian perennial species is distinguished from Historically, Lysimachia filifolia was Islands). Mariscus pennatiformis ssp. others in the genus by lacking or nearly known only from the upper portion of bryanii is only known from Laysan lacking leaf stalks, the magenta-colored Olokele Valley on Kauai. This species is Island in the Northwestern Hawaiian flowers, the width of the leaf, and length now also known from Oahu, and the Islands National Wildlife Refuge. of the flowers (Lammers 1999). ‘‘Blue Hole’’ area of Waialeale, Kauai. Mariscus pennatiformis ssp. Lobelia niihauensis flowers in late There is currently one population pennatiformis is currently found only summer and early fall. Fruits mature a containing a total of 75 individuals on on East Maui. It was last seen on Kauai month to six weeks later. Plants are State-owned land on Kauai within the in 1927 (K. Wood, in litt. 1999; HINHP known to live as long as 20 years. Little Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserve (Service Database 2000; GDSI 2000). else is known about the life history of 1995; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI Mariscus pennatiformis is found at Lobelia niihauensis. Its flowering cycles, 2000). elevations between 544 and 1,104 m pollination vectors, seed dispersal This species typically grows on mossy (1,785 and 3,621 ft) in open sites in agents, longevity, specific banks at the base of cliff faces within the Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa environmental requirements, and spray zone of waterfalls or along streams mixed mesic forest. Associated native limiting factors are unknown (Service in lowland wet forests at elevations plant species include Antidesma 1998b). between 177 and 1,088 m (581 and platyphyllum var. hillebrandii, Historically, Lobelia niihauensis was 3,568 ft). Associated native plant Alsinidendron viscosum, Carex alligata known from Oahu, Niihau, and Kauai. species include mosses, mosses, ferns, (NCN), Cyperus laevigatus (makaloa), It is now known to be extant only on liverworts, Antidesma platyphyllum, Dianella sandwicensis, Diospyros Kauai and Oahu. On Kauai, 11 Bidens valida (kookoolau), Bobea elatior hillebrandii, Diospyros sandwicensis, populations containing 1,106 (ahakea lau nui), Cyanea asarifolia, Dodonaea viscosa, Myrsine linearifolia, individuals can be found on State (Hono Chamaesyce remyi var kauaiensis Nestegis sandwicensis, Panicum o Na Pali Natural Area Reserve, Na Pali (akoko), Dubautia plantaginea ssp. nephelophilum, Poa sandvicensis, Coast State Park, Na Pali-Kona Forest magnifolia (naenae), Eragrostis Psydrax odoratum, Schiedea Reserve, and Puu Ka Pele Forest variabilis, Metrosideros polymorpha, stellarioides, Styphelia tameiameiae, or Reserve) and privately owned lands in Machaerina angustifolia, Melicope spp., endemic ferns (Koyama 1990; HINHP Limahuli Valley, Hoolulu Valley, or Panicum lineale (59 FR 9304; Service Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., Hanakoa Valley, Pohakuao, the left and 1995; Wagner et al. 1999; HINHP 2001). right branches of Kalalau Valley, Koaie Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., Threats to Mariscus pennatiformis on Canyon, Kipalau Valley, Polihale Spring 2001). Kauai include grazing and habitat Kaaweiki Valley, and Keopaweo The major threats to Lysimachia destruction caused by ungulates; (Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2000; filifolia on Kauai include competition competition from non-native plant GDSI 2000). with non-native plant species; feral pigs; species; and extinction from random Lobelia niihauensis typically grows and the risk of extinction on Kauai from naturally occurring events (59 FR 56333; on exposed, mesic mixed shrubland or naturally occurring events (e.g., Service 1999). coastal dry cliffs at elevations between landslides and hurricanes), due to the Melicope knudsenii (alani) 11 and 887 m (37 and 2,911 ft). small number of individuals in the only Associated native plant species include known population (59 FR 9304; HINHP Melicope knudsenii, a member of the Artemisia australis, Bidens Database 2000). rue family (Rutaceae), is a tree with sandvicensis, Chamaesyce celastroides, smooth gray bark and yellowish brown Charpentiera spp., Eragrostis variabilis, Mariscus pennatiformis (NCN) to olive-brown hairs on the tips of the Hibiscus kokio ssp. saint-johnianus, Mariscus pennatiformis, a short-lived branches. The long-lived perennial Lipochaeta connata var. acris, Lythrum member of the sedge family species is distinguished from M. spp. (pukamole), Nototrichium spp., (Cyperaceae), is a perennial plant with haupuensis and other members of the Plectranthus parviflorus, Schiedea a woody root system covered with genus by the distinct carpels present in

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the fruit, a hairless endocarp, a larger knudsenii, and other members of the member of the genus in the Hawaiian number of flowers per cluster, and the genus by presence of resinous new Islands, one of three genera of the family distribution of hairs on the underside of growth, leaves folded in clusters of with species endemic to the island of the leaves (Stone et al. 1999). three, and fruits with separate carpels Kauai. This species differs from the Little is known about the life history (Stone et al. 1999). other Kauai members of the parsley of Melicope knudsenii. Flowering Little is known about the life history family in having larger fruit and cycles, pollination vectors, seed of Melicope pallida. Flowering cycles, pinnately compound leaves with broad dispersal agents, longevity, specific pollination vectors, seed dispersal leaflets (Constance and Affolter 1999). environmental requirements, and agents, longevity, specific Little is known about the life history limiting factors are unknown (Service environmental requirements, and of Peucedanum sandwicense. Flowering 1995). limiting factors are unknown (Service cycles, pollination vectors, seed Historically and currently, Melicope 1995). dispersal agents, longevity, specific knudsenii is known from Maui and Historically and currently, Melicope environmental requirements, and Kauai. On Kauai, this species is known pallida is known from Oahu and Kauai. limiting factors are unknown (Service from seven populations on State-owned On Kauai, the species is currently 1995). land, with a total of 10 individuals, in known in the following locations: Historically and currently, Poopooiki Valley, Kuia Valley, Pohakuao, the left branch of Kalalau Peucedanum sandwicense is known Mahanaloa Valley, Makaha Ridge, Koaie Valley, Honopu Trail, Awaawapuhi from Molokai, Maui, and Kauai. Canyon, Koaie Falls, and Kawaiiki Valley, and Koaie Canyon. There is a Discoveries in 1990 extended the known Valley within the Kuia Natural Area total of five populations with 181 distribution of this species to the Reserve and Na Pali-Kona Forest individuals on State-owned land within Waianae Mountains on the island of Reserve (59 FR 9304; Service 1995; the Alakai Wilderness Preserve, Na Pali Oahu. Additionally, a population is GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; K. Coast State Park, and Na Pali-Kona known from State-owned Keopuka Wood, pers. comm., 2001). Forest Reserve (K. Wood, in litt. 1999; Rock, an islet off the coast of Maui. On Melicope knudsenii grows on forested D.W. Mathias, U.S. Navy (Navy), in litt. Kauai, there are 14 populations on State flats with brown granular soil in 1999; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI (Haena State Park, Hono o Na Pali lowland dry to montane mesic forests at 2000). Natural Area Reserve, Kuia Natural Area elevations between 111 and 1,141 m Melicope pallida usually grows on Reserve, Na Pali Coast State Park, and (364 and 3,745 ft) with Alectryon steep rock faces in lowland to montane Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve) and macrococcus, Antidesma platyphylla, mesic to wet forests or shrubland at privately owned lands, containing Bobea brevipes, Carex meyenii, elevations between 359 and 1,081 m approximately 340 individuals, in Cryptocarya mannii, Diospyros (1,179 and 3,546 ft). Associated native Maunahou Valley, Limahuli Valley, sandwicensis, Diplazium plant species include Abutilon Hoolulu, Hanakoa, Pohakuao, Kanakou, sandwichianum, Dodonaea viscosa, sandwicense, Alyxia oliviformis, the left branch of Kalalau Valley, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Gahnia Artemisia australis, Boehmeria grandis, Nualolo Valley, Kuia Valley, Mahanaloa beecheyi (NCN), Hedyotis spp., Hibiscus Carex meyenii, Chamaesyce celastroides Valley, Koaie Canyon, and Haupu (59 waimeae, Isodendrion laurifolium, var hanapepensis, Coprosma waimeae, FR 9304; Service 1995; K. Wood, in litt. Metrosideros polymorpha, Melicope Coprosma kauensis (koi), Dodonaea 1999; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI spp., Myrsine lanaiensis, Nestegis viscosa, Dryopteris spp., Hedyotis 2000). sandwicensis, Panicum nephelophilum, terminalis, Lepidium serra, Melicope This species grows on cliff habitats in Peucedanum sandwicense, Pisonia spp., Metrosideros polymorpha, mixed shrub coastal dry cliff sandwicensis, Pittosporum kauaiensis, Nototrichium spp., Pipturus albidus communities or diverse mesic forest Pleomele aurea, Pouteria sandwicensis, (mamaki), Pleomele aurea, Poa mannii, between 0 and 1,232 m (0 and 4,041 ft). Pritchardia minor, Psychotria hobdyi, Psychotria mariniana, Pritchardia Associated native plant species include Psydrax odoratum, Rauvolfia minor, Sapindus oahuensis, Schiedea Acacia koa, Artemisia australis, sandwicensis, Remya kauaiensis, membranacea, Tetraplasandra Brighamia insignis, Bidens spp., Carex Scaevola procera, Styphelia waialealae, or Xylosma hawaiiense meyenii, Chamaesyce celastroides, tameiameiae, or Xylosma hawaiiense (HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. Diospyros spp., Dodonaea viscosa, (Service 1995; HINHP Database 2000; K. comm., 2001). Eragrostis variabilis, Hibiscus kokio, Wood, pers. comm., 2001). The major threats to Melicope pallida Lobelia niihauensis, Metrosideros The major threats to Melicope are habitat destruction by feral goats and polymorpha, Panicum lineale, Psydrax knudsenii on Kauai include competition pigs; the black twig borer; fire; odoratum, Psychotria spp., or Wilkesia with the non-native plant Lantana susceptibility to extinction from spp. (59 FR 9304; Constance and camara; habitat degradation by feral naturally occurring events, such as Affolter 1999; HINHP Database 2000; K. goats and pigs; fire; black twig borer; landslides or hurricanes, and/or Wood, pers. comm., 2001). and the risk of extinction on Kauai from reduced reproductive vigor due to the The major threats to Peucedanum naturally occurring events, such as small number of existing populations; sandwicense on Kauai include landslides or hurricanes, and/or and competition with non-native plant competition with introduced plants; reduced reproductive vigor due to the species (59 FR 9304; Hara and Beardsley habitat degradation and browsing by small number of existing individuals 1979; Medeiros et al. 1986; Service feral goats and deer; and trampling and and populations (59 FR 9304; Service 1995; HINHP Database 2000). trail clearing (Hanakapiai population) 1995). (59 FR 9304; Service 1995; HINHP Peucedanum sandwicense (makou) Database 2000). Melicope pallida (alani) Peucedanum sandwicense, a member Melicope pallida, a member of the rue of the parsley family (Apiaceae), is a Phlegmariurus mannii (wawaeiole) family (Rutaceae), is a tree with grayish parsley-scented, sprawling herb. Hollow Phlegmariurus mannii, a member of white hairs and black, resinous new stems arise from a short, vertical stem the clubmoss family (Lycopodiaceae) growth. The long-lived perennial with several fleshy roots. This short- and a short-lived perennial, is a pendant species differs from M. haupuensis, M. lived perennial species is the only (hanging) epiphyte with clustered,

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delicate red stems and forked Dicranopteris linearis wet forests and Wahiawa Mountains, and Hanapepe reproductive spikes. These traits occasionally mesic forests at elevations Falls. Currently, populations are known distinguish it from others in the genus between 601 and 1,594 m (1,971 and from Waioli Valley, Alakai Swamp, the in Hawaii (Holub 1991). 5,228 ft). The vegetation in those areas left branch of Wainiha Valley, and Blue Little is known about the life history typically include Antidesma Hole (59 FR 56333; Service 1999; GDSI of Phlegmariurus mannii. Reproductive platyphyllum, Broussaisia arguta, 2000; HINHP Database 2000). cycles, dispersal agents, longevity, Cibotium chamissoi (hapuu), Plantago princeps var. longibracteata specific environmental requirements, Cheirodendron fauriei, Diploterygiun is found in windswept areas near and limiting factors are unknown pinnatum, Hedyotis terminalis, Hibiscus waterfalls in Metrosideros polymorpha- (Service 1997). kokio ssp. kokio, Melicope waialealae Cheirodendron montane wet forest with Historically, Phlegmariurus mannii (alani wai), Scaevola gaudichaudii, riparian vegetation at elevations was known from Kauai, West Maui, and Syzygium sandwicensis, Perrottetia between 347 and 1,598 m (1,139 and Hawaii island. Currently, this species is sandwicensis, Psychotria hexandra, P. 5,244 ft). Associated native plant extant on Maui and Hawaii island. It mariniana, or P. wawrae (K. Wood, pers. species include Antidesma was last observed on Kauai in 1900 comm., 2001). platyphyllum var. hillebrandii, Bidens (HINHP Database 2000). The primary threat to Phlegmariurus forbesii, Bobea elatior, Boehmeria Nothing is known of the preferred nutans is extinction due to naturally- grandis, Cyrtandra spp., Diplazium habitat of or native plant species occurring events and/or reduced sandwichianum, Freycinetia arborea, associated with Phlegmariurus mannii reproductive vigor because of the small Gunnera spp., Hedyotis elatior, on the island of Kauai. number of remaining individuals and Huperzia spp. Hedyotis centranthoides, Nothing is known of the threats to limited distribution. Additional threats Isachne pallens (NCN), Machaerina Phlegmariurus mannii on the island of to Phlegmariurus nutans are feral pigs angustifolia, Perrottetia sandwicensis, Kauai. and the noxious non-native plants Pilea peploides (NCN), Pipturus spp., Phlegmariurus nutans (waewaeiole) Clidemia hirta or Psidium cattleianum Sadleria cyatheoides (amau), or (Service 1998b). Phlegmariurus nutans is an erect of Tetraplasandra spp. (K. Wood, pers. pendulous herbaceous epiphyte (plant Plantago princeps (laukahi kuahiwi) comm., 2001). not rooted in the ground) of the Plantago princeps, a member of the Plantago princeps var. anomala is clubmoss family (Lycopodiaceae). Its plantain family (Plantaginaceae), is a found in Metrosideros polymorpha stiff, light green branches, 25 to 40 cm small shrub or robust perennial herb. lowland to montane transitional wet (10 to 16 in.) long and about 6 mm (0.2 This short-lived perennial species forest on cliffs and ridges, growing on in.) thick, are covered with stiff, flat, differs from other native members of the basalt rocky outcrops. Associated native leathery leaves, 12 to 16 mm (0.5 to 0.6 genus in Hawaii by its large branched plant species include Bidens in.) long and about 2.5 mm (0.1 in.) stems, flowers at nearly right angles to sandvicensis, Carex meyenii, Carex wide that overlap in acute angles. The the axis of the flower cluster, and fruits wahuensis, Charpentiera elliptica, leaves are arranged in six rows and arise that break open at a point two-thirds Hedyotis spp., Lipochaeta connata, directly from the branches. The from the base. The four varieties, Lysimachia glutinosa, Lysimachia branches end in thick, 7 to 13 cm (2.8 anomala, laxiflora, longibracteata, and kalalauensis, Melicope spp., Myrsine to 5.1 in.) long fruiting spikes that are princeps, are distinguished by the linearifolia, Poa mannii, or Wilkesia unbranched or branch once or twice, branching and pubescence of the stems; gymnoxiphium (K. Wood, pers. comm., and taper toward a downward-curving the size, pubescence, and venation of 2001). tip. Bracts on the fruiting spikes, the leaves; the density of the The primary threats to both species of between 3 to 6 mm (0.6 and 0.2 in.) inflorescence; and the orientation of the Plantago princeps on Kauai are long, are densely layered and conceal flowers (Wagner et al. 1999). herbivory and habitat degradation by the spore capsules. This species can be Little is known about the life history feral pigs and goats and competition distinguished from others of the genus of this plant. Reproductive cycles, with various non-native plant species. in Hawaii by its epiphytic habit, simple longevity, specific environmental Ungulate herbivory is especially severe, or forking fruiting spikes, and larger and requirements, and limiting factors are with numerous observations of P. stiffer leaves (Wagner and Wagner generally unknown. However, princeps individuals exhibiting browse 1987). individuals have been observed in fruit damage (61 FR 53108; Service 1999). Phlegmariurus nutans has been from April through September (Service Platanthera holochila (NCN) observed fertile, with spores, in May 1999). and December. Little else is known Historically, Plantago princeps was Platanthera holochila, a member of about the life history of Phlegmariurus found on the islands of Hawaii, Kauai, the orchid family (Orchidaceae), is an nutans. Its flowering cycles, pollination Maui, Molokai, and Oahu. It no longer erect, deciduous herb. The stems arise vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, occurs on the island of Hawaii. Two from underground tubers, the pale green specific environmental requirements, varieties of the species, totaling six leaves are lance to egg-shaped, and the and limiting factors are unknown populations, with 471 individuals, are greenish-yellow flowers occur in open (Service 1998b). extant on the island of Kauai, on both spikes. This short-lived perennial is the Historically, Phlegmariurus nutans State (Halelea Forest Reserve, Lihue- only species of this genus that occurs in was known from the island of Kauai and Koloa Forest Reserve, and Na Pali Coast the Hawaiian Islands (Wagner et al. from scattered locations in the Koolau State Park) and privately owned lands. 1999). Mountains of Oahu. It is currently only Historically on Kauai, Plantago princeps Little is known about the life history known from Oahu. It was last observed var. anomala was reported from a ridge of Platanthera holochila. Its flowering on Kauai in 1900 (Service 1998b; west of Hanapepe River. Currently, this cycles, pollination vectors, seed HINHP Database 2000). variety is found in the left branch of dispersal agents, longevity, specific Phlegmariurus nutans grows on tree Kalalau Valley and Puu Ki. Plantago environmental requirements, and trunks, usually on open ridges and princeps var. longibracteata was limiting factors are unknown (Service slopes in Metrosideros polymorpha- historically known from Hanalei, the 1999).

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Historically, Platanthera holochila season but can be found throughout the insects visit Sesbania flowers, the was known from the Alakai Swamp, year (Service 1999). majority of successful pollination is Kaholuamano area, and the Wahiawa Historically, Schiedea nuttallii was accomplished by native bees of the Mountains on Kauai, and scattered known from Kauai and Oahu and was genus Hylaeus and that populations at locations on Oahu, Molokai, and Maui. reported from Maui. Currently, it is Kaena Point on Oahu are probably Currently, P. holochila is extant on found on Kauai, Oahu, and Molokai. On pollinator-limited. Flowering at Kaena Kauai, Molokai, and Maui. On Kauai, Kauai, one population with 50 Point is highest during the winter-spring there are two populations with 28 individuals is found on Haupu Peak on rains, and gradually declines throughout individuals reported on State (Alakai privately owned land. The status of the rest of the year. Other aspects of this Wilderness Preserve) owned lands at individuals previously found in the plant’s life history are unknown year Kilohana and the Alakai Swamp Limahuli Valley is currently unknown (Service 1999). (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000). (61 FR 53108; HINHP Database 2000; Currently, Sesbania tomentosa occurs Platanthera holochila is found in GDSI 2000; Service 1999). on six of the eight main Hawaiian montane Metrosideros polymorpha Schiedea nuttallii typically grows on Islands (Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, -Dicranopteris linearis wet forest or M. cliffs in lowland diverse mesic forest Kahoolawe, Maui, and Hawaii) and in polymorpha mixed bog at elevations dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands between 803 and 1,563 m (2,635 and at elevations between 37 and 702 m (120 (Nihoa and Necker). Although once 5,128 ft). Associated native plant and 2,303 ft). Associated native plant found on Niihau and Lanai, it is no species include mosses, grammitid species include Antidesma longer extant on these islands. On ferns, Carex montis-eeka (NCN), platyphyllum var. hillebrandii, Bidens Kauai, S. tomentosa is known from one Cibotium spp., Clermontia fauriei (oha valida, Chamaesyce celastroides, population, with 18 individuals, on wai), Coprosma elliptica (pilo), Eragrostis variabilis, Hedyotis State-owned land from the Polihale Dichanthelium spp, Lobelia kauaensis, acuminata, Hedyotis fluviatilis, State Park (59 FR 56333; HINHP Machaerina angustifolia, Myrsine Heteropogon contortus, Lepidium spp. Database 2000; GDSI 2000). denticulata (kolea), Oreobolus furcatus, (anaunau), Lobelia niihauensis, Sesbania tomentosa is found on Rhynchospora laxa (kuolohia), Psychotria spp., Perrottetia sandy beaches, dunes, or pond margins Styphelia tameiameiae, or Vaccinium sandwicensis, or Pisonia spp. (Service at elevations between 0 and 212 m (0 spp., or Viola kauaensis (61 FR 53108; 1999; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001). and 694 ft). It commonly occurs in Service 1999; K. Wood, pers. comm., Schiedea nuttallii is threatened on coastal dry shrublands or mixed coastal 2001). Kauai by habitat degradation and/or dry cliffs with the associated native The primary threats to Platanthera destruction by feral pigs, goats, and plant species Chamaesyce celastroides, holochila on Kauai are habitat possibly deer; competition with several Cluscuta sandwichiana (kaunaoa), degradation and destruction by pigs; non-native plants; landslides; predation Dodonaea viscosa, Heteropogon competition with non-native plants; and by the black twig borer; and a risk of contortus, Myoporum sandwicense, a risk of extinction on Kauai from extinction from naturally occurring Nama sandwicensis, Scaevola sericea, naturally occurring events, such as events (e.g., landslides or hurricanes) Sida fallax, Sporobolus virginicus, Vitex landslides or hurricanes, and/or and/or reduced reproductive vigor, due rotundifolia or Waltheria indica reduced reproductive vigor, due to the to the small number of individuals in (Service 1999; HINHP Database 2000; K. small number of remaining populations the only known population. Based on Wood, pers. comm., 2001). and individuals. Predation by observations that indicate that The primary threats to Sesbania introduced slugs may also be a potential introduced snails and slugs may tomentosa on Kauai are habitat threat to this species (61 FR 53108; consume seeds and seedlings, it is likely degradation caused by competition with Service 1999). that introduced molluscs also represent various non-native plant species; lack of a major threat to this species (61 FR adequate pollination; seed predation by Schiedea nuttallii (NCN) 53108; Service 1999). rats, mice and, potentially, non-native Schiedea nuttallii, a member of the insects; fire; and destruction by off-road Sesbania tomentosa (ohai) pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a vehicles and other human disturbances generally hairless, erect subshrub. This Sesbania tomentosa, a member of the (59 FR 56333; Service 1999). long-lived perennial species is pea family (Fabaceae), is typically a distinguished from others in this sprawling short-lived perennial shrub, Silene lanceolata (NCN) endemic Hawaiian genus by its habit, but may also be a small tree. Each Silene lanceolata, a member of the length of the stem internodes, length of compound leaf consists of 18 to 38 pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is an the inflorescence, number of flowers per oblong to elliptic leaflets which are upright, short-lived perennial plant with inflorescence, and smaller leaves, usually sparsely to densely covered stems 15 to 51 cm (6 to 20 in.) long, flowers, and seeds (Wagner et al. 1999). with silky hairs. The flowers are salmon which are woody at the base. The Little is known about the life history color tinged with yellow, orange-red, narrow leaves are smooth except for a of Schiedea nuttallii. Based on field and scarlet or rarely, pure yellow coloration. fringe of hairs near the base. Flowers are greenhouse observations, it is Sesbania tomentosa is the only endemic arranged in open clusters. The flowers hermaphroditic (a flower containing Hawaiian species in the genus, differing are white with deeply-lobed, clawed both male and female sexual parts). from the naturalized S. sesban by the petals. The capsule opens at the top to Plants on Oahu have been under color of the flowers, the longer petals release reddish-brown seeds. This observation for 10 years, and they and calyx, and the number of seeds per species is distinguished from S. appear to be long-lived. Schiedea pod (Geesink et al. 1999). alexandri by its smaller flowers and nuttallii appears to be an outcrossing The pollination biology of Sesbania capsules and its stamens, which are species. Under greenhouse conditions, tomentosa is being studied by David shorter than the sepals (Wagner et al. plants fail to set seed unless hand Hopper, a graduate student in the 1999). pollinated, suggesting that this species Department of Zoology at the University Little is known about the life history requires insects for pollination. Fruits of Hawaii at Manoa. His preliminary of Silene lanceolata. Its flowering and flowers are abundant in the wet findings suggest that although many cycles, pollination vectors, seed

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dispersal agents, longevity, specific Solanum sandwicense (aiakeakua, and a risk of extinction from naturally environmental requirements, and popolo) occurring events (e.g., landslides or limiting factors are unknown (57 FR Solanum sandwicense, a member of hurricanes) and/or reduced 46325; Service 1996). the nightshade family (Solanaceae), is a reproductive vigor due to the small The historical range of Silene large sprawling shrub. The younger number of existing individuals (59 FR lanceolata includes five Hawaiian branches are more densely hairy than 9304; Service 1995; HINHP Database Islands: Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, older branches and the oval leaves 2000). and the island of Hawaii. Silene usually have up to 4 lobes along the Spermolepis hawaiiensis (NCN) lanceolata is presently extant on the margins. This short-lived perennial islands of Molokai, Oahu, and the island species differs from others of the genus Spermolepis hawaiiensis, a member of of Hawaii. It was last observed on Kauai in having dense hairs on young plant the parsley family (Apiaceae), is a in the 1850s (57 FR 46325; GDSI 2000; parts, a greater height, and its lack of slender annual herb with few branches. Service 1996). prickles (Symon 1999). Its leaves, dissected into narrow, lance- Nothing is known of the preferred Little is known about the life history shaped divisions, are oblong to habitat of or native plant species of Solanum sandwicense. Flowering somewhat oval in outline and grow on associated with Silene lanceolata on the cycles, pollination vectors, seed stalks. Flowers are arranged in a loose, island of Kauai. dispersal agents, longevity, specific compound umbrella-shaped environmental requirements, and inflorescence arising from the stem, Nothing is known of the threats to limiting factors are unknown (Service opposite the leaves. Spermolepis Silene lanceolata on the island of Kauai. 1995). hawaiiensis is the only member of the Solanum incompletum (popolo ku mai) Historically, Solanum sandwicense genus native to Hawaii. It is was known from both Oahu and Kauai. distinguished from other native Solanum incompletum, a short-lived Currently, this species is only known members of the family by being a non- perennial member of the nightshade from Kauai. On Kauai, this species was succulent annual with an umbrella- family (Solanaceae), is a woody shrub. historically reported from locations in shaped inflorescence (Constance and Its stems and lower leaf surfaces are the Kokee region bounded by Kalalau Affolter 1999). covered with prominent reddish Valley, Milolii Ridge, and extending to Little is known about the life history prickles or sometimes with yellow fuzzy the Hanapepe River. Currently, of Spermolepis hawaiiensis. Its hairs on young plant parts and lower Solanum sandwicense is only known flowering cycles, pollination vectors, leaf surfaces. The oval to elliptic leaves from six populations of 14 individual seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific have prominent veins on the lower plants on private and State lands (Kokee environmental requirements, and surface and lobed leaf margins. State Park, Kuia Natural Area Reserve, limiting factors are unknown (Service Numerous flowers grow in loose and Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve) at 1999). branching clusters with each flower on Kahuamaa Flats, Awaawapuhi Valley, a stalk. This species differs from other Historically, Spermolepis hawaiiensis Kumuwela Ridge, Waialae Valley, and was known from the islands of Kauai, native members of the genus by being Mokuone Stream (59 FR 9304; Service generally prickly and having loosely Oahu, Lanai, and the island of Hawaii. 1995; K. Wood, in litt. 1999; HINHP Currently, it is found on Kauai, Oahu, clustered white flowers, curved anthers Database 2000; GDSI 2000; Joan about 2 mm (0.08 in.) long, and berries Molokai, Lanai, West Maui, and Hawaii. Yoshioka, The Nature Conservancy of On Kauai, this species is known from 1 to 2 cm (0.4 to 0.8 in.) in diameter Hawaii (TNCH), pers. comm., 2000). (Symon 1999). State-owned land at Koaie Canyon, the This species is typically found under rim of Waimea Canyon, and Kapahili Little is known about the life history forest canopies at elevations between Gulch within the Na Pali-Kona Forest of Solanum incompletum. Its flowering 445 and 1,290 m (1,460 and 4,232 ft) in Reserve. There are three known cycles, pollination vectors, seed diverse lowland or montane Acacia koa populations with five individuals total dispersal agents, longevity, specific or Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha on Kauai (59 FR 56333; Service 1999; environmental requirements, and mesic forests or occasionally in wet HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000). limiting factors are unknown (59 FR forests. Associated native plant species 56333). include Alphitonia ponderosa, Spermolepis hawaiiensis is known from Metrosideros polymorpha forest Historically, Solanum incompletum Athyrium sandwicensis, Bidens spp., Carex meyenii, Coprosma spp., and Dodonaea viscosa lowland dry was known Lanai, Maui, and the island shrubland, at elevations between 56 and of Hawaii. According to David Symon Cryptocarya mannii, Dianella sandwicensis, Dicranopteris linearis, 725 m (184 and 2,377 ft). Associated (1999), the known distribution of native plant species include Bidens Solanum incompletum also extended to Dubautia spp., Hedyotis spp., Ilex anomala, Melicope spp., Poa spp., sandvicensis, Doryopteris spp., the islands of Kauai and Molokai. Eragrostis variabilis, Erythrina Currently, Solanum incompletum is Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria spp., Syzygium sandwicensis, or Xylosma sandwicensis, Lipochaeta spp., only known from the island of Hawaii. Schiedea spergulina, or Sida fallax The reported presence on Kauai may be hawaiiense (59 FR 9304; Service 1995; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. (Service 1999; HINHP Database 2000; K. erroneous (HINHP Database 2000; Wood, pers. comm., 2001). Christopher Puttock, Bernice P. Bishop comm., 2001). Museum, pers comm., 2001). The major threats to populations of The primary threats to Spermolepis Solanum sandwicense on Kauai are hawaiiensis on Kauai are habitat Nothing is known of the preferred habitat degradation by feral pigs, and degradation by feral goats; competition habitat of or native plant species competition with non-native plant with various non-native plants; and associated with Solanum incompletum species (Passiflora mollissima, Rubus erosion, landslides, and rock slides due on the island of Kauai. argutus, Psidium cattleianum, to natural weathering which result in Nothing is known of the threats to Hedychium gardnerianum (kahili the death of individual plants as well as Solanum incompletum on the island of ginger), or Lonicera japonica); fire; habitat destruction (59 FR 56333; Kauai. human disturbance and development; Service 1999).

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Vigna o-wahuensis (NCN) 56333; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI Kauai, this species is only known from 2000). two populations with three individuals Vigna o-wahuensis, a member of the Nothing is known of the preferred on State-owned land in Kawaiiki and pea family (Fabaceae), is a slender habitat of or native plant species Kipalau Valleys within the Alakai twining short-lived perennial herb with associated with Vigna o-wahuensis on Wilderness Preserve and Na Pali-Kona fuzzy stems. Each leaf is made up of the island of Niihau. Forest Reserve (HINHP Database 2000; three leaflets which vary in shape from Nothing is known of the threats to GDSI 2000). round to linear, and are sparsely or Vigna o-wahuensis on the island of Zanthoxylum hawaiiense is reported moderately covered with coarse hairs. Niihau. from lowland dry or mesic forests, at Flowers, in clusters of one to four, have Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (ae) elevations between 464 and 887 m thin, translucent, pale yellow or (1,522 and 2,911 ft). This species is Zanthoxylum hawaiiense is a greenish-yellow petals. The two typically found in forests dominated by medium-size tree with pale to dark gray lowermost petals are fused and appear Metrosideros polymorpha or Diospyros bark, and lemon-scented leaves in the distinctly beaked. The sparsely hairy sandwicensis with associated native rue family (Rutaceae). Alternate leaves calyx has asymmetrical lobes. The fruits plant species including Antidesma are composed of three small triangular- are long slender pods that may or may platyphyllum, Alectryon macrococcus, not be slightly inflated and contain oval to lance-shaped, toothed leaves (leaflets) with surfaces usually without Charpentiera elliptica, Dodonaea seven to 15 gray to black seeds. This viscosa, Melicope spp., Myrsine species differs from others in the genus hairs. A long-lived perennial tree, Zanthoxylum hawaiiense is lanaiensis, Pisonia spp., Pleomele by its thin yellowish petals, sparsely aurea, Streblus pendulinus, hairy calyx, and thin pods which may distinguished from other Hawaiian members of the genus by several Zanthoxylum dipetalum (HINHP or may not be slightly inflated (Geesink Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., et al. 1999). characteristics: three leaflets all of similar size, one joint on lateral leaf 2001). Little is known about the life history stalk, and sickle-shape fruits with a The threats to Zanthoxylum of Vigna o-wahuensis. Its flowering rounded tip (Stone et al. 1999). hawaiiense on Kauai include cycles, pollination vectors, seed Little is known about the life history competition with the non-native plant dispersal agents, longevity, specific of Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. Its species Melia azedarach and Lantana environmental requirements, and flowering cycles, pollination vectors, camara; fire; human disturbance; and limiting factors are unknown (Service seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific risk of extinction from naturally 1999). environmental requirements, and occurring events, such as landslides or Historically, Vigna o-wahuensis was limiting factors are unknown (Service hurricanes, and/or reduced reproductive known from Niihau, Oahu, Maui, 1996). vigor due to the small number of Molokai, Lanai, Kahoolawe, and the Historically, Zanthoxylum hawaiiense individuals in the only known island of Hawaii. Currently, Vigna o- was known from five islands: Kauai, population (59 FR 10305; Service 1996). wahuensis is known from the islands of Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and the island of A summary of populations and Molokai, Lanai, Kahoolawe, Maui, and Hawaii. Currently, Zanthoxylum landownership for the 95 plant species the island of Hawaii. It was last hawaiiense is found on Kauai, Molokai, reported from the islands of Kauai and observed on Niihau in the 1912 (59 FR Maui, and the island of Hawaii. On Niihau is given in Table 3.

TABLE 3.—SUMMARY OF POPULATIONS OCCURRING ON KAUAI AND NIIHAU, AND LANDOWNERSHIP FOR 95 SPECIES REPORTED FROM KAUAI AND NIIHAU

Number of Landownership Species current popu- lations Federal State Private

Acaena exigua ...... 0 Achyranthes mutica ...... 0 Adenophorus periens ...... 7 ...... X X Alectryon macrococcus ...... 6 ...... X ...... Alsinidendron lychnoides ...... 2 ...... X ...... Alsinidendron viscosum ...... 5 ...... X ...... Bonamia menziesii ...... 8 ...... X X Brighamia insignis ...... 4 ...... X X Centaurium sebaeoides ...... 3 ...... X ...... Chamaesyce halemanui ...... 6 ...... X ...... Ctenitis squamigera ...... 0 Cyanea asarifolia ...... 1 ...... X ...... Cyanea recta ...... 7 ...... X X Cyanea remyi ...... 7 ...... X X Cyanea undulata ...... 1 ...... X Cyperus trachysanthos ...... 2 ...... X X Cyrtandra cyaneoides ...... 5 ...... X X Cyrtandra limahuliensis ...... 11 ...... X X Delissea rhytidosperma ...... 3 ...... X X Delissea rivularis ...... 2 ...... X ...... Delissea undulata ...... 1 ...... X ...... Diellia erecta ...... 1 ...... X ...... Diellia pallida ...... 4 ...... X ...... Diplazium molokaiense ...... 0 Dubautia latifolia ...... 9 ...... X ......

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TABLE 3.—SUMMARY OF POPULATIONS OCCURRING ON KAUAI AND NIIHAU, AND LANDOWNERSHIP FOR 95 SPECIES REPORTED FROM KAUAI AND NIIHAU—Continued

Number of Landownership Species current popu- lations Federal State Private

Dubautia pauciflorula ...... 2 ...... X X Euphorbia haeleeleana ...... 7 ...... X ...... Exocarpos luteolus ...... 8 ...... X X Flueggea neowawraea ...... 8 ...... X X Gouania meyenii ...... 3 ...... X ...... Hedyotis cookiana ...... 1 ...... X ...... Hedyotis st.-johnii ...... 4 ...... X ...... Hesperomannia lydgatei ...... 3 ...... X X Hibiscadelphus woodii ...... 1 ...... X ...... Hibiscus brackenridgei ...... 0 Hibiscus clayi ...... 1 ...... X ...... Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae ...... 3 ...... X X Ischaemum byrone ...... 2 ...... X Isodendrion laurifolium ...... 5 ...... X ...... Isodendrion longifolium ...... 9 ...... X X Isodendrion pyrifolium ...... 0 Kokia kauaiensis ...... 5 ...... X ...... Labordia lydgatei ...... 6 ...... X X Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis ...... 1 ...... X Lipochaeta fauriei ...... 4 ...... X ...... Lipochaeta micrantha ...... 5 ...... X X Lipochaeta waimeaensis ...... 1 ...... X ...... Lobelia niihauensis ...... 11 ...... X X Lysimachia filifolia ...... 1 ...... X ...... Mariscus pennatiformis ...... 0 Melicope haupuensis ...... 4 ...... X ...... Melicope knudsenii ...... 7 ...... X ...... Melicope pallida ...... 5 ...... X ...... Melicope quadrangularis ...... 0 Munroidendron racemosum ...... 14 ...... X X Myrsine linearifolia ...... 8 ...... X X Nothocestrum peltatum ...... 6 ...... X ...... Panicum niihauense ...... 1 ...... X ...... Peucedanum sandwicense ...... 14 ...... X X Phlegmariurus mannii ...... 0 Phlegmariurus nutans ...... 0 Phyllostegia knudsenii ...... 1 ...... X ...... Phyllostegia waimeae ...... 1 ...... X ...... Phyllostegia wawrana ...... 4 ...... X X Plantago princeps ...... 6 ...... X X Platanthera holochila ...... 2 ...... X ...... Poa mannii ...... 6 ...... X ...... Poa sandvicensis ...... 9 ...... X ...... Poa siphonoglossa ...... 5 ...... X ...... Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii ...... 1 ...... X Pritchardia napaliensis ...... 3 ...... X ...... Pritchardia viscosa ...... 1 ...... X ...... Pteralyxia kauaiensis ...... 15 ...... X ...... Remya kauaiensis ...... 12 ...... X ...... Remya montgomeryi ...... 3 ...... X ...... Schiedea apokremnos ...... 5 ...... X ...... Schiedea helleri ...... 3 ...... X ...... Schiedea kauaiensis ...... 2 ...... X ...... Schiedea membranacea ...... 7 ...... X X Schiedea nuttallii ...... 1 ...... X Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda ...... 1 ...... X Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina ...... 3 ...... X ...... Schiedea stellarioides ...... 2 ...... X ...... Sesbania tomentosa ...... 1 ...... X ...... Silene lanceolata ...... 0 Solanum incompletum ...... 0 Solanum sandwicense ...... 6 ...... X X Spermolepis hawaiiensis ...... 3 ...... X ...... Stenogyne campanulata ...... 2 ...... X ...... Vigna o-wahuensis ...... 0 Viola helenae ...... 1 ...... X Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis ...... 2 ...... X Wilkesia hobdyi ...... 6 X* X ...... Xylosma crenatum ...... 3 ...... X ......

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TABLE 3.—SUMMARY OF POPULATIONS OCCURRING ON KAUAI AND NIIHAU, AND LANDOWNERSHIP FOR 95 SPECIES REPORTED FROM KAUAI AND NIIHAU—Continued

Number of Landownership Species current popu- lations Federal State Private

Zanthoylum hawaiiense ...... 2 ...... X ...... *Pacific Missile Range Facility at Makaha Ridge.

Previous Federal Action mauiensis), Vigna o-wahuensis (as to section 4 of the Act for approximately Federal action on these plants began Vigna sandwicensis var. heterophylla 1,700 vascular plant taxa, including all as a result of section 12 of the and var. sandwicensis), and of the above taxa except for Cyrtandra Endangered Species Act of 1973, as Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (as giffardii and Silene hawaiiensis. The list amended (Act) (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.), Zanthoxylum hawaiiense var. of 1,700 plant taxa was assembled on which directed the Secretary of the citriodora) were considered endangered; the basis of comments and data received Smithsonian Institution to prepare a Cyrtandra giffardii, Diellia erecta, Silene by the Smithsonian Institution and the report on plants considered to be hawaiiensis (as Silene hawaiiensis var. Service in response to House Document endangered, threatened, or extinct in the hawaiiensis), Zanthoxylum dipetalum No. 94–51, and the July 1, 1975, Federal United States. This report, designated as ssp. tomentosum, and Zanthoxylum Register publication. House Document No. 94–51, was hawaiiense (as Zanthoxylum hawaiiense General comments received in presented to Congress on January 9, var. hawaiiense and var. velutinosum) response to the 1976 proposal are 1975. In that document, Adenophorus were considered threatened; and, summarized in an April 26, 1978, periens, Argyroxiphium kauense, Asplenium fragile var. insulare (as Federal Register publication (43 FR Bonamia menziesii, Clermontia Asplenium fragile), Clermontia 17909). In 1978, amendments to the Act drepanomorpha, Clermontia pyrularia, Delissea undulata (as required that all proposals over 2 years lindseyana, Colubrina oppositifolia, Delissea undulata var. argutidentata old be withdrawn. A 1-year grace period Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii (as and var. undulata), Gouania vitifolia, was given to proposals already over 2 Cyanea carlsonii), Cyanea platyphylla Hedyotis coriacea, Isodendrion hosakae, years old. On December 10, 1979, we (as Cyanea bryanii), Cyanea shipmanii, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Nothocestrum published a notice in the Federal Flueggea neowawraea (as Drypetes breviflorum (as Nothocestrum Register (44 FR 70796) withdrawing the phyllanthoides), Hibiscadelphus breviflorum var. longipes), and portion of the June 16, 1976, proposal giffardianus, Hibiscadelphus Tetramolopium arenarium (as that had not been made final, along with hualalaiensis, Hibiscus brackenridgei Tetramolopium arenarium var. four other proposals that had expired. (as Hibiscus brackenridgei var. arenarium, var. confertum, and var. We published updated Notices of brackenridgei, var. mokuleianus, and dentatum) were considered to be Review for plants on December 15, 1980 var. ‘‘from Hawaii’’), Ischaemum extinct. On July 1, 1975, we published (45 FR 82479), September 27, 1985 (50 byrone, Melicope zahlbruckneri (as a notice in the Federal Register (40 FR FR 39525), February 21, 1990 (55 FR Pelea zahlbruckneri), Neraudia ovata, 27823) of our acceptance of the 6183), September 30, 1993 (58 FR Nothocestrum breviflorum (as Smithsonian report as a petition within 51144), and February 28, 1996 (61 FR Nothocestrum breviflorum var. the context of section 4(c)(2) (now 7596). A summary of the status breviflorum), Portulaca sclerocarpa, section 4(b)(3)) of the Act, and gave categories for these 95 plant species in Sesbania tomentosa (as Sesbania hobdyi notice of our intention to review the the 1980–1996 notices of review can be and Sesbania tomentosa var. status of the plant taxa named therein. found in Table 4(a). We listed the 95 tomentosa), Silene lanceolata, Solanum As a result of that review, on June 16, species as endangered or threatened incompletum (as Solanum haleakalense 1976, we published a proposed rule in between 1991 and 1996. A summary of and Solanum incompletum var. the Federal Register (41 FR 24523) to the listing actions can be found in Table glabratum, var. incompletum, and var. determine endangered status pursuant 4(b).

TABLE 4(A).—SUMMARY OF CANDIDACY STATUS FOR 95 PLANT SPECIES FROM KAUAI AND NIIHAU

Federal Register notice of review Species 1980 1985 1990 1993

Acaena exigua ...... C1 C1 C1 ...... Achyranthes mutica ...... Adenophorus periens ...... C1 C1 C1 ...... Alectryon macrococcus ...... C1 3C C1 ...... Alsinidendron lychnoides ...... C1* ...... C2 Alsinidendron viscosum ...... C1* 3A Bonamia menziesii ...... C1 C1 C1 ...... Brighamia insignis ...... C1 C1 C1 ...... Centaurium sebaeoides ...... C1 Chamaesyce halemanui ...... C1 C1 C1 ...... Ctenitis squamigera ...... C1* C1* C1* Cyanea asarifolia ...... C1 Cyanea recta ...... 3A Cyanea remyi ...... Cyanea undulata ...... 3A

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TABLE 4(A).—SUMMARY OF CANDIDACY STATUS FOR 95 PLANT SPECIES FROM KAUAI AND NIIHAU—Continued

Federal Register notice of review Species 1980 1985 1990 1993

Cyperus trachysanthos ...... C2 Cyrtandra cyaneoides ...... C2 Cyrtandra limahuliensis ...... C1 Delissea rhytidosperma ...... C1 C1 C1 Delissea rivularis ...... C2 C2 3A Delissea undulata ...... C1 C1* C1* Diellia erecta ...... C1 C1 C1 Diellia pallida ...... C1* Diplazium molokaiense ...... C1* C1* C1 Dubautia latifolia ...... C1 C1 C1 Dubautia pauciflorula ...... C1 Euphorbia haeleeleana ...... C1 C1 C1 Exocarpos luteolus ...... C1C1 Flueggea neowawraea ...... C1 C1 C1 Gouania meyenii ...... 3A 3A C1 Hedyotis cookiana ...... 3A 3A C1 Hedyotis st.-johnii ...... C1 C1 C1 Hesperomannia lydgatei ...... C1 C1 C1 Hibiscadelphus woodi ...... Hibiscus brackenridgei ...... C1 C1 C1 Hibiscus clayi ...... C1 C1 C1 Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae ...... Ischaemum byrone ...... 3C 3C C2 C2 Isodendrion laurifolium ...... C1 C1 C1 C2 Isodendrion longifolium ...... C1 C1 C1 C2 Isodendrion pyrifolium ...... Kokia kauaiensis ...... C2 C2 C2 Labordia lydgatei ...... C2 C2 C2 Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis. Lipochaeta fauriei ...... C1* C1* C1 Lipochaeta micrantha ...... C1 C1 C1 Lipochaeta waimeaensis ...... C1 C1 C1 Lobelia niihauensis ...... C1 C1 C1 Lysimachia filifolia ...... C2 C2 C1 Mariscus pennatiformis ...... C1 C1 Melicope haupuensis ...... C1 C1 C1 Melicope knudsenii ...... C1* C1* C1 Melicope pallida ...... C1* Melicope quadrangularis ...... C1 C1 C1* Munroidendron racemosum ...... C1 C1 C1 Myrsine linearifolia ...... C1 C1 C2 C2 Nothocestrum peltatum ...... C1 C1 C1 Panicum niihauense ...... C2 Peucedanum sandwicense ...... C2 C2 C2 Phlegmariurus mannii ...... C1 C1 C1 Phlegmariurus nutans ...... C1 C1 C1 Phyllostegia knudsenii ...... C1 C1 3A Phyllostegia waimeae ...... C1 Phyllostegia wawrana ...... 3A Plantago princeps ...... C2 C2 C1 Platanthera holochila ...... C1 C1 C1 C2 Poa mannii ...... C1 C1 C1* Poa sandvicensis ...... C1 C1 C1 Poa siphonoglossa ...... C1 C1 C1 Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii ...... C1 C1 C1 Pritchardia napaliensis ...... C2 C2 Pritchardia viscosa ...... C2 C2 Pteralyxia kauaiensis ...... C1 C1 C1 Remya kauaiensis ...... C1* C1* Remya montgomeryi ...... Schiedea apokremnos ...... C1 C1 Schiedea helleri ...... C1* 3A Schiedea kauaiensis ...... Schiedea membranacea ...... C2 C2 C2 C2 Schiedea nuttallii ...... C2 Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda ...... C1 C1 * Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina ...... C1 C1 Schiedea stellarioides ...... C1* 3A Sesbania tomentosa ...... C1* C1* C1 Silene lanceolata ...... C1 C1 C1

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TABLE 4(A).—SUMMARY OF CANDIDACY STATUS FOR 95 PLANT SPECIES FROM KAUAI AND NIIHAU—Continued

Federal Register notice of review Species 1980 1985 1990 1993

Solanum incompletum ...... C1* C1* C1 Solanum sandwicense ...... C1* C1* C1 Spermolepis hawaiiensis ...... C1 Stenogyne campanulata ...... C1 Vigna o-wahuensis ...... C1 C1 C1 Viola helenae ...... C1 C1 C1 Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis ...... C1 C1 C2 C2 Wilkesia hobdyi ...... C1 C1 Xylosma crenatum ...... C2 C2 C1 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense ...... C1 C1 C1 Key: C1: Taxa for which the Service has on file enough substantial information on biological vulnerability and threat(s) to support proposals to list them as endangered or threatened species. C1*: Taxa of known vulnerable status in the recent past that may already have become extinct. C2: Taxa for which there is some evidence of vulnerability, but for which there are not enough data to support listing proposals at this time. 3A: Taxa for which the Service has persuasive evidence of extinction. If rediscovered, such taxa might acquire high priority for listing. 3C: Taxa that have proven to be more abundant or widespread than previously believed and/or those that are not subject to any identifiable threat. Federal Register Notice of Review: 1980: 45 FR 82479 1985: 50 FR 39525 1990: 55 FR 6183 1993: 58 FR 51144

TABLE 4(B).—SUMMARY OF LISTING ACTIONS FOR 95 PLANT SPECIES FROM KAUAI AND NIIHAU.

Proposed Rule Final Rule Prudency determinations and Federal proposed critical habitat Species status Date Federal Register Date Federal Register Date(s) Federal Register

Acaena exigua ...... E 05/24/1991 56 FR 23842 05/15/1992 57 FR 20787 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 Achyranthes mutica ...... E 10/02/1995 60 FR 51417 10/10/1996 61 FR 53108 NA NA Adenophorus periens ...... E 09/14/1993 58 FR 48012 11/10/1994 59 FR 56333 11/07/2000, 65 FR 66808, 12/29/2000 66 FR 83157 Alectryon macrococcus ...... E 05/24/1991 56 FR 23842 05/15/1992 57 FR 20772 11/07/2000, 65 FR 66808, 12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192, 12/29/2000 66 FR 83157 Alsinidendron lychnoides ...... E 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Alsinidendron viscosum ...... E 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Bonamia menziesii ...... E 09/14/1993 58 FR 48012 11/10/1994 59 FR 56333 11/07/2000, 65 FR 66808, 12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192, 12/27/2000 65 FR 82086 Brighamia insignis ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 9304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Centaurium sebaeoides ...... E 09/28/1990 55 FR 39664 10/29/1991 56 FR 55770 11/07/2000, 65 FR 66808, 12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192, 12/27/2000, 65 FR 82086, 12/29/2000 66 FR 83157 Chamaesyce halemanui ...... E 09/21/1990 50 FR 39301 05/13/1992 57 FR 20580 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Ctenitis squamigera ...... E 06/24/1993 58 FR 34231 09/09/1994 59 FR 49025 12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192, 12/27/2000, 65 FR 79192, 12/29/2000 66 FR 83157 Cyanea asarifolia ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 09304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Cyanea recta ...... T 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Cyanea remyi ...... E 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Cyanea undulata ...... E 09/17/1990 55 FR 38242 09/20/1991 56 FR 47695 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Cyperus trachysanthos ...... E 10/02/1995 60 FR 51417 10/10/1996 61 FR 53108 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Cyrtandra cyaneoides ...... E 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Cyrtandra limahuliensis ...... T 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 09304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Delissea rhytidosperma ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 09304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Delissea rivularis ...... E 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Delissea undulata ...... E 06/27/1994 59 FR 32946 10/10/1996 61 FR 53124 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Diellia erecta ...... E 09/14/1993 58 FR 48012 11/10/1994 59 FR 56333 12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192, 12/29/2000 65 FR 83157 Diellia pallida ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 9304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Diplazium molokaiense ...... E 06/24/1993 58 FR 34231 09/09/1994 59 FR 49025 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 Dubautia latifolia ...... E 09/21/1990 50 FR 39301 05/13/1992 57 FR 20580 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Dubautia pauciflorula ...... E 09/17/1990 55 FR 38242 09/20/1991 56 FR 47695 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Euphorbia haeleeleana ...... E 10/02/1995 60 FR 51417 10/10/1996 61 FR 53108 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Exocarpos luteolus ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 9304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808

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TABLE 4(B).—SUMMARY OF LISTING ACTIONS FOR 95 PLANT SPECIES FROM KAUAI AND NIIHAU.—Continued

Proposed Rule Final Rule Prudency determinations and Federal proposed critical habitat Species status Date Federal Register Date Federal Register Date(s) Federal Register

Flueggea neowawraea ...... E 09/14/1993 58 FR 48012 11/10/1994 59 FR 56333 11/07/2000, 65 FR 66808, 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 Gouania meyenii ...... E 09/28/1990 55 FR 39664 10/29/1991 56 FR 55770 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Hedyotis cookiana ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 09304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Hedyotis st.-johnii ...... E 08/03/1990 55 FR 31612 09/30/1991 56 FR 49639 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Hesperomannia lydgatei ...... E 09/17/1990 55 FR 38242 09/20/1991 56 FR 47695 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Hibiscadelphus woodii ...... E 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Hibiscus brackenridgei ...... E 09/14/1993 58 FR 48012 11/10/1994 59 FR 56333 12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192, 12/27/2000 65 FR 82086 Hibiscus clayi ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 9304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Hibiscus waimeae ssp. E 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 hannerae. Ischaemum byrone ...... E 12/17/1992 57 FR 59951 03/04/1994 59 FR 10305 12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192, 12/29/2000 65 FR 83157 Isodendrion laurifolium ...... E 10/02/1995 60 FR 51417 10/10/1996 61 FR 53108 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Isodendrion longifolium ...... T 10/02/1995 60 FR 51417 10/10/1996 61 FR 53108 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Isodendrion pyrifolium ...... E 12/17/1992 57 FR 59951 03/04/1994 59 FR 10305 NA NA Kokia kauaiensis ...... E 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Labordia lydgatei ...... E 09/17/1990 55 FR 38242 09/20/1991 56 FR 47695 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Labordia tinifolia var. E 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 wahiawaensis. Lipochaeta fauriei ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 9304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Lipochaeta micrantha ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 09304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Lipochaeta waimeaensis ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 09304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Lobelia niihauensis ...... E 09/28/1990 55 FR 39664 10/29/1991 56 FR 55770 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Lysimachia filifolia ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 09304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Mariscus pennatiformis ...... E 09/14/1993 58 FR 48012 11/10/1994 59 FR 56333 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 Melicope haupuensis ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 9304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Melicope knudsenii ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 9304 11/07/2000, 65 FR 66808, 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 Melicope pallida ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 9304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Melicope quadrangularis ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 9304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Munroidendron racemosum ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 9304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Myrsine linearifolia ...... T 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Nothocestrum peltatum ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 9304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Panicum niihauense ...... E 10/02/1995 60 FR 51417 10/10/1996 61 FR 53108 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Peucedanum sandwicense ...... T 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 09304 11/07/2000, 65 FR 66808, 12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192, 12/29/2000 66 FR 83157 Phlegmariurus mannii ...... E 05/24/1991 56 FR 23842 05/15/1992 57 FR 20772 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 Phlegmariurus nutans ...... E 09/28/1990 55 FR 39664 10/29/1991 56 FR 55770 NA NA Phyllostegia knudsenii ...... E 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Phyllostegia waimeae ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 09304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Phyllostegia wawrana ...... E 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Plantago princeps ...... E 09/14/1993 58 FR 48012 11/10/1994 59 FR 56333 11/07/2000, 65 FR 66808, 12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192, 12/29/2000 65 FR 83157 Platanthera holochila ...... E 10/02/1995 60 FR 51417 10/10/1996 61 FR 53108 11/07/2000, 65 FR 66808, 12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192, 12/29/2000 65 FR 83157 Poa mannii ...... E 04/07/1993 58 FR 18073 11/10/1994 59 FR 56330 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Poa sandvicensis ...... E 09/21/1990 50 FR 39301 05/13/1992 57 FR 20580 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Poa siphonoglossa ...... E 09/21/1990 50 FR 39301 05/13/1992 57 FR 20580 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii .... E 12/17/1992 57 FR 59970 08/07/1996 61 FR 41020 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Pritchardia napaliensis ...... E 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Pritchardia viscosa ...... E 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Pteralyxia kauaiensis ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 9304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Remya kauaiensis ...... E 10/02/1989 54 FR 40447 01/14/1991 56 FR 1450 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Remya montgomeryi ...... E 10/02/1989 54 FR 40447 01/14/1991 56 FR 1450 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Schiedea apokremnos ...... E 08/03/1990 55 FR 31612 09/30/1991 56 FR 49639 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Schiedea helleri ...... E 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Schiedea kauaiensis ...... E 10/02/1995 60 FR 51417 10/10/1996 61 FR 53108 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Schiedea membranacea ...... E 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Schiedea nuttallii ...... E 10/02/1995 60 FR 51417 10/10/1996 61 FR 53108 11/07/2000, 65 FR 66808, 12/29/2000 65 FR 83157 Schiedea spergulina var. E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 9304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 leiopoda. Schiedea spergulina var. T 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 9304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 spergulina.

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TABLE 4(B).—SUMMARY OF LISTING ACTIONS FOR 95 PLANT SPECIES FROM KAUAI AND NIIHAU.—Continued

Proposed Rule Final Rule Prudency determinations and Federal proposed critical habitat Species status Date Federal Register Date Federal Register Date(s) Federal Register

Schiedea stellarioides ...... E 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Sesbania tomentosa ...... E 09/14/1993 58 FR 48012 11/10/1994 59 FR 56333 11/07/2000, 65 FR 66808, 12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192, 12/29/2000 65 FR 83157 Silene lanceolata ...... E 09/20/1991 56 FR 47718 10/08/1992 57 FR 46325 12/29/2000 65 FR 83157 Solanum incompletum ...... E 09/14/1993 58 FR 48012 11/10/1994 59 FR 56333 NA NA Solanum sandwicense ...... E 10/30/1991 56 FR 5562 02/25/1994 59 FR 09304 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Spermolepis hawaiiensis ...... E 09/14/1993 58 FR 48012 11/10/1994 59 FR 56333 11/07/2000, 65 FR 66808, 12/29/2000 65 FR 83157 Stenogyne campanulata ...... E 09/21/1990 50 FR 39301 05/13/1992 57 FR 20580 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Vigna o-wahuensis ...... E 09/14/1993 58 FR 48012 11/10/1994 59 FR 56333 12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192, 12/27/2000, 65 FR 82086, 12/29/2000, 65 FR 83157 Viola helenae ...... E 09/17/1990 55 FR 38242 09/20/1991 56 FR 47695 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Viola kauaiensis var. E 09/25/1995 60 FR 49359 10/10/1996 61 FR 53070 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 wahiawaensis. Wilkesia hobdyi ...... E 10/02/1989 54 FR 40444 06/22/1992 57 FR 27859 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Xylosma crenatum ...... E 09/21/1990 50 FR 39301 05/13/1992 57 FR 20580 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense ...... E 12/17/1992 57 FR 59951 03/04/1994 59 FR 10305 11/07/2000, 65 FR 66808, 12/18/2000, 65 FR 79192, 12/29/2000 65 FR 83157 Key: E = Endangered. T = Threatened.

Critical Habitat designation of critical habitat. The court that there may be Federal activity on Section 4(a)(3) of the Act, as also held that we failed to balance any private property in the future, even amended, and implementing regulations risks of designating critical habitat though no such activity may be (50 CFR 424.12) require that, to the against any benefits (id. at 1283–85). occurring there at the present (id. at maximum extent prudent and Regarding our determination that 1285–88). determinable, the Secretary designate designating critical habitat would have On August 10, 1998, the court ordered critical habitat at the time the species is no additional benefits to the species us to publish proposed critical habitat determined to be endangered or above and beyond those already designations or non-designations for at threatened. Our regulations (50 CFR provided through the section 7 least 100 species by November 30, 2000, 424.12(a)(1)) state that designation of consultation requirement of the Act, the and to publish proposed designations or critical habitat is not prudent when one court ruled that we failed to consider non-designations for the remaining 145 or both of the following situations exist: the specific effect of the consultation species by April 30, 2002 (24 F. Supp. (1) the species is threatened by taking or requirement on each species (id. at 2d 1074). other human activity, and identification 1286–88). In addition, the court stated On November 30, 1998, we published of critical habitat can be expected to that we did not consider benefits a notice in the Federal Register increase the degree of threat to the outside of the consultation requesting public comments on our species, or (2) such designation of requirements. In the court’s view, these reevaluation of whether designation of critical habitat would not be beneficial potential benefits include substantive critical habitat is prudent for the 245 to the species. At the time each plant and procedural protections. The court Hawaiian plants at issue (63 FR 65805). was listed, we determined that held that, substantively, designation The comment period closed on March 1, designation of critical habitat was not establishes a ‘‘uniform protection plan’’ 1999, and was reopened from March 24, prudent because it would not benefit the prior to consultation and indicates 1999, to May 24, 1999 (64 FR 14209). plant and/or would increase the degree where compliance with section 7 of the We received more than 100 responses of threat to the species. Act is required. Procedurally, the court from individuals, non-profit The not prudent determinations for stated that the designation of critical organizations, the DOFAW, county these species, along with others, were habitat educates the public, State, and governments, and Federal agencies (U.S. challenged in Conservation Council for local governments and affords them an Department of Defense—Army, Navy, Hawaii v. Babbitt, 2 F. Supp. 2d 1280 opportunity to participate in the Air Force). Only a few responses offered (D. Haw. 1998). On March 9, 1998, the designation (id. at 1288). The court also information on the status of individual United States District Court for the stated that private lands may not be plant species or on current management District of Hawaii, directed us to review excluded from critical habitat actions for one or more of the 245 the prudency determinations for 245 designation even though section 7 Hawaiian plants. While some of the listed plant species in Hawaii. Among requirements apply only to Federal respondents expressed support for the other things, the court held that, in most agencies. In addition to the potential designation of critical habitat for 245 cases, we did not sufficiently benefit of informing the public, State, Hawaiian plants, more than 80 percent demonstrate that the species are and local governments of the listing and opposed the designation of critical threatened by human activity or that of the areas that are essential to the habitat for these plants. In general, these such threats would increase with the species’ conservation, the court found respondents opposed designation

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because they believed it would cause designations for Maui and Kahoolawe well as on Maui, Kahoolawe, Lanai, and economic hardship, discourage plants were published on December 18, Molokai. cooperative projects, polarize 2000 (65 FR 79192), for Lanai plants on In the November 7, 2000, proposal we relationships with hunters, or December 27, 2000 (65 FR 82086), and determined that it was prudent to potentially increase trespass or for Molokai plants on December 29, designate approximately 24,348 ha vandalism on private lands. In addition, 2000 (65 FR 83157). All of these (60,165 ac) of lands on the island of commenters also cited a lack of proposed rules had been sent to the Kauai and approximately 191 ha (471 information on the biological and Federal Register by or on November 30, ac) of lands on the island of Niihau as ecological needs of these plants which, 2000, as required by the court’s order. critical habitat. The publication of the they suggested, may lead to designation In those proposals we determined that proposed rule opened a 60-day public based on guesswork. The respondents critical habitat was prudent for 85 comment period, which closed on who supported the designation of species (Adenophorus periens, January 7, 2001. On January 18, 2001, critical habitat cited that designation Alectryon macrococcus, Alsinidendron we published a notice (66 FR 4782) announcing the reopening of the would provide a uniform protection lychnoides, Alsinidendron viscosum, comment period until February 19, plan for the Hawaiian Islands; promote Bonamia menziesii, Brighamia insignis, 2001, on the proposal to designate funding for management of these plants; Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce educate the public and State critical habitat for 76 plants from Kauai halemanui, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea government; and protect partnerships and Niihau and a notice of a public asarifolia, Cyanea recta, Cyanea remyi, with landowners and build trust. hearing. On February 6, 2001, we held On October 5, 1999, we mailed letters Cyanea undulata, Cyperus a public hearing at the Radisson Kauai to more than 160 landowners on the trachysanthos, Cyrtandra cyaneoides, Beach Resort in Lihue, Kauai. islands of Kauai and Niihau requesting Cyrtandra limahuliensis, Delissea On March 7, 2001, we published a any information considered germane to rhytidosperma, Delissea rivularis, notice announcing the reopening of the the management of any of the 95 plants Delissea undulata, Diellia erecta, Diellia comment period, and announced the on his/her property, and containing a pallida, Diplazium molokaiense, availability of the draft economic copy of the November 30, 1998, Federal Dubautia latifolia, Dubautia analysis on the proposal to designate Register notice, a map showing the pauciflorula, Euphorbia haeleeleana, critical habitat for 76 plants from Kauai general locations of the species that may Exocarpos luteolus, Flueggea and Niihau (66 FR 13691). This third be on his/her property, and a handout neowawraea, Gouania meyenii, public comment period was open until containing general information on Hedyotis cookiana, Hedyotis st.-johnii, April 6, 2001. critical habitat. We received 25 written Hesperomannia lydgatei, On October 3, 2001, we submitted a responses to our landowner mailing Hibiscadelphus woodii, Hibiscus joint stipulation with Earth Justice Legal with varying types of information on brackenridgei, Hibiscus clayi, Hibiscus Defense Fund requesting extension of their current land management waimeae ssp. hannerae, Ischaemum the court order for the final rules to activities. These responses included byrone, Isodendrion laurifolium, designate critical habitat for plants from information on the following: the Isodendrion longifolium, Kokia Kauai and Niihau (July 30, 2002), Maui presence of fences or locked gates to kauaiensis, Labordia lydgatei, Labordia and Kahoolawe (August 23, 2002), Lanai restrict public access; access to the tinifolia var. wahiawaensis, Lipochaeta (September 16, 2002), and Molokai respondent’s property by hunters or fauriei, Lipochaeta micrantha, (October 16, 2002), citing the need to whether hunting is allowed on the Lipochaeta waimeaensis, Lobelia revise the proposals to incorporate or property; ongoing weeding and rat niihauensis, Lysimachia filifolia, address new information and comments control programs; and the propagation Mariscus pennatiformis, Melicope received during the comment periods. and/or planting of native plants. Some haupuensis, Melicope knudsenii, The joint stipulation was approved and respondents stated that the plants of Melicope pallida, Munroidendron ordered by the court on October 5, 2001. Publication of this revised proposal for concern were not on her/his property. racemosum, Myrsine linearifolia, plants from Kauai and Niihau is Only a few respondents expressed Nothocestrum peltatum, Panicum consistent with the court-ordered support for the designation of critical niihauense, Peucedanum sandwicense, habitat. We held three open houses on stipulation. Phlegmariurus mannii, Phyllostegia the island of Kauai, at the Waimea knudsenii, Phyllostegia wawrana, Summary of Comments and Community Center, the Kauai War Plantago princeps, Platanthera Recommendations Memorial Convention Hall in Lihue, and the Kilauea Neighborhood Center, holochila, Poa mannii, Poa In the November 7, 2000, proposed on October 19 to 21, 1999, respectively, sandvicensis, Poa siphonoglossa, rule (65 FR 66808), we requested all to meet one-on-one with local Pteralyxia kauaiensis, Remya interested parties to submit comments landowners and other interested kauaiensis, Remya montgomeryi, on the specifics of the proposal, members of the public. A total of 48 Schiedea apokremnos, Schiedea helleri, including information, policy, and people attended the three open houses. Schiedea kauaiensis, Schiedea proposed critical habitat boundaries as In addition, we met with Kauai County membranacea, Schiedea nuttallii, provided in the proposed rule. The first Division of Forestry and Wildlife staff Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda, comment period closed on December 7, and Kauai State Parks staff to discuss Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina, 2000. We reopened the comment period their management activities on the Schiedea stellarioides, Sesbania from January 18, 2001, to February 19, island. tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, Solanum 2001 (66 FR 4782), to accept comments On November 7, 2000, we published sandwicense, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, on the proposed designations and to the first of the court-ordered prudency Stenogyne campanulata, Vigna o- hold a public hearing on February 6, determinations and proposed critical wahuensis, Viola helenae, Viola 2001, in Lihue, Kauai. The comment habitat designations or non-designations kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis, Wilkesia period was reopened from March 7, for 76 Kauai and Niihau plants (65 FR hobdyi, Xylosma crenatum, and 2001, to April 6, 2001 (66 FR 13691), to 66808). The prudency determinations Zanthoxylum hawaiiense) that are allow for additional comments on the and proposed critical habitat reported from Kauai and/or Niihau as proposed rule and comments on the

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draft economic analysis of the proposed 1999) identify the need to expand outreach materials and requests for critical habitat. existing populations and reestablish species and management information We contacted all appropriate State wild populations within historic range. we sent to all landowners, land and Federal agencies, county We have revised the November 7, 2000, managers, and interested parties on the governments, elected officials, and other proposal to designate critical habitat for islands of Kauai and Niihau; interested parties and invited them to 76 plants from Kauai and Niihau to discussions with botanical experts; and comment. In addition, we invited public incorporate new information and/or recommendations from the Hawaii comment through the publication of address comments and new information Pacific Plant Recovery Coordinating notices in the following newspapers: the received during the comment periods, Committee (HPPRCC) (Service 1994, Honolulu Advertiser on November 13, including information on areas of 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1998c, 2000, and the Garden Island on potentially suitable unoccupied habitat 1999; HPPRCC 1998; HINHP Database November 15, 2000. We received two for some of these species. 2000; CPC in litt. 1999). requests for a public hearing. We (2) Comment: The data cited in the We have revised the proposed announced the date and time of the critical habitat proposal documenting designations to incorporate new public hearing in letters mailed to all the habitat losses and threats is information, and/or address comments interested parties, appropriate State and questionable. We do not agree with the and new information received during Federal agencies, county governments, threats to the species as described in the the comment periods. This additional and elected officials, and in notices proposed rule. information comes from the Geographic published in the Honolulu Advertiser Our Response: In the November 7, Information System (GIS) coverages (e.g. and in the Garden Island newspaper on 2000, proposal to designate critical vegetation, soils, annual rainfall, January 19, 2001. A transcript of the habitat for 76 plants from Kauai and elevation contours, land ownership); hearing held in Lihue, Kauai on Niihau, we provided information on the new information; completed recovery February 6, 2001, is available for status of and threats to, the Kauai and plans, and information received during inspection (see ADDRESSES section). Niihau plants. The threats to these the public comment periods and public We requested three botanists who species, and the species status, were hearings. have familiarity with Kauai and Niihau documented in the listing rules for the (4) Comment: We received comments plants to peer review the proposed Kauai and Niihau plants (56 FR 1450, 56 that the proposed critical habitat critical habitat designations. All three FR 47695, 56 FR 49639, 56 FR 55770, designations were not specific enough, peer reviewers submitted comments on 57 FR 20580, 57 FR 20772, 57 FR 20787, and were over broad and therefore, the proposed critical habitat 57 FR 27859, 57 FR 46325, 59 FR 9304, failed to comply with Congressional designations, providing updated 59 FR 10305, 59 FR 49025, 59 FR 56330, intent to restrict critical habitat to those biological information, critical review, 59 FR 56333, 61 FR 53070, 61 FR 53108, areas ‘‘essential to the conservation of and editorial comments. 61 FR 53124, and 61 FR 41020), and in the species.’’ On the other hand, we also We received a total of 37 oral and 202 the recovery plans for these species received comments that the designation written comments during the three (Service 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998a, was not inclusive enough and failed to comment periods. These included 1998b, 1998c, and 1999), and in the include areas where Kauai and Niihau responses from one Federal agency, supporting documentation in the files at plants have occurred and which are seven State offices, one local agency, the Pacific Islands Office (See necessary for recovery of the species. one elected official, and 207 private ADDRESSES section). Our Response: We used the best organizations or individuals. We (3) Comment: The proposal provides scientific information available to reviewed all comments received for very limited information on the criteria develop the November 7, 2000, proposal substantive issues and new information and data used to determine the areas to designate critical habitat for 76 Kauai regarding critical habitat and the Kauai proposed as critical habitat. For and Niihau plants. This information is and Niihau plants. Of the 239 comments example, some of the data used by the detailed above in our response to we received, 157 supported designation, Service was 30 years old or older. Comment (3). Based on the information 25 were opposed to it, and eight Our Response: When developing the described above, we believe we have provided information or declined to November 7, 2000, proposal to designate identified those areas essential to the oppose or support the designation. critical habitat for 76 plants from Kauai conservation of the Kauai and Niihau Similar comments were grouped into and Niihau, we used the best scientific plant species at issue in this proposed eight general issues relating specifically and commercial data available at the rule. to the proposed critical habitat time, including but not limited to, (5) Comment: We are concerned that determinations and draft economic information from the known locations, our property infrastructure (i.e., roads, analysis on the proposed site-specific species information from buildings, etc.) is within proposed determinations. These are addressed in the HINHP database and our own rare critical habitat boundaries, even though the following summary. plant database; species information from it does not contain any habitat for listed the Center for Plant Conservation’s plants. Areas seaward of the vegetation Issue 1: Biological Justification and (CPC) rare plant monitoring database line were included in the maps. Also, Methodology housed at the University of Hawaii’s Units J, G, and H (on Navy lands) appear (1) Comment: The designation of Lyon Arboretum; the final listing rules to include missile launch pads, critical habitat in unoccupied habitat is for these species; information received buildings, towers, and paved roads. particularly important, since this may at the three informational open houses Modify specific units in order to avoid be the only mechanism available to held on Kauai at the Waimea areas where existing projects (i.e., ensure that Federal actions do not Community Center, the Kauai War agricultural lands with irrigation eliminate the habitat needed for the Memorial Convention Hall in Lihue, infrastructure) are planned or may survival and recovery of extremely and the Kilauea Neighborhood Center, occur. endangered species. on October 19 to 21, 1999, respectively; Our Response: When delineating Our Response: We agree. Our recovery recent biological surveys and reports; critical habitat units, we made an effort plans for these species (Service 1994, our recovery plans for these species; to avoid developed areas such as towns, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1998c, information received in response to agricultural lands, and other lands

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unlikely to contribute to the economic analysis in determining critical habitat for 76 plants from Kauai conservation of these species. Existing whether exclusions under section and Niihau to incorporate new features and structures within proposed 4(b)(2) are appropriate (see 50 CFR information, and/or address comments areas, such as buildings, roads, 424.19). and new information received during aqueducts, telecommunications We will provide technical assistance the comment periods. However, no equipment, telemetry antennas, radars, and work closely with applicants additional information was provided missile launch sites, arboreta and throughout the development of any during the comment periods that would gardens, heiau (indigenous places of future Habitat Conservation Plans ensure the protection of Pritchardia worship or shrines), and other man- (HCPs) or other conservation plans to from vandalism or collection if critical made features do not contain, and are identify lands essential for the long-term habitat was designated for the three not likely to develop, constituent conservation of the Kauai and Niihau Kauai and Niihau species. We believe elements, and would be specifically plants and appropriate management for that the benefits of designating critical excluded from designation under this those lands. If an HCP or other habitat do not outweigh the potential proposed rule. Therefore, unless a conservation management plan is increased threats from vandalism or Federal action related to such features approved by us, we will reassess the collection of these three species of or structures indirectly affected nearby critical habitat boundaries in light of the Pritchardia. habitat containing the primary conservation plan. We will seek to (10) Comment: Include Sesbania constituent elements, operation and undertake this review when an HCP or tomentosa on the border of the Navy’s maintenance of such features or conservation management plan is PMRF at Barking Sands and structures generally would not be approved, but funding constraints may Munroidendron racemosum on the impacted by the designation of critical influence the timing of such a review. border of unit E. Our Response: We have revised the habitat. Issue 2: Site-Specific Biological (6) Comment: The presence of non- November 7, 2000, proposal to designate Comments native plants makes habitat unsuitable critical habitat for 76 plants from Kauai and inappropriate for designation as (8) Comment: Critical habitat should and Niihau to incorporate new critical habitat. be designated for Phyllostegia waimeae information, and/or address comments Our Response: The presence of non- and Melicope quadrangularis because and new information received during native plant competitors does not habitats have not been adequately the comment periods, including preclude designation of an area as surveyed and these species may still be information on Sesbania tomentosa and critical habitat, if the area contains extant in the wild. Munroidendron racemosum. We have physical and biological features that are Our Response: We have revised the proposed critical habitat for Sesbania essential to the conservation of the November 7, 2000, proposal to designate tomentosa in units Kauai D, H, and I; species, and that may require special critical habitat for 76 plants from Kauai and for Munroidendron racemosum in management considerations or and Niihau to incorporate new units Kauai B, E, I, J and O in this protection. We defined the primary information and/or address comments revised rule. constituent elements on the basis of the and new information received during (11) Comment: U.S. Navy lands habitat features of the areas in which the the comment periods including should be excluded from the critical plants are reported from, such as the information on the recent rediscovery in habitat designation because protections type of plant community, associated August 2000 of Phvllostegia waimeae on and management afforded the Kauai and native plant species, locale information Kauai. In light of this new information Niihau plants under the Integrated (e.g., steep rocky cliffs, talus slopes, we have reconsidered an earlier not Natural Resource Management Plans stream banks), and elevation. prudent finding and determine that the (INRMP), pursuant to the Sikes Act and (7) Comment: The Service avoided a designation of critical habitat is prudent amendments, and under existing statutory obligation to determine for Phvllostegia waimeae. We programmatic biological opinions were whether the benefits of excluding determined on November 7, 2000, that sufficient, thereby resulting in these particular areas (e.g., areas with critical habitat designation is not lands not requiring special management conservation agreements, etc.) from prudent for Melicope quadrangularis or protection and not meeting the critical habitat designation outweigh the because it has not been seen recently in definition of critical habitat. In addition, benefits of including each area. the wild on Kauai and no viable genetic the PMRF should be excluded from Our Response: Section 4(b)(2) of the material of this species is known to critical habitat because its existing Act requires that we consider the exist. Therefore, critical habitat programmatic, habitat-based economic and other impacts of critical designation would be of no benefit to management efforts reflected in the habitat designation and allows us to this species and no change is made to Cooperative Agreement for the exclude potentially suitable areas when that determination here. If this species Conservation and Management of Fish the benefits of exclusion outweigh the is rediscovered we may revise this and Wildlife Resources at Pacific Missile benefits of designation, provided the proposal to incorporate or address new Range Facility, Barking Sands, Kauai, exclusion will not result in the information as new data becomes Hawaii, and signed between the Service extinction of the species. We base our available. and the Navy in 1986, ensures long-term decision to exclude an area from critical (9a) Comment: Critical habitat should conservation of Federal trust species. habitat designation on the best scientific be designated for Pritchardia or loulu Furthermore, designation of critical data available, taking into consideration palm species if the units are of adequate habitat would detrimentally restrain and the economic and other impacts of ecological size and because the habitat limit the installation’s flexibility, specifying any particular area as critical is too inaccessible and remote for adversely affecting its ability to perform habitat. We completed an economic vandals. (9b) Comment: Critical habitat its national defense mission. analysis of the November 7, 2000, for Pritchardia should not be designated Our Response: We agree that an proposal. However, we will revise that because of previous acts of vandalism to INRMP can provide special management analysis to reflect this new proposal and listed plant species. for lands such that they no longer meet provide another opportunity for public Our Response: We have revised the the definition of critical habitat when comment. We will use that final November 7, 2000, proposal to designate the plan meets the following criteria: (1)

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The plan must be complete and provide including information received from inadvertent harm to the species (see 24 a conservation benefit to the species, (2) DOFAW. Supp.2d 1280 for the full text of Judge the plan must provide assurances that We evaluated DOFAW’s comments on Kay’s opinion). In the November 7, the conservation management strategies a species by species basis and 2000, proposal we published proposed will be implemented, and (3) the plan incorporated information that was determinations of whether designation must provide assurances that the consistent with our methodology. of critical habitat is prudent for 81 conservation management strategies will DOFAW recommended deletion of some plants from Kauai and Niihau, and be effective, i.e., provide for periodic of the proposed critical habitat units as proposed designations of critical habitat monitoring and revisions as necessary. they do not believe these areas are for 76 of those plants. We have revised If all of these criteria are met, the lands suitable for the recovery of some species the proposed designations to covered under the plan would no longer because they (DOFAW) would not be incorporate new information, and/or meet the definition of critical habitat. able to manage these areas with their address comments and new information We believe that occupied and limited staff and funding. Because the received during the comment periods. unoccupied areas that contain the basis for identifying areas by DOFAW (14a) Comment: In the State of primary constituent elements for plants was made on the manageability of the Hawaii, Native Hawaiians have a occurring on the Barking Sands and area, their mapping of habitat is distinct constitutional right to access and gather Makaha Ridge Facility lands are needed from the regulatory designation of certain resources for traditional and for recovery of these species. critical habitat as defined by the Act. cultural purposes. The proposal will Management at the Barking Sands and Issue 3: Legal Issues limit and extinguish these rights. (14b) Makaha Ridge Facility lands currently Comment: The designations of areas as (13) Comment: A premise for the consists of restricting human access and critical habitat will affect human access proposed rule is that the Service was mowing landscaped areas. These actions to those areas. (14c) Comment: Hunting ordered by the court on August 10, alone are not sufficient to address the and recreational opportunities need to 1998, to designate critical habitat by be considered when designating critical factors inhibiting the long-term November 30, 2000. The court may not habitat. Also, the designation of critical conservation of Panicum niihauense order critical habitat to be designated. habitat will prohibit recreational, and Wilkesia hobdyi and address the Rather, the court may order the Service primary threats to these species. Also, to make a decision on whether to commercial, and subsistence activities we believe that the INRMP may not designate critical habitat. The from taking place, as well as access for ensure that appropriate conservation designation of critical habitat is an these activities. management strategies will be action that is ultimately discretionary, Our Response: Critical habitat adequately funded or effectively and the Service must apply the criteria designation does not affect activities, implemented. Therefore, we cannot at in the Act and its regulations to decide including human access, on State or this time find that management on these whether to designate critical habitat. private lands unless some sort of lands under Federal jurisdiction is Thus, the Service should seek correction Federal permit, license, or funding is adequate to preclude a proposed of that court order and reconsider involved and the activities may affect designation of critical habitat. If the whether, and to what extent, critical the species. It imposes no regulatory Navy completes and implements an habitat should be designated. prohibitions on State or other non- INRMP or other endangered species Our Response: As stated earlier, on Federal lands, nor does it impose any management plans that addresses the August 10, 1998, the court ordered us to restrictions on State or non-Federal maintenance and improvement of the publish proposed critical habitat activities that are not funded or essential elements for these two plant designations or non-designations for at authorized by any Federal agencies. species, and provides for their long-term least 100 species by November 30, 2000, Access to Federal lands that are conservation and assurances that it will and to publish proposed designations or designated as critical habitat is not be implemented, we will reassess the non-designations for the remaining 145 restricted unless access is determined to critical habitat boundaries in light of species by April 30, 2002 (24 F. Supp. result in the destruction or adverse these management plans. Also, we may 2d 1074). Among other things, the court modification of the critical habitat. If we exclude these military lands under did not order us to designate critical determine that access will result in section 4(b)(2) of the Act if the benefits habitat for all species. In fact, the court adverse modification of the critical of exclusion outweigh the benefits of state that it ‘‘expresse[d] no opinion as habitat, we will suggest reasonable or including the areas within critical to whether or not critical habitat should prudent alternatives. habitat, provided the exclusion will not be designated for any of the subject Activities of the State or private result in extinction of the species. species.’’ (24 F. Supp. at 1288). Instead, landowner or individual, such as (12) Comment: The State of Hawaii Judge Kay remanded our 245 ‘‘not farming, grazing, logging, and gathering identified specific areas that they prudent’’ decisions to the Service to generally are not affected by a critical thought should not be designated as consider designation of critical habitat habitat designation, even if the property critical habitat. consistent with his opinion (Id. at 1288– is within the geographical boundaries of Our Response: During the public 89). The court explicitly stated that the the critical habitat. A critical habitat comment periods for the November 7, designation of critical habitat was designation has no regulatory effect on 2000, proposal for plants from Kauai beneficial because it: (1) Triggers section access to State or private lands. and Niihau, we received written 7 consultation in new areas where it Recreational, commercial, and comments and a map showing the would not otherwise occur because, for subsistence activities, including DOFAW’s vegetation classes and example, it is or has become hunting, on non-Federal lands are not recommended critical habitat units. We unoccupied, or the occupancy is in regulated by this critical habitat have revised the November 7, 2000, question; (2) focuses conservation designation, and may be impacted only proposed designations to incorporate activities on the most essential areas; (3) where there is Federal involvement in new information, and/or address provides educational benefits to State or the action and the action is likely to comments and new information county governments or private entities; destroy or adversely modify critical received during the comment periods, and (4) prevents people from causing habitat.

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(15) Comment: The Service needs to (17) Comment: The State of Hawaii Critical habitat designations are make its decisions on objective studies endangered species law does not require removed at the time a species is no based on science rather than let the critical habitat. longer protected under the Act (i.e., courts dictate its decisions. Our Response: There is no State delisted). equivalent of critical habitat designation Our Response: We must comply with Issue 6: Definition of Critical Habitat the orders of Federal courts. See also under the State of Hawaii’s endangered our response to comment 13. When species law. However, the Federal (21) Comment: Critical habitat is developing the proposed critical habitat Endangered Species Act of 1973, as being designated in otherwise protected designations, we used the best scientific amended, is applicable to all federally areas, such as State conservation lands, and commercial data available at the listed species, including those in the Navy lands with an INRMP, and State time. We have revised the proposed State of Hawaii. parks. Managers should have the designations to incorporate new opportunity to implement management Issue 5: Mapping and Primary actions that would avoid the additional information, and/or address comments Constituent Elements and new information received during regulatory burden of critical habitat. (18a) Comment: The designated areas Our Response: In the November 7, the comment periods. All of the are too large. (18b) Comment: The units 2000, proposal we examined all information that we used in our are not large enough, and don’t allow for currently occupied sites containing one decision-making process is part of our changes that occur during known or more of the primary constituent administrative record and can be environmental processes. elements considered essential to the reviewed at the Pacific Islands Field Our Response: We have revised the conservation of the Kauai and Niihau Office (see ADDRESSES section). proposed designations to incorporate plant species to determine if additional Issue 4: Section 7 Consultation Issues new information, and/or address special management considerations or comments and new information protection are required above those (16) Comment: Does section 7 apply received during the comment periods. currently provided. We reviewed all to State and county agencies with Areas that contain habitat necessary for available management information on permit authority such as the Hawaii recovery were identified and delineated these plants at these sites, including Pollution Discharge Elimination System on a species by species basis. When published reports and surveys; annual permit issued by the State of Hawaii and species units overlapped, we combined performance and progress reports; authorized by the Environmental units for ease of mapping (see also management plans; grants; memoranda Protection Agency, and programs Methods section). The areas we are of understanding and cooperative administered under the Natural proposing to designate as critical habitat agreements; DOFAW planning Resources Conservation Service? provide some or all of the habitat documents; internal letters and memos; Our Response: Section 7 of the Act components essential for the biological assessments and requires each Federal agency to ensure conservation of these plant species. environmental impact statements; and that any action they authorize, fund, or (19) Comment: Map exhibits in the section 7 consultations. Additionally, carry out is not likely to jeopardize the proposed rule and at the public hearings each public (i.e., county, State, or continued existence of any listed did not show enough detail. Federal government holdings) and species, or result in the destruction or Our Response: The maps in the private landowner on the islands of adverse modification of critical habitat. Federal Register are meant to provide a Kauai and Niihau with a known Section 7 also requires that Federal general location and shape of critical occurrence of one of the plant species agencies consult with us if their actions habitat. At the public hearing, these was contacted by mail. We reviewed all may affect a listed species. State or maps were expanded to wall-size to information received in response to our county agencies are not required to assist the public in better understanding landowner mailing and open houses consult with us under section 7 of the the proposal. These larger scale GIS held at three locations (Waimea, Lihue, Act if their programs are not authorized, products also were provided to and Kilauea) on the island of Kauai from permitted, or funded by a Federal individuals upon request. The legal October 19 to 21, 1999. When agency. descriptions are readily plotted and clarification was required on the The Environmental Protection Agency transferable to a variety of mapping information provided to us, we followed (EPA) may delegate the National formats. up with a telephone contact. Because of Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (20) Comment: Once the designations the large amount of land on the island (NPDES) permit authority to the State. are made, they will become permanent. of Kauai under State of Hawaii Therefore, any individual permit that is Our Response: The Act specifically jurisdiction, we met with staff from issued by the State of Hawaii is not provides that we may, from time to Kauai’s DOFAW office and Kauai State subject to section 7 consultation. time, revise designations as appropriate Parks to discuss their current Instead, procedures in the January 2001 (16 U.S.C. 1533(a)(3)(B). Thus, if new management for the plants on their Memorandum Of Understanding information indicates any of these areas lands. And, we contacted the State’s between ourselves and the EPA would should not be included in the critical Department of Hawaiian Home Lands apply. These procedures provide for us habitat designations because they no (DHHL) regarding management for the to notify EPA of any concerns we may longer meet the definition of critical plants on lands under their jurisdiction. have with individual permits, and the habitat, under the section 3(5)(A) In addition, we reviewed new biological EPA would take corrective action if an definition, or because the benefits of information and public comments individual permit has severe enough exclusion outweigh the benefits of received during the public comment impacts on a listed species or designation, provided the exclusion will periods and at the public hearing. designated critical habitat and the State not result in the extinction of the With regard to the areas newly fails to correct the problem. The Natural species, under section 4(b)(2), we may proposed for designation by this revised Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) revise critical habitat designations to proposal, we have also reviewed any does consult with us on projects and exclude these areas. Also, we can management information available to specific actions that they fund, always revise the critical habitat use at this time. In addition, we are authorize, or permit. designations to add land at a later date. requesting information on management

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of these lands during the comment management actions for the by the Act. More data has been collected period. Pursuant to the definition of conservation of these species should since the recommendations made by the critical habitat in section 3 of the Act, proceed; however, both the Act and the HPPRCC in 1998. Much of the area that the primary constituent elements as relevant court order requires us to was identified by the HPPRCC as found in any area so designated must proceed with designation at this time inadequately surveyed has now been also require ‘‘special management based on the best information available. surveyed in some way. New location considerations or protections.’’ (22) Comment: Critical habitat for data for many species has been Adequate special management or Kauai and Niihau plants is not gathered. Also, the HPPRCC identified protection is provided by a legally determinable because their biological areas as essential based on species operative plan that addresses the needs are not sufficiently known. clusters (areas that included listed maintenance and improvement of the Hawaiian plants are ‘‘biologically species as well as candidate species, essential elements and provides for the incompetent’’ and cannot maintain self- and species of concern) while we have long-term conservation of the species. sustaining wild populations. Recovery only delineated areas that are essential We consider a plan adequate when it: plans for the species recommend for the conservation of the listed species (1) Provides a conservation benefit to significant research; without such at issue. As a result, the proposed the species (i.e., the plan must maintain information it cannot be determined critical habitat designations in this or provide for an increase in the species’ with reasonable scientific certainty revised proposed rule include habitat population or the enhancement or which areas are essential to the species. that was not identified as essential in restoration of its habitat within the area Our Response: We are required under the 1998 recommendations. section 4 of the Act to designate critical covered by the plan); (2) provides Issue 7: Effects of Designation assurances that the management plan habitat based on what we know at the will be implemented (i.e., those time of designation. When we designate (24) Comment: Designation of critical responsible for implementing the plan critical habitat at the time of listing, or, habitat will result in restrictions on are capable of accomplishing the as in this case, under court-ordered subsistence hunting and State hunting objectives, have an implementation deadlines we will often not have programs funded under the Federal Aid schedule and/or have adequate funding sufficient information to identify all in Wildlife Restoration Program for the management plan); and, (3) areas of critical habitat. We are required, (Pittman-Robertson program). Our Response: We believe that game provides assurances the conservation nevertheless, to make a decision and bird and mammal hunting in Hawaii is plan will be effective (i.e., it identifies thus must base our designation on the an important recreational and cultural biological goals, has provisions for best available information we have at activity, and we support the reporting progress, and is of a duration the time. (23) Comment: There is no direct continuation of this tradition. The sufficient to implement the plan and relationship between the recovery plans designation of critical habitat requires achieves the plan’s goals and for these species and critical habitat. Federal agencies to consult under objectives). If an area is covered by a Our Response: Development and section 7 of the Act with us on actions plan that meets these criteria, it does not completion of the recovery plans and they carry out, fund, or authorize that constitute critical habitat as defined by designation of critical habitat for these might destroy or adversely modify the Act because the primary constituent plant species are two separate processes critical habitat. This requirement elements found there are not in need of with two separate timeframes. The applies to us and includes funds special management. recovery plans for these species were distributed by the Service to the State Based upon review of the information completed between 1994 and 1999. We through the Federal Aid in Wildlife available to us at this time, we have not recognize that information contained Restoration Program (Pittman-Robertson been able to find that management on within the recovery plans is directly Program). Under the Act, activities these lands is adequate to preclude relevant to the development of the funded by us or other Federal agencies proposed designations of critical critical habitat designations, and we can not result in jeopardy to listed habitat. We are aware that the State of relied heavily upon them. In 1994, the species, and they can not adversely Hawaii, the Navy, and other private HPPRCC initiated an effort to identify modify or destroy critical habitat. It is landowners are considering the and map habitat it believed to be well documented that game mammals development of land management plans important for the recovery of 282 affect listed plant and animal species. In or agreements that may promote the endangered and threatened Hawaiian such areas, we believe it is important to conservation of endangered and plant species. The HPPRCC identified develop and implement sound land threatened plant species on the island of these areas on most of the islands in the management programs that provide both Kauai. We support these efforts, and we Hawaiian chain, and in 1999, we for the recovery of listed species and for view such plans as important in helping published them in our Recovery Plan for continued game hunting. We are meet species recovery goals, and the Multi-Island Plants (Service 1999). committed to working closely with the ultimately can result in delisting of the The HPPRCC expects there will be State and other interested parties to species. We intend to work closely with subsequent efforts to further refine the ensure that game management programs any interested landowner or land locations of important habitat areas, and are implemented consistent with this manager in the development of that new survey information or research need. conservation planning efforts for these, finding may also lead to additional (25) Comment: Critical habitat could and other, endangered and threatened refinements. Because the HPPRCC be the first step toward making the area plants. If new information indicates any identified essential habitat areas for all a national park or refuge. of these areas should not be included in listed, proposed, and candidate plant Our Response: Critical habitat the critical habitat designations because species, and evaluated species of designation does not in any way create they no longer meet the definition of concern to determine if essential habitat a wilderness area, preserve, national critical habitat, we may revise the areas would provide for their habitat park, or wildlife refuge, nor does it close proposed critical habitat designations in needs as well, the HPPRCC’s mapping of an area to human access or use. It’s this proposal to exclude these areas. We habitat is distinct from the regulatory regulatory implications apply only to agree that implementation of designation of critical habitat as defined activities sponsored at least in part by

VerDate 112000 22:02 Jan 25, 2002 Jkt 197001 PO 00000 Frm 00049 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\FR\FM\28JAP2.SGM pfrm01 PsN: 28JAP2 3988 Federal Register / Vol. 67, No. 18 / Monday, January 28, 2002 / Proposed Rules

Federal agencies. Land uses such as anyone economically viable use of their system projects that may require section logging, grazing, and recreation that may property. The Act does not 404 authorizations from the Corps, and require Federal permits may take place automatically restrict all uses of critical watershed management and restoration if they do not adversely modify critical habitat, but only imposes restrictions projects sponsored by NRCS. habitat. Critical habitat designations do under section 7(a)(2) on Federal agency Lands that are within the State Urban not constitute land management plans. actions that may result in destruction or District are located within undeveloped (26) Comment: The designation of adverse modification of designated coastal areas. The types of activities that critical habitat would justify the critical habitat. Furthermore, as might trigger a consultation include ‘‘destruction of private property rights,’’ discussed above, if a biological opinion shoreline restoration or modification harassment from Federal agents, and concludes that a proposed action is projects that may require section 404 lawsuits. likely to result in destruction or authorizations from the Corps or FEMA, Our Response: Section 3(5) of the Act modification of critical habitat, we are housing or resort development that may defines critical habitat as those specific required to suggest reasonable and require permits from the Department of areas which contain physical or prudent alternatives. Housing and Urban Development, and biological features essential to the We are aware of relatively few activities funded or authorized by the conservation of the species and which activities in the proposed critical habitat EPA. However, we are not aware of a may require special management areas for these 83 plants that have significant future activities that would considerations or protection (16 U.S.C. Federal involvement, and thus, would require Federal permitting or 1532(5)). Designations of critical habitat require consultation or reinitiation of authorization in these coastal areas. are to be made on the basis of the best already completed consultations for on- The entire island of Niihau is under scientific and commercial data going projects. We are not aware of any one private ownership and within the available, after taking into account the commercial activities on the Federal State Agricultural District. The current economic and other relevant impacts of lands included in these proposed and projected land uses on Niihau are specifying any area as critical habitat critical habitat designations. cattle and sheep ranching, commercial (16 U.S.C. 1533(b)(2)). An area may be Since these 83 plant species were game hunting, and military exercises to excluded from designation as critical listed (between 1990 and 1996), there train downed combat pilots on how to habitat if the Secretary determines the have been no formal consultations on evade capture (DAHI 2001). benefits of excluding the area outweigh them, and we have conducted only one The kinds of actions that may be the benefits of designating the area as informal consultation on Kauai, in included in future reasonable and critical habitat (and provided the addition to consultations on purely prudent alternatives include exclusion would not result in the Federal activities (ie. Defense conservation set-asides, management of extinction of the species). installations). That informal competing non-native species, To a property owner, the designation consultation was conducted with the restoration of degraded habitat, of critical habitat becomes important NRCS through their Wildlife Incentive propagation, outplanting and when viewed in the context of section Program for noxious weed control augmentation of existing populations, 7 of the Act, which requires all Federal actions on leased cabin lots within construction of protective fencing, and agencies to ensure, in consultation with Kokee State Park. NRCS does not periodic monitoring. These measures the Service, that any action authorized, anticipate the need to reinitiate are not likely to result in a significant funded, or carried out by the agency consultation for these on-going actions economic impact. In addition, all of does not result in the destruction or as these actions are not occurring within these species are protected under the adverse modification of designated the areas of proposed critical habitat State of Hawaii’s Endangered Species critical habitat. If, after consultation, our (Terrell Kelly, NRCS, pers. comm., Act (Hawaii Revised Statutes, Chap. biological opinion concludes that a 2001). There have been no consultations 195D–4), and thus would have received proposed action is likely to result in the on any of these 83 species on the island some protections even without the Act. destruction or adverse modification of of Niihau. As required under section 4(b)(2) of critical habitat, we are required to Nearly all of the land within the the Act, we will conduct an analysis of suggest reasonable and prudent critical habitat units is unsuitable for the potential economic impacts of this alternatives to the action which would development or economically proposed critical habitat designation, avoid the destruction or adverse productive land uses because of the and will make that analysis available for modification of the critical habitat (16 remote locations, lack of access, and public review and comment before U.S.C. 1536(b)(3)(A)). If we cannot rugged terrain of these lands. Also, finalizing these designations. However, suggest acceptable reasonable and nearly all of this land (99.2 percent) is court deadlines require us to publish prudent alternatives, the agency (or the within the State Conservation District this proposed rule before the economic applicant) may apply for an exemption where State land-use controls severely analysis can be completed. In the from the Endangered Species Committee limit development and most activities. absence of this economic analysis, we under section 7(e)–(p) of the Act. Approximately 0.7 percent of this land have reviewed our previously available The mere promulgation of a is within the State Agricultural District, draft economic analysis of the likely regulation, like the enactment of a and about 0.1 percent is within the State economic impacts of designating critical statute, does not take private property Urban District. habitat for 76 plants from the islands of unless the regulation on its face denies The limited economic activities that Kauai and Niihau (66 FR 13691). In that the property owners all economically may occur consist of improvements to analysis, which included proposed beneficial or productive use of their roads and communications and tracking designations of critical habitat within 23 land (Agins v. City of Tiburon, 447 U.S. facilities; recreational use such as units on 24,349 ha (60,166 ac) on Kauai 255, 260–263 (1980); Hodel v. Virginia hiking, camping, picnicking, game and 191 ha (471 ac) on Niihau, we Surface Mining and Reclamation Ass’n, hunting, and fishing; botanical gardens; determined that the designations would 452 U.S. 264, 195 (1981); Lucas v. South and crop farming. On lands that are in have modest economic impacts because Carolina Coastal Council, 505 U.S. agricultural production, the types of nearly all of the land within the critical 1003, 1014 (1992)). The designation of activities that might trigger a habitat units has limited suitability for critical habitat alone does not deny consultation include irrigation ditch development, land uses, and activities

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