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Solomon J.Pdf EVALUATION OF CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CONTROL STRATEGIES ACROSS LIFE HISTORY STAGES OF THE INVASIVE Kalanchoe xhoughtonii By JESSICA L. SOLOMON A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2019 © 2019 Jessica L. Solomon To my mom and brother ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I want to express the utmost gratitude to my advisor Dr. Stephen Enloe, for his compassion, support, knowledge, and passion in this research. Dr. Enloe has been a mentor in the field of research, education, and outreach. His energy helped inspire me in times I lacked the motivation and his kindness and support helped me through times of difficulty. I am also thankful for my committee members, Dr. Jay Ferrell and Dr. Carrie Reinhardt Adams for their support, time, and guidance. I would also like to extend immense gratitude towards my lab mates Jonathan Glueckert and Kaitlyn Quincy for all of their encouragement, friendship, and tutoring through our coursework and research. I am especially thankful for my lab mate Mackenzie Bell, who has been an incredibly supportive friend, science partner, and plant enthusiast with me for the past three years. I would also like to thank Lara Colley, Dr. James Leary, Dr. Benjamin Sperry, and the rest of the faculty at The Center of Aquatic and Invasive Center (CAIP) for their insight and passion for research and education. A special thank you is needed for Sara Humphrey, Conrad Oberweger, Ethan Church, and Matt Shinego who supports CAIP on a day- to-day basis. I am extremely grateful to my friends Lauren Natwick and Dominick Holden for always dedicating their time, encouragement, and endearment when I needed it the most. I would also like to thank my mom and brother for their continual support in my long-time passion for education and science. This research was made possible through collaborations with Kelly Ussia and the rest of the staff at St. Johns County Parks and Recreation and Beaches Departments. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................4 LIST OF TABLES ...........................................................................................................................7 LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................................8 ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................10 CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................................12 Crassulaceae ...........................................................................................................................12 Genus of Kalanchoe ...............................................................................................................13 Bufadienolides in Kalanchoe ..................................................................................................15 Kalanchoe species of concern ................................................................................................16 Plantlets and Reproduction .....................................................................................................21 Invasiveness of Kalanchoe .....................................................................................................23 Site of Concern: Beach dunes .................................................................................................26 Control and Management .......................................................................................................28 2 Kalanchoe CONTROL AND RESPONSE TO HERBICIDE ................................................40 Materials and Methods ...........................................................................................................44 Plant material ...................................................................................................................44 Herbicide Treatments and Data Collection .....................................................................45 Statistical Analyses ..........................................................................................................48 Results and Discussion ...........................................................................................................49 Experiment 1: Auxin Herbicides .....................................................................................49 Experiment 2: Amino Acid Inhibiting Herbicides ..........................................................51 Experiment 3: Miscellaneous Herbicides ........................................................................53 Conclusion ..............................................................................................................................54 3 OVERCOMING THE NURSE PLANT EFFECT TO CONTROL Kalanchoe WITH HERBICIDE VIA CANOPY PENETRATION .....................................................................69 Materials and Methods ...........................................................................................................73 Field Site ..........................................................................................................................73 Treatments and Data Collection ......................................................................................74 Statistical Analyses ..........................................................................................................76 Results and Discussion ...........................................................................................................76 Conclusion ..............................................................................................................................78 5 4 CUT ONE, GET TEN: Kalanchoe ASEXUAL REGENERATION IN RESPONSE TO MOWING ...............................................................................................................................87 Materials and Methods ...........................................................................................................91 Plant material ...................................................................................................................92 Simulated Mowing Study and Data Collection ...............................................................92 Regeneration Study and Data Collection ........................................................................93 Statistical Analyses ..........................................................................................................94 Results and Discussion ...........................................................................................................94 Simulated Mowing Study ................................................................................................94 Regeneration Study .........................................................................................................96 Conclusion ..............................................................................................................................97 5 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH ..................................................................109 LIST OF REFERENCES .............................................................................................................114 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .......................................................................................................123 6 LIST OF TABLES Table page 1-1 Herbicides tested on Kalanchoe species in available publications ....................................38 2-1 Kalanchoe xhoughtonii herbicide trials list of active ingredients, mode of action, and the application rates, sorted by experiment (Exp). ............................................................57 2-2 The average shoot and root dried biomass for Experiment 1, auxin mimicking herbicides. ..........................................................................................................................59 2-3 Plantlet development on treated Kalanchoe xhoughtonii adult plants. ..............................62 2-4 The average shoot and root dried biomass for Experiment 2, amino acid inhibiting herbicides. ..........................................................................................................................64 2-5 The influence of herbicide on average shoot and root dry weight in grams for Experiment 3. .....................................................................................................................67 3-1 Range of canopy heights, K. xhoughtonii canopy (over 10cm and under 10cm), and total canopy for each block. ...............................................................................................81 3-2 Spray Card treatment application and surfactant concentrations. ......................................81 3-3 Average spray coverage of Organosilicone surfactant treatments for the upper canopy cards.......................................................................................................................85 3-4 Average spray coverage of OS treatment for the lower canopy cards. ..............................86 7 LIST OF FIGURES Figure page 2-1 Kalanchoe xhoughtonii adult plant live leaf count response to auxin herbicide treatments (Experiment 1) at 45 days after treatment. .......................................................58
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