2019-20 Ark John Keats Year 11 History Exam question guide and key fact lists

Note – these can both be found at the start of your Final Revision Pack, but we’ve re-printed them in case you can’t find them!

1

2019-20

PAPER 1: MEDICINE – 1 HOUR 15 MINS Question Marks - What to do Time Potential sentence starters/tips 1) Describe 4 marks 5 mins One key feature is… two key 2 points with evidence Evidence for this is… features of... 2a) How 8 marks 10 mins Source A is useful for answering the question because it useful are says... (content). Sources A and 1 paragraph on source A I also know this is true because… (own knowledge). B for an • What it says enquiry into... • How your own Source A is also useful as it was made by... This would knowledge backs it up make it useful because… • Why its background is useful

1 para. on source B (same points) 2b) How could 4 marks 5 mins you follow up Write a simple sentence for each Source B to question. Be specific! find out more about… 3) Explain one 4 marks 5 mins One key difference/similarity was… way in For example in the first period it was like this… which... were 1 PEE However/and in the second period it was like this… different/ This shows that overall, the periods were similar/different similar as… 4) Explain 12 marks 15 mins One reason why… why… Evidence for this is… 3 PEE Return to the question in your explanation 5/6) How far 16 marks 35 mins Overall, I agree/disagree because… do you agree? Some historians might agree because… Explain your Intro – agree/disagree and briefly Some historians might disagree because… answer say why In conclusion I think… Agree paragraph Disagree paragraph Conclusion – what do you think and why? PAPER 2. SECTION A: COLD WAR – 52 MINS Question Marks - What to do Time Potential sentence starters/tips 1) Explain two 8 marks 10 mins One consequence was… consequences Evidence for this is… of… 2 PEE This was a consequence because… 2) Write a 8 marks 15 mins At the beginning… narrative This led to… account Beginning Because of this… analysing… Finally… Middle

End 3) Explain two 16 marks (8 marks per question – 25 mins One reason why… was important for… is… of the you get to choose 2 out of 3) (10 mins Evidence for this is… following: per Therefore, … was important for… because… • The 2 PEE per question question, importance with 5 of… for… mins to plan PAPER 2. SECTION B: ANGLO-SAXONS AND NORMANS – 52 MINS

2

2019-20

4 a) Describe 4 marks 5 mins One key feature is… two key Evidence for this is… features of... 2 points with evidence 4 b) Explain 12 marks 15 mins One reason why… why… Evidence for this is… 3 PEE Return to the question in your explanation 4 c i/ii) How 16 marks 35 mins Overall, I agree/disagree because… far do you Some historians might agree because… agree? Explain Intro – agree/disagree and briefly Some historians might disagree because… your answer say why In conclusion I think… Agree paragraph Disagree paragraph Conclusion – what do you think and why? PAPER 3: GERMANY – 1 HOUR 20 MINS Question Marks - What to do Time Potential sentence starters/tips 1) Give two 4 marks 5 mins Source A suggests…. (inference) things you can I know this because …(quotation/detail) infer about… 2 inferences with backup quotes/details 2) Explain 12 marks 15 mins One reason why… why… Evidence for this is… 3 PEE Return to the question in your explanation 3a) Study 8 marks 10 mins Source A is useful for answering the question because it Sources B and says... (content). C. How useful 1 paragraph on source A I also know this is true because… (own knowledge). are Sources B • What it says and C for an • How your own Source A is also useful as it was made by... This would enquiry into… knowledge backs it up make it useful because… • Why its background is useful

1 para. on source B (same points)

3b) Study 4 marks 5 mins Interp 1 believes ….I know this because it says… interpretations On the other hand, interp 2 believes…. I know this 1 and 2. They 1 paragraph because it says… both give different views Therefore, the main difference is… about…. What is the main difference between these two views? 3c) Suggest one 4 marks 5 mins The interpretations may differ because they may have reason why used different sources Interpretations 1 paragraph Interpretation 1 may have used sources like source … 1 and 2 give because interp. 1 says… and source… says… different views Interpretation 2 may have used sources like source … about ….. You may use because interp. 2 says… and source… says… Sources B and C to help you explain your answer. 3d) How far do 16 marks 35 mins I agree/disagree with interpretation 2 because… you agree with Intro – do you agree or disagree Interpretation 2 and briefly why Some may agree with interp 2 as… about … 3

2019-20

Para 1 – interp 2 (quote, evidence Evidence to back up interp 2 is… to support, explain why someone Some may agree with interp 2 because… might agree) Para 2 – interp 1 (quote, evidence On the other hand, some may agree with interp 1 to support, explain why someone because… might agree) Evidence to back up interp 1 is… Conclusion – which do you agree Some may agree with interp 1 because… with most and why In conclusion, I think…

PART A: FACT LISTS

Paper 1: Medicine

1 Give one religious belief about the cause of God gave you illnesses as a punishment

illness

2 How did people use the idea of the Four If your humours are imbalanced, you will become sick. E.g. Humours to explain illness too much blood = fever

3

1.1 Med 1.1 causes How did people use the idea of miasma to Miasma = bad air, caused by rotting bodies or flesh explain why people became ill

4 Give two ways people used the idea of the Purging/Bleeding

Four Humours to treat illness

5 How did people use the idea of miasma to Pomanders prevent them catching illness? Keep house clean with herbs

6 Give one way each of the three roles Physicians – diagnosed from book, urine charts treated people during the Medieval period Apothecaries – herbal remedies

Barber Surgeons – minor surgery/bleeding

7 Give one key feature of hospitals during the Run by monks/nuns, At sites of pilgrimage, not to heal but to 1.2 Med 1.2 prevention and treatment Medieval period look after

8 How did people use religious ways to Flagellate, prayer

prevent them catching the Black Death

9 How did the government use quarantine? 40 days, not applied to rich or priests

10 Give another example of how the Some towns cleared up rubbish and dead bodies government was increasing its role in

1.3 Med 1.3 Case study preventing illness

11 Why did people continue to use the idea of No better alternative

the Four Humours to explain illness when Had been used for a long time we knew it didn’t work?

12 Give one way Thomas Sydenham tried to To observe patient and not just diagnose from a book, to

2.1 Ren 2.1 causes change the way physicians worked treat each symptom individually, that one disease might

4

2019-20

cause all symptoms and different people could suffer from same disease

13 How did the Royal Society help to spread Journal to share scientific experiments and discoveries, e.g. new scientific ideas about medicine? Hooke used it to prove animalcules existed

14 How did people link the colour of a disease Whatever colour disease was people would treat it with to its treatment? something of the same colour

15 How did the work of Vesalius help us better Dissections, flip book to share understanding with other understand how the human body worked? physicians

16 Why were barber surgeons and License

2.2 Ren 2.2 treat apothecaries improving during this period?

17 Why was hospital care decreasing during Henry VIII closed down monasteries this period?

18 How did Harvey improve our understanding Heart was a pump, blood was not absorbed but reused

of the circulatory system?

19 How did the government’s use of Less days but more organised. 28 days and the government quarantine improve during the Great made sure it was stuck to Plague?

20 Give another example of how the Killed cats and dogs, criminals had to pick up waste 2.2 Ren 2.2 case study government was increasing its role in preventing illness

21 What was the idea of Spontaneous Bacteria made germs, these germs then helped to create

Generation? miasma and disease

22 How did Pasteur’s Germ theory prove Used wine and vinegar to show that germs made rotting. Spontaneous Generation wrong?

23 How did Koch change our understanding of Showed that some bacteria was good/some bad. Therefore 3.1 Enlight 3.1 causes bacteria? link to infection/illness

24 Give one way hospitals were improved Nightingale made them cleaner. Nurses trained at during this period? Nightingale School for Nurses

25 How did antiseptics and anaesthetic Antiseptics – carbolic acid (Lister) reduced infections after

improve surgery? surgery

Anaesthetic – Chloroform (Simpson) better than ether,

26 Give two key features of the Public Health Public toilets, public clean water supply, public parks,

3.2 Enloght 3.2 treat Act (1875)

27 How did the government increase its role in Made smallpox compulsory for everyone in 1872 (first time) health through vaccination?

28 How did the work of Jenner improve First vaccination/removed threat of smallpox

3.2 3.2 people’s health?

study

t t case Enligh

5

2019-20

29 How did people’s beliefs about miasma Government did not believe it could be in water as miasma slow down our understanding of the was in the air Cholera Outbreak?

30 How did the Cholera Outbreak lead to Realised link between poor sanitation and illness, had to better sewers? build sewers to stop it.

31 Give an example of how scientists have BRAC1 – gene that causes breast cancer (e.g. Angelina Jolie) used DNA and gene testing to help diagnose people more likely to suffer an illness

32 Give an example of one new technique of Blood tests, blood sugar monitoring, X-rays, MRI scans, diagnosing illness blood pressure monitors, endoscopes, ECGs, ultrasound scans, CT scans

Any of the above with a definition of how they worked (E.g. 4.1 Mod 4.1 cause CT scan advanced X-rays to find tumours.

33 Give an example of how lifestyle choices High calorie diet can cause type 2 diabetes could lead to type 2 diabetes

34 Give an example of a ‘magic bullet’ and Special drug to kill a bad microbe without harming the

what illness it helps to cure person – e.g. Salvarsan 606 for syphilis

35 Why does the NHS help to improve Free healthcare, diagnosis, offers high quality medical care treatment of care for people? for all

36 Give an example of a vaccine that the MMR/ HPV government offers to all children

4.2 Modern 4.2 prevention 37 What is the government’s Change 4 Life and Tries to encourage healthy eating, reducing sugar and salt how does it try to prevent illness intake, having more exercise

38 How did Florey and Chain help to improve Improved procedure from Fleming as high demand due to

the manufacture of penicillin WW1

39 Give one way we treat lung cancer Chemotherapy (chemicals to kill cancer), radiotherapy (radiation to kill cancer), removal, transplant

40 What did the Health Act ban and how did Smoking, stops a major cause of lung disease

4.1 Mod 4.1 Case Study this help the fight against lung cancer?

41 Give one difficulty of combat at the battles Muddy conditions, high casualty rate, not enough doctors to of the Ypres Salient, Somme, Arras and care for injured Cambrai

42 Define the following terms to do with Trench – dug into ground to protect soldiers (muddy, not trenches clean)

Frontline – facing enemy across no-mans land

Support trench – stored food, ammunition and extra soldiers

5.1 Injuries 5.1 and trenches 43 Give one key feature of what happened at Hill 60- explosives placed under German trenches these battles

6

2019-20

Arras – underground hospital built to look after soldiers

44 Why did the terrain (land) of the trenches Muddy, animal waste from being farmland – led to wounds make the following difficult? becoming infected and giving soldiers gangrene

45 Why did shrapnel make it hard to treat Caused large wounds that became infected injuries?

46 What problems did gas attacks cause Doctors not trained to treat it, caused problems for soldiers and doctors? breathing and eyes

47 Define what these health organisations did RAMC – military doctors, did surgery and kept records

FANY – nurses, volunteers who helped at CCS and Base Hospitals

48 Describe one detail which happened at Stretcher bearers – carried injured to RAP these different stages of treatment Regimental Aid Post (RAP) – 200m back from trenches, gave first aid

Field ambulance – carried soldiers away from front line (horses, carts, sometimes motor ambulance)

Dressing station-properly bandaged wound to get soldiers to

CCS

Casualty Clearing Station (CCS) – where most surgery happened. Doctors gained lots of experience but conditions

not great 5.2 5.2 Treatinginjuries during WW1 Base hospital – patients placed with similar injuries placed in similar wards to improve care

49 Gave one way that the care of wounds Excision – cut away dead/rotting flesh then re-stitched improved during WW1 Carrel-Dakin, carbolic acid didn’t work on gangrene so used special sterile solution to clean wounds

50 How did the Thomas Splint help to reduce Stopped bones moving around so increased survival rate deaths from leg injuries? from 1/5 to 4/5

51 Give one positive and one negative of using Pos – helped to identify bullets in body x-rays during WW1 Neg – took a long time to work, could cause burns

52 How did the use of blood banks improve Refrigerating blood, sodium citrate and glucose all helped during WW1? Give an example blood to be stored for longer. E.g Battle of Cambrai had 20 boxes of blood to treat injured

53 How did brain surgery improve? Used magnets to remove bullets from brains

5.3 Improvements 5.3 medical in care 54 How did plastic surgery improve? Developed skin grafts to help injured soldiers

55 If you are using a RAMC source what do you Where it was from, when it was made, who made it

es

5.4 5.4 need to say about using the source?

sourc Using Using

7

2019-20

56 What are the positives and limitations of Positives – most likely honest, as only for the author so no using a diary? need to lie Limitations – might not be factual, but just emotional

57 What are the positives and limitations of Positives – is most likely true – wouldn’t have staged a photo using a photograph? of WW1

Limitations – only shows 1 moment in time, which might not have been the ‘normal’

Paper 2A: Cold War

1.1 1. Which countries were in the Grand The USA, UK and the Soviet Union. Alliance? 1.1 2. What were the aims of Stalin and the To create a buffer zone in Eastern Europe against USSR? invasion. To protect and spread communism. 1.1 3. What were two aims of Truman and the To promote capitalism and democracy. To limit the USA? spread of communism. 4. Give an outcome of the Tehran The allied countries would help each other in the war conference effort against Germany

1.1 5. Give an outcome of the Yalta Stalin agreed the governments of Eastern Europe would conference be decided by free elections.

1.1 6. Give an outcome of the Potsdam Berlin would be split into four zones and controlled by conference (US, UK, France and Soviet Union).

1.1 7. How did the development of the Atomic USSR worried America could attack them Bomb increase tension between the The Soviet Union were angry at America for using the USA and Soviet Union? atomic bomb without telling them Led to the start of an arms race. 1.1 8. How did the creation of the satellite USA angry as USSR had promised free and fair elections states increase tension? Give 3 in Eastern Europe. Now communist control was examples of satellite states expanding. E.g. in Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland. 1.1 9. How did the Long Telegram increase Said that Stalin wanted to destroy Capitalism but would tension? back down if faced with tough resistance from the West. 1.1 10. How did the Novikov telegram increase Said that the US wanted to use their strong military to tension? dominate the World and didn't want to cooperate with the Soviets. 1.2 11. What was the aim of the Truman Doctrine (March 1947) To stop the spread of Communism. 8

2019-20

1.2 12. What was the aim of the Marshall Plan To provide money to countries in Europe to make them (1948) less likely to become communist 1.2 It threatened the USSR and increased division between 13. Give 2 consequences of the Truman the Soviet Bloc (who had been told to refuse the aid by Doctrine and Marshall Plan. the Soviet Union) and the USA 1.2 A political organisation made up of countries in Eastern 14. What was Cominform (1947) and why Europe. Gave Stalin the power to control the was it created? governments of these satellite states. 1.2 An organisation that provided economic aid to Soviet 15. What was Comecon (1949) why was it Bloc countries. Meant they had an alternative to the created? Marshall Plan. 1.2 16. What was NATO (1949) and why was it A military treaty between western countries. Created to set up? protect them from the communist threat. 1.2 Stalin wanted the West to give up West Berlin. He 17. What was the Berlin Crisis (Berlin ordered a blockade in June 1948 so no supplies could Blockade) and why did it begin? reach the West Berlin via land. 1.2 18. How did the West respond to the Berlin The Berlin Airlift with all supplies being flown into Blockade? Berlin. 1.2 Stalin was humiliated. Germany was officially divided 19. What were the consequences of the into two Countries. NATO and the Warsaw Pact were Berlin Airlift? created. 1.3 USA developed A-bomb in 1945 and H-bomb in 1952 USSR developed A-bomb in 1949 and H-bomb in 1953 20. How did the nuclear arms race increase This meant they both had the power to totally destroy tension? the other. 1.3 May 1955. Aimed to be the equivalent of NATO (a 21. When was the Warsaw Pact formed and military organisation) made up of countries in the what was its aim? Soviet Bloc. 1.3 The Hungarian people protested against poor living conditions, Imre Nagy then appointed leader and made 22. What caused the Hungarian Uprising? political reforms. 1.3 23. How did the Soviet Union respond to The USSR (now led by Khrushchev) sent in troops and the announcement on 4th November? killed 20,000 Hungarians. Nagy was replaced. 1.3 24. How did the Hungarian Uprising increase tension between the USA and The USA refused to send US troops to help Hungary so USSR? looked weak. Khrushchev grew in confidence. 2.1 He wanted Western troops withdrawn from Berlin 25. Why did Khrushchev issue the Berlin because 4 million East Germans had escaped to the Ultimatum (1958)? West.

9

2019-20

2.1 26. What were the aims and outcomes of They wanted to find a solution to the Berlin problem. the summit meetings of 1959-61? No agreement was reached. 2.1

27. Why was the Berlin Wall constructed? To stop the emigration of East Germans to the West. 2.1 28. What was one positive impact of the building of the Berlin Wall for the Soviet Union The wall stopped people leaving East Berlin. 2.1 The Wall showed that the Soviets could only control 29. What was one negative impact of the their people by 'locking' them in and stopping them building of the Berlin Wall for the Soviet from leaving and it showed they accepted Western Union control in Berlin. 2.1 To show how America supported capitalism and that 30. Why did J. F. Kennedy visit Berlin in Russia had failed to bully the West into giving up 1963? control of Berlin 2.2 When Fidel Castro took over in Cuba in 1959 and made 31. What was the Cuban Revolution? it a communist country. 2.2 US had planned to overthrow the Communist 32. Why was the Bay of Pigs incident so government. It failed and made them look weak and significant? meant Cuba accepted weapons from the Soviet Union. 2.2 33. What action did Kennedy decide to take to stop missiles reaching Cuba? A naval blockade 2.2 Khrushchev promised to remove weapons from Cuba. The US secretly promised to remove missiles from 34. How was the crisis ended? Turkey. 2.2 June 1963: a direct Hotline was set up between Moscow and Washington. Agreements (e.g. Test Ban Treaty / Outer Space Treaty / 35. Give two consequences of the Cuban Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty) signed to reduce Missile crisis. testing and spread of nuclear weapons. 2.3 36. Why was there Czech opposition to the Soviet Union towards the end of the Fewer consumer goods, no freedom of speech and low 1960s? standards of living. 2.3 37. Give two examples of the reforms Less censorship introduced during the Prague Spring by Trade with the West increased Dubcek. 2.3 They sent in 500,000 troops and issued the ‘Brezhnev 38. How did the USSR respond to the Doctrine’ which said that force would be used to Prague Spring? protect communist countries. 2.3 39. What was the impact of the Soviet Showed that the USA wouldn't intervene to stop invasion of Czechoslovakia on relations violence being used in Eastern Europe as they criticised between the USA and the USSR? the USSR but didn’t take direct action.

10

2019-20

3.1 40. Why did the USA and USSR want détente? (stability and cooperation To reduce spending on weapons and focus on issues in with each other) their own countries. 3.1 41. What was the aim of the Strategic Arms To reduce the amount of nuclear weapons and Limitation Treaty (SALT1) of May 1972? likelihood of Nuclear war. 3.1 The borders of Europe were agreed with an effort to 42. Give 3 parts of the Helsinki Accords increase cooperation between countries were made 3.1 Restrictions on missile launchers and a ban on testing 43. What was agreed in SALT II June 1979? new types of ICBM. 3.1 44. Why was Reagan’s change in the USA's More hostile rhetoric towards the Soviet Union and attitude to the Cold War significant? increased defence spending increased tension. 3.1 45. Why was Mikhail Gorbachev change in He wanted to reform the Soviet economy and introduce the USSR's approach to the Cold War some aspects of Capitalism. Looked like the USSR were significant? becoming more open to the West. 3.1 46. What was agreed in the Intermediate- Both countries would abolish all land-based missiles range Nuclear Force Treaty in 1987? with a range of 500-5,500km. 3.2 Ended Détente as the US sent weapons to support 47. Give 2 consequences of the Soviet people fighting the Soviets. invasion of Afghanistan for relations Helped bring Reagan to power and a more aggressive between the USSR and US. stance to relations. 3.2 The promise to send military support to protect the Persian Gulf (Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia) following the 48. What was the Carter Doctrine? invasion of Afghanistan. 3.2 The US and 60 other countries boycotted the Moscow Olympics in 1980 as a protest over the invasion of Afghanistan 49. Why were the Olympic Boycotts of 1980 1984: the Soviet Union and 15 countries did the same and 1984 significant? to the Los Angeles Olympics. This increased tension. 3.2 The period of more hostile relations with the Soviet Union as a result of Ronal Reagan's election of 50. What was the 'Second Cold War'? President in 1980. 3.2 An ambitious US plan nicknamed 'Star Wars' to place 51. What was the Strategic Defence satellites with lasers that could stop Soviet nuclear initiative? weapons. 3.2 52. What was the impact of the Strategic The Soviets realised they couldn't compete with the Defence Initiative? US's increased spending on defence. 3.3 53. How did the countries of Eastern Europe respond to Gorbachev's new It inspired people in the countries to demand changes thinking? e.g. improved living standards, new political system.

11

2019-20

3.3 54. Why was the fall of the Berlin wall symbolic? It represented the end of Soviet control on the continent. 3.3 Protests in member states had resulted in changes in 55. Why was the Warsaw Pact ended? government as communist leaders were replaced. 3.3 The Pact had served as a symbol of Soviet dominance in 56. Why was the end of the Warsaw Pact Eastern Europe. It also represented the division of significant? Europe. 3.3 They regained their independence and carried out 57. What happened in former Satellite democratic elections. Every country rejected states following during 1989-91? Communism after 1989

Paper 2B: Normans

1.1 1. Give 4 types of area that Anglo- Earldom, shire, hundred, hide, Danelaw Saxon England was divided into 1.1 2. Describe 2 features of the Had trials e.g. trials by ordeal Anglo-Saxon legal system Made people pay fines e.g. wergild Could enforce death penalty e.g. by hanging 1.1 3. How were soldiers collected Earl responsible for this. Every 5 households had to provide one for the Anglo-Saxon king’s fyrd soldier. army? 1.1 4. Give 3 powers of an Anglo- Economic – 2/3 of taxes were his, collected by shire reeves. Saxon king. Political – set the laws e.g. amount of wergild. Land – decided who could have which earldoms e.g. Godwin exiled in 1051. 1.2 5. Give two reasons why the Had a lot of money (Godwin family earned £8,500 per year from Godwins were a powerful their land compared to £6,000 from King Edward’s land). family Controlled large Earldoms e.g. Wessex and Northumbria 1.2 6. What promise did Harold make Carried Edward's promise to William and swore a holy oath to to William during the Embassy help William become King to Normandy in 1064? 1.2 7. Give three reasons why people He raised taxes, he was from the south, he made the laws rebelled against Tostig in 1065 harsher, he made a deal with King Malcom who had invaded from Scotland, he killed two thegns in his house 1.3 8. Why did Harold Godwinson say Edward promised him on his deathbed. He was also the most he should be King powerful earl in England 1.3 9. Why did William of Normandy Edward had promised him in 1051 and Harold had sworn to help say he should be King him in 1064 during the Embassy to Normandy 1.3 10. Why did Harald Hardrada say He was a powerful leader with a strong army and he was related he should be king? to previous kings of England 1.3 11. Why did Edgar the Aethling Edward the Confessor's nephew, but only 14 so now earls would have a claim to the throne? support him 1.3 12. What happened at Gate Tostig and Hardrada attacked Edwin and Morcar (two Saxon Fulford? earls) and won as they had more soldiers 1.3 13. What happened at Stamford Harold Godwinson surprised Hardrada’s army and defeated them Bridge (the Vikings did not have their armour and were outnumbered)

12

2019-20

1.3 14. What were the key outcomes Hardrada was killed and the Saxons lost 5,000 soldiers of the Battle of Stamford Bridge 1.3 15. Who were the Witan? The king's advisers. Made up of the most important nobles, mostly earls and Archbishops. King chose who was appointed and when they met. Chose Harold Godwinson to be the next king. 1.4 16. Why did William win the Battle -Harold had lost 5,000 soldiers and marched 385 miles of Hastings? You must know all - Saxon fyrd chased William's army down the hill - the shield wall three reasons could then be broken - William transported well-trained horses across sea - this had never been done before 2.1 17. Why did the earls submit at They believed God was on William's side and Edgar was only 14 Berkhamstead so not a replacement for Harold 2.1 18. Which Earls submitted to Edgar Aetheling, Archbishop Ealdred of York, Edwin and Morcar William? 2.1 19. Why were the Marcher To prevent raids and invasion from Wales earldoms made? 2.1 20. Name three things that Keep all their tax Marcher Earls could do, that Build castles other earls couldn't Build new burhs, markets and churches Control sheriffs and the courts 2.1 21. Why did William build castles To protect his troops and scare people into not attacking the Normans again 2.2 22. Give two reasons for Edwin Reduced the earldom of Edwin and Morcar and Morcar’s 1068 rebellion Increased the geld tax on the Saxons William broke his promise to marry his daughter to Edwin 2.2 23. How did William defeat Edwin Marched his army and built a castle at Warwick and Morcar’s 1068 rebellion? 2.2 24. Give two outcomes of Edwin Edwin and Morcar were captured and travelled with William as and Morcar’s 1068 rebellion his prisoners Edgar escaped to Scotland to Malcolm III 2.2 25. When and why did the people In 1069 – because he had been allowing his men to steal things of Northumbria rebel against from the Anglo-Saxons and rape Anglo-Saxon women Earl Robert Cumin? 2.2 26. Why was the 1069 rebellion It combined three of his enemies (Edgar, Malcolm and King William's biggest threat? Sweyn of Denmark) The Danes had a huge army The Normans lost 3,000 soldiers 2.2 27. How did William end the 1069 Carried out the Harrying of the North in York and Durham rebellion (100,000 dead, no life between York and Durham for 20 years. Built castles there Paid the Danes to leave 2.2 28. What started Hereward the Local bishop was replaced by a Norman bishop (Turold) Wake's rebellion in Ely in 1070- 71 2.2 29. How did William end the Danes were supposed to support his rebellion but just stole rebellion of Hereward? treasure from the cathedral in Ely and returned to Denmark A local monk showed him where Hereward's soldiers were hiding in the local swamp 2.2 30. Give two consequences of the Hereward escaped - never to be seen again defeat of Hereward's rebellion Morcar was captured and put in prison for life

13

2019-20

2.3 31. How did William end the 1069 Carried out the Harrying of the North in York and Durham rebellion (100,000 dead, no life between York and Durham for 20 years. Built castles there Paid the Danes to leave 2.3 32. What major change to All land would be owned by the king, granted out directly by him landholding did William make to followers after the Harrying? If someone died without a son, his land went to William If someone died with a son, he had to pay relief to get his dad's lands 2.3 33. What idea did William The idea that the king should be seen wearing his crown three introduce, to make people see times a year him as the king? (Hint: the He did this in York, Christmas 1069, after rebellions in the north crown) 2.4 34. Give two reasons for the Revolt The earls (Ralph de Gael, Roger de Breteuil and Waltheof) had of the Earls IN 1075 got less land than their dad, William had refused Ralph marrying Roger's daughter. 2.4 35. Why did the Revolt of the Earls Waltheof told Lanfranc of the plan. He excommunicated Roger so fail? that he surrendered Normans and Anglo-Saxons joined to stop it Castles helped Norman troops to gather against them The Danes had agreed to help but arrived late so they plundered York Cathedral instead 2.4 36. How was Waltheof's Waltheof was executed while the others weren't (Roger punishment different to the imprisoned and Ralph escaped) Norman earl's punishment? 3.1 37. What was the feudal system? The social system in Norman England, where land was given in return for service. (Service = tax and fighting). King was most powerful, then nobles, then knights, then peasants. 3.1 38. How did William’s control of Forfeiture: your land would be taken off you, if you disobeyed land give him more power? the king Relief: you had to pay to the king to inherit land from your father when he died 3.1 39. How did the lords’ control of Knight service: when a knight had to fight for the lord (with land gave them power? weapons and armour) for 40 days a year, in return for land Labour service: when peasants had to work on the lord’s land in return for land Note: as William controlled the lords, he really had these powers 3.1 40. Why did replacing Stigand It showed that the Normans had control over the Church. (Saxon) with Lanfranc Lanfranc had to swear oath of loyalty to William (Norman) as the Archbishop of Canterbury in 1070 significant? 3.1 41. How did Lanfranc make the The Archbishop of Canterbury became the overall head of the role of Archbishop of Church in England (more powerful than the Archbishop of York) Canterbury more centralised All Bishops had to swear an oath that they would obey Lanfranc. and give the Normans more All Saxon church buildings replaced with Norman buildings within power? 50 years. 3.2 42. How did William use regents to Regents were people William put in charge of England while he rule England? was in Normandy. He gave this power to Bishop Odo (1067), Lanfranc (1075) and his wife Matilda

14

2019-20

3.2 43. How did William limit the Made their earldoms smaller, e.g. annoyed Roger de Breteuil and power of the earls? Ralph de Gael, leading to the Revolt of the Earls in 1075 3.2 44. How did William change the Replaced Anglo-Saxons with Normans role of the sheriff? 3 ways Said they answered directly to him, rather than a local lord, so they had more importance Made them entitled to a share of the tax they collected 3.2 45. Give an example of the new Weren't allowed to take hunting weapons into the forest or to forest laws that upset the local hunt at all. Saxons Blinded if you tried to hunt deer in the forest 3.2 46. What did the Domesday book 114 homes, 2000 pigs say about Enfield and how did The more you owned the more tax you paid – meant Normans this give the Normans more could collect the maximum amount of tax power? 3.3 47. Give an example of Norman Tower of London (built 1078) buildings, that showed off the Westminster Great Hall (biggest hall in Europe) wealth of the aristocracy Winchester Cathedral (longest Cathedral in Europe) 3.3 48. Who was Bishop Odo and why William's half-brother - made Bishop of Bayeux by William, came did he get in trouble? to England in 1066. Second largest landholder after the king. Put on trial for stealing from a Church in 1076. 3.3 49. How did Odo treat the people When regent in 1067 he treated the people violently and took of England badly whilst regent their land 3.4 50. Give one reason why Robert In 1077 Robert's younger brothers played a prank on him, had a bad relationship with his pouring a chamber pot (of wee and poo) on his head. When father and brothers William didn’t punish his brothers, Robert attacked his father's castle in France. 3.4 51. What happened in 1079, In a battle, William and Robert fought each other, and Robert causing William to be knocked William off his horse. Then he ordered William to embarrassed by his son retreat. Robert? 3.4 52. What happened in 1080, to Matilda (William's wife) organised a reunion - William made improve relations between Robert heir to Normandy again William and Robert? 3.4 53. Why was there a disputed His son, William Rufus, was made king but Robert (who became succession when William of Duke of Normandy) wanted to be king and was supported by Normandy died? Bishop Odo in a rebellion in 1088. 3.4 54. What happened in the 1088 William Rufus captured Odo and Robert (Odo later escaped). rebellion against William II?

Paper 3: Germany

1.1 1. What was the impact • Kaiser Wilhelm abdicated (gave up the throne) in November 1918 of WW1 on Germany? – Germany had no permanent leader Give 3 points • New government (called the ‘Weimar Republic’) established • Treaty of Versailles punished Germany for the war 1.1 2. Give 2 strengths of the • All Germans had equal rights, inc. the right to vote Weimar Constitution • Proportional representation made voting fair 1.1 3. Give 2 weaknesses of • Article 48 meant the President could make laws to solve the Weimar problems without the permission of anyone else, in an Constitution emergency. Could give the President too much power • Many people did not believe that all Germans should have the right to vote, so they resented the new Constitution 15

2019-20

1.2 4. Give 3 terms of the TRAWL Treaty of Versailles • Territory – Germany lost 10% of its land • Reparations – had to pay £6.6 billion • Army – limited to 100,000 • War Guilt – Article 231 – blamed Germany for the war • League of Nations – was a group designed to keep peace – Germany wasn’t invited to join 1.2 5. Describe 3 early • Spartacist Uprising rebellions against the • Freikorps Weimar Republic • Kapp Putsch (before the Nazis) 1.2 6. What was • Hyperinflation = when lots of money is printed, so its value goes hyperinflation, when down. People were carrying their wages home in wheelbarrows! and why did it • Happened in 1923 happen? • Because the Weimar government printed too much money, to pay off reparations (and the Ruhr’s striking workers) 1.2 7. What was the French • When the French invaded Germany, in an area called the Ruhr occupation of the • Did this in order to take resources because Germany wasn’t Ruhr, and why did it paying its reparations happen? 1.3 8. Who was Stresemann, • Stresemann = a German leader (chancellor then foreign minister) and why was he • Stopped hyperinflation by creating the rentenmark important for Germany? 1.3 9. How did America help • Dawes Plan (1924) – said that America would loan Germany Germany to recover money to pay off reparations (gave $3 billion over 6 years) from hyperinflation? 2 • Young Plan (1929) – reduced the amount of reparations that ways Germany had to pay (from £6.6 billion to £1.85 billion) 1.3 10. Give 3 improvements • Locarno Pact (1924) – said that Germany would respect the that the Weimar borders of Belgium and France, making France feel safer government made to • League of Nations (1926) – Germany allowed to join. Germany’s • Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) – Germany signed a deal with America relationship with and 63 other countries, to say they would talk about their other countries problems, rather than starting another war. 1.4 11. How did workers’ lives • Wages rose by 25% from 1925 to 1928 change under the • Were given unemployment insurance (so they’d get paid, even if Weimar government? they were too ill to work) 2 ways 1.4 12. How did women’s • Allowed to vote (from 1919) lives change under the • Got more jobs – 75% worked by 1918 Weimar government? 1.4 13. How did culture (art • Artists had more freedom, e.g. to criticise the government (Otto and buildings) change Dix is an example) under the Weimar • Buildings were more modern (e.g. the Einstein Tower) government? 2.1 14. Why did Hitler join the • He had been homeless and heard lots of racism against Jews Nazi party and • He was rejected from art college by the Jews who worked there develop his views? 3 • He was angry that Germany had surrendered in WW1 (while he reasons had been blinded in hospital) • He was angry about the Treaty of Versailles

16

2019-20

• He liked the Nazis after hearing their ideas while working as a spy for the army 2.1 15. Why did the Nazi • Changed its name from the DAP to the NSDAP (Nazis) – people party become more liked the ‘national’ idea popular in the years • Created the SA (storm troopers) – private army – scared people after Hitler first joined • Made the Twenty Five Point Programme – was their plan for (1920-22)? 3 ways government. Had popular policies, e.g. demanding land back. • Hitler’s speeches – very passionate • More people joined – had 23 members in September 1919, but 3000 members by the end of 1920) • Propaganda – started using the swastika symbol 2.1 16. How did Hitler gain In July 1921, he forced a new leadership election. He chose his followers control of the Nazi for all important positions. party? 2.2 17. Give one cause, one Causes: event, and one • Nazis had become more popular (because of the reasons in consequence of the question 15) so thought they could take control Munich Putsch • Nazis were inspired by Mussolini in Italy • Hyperinflation and the French invasion of the Ruhr made people angry, so the Nazis thought they could succeed Events: Hitler and the Nazis stormed into a government meeting in Munich. Hitler fired a gun at the ceiling. The government promised to support Hitler, but then they took it back. The government attacked the Nazis – 14 were killed. Hitler was imprisoned. Consequences: • Hitler in prison – but used it as a chance to write his book, ‘Mein Kampf’ • Hitler reorganised the Nazi party after he was released from prison, making it more effective 2.2 18. Why did the Nazis • The army stayed loyal to the government only have limited • The Nazis were disorganised support, 1924-28? 3 • They tried to use violence (e.g. Munich Putsch) and it didn’t work reasons 2.2 19. How did the Nazis • Reorganised themselves – created departments, like a increase their government (e.g. for education) popularity, after the • Created the SS – Hitler’s personal bodyguards Munich Putsch? 3 • Held the Bamberg Conference (1926) – Hitler spoke for 5 hours reasons and made his views (from Mein Kampf) very clear • 2.3 20. Why did support for • Stresemann died the Nazis grow, from • Wall Street Crash (1929) – meant that 6 million Germans became 1929-32? Minimum 3 unemployed, so looked to the Nazis for help reasons • KPD (communists) became more popular – people who were scared of them voted instead for the Nazis • Bruning (the current Chancellor) was unpopular – raised taxes, then used Article 48 to rule 2.4 21. Describe the 5-step 1: In May 1932, there was a Presidential election. 1/3 of Germans voted process that led to for Hitler. Hitler becoming 2: In April 1932, there was another election. Hitler gained 2 million more Chancellor votes (but he still didn’t win). 17

2019-20

3: The current Chancellor (Bruning) was unpopular, as he increased taxes. Von Papen became the Chancellor instead, but he was also unpopular (he didn’t listen to anyone else. 4: In the Reichstag elections of July 1932, the Nazis used violence to increase their votes. They became the biggest party in the Reichstag. 5: Von Papen was sacked (he couldn’t stop the Nazis’ violence), and a man called Schleicher became Chancellor instead. However, he also struggled to stop the violence, so they made Hitler Chancellor. 3.1 22. How did the Reichstag • He could issue ‘decrees’ (laws that the President could pass in a Fire (Feb 1933) help state of emergency) – e.g. the Decree for Protection of the Hitler to become a people and the state – banned communism dictator? 3 reasons • He got rid of communist opposition (4,000 communists arrested, newspapers banned) • He became more popular because he dealt with it firmly – in an election in March the Nazis won 2/3 of seats in the Reichstag 3.1 23. How did the Enabling It said Hitler and his cabinet could propose new laws. Led to him banning Act help Hitler to other political parties (who weren’t Nazis) and trade unions. become a dictator? 3.1 24. How did the Night of • It got rid of Ernst Rohm – he had been a threat to Hitler as the the Long Knives help leader of the SA, which had 3 million members. Hitler to become a • It pleased the army and made them more likely to support Hitler. dictator? 2 reasons 3.1 25. How did Hindenburg’s Hindenburg had been President, so when he died Hitler could combine death help Hitler to the roles of President and Chancellor to make the Fuhrer. The army had become a dictator? to swear an oath promising to support him. 3.2 26. Describe 4 key • Gestapo = secret police, spied on people for Nazis. 3,000 per features of the Nazi person. police state. You must • SS = Hitler’s bodyguards. Had to be ‘pure’ Aryan. mention: Gestapo, SS, • SD = stored information on people about where they lived etc. SD, concentration Concentration camps = where people who opposed Hitler were sent. camps First set up was Dachau, 1933. 3.2 27. How did Hitler use the • Judges had to join National Socialist League for the Maintenance legal system to of the Law increase his control? 2 Got rid of trial by jury ways 3.2 28. How did Hitler control • Concordat with the Pope – said the Pope would stay out of the Church? 2 ways political issues, if Hitler left the Catholic Church alone Reich Church – was a Nazi Church, spreading Nazi ideas 3.3 29. How did the Nazis use • Goebbels made Minister of Propaganda to control this propaganda and the • Posters – showing Hitler looking impressive, telling people to media to increase vote for the Nazis their control? 3 ways • Newspapers – closed down any opposition papers (1,600 papers closed in 1935) • Radio – Hitler promoted selling of radios so everyone could listen to his speeches (70% had a radio by 1939) Rallies – gatherings of Nazis, e.g. at Nuremberg every year 3.3 30. How did the Nazis use • Sports teams had to do Nazi salute sport to increase their Berlin Olympics, 1936 – built the largest stadium in the world control? 3 ways 3.3 31. How did the Nazis • Albert Speer created ‘strong’ and ‘historic’ buildings make sure that culture • Banned jazz music – associated with black people

18

2019-20

(music, art, buildings) Banned paintings that went against Nazis (12,000 banned in 1936 alone) fitted in with their beliefs? 3 ways 3.4 32. How did political • The KPD (communists) secretly encouraged people to stay off groups oppose the work sick or break machinery Nazis? 2 ways The SPD (socialists) wrote secret articles about how bad Nazi Germany was 3.4 33. How did the Church Pastor Niemoller set up the ‘Confessional Church’ in 1934, for people to oppose the Nazis? go to to hear speeches about how Hitler was wrong 3.4 34. How did the young • Edelweiss Pirates – city children who shouted at Hitler Youth oppose the Nazis? 2 members, and went on hikes to the countryside to discuss their ways hatred for Nazis Swing Youth – played banned music (e.g. jazz) 4.1 35. What role did the Kinder, Kuche, Kirsche – children, cooking, Church Nazis think women should have? 3 things 4.1 36. What policies did the • Law for the Encouragement of Marriage (1933) – gave couples a Nazis create towards loan of 1,000 marks to get married, and paid off 250 for every women? 3 things child they had. The woman wasn’t allowed to go to work • Mother’s Cross – bronze for 4/5 children, silver for 6/7, gold for 8 Lebensborn (fountain of life) programme – women could go to have children with SS men 4.1 37. Give a fact that shows Germany needed workers, so in 1937, women with marriage loans were how the Nazis’ policies allowed to work again towards women didn’t completely work 4.2 38. What did the Nazis Girls – think young people • Should be physically strong to be able to have children should be like? 2 • Should know how to take care of babies and husbands, e.g. things for boys, 2 sewing, cooking things for girls Boys – • Should be strong • Should be able to fight, e.g. learned to fire guns 4.2 39. How did the Nazis • Hitler Youth (for boys), German Maidens’ League (for girls) – did control the young? 2 activities to help them learn the ideal Nazi ways (e.g. camping, ways cleaning lessons) • Schools – were taught ‘race studies’ (taught to hate Jews); teachers had to say ‘Heil Hitler’ at the start of every lesson 4.3 40. How did the Nazis • Paid people to do jobs e.g. building roads reduce • National Labour Service – all men aged 18-25 had to spend 6 unemployment? 3 months learning how to become a soldier ways • Stopped counting certain people as unemployed – women and Jews 4.3 41. How did the Nazis • German Labour Front – was a Nazi trade union, which decided on control workers? 3 wages etc. ways • ‘Strength through Joy’ programme (KDF) – gave workers theatre trips, holidays, Volkswagen cars • ‘Beauty of Labour’ programme – gave money to improve facilities 4.3 42. Give a fact that shows • Workers had to build new facilities themselves, in their own time how the Nazis’ policies • By 1939 not one person who had paid into the Volkswagen scheme had received a car 19

2019-20

towards women didn’t completely work 4.4 43. How did the Nazis Said they were ‘untermenschen’ (less than human), taught in school that treat Slavs? they were inferior 4.4 44. How did the Nazis Sent them to ‘gypsy camps’ in 1936, then ordered for them all to be treat ‘gypsies’? deported in 1939 4.4 45. How did the Nazis Sent to concentration camps – labelled with pink triangle. 5,000 died in treat homosexuals? the camps 4.4 46. How did the Nazis Said that you had to have an operation to stop you having children if you treat disabled people? were disabled. T4 programme – said that disabled babies/ children should be killed (5,000 killed total) 4.4 47. How did the Nazis • Jewish shop/ business boycott (1933) – announced that no-one treat Jews? Mention 3 should visit Jewish shops on a particular day. Shops labelled things ‘jude’. • Nuremberg Laws (1935) – removed Jews’ German citizenship, forbade them from marrying/having sex with Germans. • Kristallnacht (November 1938) – over 1,000 Jewish shops, businesses and houses were destroyed. 100 killed. • Concentration camps – 20,000 in camps by 1938.

20