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Peanut in the Philippine Food System: a Macro Study

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Peanut in the Philippine Food System: a Macro Study Manuel K. Palomar Editor Peanut in Local and Global Food Systems Series Report No. 1 Robert Rhoades, PI / Virginia Nazarea, CoPI Department of Anthropology University of Georgia 1998 Peanut in the Philippine Food System: A Macro Study Manuel K. Palomar Editor Visayas State College of Agriculture Baybay, Leyte, Philippines in collaboration with University of Georgia Athens, Georgia, U.S.A. 1998 FOREWORD Peanuts are very popular in the Philippines but not much attention has been given to this crop for research and development. It was only in the 80’s when USAID, through P-CRSP of the University of Georgia, started a holistic approach to the study of peanut with PCARRD as the coordinating unit. The P-CRSP program focused on breeding and utilization of peanuts with the Institute of Plant Breeding and the Institute of Food Science and Technology of U.P. as the lead agencies. Through this program, varieties have been developed, recommended and approved by the PSB. Furthermore, products such as peanut butter were improved and new products were developed to expand the uses of peanuts and offer variety to consumers. An enhancement project was also added to the endeavor with ViSCA as the cooperating institution. Various government and non-government agencies including agricultural colleges and universities have conducted several studies on peanut. The results of these endeavors have been thorough in some areas but sketchy in others. This publication is an attempt by P-CRSP to take a comprehensive look at the situation of peanut R & D in the Philippines today. We expect that our efforts will benefit programs designed in support of the Peanut Program in the Philippines. Lutgarda S. Palomar Project Leader Peanut-CRSP Acronyms BAEcon Bureau of Agricultural Economics BPI Bureau of Plant Industry BAS Bureau of Agricultural Statistics CLSU Central Luzon State University CMU Central Mindanao University CPU Central Philippines University CVARRD Cagayan Valley Agriculture and Resources Research and Development Consortium DA Department of Agriculture DMMSU Don Mariano Marcos State University FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FDC Food Development Center FNRI Food and Nutrition Research Institute IFST Institute of Food Science and Technology IFT Institute of Food Technologists NAPHIRE National Postharvest Institute for Research and Extension NCSO National Census and Statistics Office P-CRSP Peanut Collaborative Research Support Program PAFT Philippine Association of Food Technologists PCARR Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research PCARRD Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development PSB Philippine Seed Board TCA Tarlac College of Agriculture USAID United States Agency for International Development UPCA University of the Philippines College of Agriculture UPLB University of the Philippines at Los Baños USM University of Southern Mindanao ViSCA Visayas State College of Agriculture Contents Foreword i Acronymns ii List of Tables v List of Figures vi Peanut Production,1 Manuel K Palomar Introduction 1 Background Information 6 Planting Season 6 Seed Inoculation 7 Classification 7 Seed Sources 7 Seed Production and Certification 7 Extent of Use of Improved Seeds 8 Major Varieties 8 Extent of Bunch and Runner Types Grown in the Country 10 Production Practices 10 Land Preparation 10 Seed Treatment and Spacing 11 Cultural Practices 11 Intercropping 11 Other Cropping System 13 Shading 13 Seedbed Preparation 13 Planting Materials and Planting 14 Method and Time of Cultivation 16 Water Management 16 Harvesting 17 Fertilization 17 Extent of Use of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers 19 Role of Gypsum in Peanut Cultivation 19 Pests and Diseases 20 Diseases 20 Insect Pests 22 Weeds 24 Integrated Pest Management 24 Types and Usage of Chemical Plant Protection 25 Aflatoxin in Peanut 27 Prevention 29 Natural Control 30 Control Measures Used by Farmers 30 Production Yield and Cost 31 References 33 Postproduction Operations of Peanuts,44 Lemuel M. Diamante Introduction 44 Harvesting 44 Stripping/Threshing 47 Drying 47 Shelling 51 Storing 60 Sorting 63 References 64 Consumption, Processing and Utilization of Peanuts,66 Lutgarda S. Palomar Introduction 66 Peanut Consumption 67 Peanut Preparations 68 Boiled Peanut 71 Fried Peanut 71 Roasted Peanuts 71 Peanut Butter 71 Other Products 74 New Products Developed 74 Peanut Oil 74 By-Product Utilization 75 References 75 Socioeconomic Profiles of Philippine Population and Peanut Producers,79 Jose M. Alkuino, Jr. Introduction 79 Profile of the Philippine Population 79 Profile of Peanut Farmers 81 Profile of Peanut Manufacturers 83 References 84 Comparative Market Price of Peanut,85 Lucy B. Paloma Introduction 85 Farm, Wholesale and Retail Prices 86 Gross Domestic Supply and Demand 88 Export and Import 89 References 90 List of Tables 1 Peanut production by quantity of production (MT) and area planted (ha), Region VIII:1981-1990. 2 2 Peanut production (MT) by region in the Philippines, 1992-1996. 5 3 Peanut area planted/harvested (ha) by region in the Philippines, 1992-1996. 5 4 Peanut cropping season, 204 peanut farmers, Philippines, 1985-1986. 6 5 Recommended peanut varieties in the Philippines. 9 6 Kinds of fertilizers used by 41 peanut farmers, Philippines, 1985-86. 19 7 Kinds of chemicals used by 15 farmers, Philippines, 1985-86. 26 8 Aspergillus flavus infection and aflatoxin content of peanut samples from Manila, Northern Luzon. 28 9 Peanut average yields per hectare (MT) by region in the Philippines,1992-1996. 31 10 Production cost of peanut per hectare in the Philippines. 32 11 Per capita consumption of peanut, 1971-1980. 68 12 Monthly household and per capita quantity and expenditures consumption of peanut butter in the Philippines. 69 13 Peanut products manufactured by region in the Philippines. 69 14 Brand names of peanut products processed/sold in each region. 70 15 Peanut supply and utilization in the Philippines, 1995 and 1996. 81 16 Agricultural crops grown in the Philippines, 1994. 82 17 General characteristics of peanut farmers in the Philippines 83 18 Farm price (P/K) for average peanut, Philippines, January-June 1998. 85 19 Monthly farm price of shelled peanut (P/K), Philippines, 1992-1996. 86 20 Monthly wholesale price of shelled peanut (P/K), Philippines, 1992-1996. 87 21 Monthly retail price of shelled peanut (P/K), Philippines, 1992-1996. 87 22 Wholesale/retail price (P/K) of shelled peanut, Metro Manila, Philippines, 1997. 88 23 Gross domestic supply of peanut (MT), Philippines, 1992-1996. 89 24 Projected peanut supply and demand (MT), Philippines, 1992-2003. 89 List of Figures 1 Top ten producers of peanut by province in the Philippines 3 2 Comparison of volume of production of peanuts by region, 1990-1996 4 3 Rosal hand-pushed peanut seeder 15 4 TCA hand-pushed peanut seeder 15 5 Peanut postproduction system 45 6 Carabao-drawn peanut digger 46 7 Indian groundnut stripper 46 8 Modified rice pedal thresher 48 9 North Carolina twin motor peanut picker 48 10 UPLB multicrop dryer (natural convection dryer) 50 11 Grain flatbed dryer (forced convection dryer) 50 12 UPLB peanut sheller (manual or motorized) 54 13 DMMSU multipurpose sheller-cleaner 55 14 Orias hand-operated wooden peanut sheller 56 15 Orge hand-operated metal peanut sheller 57 16 Cortes hand-operated wooden peanut sheller with blower 58 17 Caballero and Tangonan wooden peanut sheller 59 18 AMDP hand-operated peanut sheller 61 19 AMDP motor-driven peanut sheller 62 20 Use of a bamboo-made sieve pan (yakayak) and winnow (bilao) to separate kernels of different sizes 66 21 Manual separation of moldy, damaged, split and peeled peanut kernels 66 22 Different Visayan peanut delicacies 72 23 Various peanut products sold at the sidewalk with banana leaf as one of the packaging materials 72 24 Peanut roaster used by small scale peanut processors 73 25 Brands of peanut butter in the Philippine market 73 26 World peanut production, 1980-1991 80 PEANUT PRODUCTION Manuel K. Palomar, Ph.D. Professor Introduction Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) has been a popular crop in the Philippines, its history dating to the Spanish era. It is one of the major field legumes grown by farmers but its production has been low and erratic. Region 8, composed of the provinces of Northern Samar, Eastern Samar, Western Samar, Biliran, Leyte and Southern Leyte, represents a general picture of the peanut production situation in the Philippines (Table 1). Among the provinces in the Philippines, the top producers by volume and crop hectare in 1995 are Isabela, Pangasinan, La Union, Quirino, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Aurora, Albay and Iloilo (Figure 1). However, the Cagayan Valley region produced almost half of the country’s total peanut production (Figure 2) accounting for about 50% of the total peanut production at 14,023 MT/ha, on the average (Table 2). In terms of crop area, Cagayan Valley led with 21,725 ha or 47% of the total, followed by Ilocos Region, Western Visayas, Southern Tagalog, Bicol and Western Mindanao (Table 3). 1 Table 1. Peanut production by quantity of production (MT) and area planted (ha), REGION VIII:1981-1990. PROVINCE PRODUCTION AREA PROVINCE PRODUCTION AREA / YEAR (MT) PLANTED / YEAR (MT) PLANTED (ha) (ha) REGION VIII SAMAR 1981 787 1,481 1981 136 176 1982 973 1,862 1982 151 189 1983 718 1,610 1983 65 102 1984 836 1,807 1984 168 207 1985 857 1,846 1985 162 193 1986 831 1,815 1986 140 179 1987 959 1,879 1987 113 145 1988 984 1,969 1988 150 184 1989 938 1,924 1989 192 243 1990 543 981 1990 175 113 LEYTE* E. SAMAR 1981 596 1,205 1981 22 39 1982 632 1,224 1982 53 170 1983 554 1,200 1983 52 170 1984 518 1,230 1984 97 220 1985 555 1,230 1985 82 270 1986 546 1,210 1986 84 275 1987 717 1,360 1987 69 227 1988 701 1,405 1988 70 229 1989 615 1,279 1989 67 234 1990 301 578 1990 34 113 SO.
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