NoTES

Abbreviations Used in the Notes

ASC Anglo-Saxon Chronicle A.NS Proceedings cif the Battle CorifCrence on Anglo-Nonnan Studies, continued from 1983 as Anglo-Norman Studies BAR British Archaeological Reports DB Domesda;y Book, seu Liber Censualis Willelmi Primi Regis Angliae, ed. A. Farley and H. Ellis (4 vols, London, 1783-1816) EHD English Historical Documents, ii: 1042-1189, ed. D. C. Douglas and G. W. Greenway (2nd edn, London, 1981) EHR English Historical Review GR William of Malmesbury, De Gestis Regum Anglorum Libri Qyinque, ed. W. Stubbs (2 vo1s, Rolls Series, London, 1887-9) ov The Ecclesiastical History cif , ed. M. Chibnall (6 vols, Oxford, 1969-80) TRE tempore Regis Eadwardi ('in the time of King Edward') TRHS Transactions cif the Royal Historical Socie!)! VCH Victoria Coun!)! History

THE SOURCES

1. The best introduction to the sources is A. Gransden, Historical Writing in , c.55D-c.1307 (London, 1974), pp. 87-185.

194 Notes

2. EHD, ii, no. 1, p. 147. 3. J. Campbell, 'Some Twelfth-Century Views of the Anglo-Saxon Past', in Essays in Anglo-Saxon History (London, 1986), pp. 209-28; R. W. Southern, 'Aspects of the European Tradition of Historical Writing, 4: the Sense of the Past', TRHS, 5th series, 23 (1973), pp. 246-56. 4. G. A. Loud, 'The Gens Normannorum: Myth or Reality?', A.NS, 4 (1981), pp. 104-16. 5. 7he of William of Jumieges, ed. and trans. E. M. C. van Houts (Oxford, 1992), vol. i, esp. pp. xix-xxxv. 6. See R. H. C. Davis, ' and his History of ', in R. H. C. Davis andJ. M. Wallace-Hadrill (eds), 7he Writing of History in the (Oxford, 1981 ), pp. 71-100. 7. 7he Carmen de Hastingae Proelio of Guy, Bishop of Amiens, ed. C. Morton and H. Muntz (Oxford, 1972). 8. R. H. C. Davis, 'The Carmen de Hastingae Proelio', EHR, 93 (1978), pp. 241--61. 9. E. M. C. van Houts, 'Latin Poetry and the Anglo-Norman Court, 1066-1135: the Carmen de Hastingae Proelio', Journal of Meduval History, 15 (1989), pp. 39--62, with full bibliography. 10. S. A. Brown, 7he Tapestry: History and Bibliography (Woodbridge, 1988). The best edition is D. M. Wilson, 7he (London, 1985). 11. See N. P. Brooks and H. E. Walker, 'The Authority and Interpreta­ tion of the Bayeux Tapestry', A.NS, 1 ( 1977), pp. 1-34. 12. Notably by C. R. Dodwell, 'The Bayeux Tapestry and the French Secular Epic', Burlington Magazine, 108 (1966), pp. 549--60. 13. H. E.J. Cowdrey, 'Towards an Interpretation ofthe Bayeux Tapestry', A.NS, 10 (1987), p. 65. 14. D. J. Bernstein, 7he .A(ystery of the Bayeux Tapestry (Chicago and London, 1986). 15. Cowdrey, 'Towards an Interpretation', p. 64. 16. See M. Chibnall's monumental edition, 7he Ecclesiastical History of Orderic Vitalis (6 vols, Oxford, 1969-80). Her 7he World of Orderic Vitalis (Oxford, 1984) provides an excellent context. 17. ov, vi. pp. 550-7. 18. Ibid., iv. pp. 80-95. 19. R. Thomson, William of Malmesbury (Woodbridge, 1987), esp. ch. 2. 20. I. Short, 'Patrons and Polyglots: French Literature in Twelfth-Century England', A.NS 14 (1991), pp. 229-50.

195 Notes

2 PRELUDE TO THE CONQUEST

1. S. Keynes, 'The Aethelings in ', ASC, 13 (1990), pp. 173-206, provides the best account. 2. OV, vi, p. 169; R. L. G. Ritchie, 1he in England Bifore Edward the Corifessor (Exeter, 1948); E. Searle, 'Emma the Conqueror', in C. Harper-Bill, C. J. Holdsworth and J. L. Nelson (eds), Studies in Medieval History presented to R. Allen Brown, (Woodbridge, 1989), pp. 281-8, is also of value. 3. VCH, Warwickshire, i, p. 275 from Hemming's Cartulary. 4. P. Stafford, Unification and Conquest (London, 1989), pp. 88-9. 5. ov, ii, p. 43. 6. Keynes, 'The Aethelings', esp. pp. 188-93. 7. A. Williams, 'The King's Nephew: the Family and Career of Ralph, Earl of ', in Studies in Medieval History presented to R. Allen Brown, pp. 327-44. 8. For fitzWimarch, see 1he Lift rif Kmg Edward who Rests at Westminster, ed. and trans. F. Barlow (2nd edn, Oxford, 1992), p. 76, n. 4. 9. OV, iv, p. 139. 10. The best study of Eustace is nowH.J. Tanner, 'The Expansion of the Power and Influence of the County of Boulogne under Eustace II', ANS, 14 (1991), pp. 251-86. 11. V. H. Galbraith, Domesdqy Book: Its Place in Administrative History (Oxford, 1974), p. 175. 12. G. Garnett, 'Coronation and Propaganda: Some Implications of the Norman Claim to the Throne of England in 1066', TRHS, 5th series, 36 (1986), p. 107. 13. D. C. Douglas was certainly sceptic;Edward the Confessor and the Norman Succession', EHR, 94 (1979), pp. 241-67, esp. 254-5.

196 Notes

18. See N. Hooper, 'Edward the Aetheling: Anglo-Saxon Prince, Rebel and Crusader', Anglo-Saxon England, 14 (1985), pp. 197-214. 19. P. Grierson, 'A Visit of Earl Harold to Flanders in 1056', EHR, 51 (1936), pp. 9Q-7. 20. EHD, ii, no. 1, p. 137. 21. Stafford, Unification and Conquest, p. 94. 22. 1he Life if' King Edward who Rests at Westminster, ed. and trans. F. Barlow (2nd edn, Oxford, 1992), pp. 51, 81. 23. F. Barlow, Edward the Confessor (London, 1970), p. 222. 24. Stafford, Unification and Conquest, p. 97. 25. G. Garnett, 'Coronation and Propaganda: Some Implications of the Norman Claim to the Throne of England in 1066', TRHS 5th series, 36 (1986), pp. 91-116.

3 THE

1. GR, ii, p. 297. 2. The fullest study of Edgar is now N. Hooper, 'Edgar the Aetheling: Anglo-Saxon Prince, Rebel and Crusader', Anglo-Saxon Studies, 14 (, 1985), pp. 197-214. 3. E. Mason, St if' Worcester, c. 1008-1095 (Oxford, 1990), pp. 102-4. 4. E. van Houts, 'The Ship List of William the Conqueror', A.NS, 10 (1987), pp. 159-83. 5. For two examples, see EHD, ii, nos 236-7, pp. 982-3. 6. G. Garnett, 'Coronation and Propaganda: Some Implications of the Norman Claim to the Throne of England in 1066', TRHS, 5th series, 36 (1986), p. 110. 7. The clearest account is R. A. Brown, 'The ', A.NS, 3 (1980), pp. 1-21. 8. DB, ii, f. 14b. 9. A. Williams, 'Land and Power in the Eleventh Century: the Estates of Harold Godwineson', A.NS, 3 (1980), pp. 178-80; F. M. Stenton, 'St Benet of Holme and the Norman Conquest', EHR, 37 (1922), p. 233. The abbot appears to have been allowed to return later. 10. D. C. Douglas, 'Companions of the Conqueror', History, 28 (1943), pp. 13Q-47. 11. Eustace's part in the battle is discussed by S. A. Brown, 'The Bayeux Tapestry: Why Eustace, Odo and William', A.NS, 12 (1989), pp. 7-28.

197 Notes

12. For the , see K. S. B. Keats-Rohan, 'William I and the Breton Contingent in the Non-Norman Conquest 106G-1087', A.NS, 13 (1990), pp. 157-72; and for the Aquitanians,J. Martindale, 'Aimeri of Thouars and the Poitevin Connection', A.NS, 7 (1984), pp. 224-45 and G. Beech, 'The Participation of Aquitanians in the Conquest of England, 1066--1100', A.NS, 9 (1986), pp. 1-24. 13. ]. Nelson, 'The Rites of the Conqueror', A.NS, 4 ( 1981 ), pp. 117-18. 14. G. Garnett, 'Coronation and Propaganda', esp. pp. 95-9. 15. C. P. Lewis, 'The Early Earls of Norman England', A.NS, 13 (1990), pp. 216-18. 16. ov, ii, p. 203. 17. G. Garnett, 'Franci et Angli: the Legal Distinctions Between Peoples after the Conquest', A.NS, 8 (1985), pp. 116-28. 18. For Eadric see S. Reynolds, 'Eadric Silvaticus and the English Resistance', BIHR, 54 (1981), pp. 102-5; and for Hereward, ]. Hayward, 'Hereward the Outlaw', Journal qf Medieval History, 14 (1988), pp. 293-304 is the most recent account. 19. H. Tanner, 'The Expansion of the Power and Influence of the Counts ofBoulogne under Eustace II', A.NS, 14 (1991), pp. 272-4. 20. ]. H. Round, 'The Conqueror at Exeter', in Feudal England (London, 1895), p. 450. 21. Of the copious literature on the northern rebellions the fullest account, though not uncontroversial, is W. Kapelle, 7he Norman Conquest qf the North: the Region and its Transformation, 1 OOo-1135 (Lon­ don, 1979), chs 4--6. 22. H. E. J. Cowdrey, 'Bishop Erminfrid of Sion and the Penitential Ordinance following the Battle of Hastings', Journal qf Eccksiastical History, 20 (1969), pp. 225-42. See below, p. 174. 23. K. S. B. Keats-Rohan, 'William I and the Breton Contingent in the Non-Norman Conquest, 1060-1087', A.NS, 13 (1990), p. 167. 24. ov, ii, pp. 311-23. 25. OV, ii, p. 315; Lewis, 'The Early Earls', p. 221. 26. C. P. Lewis, 'The Norman Settlement ofHerefordshire under William 1', A.NS, 7 (1984), pp. 195-213. 27. As suggested in one of 's admonitory letters to Roger (The utters qf Lan.franc qf Canterbury, ed. and trans. H. Clover and M. Gibson (Oxford, 1979), pp. l2G-l and n. 5. 28. 7he Text qfthe Book qfLkzn J){i1J, ed.J. G. Evans (Oxford, 1893), pp. 277-8; C.J. Spurgeon, 'Mottes and Castle-ringworks in Wales', in]. R. Kenyon and R. Avent (eds), Castks in Wales and the Marches (Cardiff, 1987), p. 39.

198 Notes

29. Kapelle, 1he Norman Conquest of the North, pp. 134-7. 30. For the best introduction to Anglo-Welsh relations during this period, see R. R. Davies, Conquest, Coexistence, and Change: Wales, 1063-1415 (Oxford, 1987), chs 1-4. See also D. Walker, Medieval Wales (Cam­ bridge, 1990), ch. 2. 31. The best discussion is K. L. Maund, Ireland, Wales and England in the Eleventh Century (Woodbridge, 1991), pp. 129-40. 32. Pre-Conquest relations between Wales and England are conveniently summarised by W. Davies, Wales in the Early Middle Ages (Leicester, 1982), pp. 112-6. 33. Davies, Conquest, Coexistence and Change, p. 27. 34. J. Hillaby, 'The Norman New Town of Hereford', Transactions of the Woolhope Naturalists' Field Club, 44 (1982-4), pp. 185-95. 35. I. W. Rowlands, 'The Making of the March: Aspects of the Norman Settlement of Dyfed', ANS, 3 (1980), pp. 142-57. 36. Bruty Twywysogyon, ed. T. Jones (Cardiff, 1955), p. 31. 37. A. P. Smyth, Warlords and Holymen: Scotland AD Bo--1000 (London, 1984), ch. 7. 38. For a clear overview see G. W. S. Barrow, 'The Anglo-Scottish Border', in 1he Kingdom of the Scots (London, 1973), pp. 139-64. 39. J. Green, 'Anglo-Scottish Relations, 1066-1174', in M. Jones and M. Vale (eds), England and her Neighbours (London, 1989), pp. 53-72. 40. G. W. S. Barrow, Kmgship and Unity (London, 1981), p. 28. 41. See G. W. S. Barrow, 1he Anglo-Norman Era in Scottish History (Oxford, 1980), for an excellent account.

4 SETILEMENT AND COLONISATION

l. ov, iii, pp. 255-7. 2. For Guitmond, see OV ii, pp. 273-9. 3. GR, ii, pp. 482-3. 4. See W.J. Corbett, 'The Development of the of Normandy and the Norman Conquest of England', Cambridge Medieval History, 5 (Cambridge, 1926), pp. 505-13; and C. W. Hollister, 'The Greater Domesday Tenants in Chief', in J. C. Holt (ed.), DomesdO:Ji Studies (Woodbridge, 1987), pp. 219-48. 5. For Hollister, see n. 4; D. Bates, Normandy bd(Jre 1066 (London, 1982), esp. chs 3 and 4. 6. Hollister, 'The Greater Domesday Tenants in Chief', pp. 227-8.

199 Notes

7. See D. Greenway, 'Conquest and Colonization: the Foundation of an Alien Priory, 1077', in W.]. Blair and B.]. Golding (eds), The Cloister and the World (Oxford, forthcoming). 8. OV, iv, p. 100. 9. ov, ii, p. 265. 10. See H. Tanner, 'The Expansion of the Power and Influence of the Counts of Boulogne under Eustace II', A.NS, 14 (1991) pp. 270-7. 11. K. S. B. Keats-Rohan, 'William I and the Breton Contingent in the Non-Norman Conquest, 106Q--1087', A.NS 13 (1990), pp. 157-72, and 'The Bretons and Normans of England, 1066-1154: the Family, the and the Feudal Monarchy', Nottingham Medieval Studies, 36 (1992), pp. 42-78. 12. See B. E. English, The Lnrds of Holderness, 1086-1260 (Oxford, 1979), pp. 6-9; R. H. George, 'The Contribution of Flanders to the Conquest of England', Revzu beige de philologie et d'histoire, 5 ( 1926), pp. 81-97. 13. ]. Martindale, 'Aimeri of Thouars and the Poitevin Connection', A.NS, 7 (1984), pp. 224-45; G. Beech, 'The Participation of Aquitanians in the Conquest of England, 1066-1100', A.NS, 9 (1986), pp. 1-24, esp. 2Q--4. 14. ]. H. Round, 'The Family of Bailon and the Conquest of South Wales', in Studies in Peerage and Family History (London, 1901), pp. 181-215. 15. ov, ii, p. 267. 16. The fullest discussion is now R. Fleming, Kings and Lnrds in Conqzust England (Cambridge, 1991 ), chs 4-7. 17. DB, i, f. 158b. 18. A useful summary of the English baronage under Rufus is F. Barlow, William Rufos (London, 1983), pp. 163-75. 19. Fleming, Kings and Lnrds, p. 229. See also her 'Domesday Estates of the King and the Godwines: A Study in Late Saxon Politics', Speculum, 58 (1983), pp. 987-1107, esp. 1007. 20. ]. Green, 'William Rufus, Henry I and the Royal Demesne', History, 64 (1979), pp. 337-52. 21. Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, i, 1066-1100, ed. H. W. C. Davis (Oxford, 1914), nos 155-6, p. 43. 22. ]. Campbell, 'Some Agents and Agencies of the Late Anglo­ Saxon State', in]. C. Holt (ed.), Domesday Studies (Woodbridge, 1987), p. 214. 23. E.g. DB, i, ff. 35a, 36a, 50a, 211a, 21lb, 218b. 24. D. Bates, 'The Origins of the Justiciarship', A.NS, 4 (1981 ), pp. 3-4.

200 Notes

See DB, i, f. 216a, for an example ofOdo's seizure ofland for one of his household. 25. See DB, i, f. 50a, for a possible indication of fitzOsbern's activities. 26. DB, i, f. 162a. 27. D. C. Douglas, Feudal Documents from the Abbty of Bury St Edmunds (Oxford, 1932), pp. xcv-c, 47. 28. DB, i, f. 62a. 29. DB, i, f. 148b; ii, f. I b. 30. VCH, Hampshire, i, p. 428; B. Golding, The Hampshire DomesdO:J (Lon­ don, 1989), p. 25. 31. See above, p. 67; DB, i, f. 50a. In the same shire another English tenant claimed to hold Oakhanger 'by purchase from the king' (DB, i, f. 49a). 32. H. P.R. Finberg, Tavistock Abbty (Newton Abbot, 1969), pp. 4--12. 33. R. Mortimer, 'The Beginnings ofthe Honour ofClare',ANS, 3 (1980), pp. 124--7. 34. Ibid., pp. 128-31. See DB, ii, f. 102b (Wihtgar), f. 329a (Finn). 35. Campbell, 'Some Agents and Agencies', p. 210. For Edward, see VCH, Wiltshire, ii, p. 99. 36. A. Williams, 'A Vice-Comital Family in Pre-Conquest Warwickshire', ANS, II ( 1988), pp. 286-92. 3 7. DB, ii, f. 38b. 38. DB, i, f. 208b. 39. Chronicon Monasterii de Abingdon, ed. J. Stevenson (Rolls Series, London, 1858), vol. i, pp. 484, 490. 40. F. M. Stenton, 'St Benet of Holme and the Norman Conquest', EHR, 37 (1922), pp. 233-4. 41. Chronicon Abbatiae de Evesham, ed. W. D. Macray (Rolls Series, London, 1863), p. 90. 42. E. Mason, St Wuifstan of Worcester, c. 1008-1095 (Oxford, 1990), pp. 14--7, where the steersman is tentatively identified with Eadric 'the wild'. 43. DB, ii, f. 87a. 44. Le Patourel, The Norman Empire, ch. 2, pp. 28-48. 45. ov, ii, pp. 195, 203. 46. 0 v, ii, pp. 203, 221. 47. ov, ii, p. 221. 48. Fleming, Kings and Lords, esp. ch. 5, pp. 145-82. 49. J. F. A. Mason, William the First and the Sussex Rapes (Historical Association, Hastings Branch, 1966); and E. Searle, 'The Abbey of the

201 Notes

Conqueror: Defensive Enfeoffment and Economic Development in Anglo-Norman England', ANS, 2 (1979), pp. 154--64. 50. P. Sawyer, '1066-1086: A Tenurial Revolution', in : A Re-Assessment (London, 1985), pp. 71-85. 51. Fleming, Kings and LiJrds, esp. pp. 123-5. 52. VCH, Norfolk, ii, pp. 18-9. 53. B. Golding, 'Robert of Mortain', ANS, 13 (1990), pp. 135-8; R. Mortimer, 'The Beginnings of the Honour of Clare', ANS, 3 (1980), pp. 135-6. 54. See below, p. 169. 55. For Holderness, see B. English, The LiJrds rif Holderness, 1086-1260 (Oxford, 1979), p. 8. 56. ov, ii, p. 263. 57. Cartulary rif Oseney Abbey, ed. H. E. Salter (Oxford Historical Society, 97, 1934), vol. iv, p. 1; VCH, Oxfordshire, i, p. 383; VCH, Buckingham­ shire, i, pp. 213-4; VCH, Berkshire, i, pp. 29D-l. 58. See below, pp. 141-2. 59. Chronicon Abbatiae Ramseiensis, ed. W. D. Macray (Rolls Series, London, 1886), pp. lxxx-lxxxi. 60. A full study of the Conquest's impact on the towns is still awaited, but see S. Reynolds, 'Towns in Domesday Book', in Domesday Studies, pp. 295-310. 61. A God's House Miscellany, ed. J. M. Kaye (Southampton Record Series, 27, 1984), p. XX. 62. M. Biddle et al. (eds), Winchester in the Early Middle Ages (Oxford, 1976), esp. pp. 187-91, 474--6. 63. C. Clark, 'Battle c.lllO: An Anthroponymist Looks at an Anglo-Nor­ man New Town', ANS, 2 (1979), pp. 21-41. 64. DB, ii. f. ll7b. 65. H. G. Richardson, The English]ewry under Angevin Kings (London, 1960), ch. 1, pp. 1-22. 66. See Barlow, William Rufos, pp. 110-12, 115-16. 67. The best introduction is G. W. S. Barrow, The Anglo-Norman Era in Scottish History (Oxford, 1980). 68. DB, i, f. 296a. 69. OV, v, p. 203; vi. p. 17. See E. Mason, 'Magnates, Curiales and the Wheel ofFortune, 1066-1154', ANS, 2 (1979), pp. 118-40. 70. The Chronicle rif , ed. and trans. E. Searle (Oxford, 1980), p. 179.

202 Notes

5 GOVERNING THE CONQUERED

1. See J. Campbell, 'The Age of Arthur', in Essf!YS in Anglo-Saxon History (London, 1986), pp. 121-30 and references there cited. 2. For a useful introduction, see H. R. Loyn, 17ze Governance ifAnglo-Saxon England, 50fr-1087 (London, 1984), pt II. 3. See P. A. Stafford, 'The "Farm of One Night" and the Organisation of King Edward's Estates in Domesday', &onomic History Review, 33 (1980), pp. 491-502. 4. The best introduction isM. T. Clanchy, From Memory to Written Record (2nd edn, Oxford, 1993), esp. pp. 26-32. S. Keynes, 'Royal Govern­ ment and the Written Word in Late Anglo-Saxon England' R. McKitterick (ed.), The Uses if Literacy in Early Medieval Europe (Cambridge, 1990), pp. 226-57 is also indispensable. 5. See J. Campbell, 'Observations on English Government from the Tenth to the Twelfth Century', in Essf!Ys in Anglo-Saxon History, pp. 157-8. 6. F. E. Harmer, Anglo-Saxon Writs (Manchester, 1952). Two important works, taking different approaches, are P. Chaplais, 'The Origin and Authority of the Royal Anglo-Saxon Diploma and the Anglo-Saxon Chancery: from the Diploma to the Writ', Journal if the Society if Archivists, 3 (1965-6), pp. 48-61; and S. Keynes, 17ze Diplomas if King Aethelred the Unready, 978-1016 (Cambridge, 1980), pp. 16o-76. 7. J. Campbell, 'The Significance of the Anglo-Norman State in the Administrative History of Western Europe', in Essf!Ys in English History, p. 178, and 'Observations on English Government', pp. 157-8. 8. There is a brief account in E. Mason, Norman Kingship (Bangor, 1991 ), and see Loyn, Governance, ch. 4, pp. 81-90. 9. See C. W. Hollister and J. W. Baldwin, 'The Rise of Administrative Kingship: Henry I and Philip Augustus', American Historical Review, 83 (1978), pp. 870-905. I 0. DB, i, f. 48b; English Lawsuits from William I to Richard I, ed. R. C. van Caenegem (Selden Society, 106, 1990), no. 12, p. 35. 11. D. Bates, 'The Origins of the Justiciarship', in ANS, 4 (1981), pp. l-12. 12. For Ranulf's career see R. W. Southern, 'Rannulf Flambard and Early Anglo-Norman Administration', in Medieval Humanism and Other Studies (Oxford, 1970), pp. 183-205, and Ba::low, William Rufus, esp. pp. 193-205. 13. Loyn, Governance, p. 194. 14. Bates, Normandy bifOre I 066, pp. 160-1.

203 Notes

15. The best introduction is]. Nelson, 'The Rites of the Conqueror', ANS, 4 (1981), pp. 117-32. 16. See H. E. J. Cowdrey, 'The Anglo-Norman Laudes Regiae', Viator, 12 (1981), pp. 37-78. 17. M. Biddle, 'Seasonal Festivals and Residence: Winchester, Westmin­ ster and in the Tenth to Twelfth Centuries', ANS, 8 (1985), pp. 51-72. 18. Le Patourel, Norman Empire, pp. 233-6. 19. Walter Map, De Nugis Curialium, ed. and trans. M. R. James, revised C. N. L. Brooke and R. A. B. Mynors (Oxford, 1983), p. 3. 20. See above, n. 17. 21. J. Nelson, 'The Rites of the Conqueror', ANS, 4 (1981), pp. 131-2 (and refs.) is illuminating. 22. Le Patourel, 7he Norman Empire, ch. 5, 'The Practical Problems of Government', pp. 121-72, is essential reading here. 23. J. A. Green, 7he Government tif England under Henry I (Cambridge, 1989), ch. 2, pp. 19-37. 24. See Barlow, William Rufus, ch. 3, pp. 91-155. For d'Aincurt see pp. 133-4. 25. The standard accounts are J. 0. Prestwich, 'The Military Household of the Norman Kings', EHR, 96 (1981), pp. 1-35, and M. Chibnall, 'Mercenaries and the Familia Regis under Henry I', History, 62 (1977), pp. 15-23. 26. J. 0. Prestwich, 'War and Finance in the Anglo-Norman State', TRHS, 5th series, 4 (1954), p. 36. 27. Ibid., pp. 19-43. 28. ov, ii, p. 267. 29. J. A. Green, 'The Last Century of Danegeld', EHR, 96 (1981), pp. 241-58 is the best survey. 30. EHD, ii, no. 19, pp. 432-4. 31. C. W. Hollister, 'The Origins of the English Treasury', EHR, 93 (1978), pp. 262-75. 32. Green, Government tif England, pp. 34-5. 33. See above, n. 6, and S. Keynes, 'Regenbald the Chancellor (sic)', ANS, 10 (1987), pp. 185-222. 34. See below, p. 104. D. Bates, 'The Earliest Norman Writs', EHR, 100 (1985), 266-84. For a characteristically more optimistic view, see R. A. Brown, 'Some Observations on Norman and Anglo-Norman Char­ ters', in D. Greenway, C. Holdsworth, and]. Sayers (eds), Tradition and Change (Cambridge, 1985), pp. 145-64.

204 Notes

35. EHD, ii, no. 30, pp. 54-60; Green, Government rif England, pp. 27-30. 36. Barlow, William Rufos, pp. 195, 201-3. 37. J. H. Round, 'Bernard the King's Scribe', EHR, 14 (1899), pp. 417-30; Green, Government rif England, p. 235. 38. Calendar rif Documents Preserved in , no. 326, p. Ill; EHD, ii, no. I, pp. 167-175. 39. EHD, ii, no. 52, pp. 485-6. 40. Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, i: 1066-1100, ed. H. W. C. Davis (Oxford, 1913), no. 123, p. 32. 41. J. E. A. Jolliffe, Angevin Kingship (London, 1955), pp. 166-88. 42. R. Bartlett, Trial by Fire and Water (Oxford, 1986), is the fullest discussion of the ordeal in its western European context. 43. EHD, ii, no. 18, pp. 431-2. 44. See Green, Government rif England, pp. 124-30. 45. E.g. DB, i, ff. 49a-50b. 46. For the park of Earl Roger of , in Hampshire, see DB, i, f. 49a. 47. D. J. A. Matthew, The Norman Conquest (London, 1966), pp. 15Q-2. 48. B. Golding, The Hampshire Domesday (London, 1989), pp. 15-8 and references there cited. 49. These changes are summarised in Facsimiles rif English Royal Writs to AD 1100, ed. T. A. M. Bishop and P. Chaplais (Oxford, 1957), pp. xiii-xv. See also Clanchy, Memory to Written Record, pp. 211-2. 50. EHD, ii, no. 40, p. 464. 51. R. C. van Caenegem, The Birth rif the English Common lo.w (2nd edn, Cambridge, 1988), ch. 2, pp. 29-61. 52. See above, n. 34. 53. There is no full-length recent study of the pre-Conquest sheriff, but see W. A. Morris, The Medieval English Sheriff to 1300 (Manchester, 1927), chs I and 2, and J. Green, 'The Sheriffs of William the Conqueror', ANS, 5 (1982), pp. 129-45. 54. The status of the earls is discussed by C. P. Lewis, 'The Early Earls of Norman England', ANS, 13 (1990), pp. 208-23. 55. EHD, ii, no. 38, p. 463. 56. Green, Government rif England, p. II 0. 57. Barlow, William Rufos, pp. 208-9. See also H. A. Cronne, 'The Office of Local Justiciar in England under the Norman Kings', University rif Birmingham Historical Journal, 6 (1958), pp. 18-38. 58. E. Miller, 'The Land Pleas in the Reign ofWilliam 1', EHR, 62 (1947), pp. 438-56; D. Bates, 'The Land Pleas ofWilliam I's Reign: Penenden

205 Notes

Heath Revisited', BIRR, 51 (1978), pp. 1-19, usefully reviews recent scholarship. 59. H. R. Loyn, 'The Hundred in the Tenth and Early Eleventh Cen­ turies', in H. Hearder and H. R. Loyn (eds), British Government and Administration (Cardiff, 1974), pp. 1-15;]. Campbell, 'Observations on English Government', pp. 161-2. 60. The best survey is Campbell, 'Some Agents and Agencies', esp. pp. 205-8. 61. English Lawsuits from William I to Richard I, no. 4, pp. 6-7. 62. W. L. Warren, 'The Myth of Norman Administrative Efficiency', TRHS, 5th series, 34 (1984), pp. 118-9. 63. English Lawsuits from William I to Richard I, no. 12, p. 35. 64. See Campbell, 'Some Agents and Agencies', esp. pp. 205-18. 65. As argued by J. Green, 'William Rufus, Henry I and the Royal Demesne', History, 64 (1979), esp. pp. 347-9. See also her 'The Last Century ofDanegeld', EHR, 96 (1981), pp. 241-58. 66. The clearest account is R. H. M. Dolley, The Norman Conquest and the English Conquest (London, 1966). 67. Bates, Normandy bifore 1066, pp. 164-5; L. Musset, 'A-t-il existe une aristocratic d'argent?', Annates de Normandie, 9 (1959), pp. 285-99. 68. C. J. Spurgeon, 'Mottes and Castle-Ringworks in Wales', in J. R. Kenyon and R. Avent (eds), Castles in Wales and the Marches (Cardiff, 1987), pp. 4o-l. 69. Discussed by D. M. Metcalf, 'The Taxation of Moneyers under Edward the Confessor and in 1086', in J. C. Holt (ed.), Domesday Studies, (Woodbridge, 1987), pp. 279-95. 70. For the Winchester moneyers, see M. Biddle (ed.), Winchester in the Early Middle Ages (Oxford, 1976), pp. 396-422. 71. P. Nightingale, 'Some London Moneyers and Reflections on the Organisation of English Mints in the Eleventh Century', Numismatic Chronicle, 142 (1982), pp. 35-50. 72. As hinted by J. Campbell, 'Some Agents and Agencies', pp. 209-10. 73. Keynes, 'Regenbald the Chancellor', pp. 185-222. 74. Warren, 'The Myth of Norman Administrative Efficiency', pp. 113-32. 75. Lewis, 'The Early Earls of Norman England', pp. 208-23. 76. F. M. Stenton, The First Century rif English Feudalism (2nd edn, Oxford, 1961), ch. 2, pp. 42-83. 77. R. Lennard, Rural England, 1086--1135 (Oxford, 1959), pp. 34-6. 78. See J. F. A. Mason, 'Barons and their Officials in the Later Eleventh Century', ANS, 13 (1990), pp. 243-62.

206 Notes

79. See Lennard, Rural England, p. 50. 80. OV, ii, p. 263; Golding, 'Robert ofMortain', ANS, 13 (1990), pp. 138-9. 81. ov, ii, p. 263. 82. S. Harvey, 'The Extent and Profitability of Demesne Agriculture in the Later Eleventh Century', in T. H. Aston et al. (eds), Social Relations and Ideas (Cambridge, 1983), pp. 45-72. 83. Harvey, 'Extent and Profitability', p. 57. See also Lennard, Rural England, pp. 210-12. 84. As suggested by Robin Berning, 'Domesday Book and the Tenurial Revolution', ANS, 9 (1986), esp. pp. 91-3, 101. 85. Golding, 'Robert of Mortain', pp. 133-5. 86. EHD, ii, no. 18, p. 431.

6 MILITARY ORGANISATION

1. The classic account is J. Prestwich, 'War and Finance in the Anglo­ Norman State', TRHS, 5th series, 4 (1954), pp. 19-43. 2. 'The Military Household of the Norman Kings', EHR, 96 (1981), p. 32. See also his 'Anglo-Norman Feudalism and the Problem of Continuity', Past and Present, 26 ( 1963), pp. 39--5 7. 3. See especially M. Chibnall, 'Military Service in Normandy before 1066', ANS, 5 (1982), pp. 65-77; D. C. Bates, Normandy bifore 1066, pp. 122-8; and E. Z. Tabuteau, 'Definitions of Feudal Military Obligations in Eleventh-Century Normandy', in M. S. Arnold et al. (eds), On the lAws and Customs of England: Essays in Honor of S. E. Thome (Chapel Hill, NC, 1981), pp. 18-59. 4. As hinted by E. van Houts, 'The Ship-List of William the Conqueror', ANS, 10 (1987), pp. 170-2. 5. The best introduction is now R. Abels, Lordship and Military Obligation in Anglo-Saxon England (Berkeley, Cal., 1988). 6. N. P. Brooks, 'Arms, Status and Warfare in Late-Saxon England', in D. Hill (ed.), Ethelred the Unready (BAR, British Series, 59, 1978), p. 87. 7. SeeJ. Kiff, 'Images ofWar: lllustrations ofWarfare in Early Eleventh­ Century England', ANS, 7 (1984), pp. 177-94. 8. R. H. C. Davis, The Medieval Warhorse (London, 1989), pp. 7o-S; R. Abels, Lordship and Military Obligation, pp. 176, 234, n. 47. 9. DB, i, ff. 179a, 189b. 10. As would C. W. Hollister, The Military Organisation of Norman England (Oxford, 1965), ch. IV, for example.

207 Notes

11. English Historical Documents, i, c. 50o-J042, ed. D. Whitelock (2nd edn, London, 1979), no. 51, pp. 468-9. 12. SeeN. Hooper, 'The in England in the Eleventh Century', A.NS, 7 (1984), pp. 161-76. For a rather different interpretation, see J. Campbell, 'Some Agents and Agencies of the Late Anglo-Saxon State', in J. C. Holt (ed.), Domesday Studies (Woodbridge, 1987), pp. 201-4. 13. Abels, Lordship and Military Obligation, p. 169 and refs there cited. 14. Hollister, The Military Organisation rif Norman England, p. 219. 15. The fullest treatment is N. Hooper, 'Some Observations on the Navy in Late Anglo-Saxon England', in C. Harper-Bill et al. (eds), Studies in Medieval History presented to R. Allen Brown (Woodbridge, 1989), pp. 203-13. See also C. W. Hollister, Anglo-Saxon Military Institutions on the Eve rif the Norman Conquest (Oxford, 1962), ch. VI, and The Military Organisation rif Norman England, pp. 248-9. 16. Hollister, Military Organisation rif Norman England, p. 15. 17. The best introductions are R. A. Brown, English Castles (3rd edn, London, 1976), ch. 1, and D. F. Renn, Norman Castles in Britain, (2nd edn, London, 1973). 18. ov, ii, p. 219. 19. Le Patourel, The Norman Empire, pp. 316-8. 20. C. G. Harfield, 'A Handlist of Casdes recorded in the Domesday Book', EHR, 106 (1991), pp. 371-92. 21. D. J. Cathcart King, The Castle in England and Wales (London, 1988). 22. Bates, Normandy Before 1066, pp. 114-15 and references there cited. 23. A. Williams, 'A Bell-house and a Burh-geat: Lordly Residences in England before the Norman Conquest', in C. Harper-Bill and R. Har­ vey (eds), Medieval Knighthood, IV (Woodbridge, 1992), pp. 221-40. 24. B. Golding, 'Robert ofMortain', A.NS, 13 (1990), pp. 134-5. 25. Discussed by Hollister, Military Organisation rif Norman England, ch. V, and F. M. Stenton, The First Century rif English Feudalism (2nd edn, Oxford, 1961 ), ch. VI. 26. J. F. A. Mason, 'Barons and their Officials in the Later Eleventh Century', A.NS, 13 (1990), pp. 243-62. 27. J. Bradbury, 'Batdes in England and Normandy, 1066-1154', A.NS, 6 (1983), pp. 1-12. 28. The fullest account is J. 0. Prestwich, 'The Military Household of the Norman Kings', EHR, 96 (1981), pp. 1-37. Also see above, pp. 95-6. 29. ov, ii, pp. 261-3.

208 Notes

30. EHD, ii, no. 223, p. 967. 31. In]. H. Round, Feudal England (London, 1895), pp. 225-316. 32. ]. C. Holt, 'The Introduction of Knight Service in England', A.NS, 6 (1983), pp. 89-106. 33. By M. Hollings, 'The Survival of the Five-Hide Unit in the ', EHR, 63 (1948), pp. 453-87, and E. John, Land Tenure in Ear!J England, (Leicester, 1960), pp. 80-139. 34. J. Gillingham, 'The Introduction of Knight Service into England', A.NS 4 (1981), pp. 53-64. 35. Tabuteau, 'Feudal Military Obligations', p. 59. 36. See above, p. 121. 37. See Hollister, The Military Organisation if Norman England, ch. VII. 38. For two examples, see EHD, ii, nos 220, 221, pp. 961-3. A context is provided by M. T. Clanchy, From Memory to Written Record (2nd edn, Oxford, 1993), pp. 52-6. 39. Stenton, The First Century, pp. 17Q--2. 40. See W. Kapelle, The Norman Conquest if the North (London, 1979), p. 194. 41. DB, i, f. 173a. 42. DB, ii, f. 18b. 43. DB, i, f. 210b;J. A. Raftis, The Estates if Ramsey Abbey (Toronto, 1957), p. 25. 44. B. F. Harvey, Westminster Abbey and its Estates in the Middle Ages (Oxford, 1977), pp. 7Q--77. 45. EHD, ii, no. 224, p. 971. 46. EHD, ii, no. 220, p. 961; DB, i, f. 66a. 47. Chronica Monasterii de Abingdon, ed.]. Stevenson (Rolls Series, London, 1858), vol. ii, pp. 6-7. 48. DB, i, f. 222a. 49. The most sensitive recent discussion is D. Fleming, 'Landholding by Milites in Domesday Book: a Revision', A.NS, 13 (1990), pp. 83-98. 50. See, for example, his 'The Status of the Norman Knight', in]. Gill­ ingham and J. C. Holt (eds), War and Government in the Middle Ages: Essays in Honour if]. 0. Prestwich, (Woodbridge, 1984), pp. 18-32. 51. S. Harvey, 'The Knight and the Knight's Fee in England', Past and Present, 49 (1970), pp. 3-43. 52. EHD, ii, no. 222, pp. 963-4. 53. Fleming, 'Landholding by Milites', p. 97. 54. P. Coss, 'Literary and Social Terminology: the Vavasour in England', in T. H. Aston et al. (eds), Social Relations and Ideas (Cambridge, 1983), pp. 109-50.

209 Notes

55. See Hollister, Anglo-Saxon Military Institutions, pp. 81-2. 56. M. Chibnall, Anglo-Norman England, 1066-1166 (Oxford, 1986), p. 30. 57. Kapelle, Norman Conquest if the North, ch. 7. 58. D. R. Roffe, 1he Nottinghamshire Domesday (London, 1990), p. 13. 59. J. Bradbury, 1he Medieval Archer (Woodbridge, 1985), esp. chs 2 and 3. 60. At Shaftesbury Ann Williams has identified several of the nunnery's military tenants as English, see 'The Knights of Shaftesbury Abbey', ANS, 8 (1985), esp. pp. 231-2.

7 A COLONIAL CHURCH?

Eadmer's History ifRecent Events in England, trans. G. Bosanquet (London, 1964), p. 10. For a useful, if somewhat unsympathetic, account of the post-Conquest church, see F. Barlow, 1he English Church, 1066-1154 (London, 1979). 2 The most recent overview is provided by C. Morris, 1he Papal Monarchy: 1he Western Church.from 1050 to 1250 (Oxford, 1989), chs 4 and 5. 3 M. Gibson, Lan.franc if Bee (Oxford, 1978), esp. pp. 139-40. 4 The most concise account is H. E.J. Cowdrey, ' Gregory VII and the Anglo-Norman Church and Kingdom', reprinted in , Monks and Crusaders (London, 1984), IX, pp. 79-114. 5 I. S. Robinson, 1he Papacy, 1073-1198 (Cambridge, 1990), p. 309. 6 Discussed in Gibson, Lanftanc if Bee, pp. 131-40. 7 Several of the more important of William, Gregory and Lanfranc's letters are translated in EHD, ii, nos 96-106, pp. 688-97, and 1he Letters if Lan.franc Archbishop if Canterbury, ed. and trans. H. Clover and M. Gibson (Oxford, 1979), nos 38-9, pp. 128-33. 8 See below, p. 158. 9. For the Canterbury version, see Eadmer's History ifRecent Events in Englo.nd, pp. 11-2, 17, 43; and for 's case Hugh the Chanter, 1he History if the Church if York, 1066-1127, ed. and trans. C. Johnson, revised M. Brett, C. N. L. Brooke and M. Winterbottom (Oxford, 1990). The introduction to this text is the clearest recent guide to the dispute. 10. Davies, Conquest, Coexistence and Change, pp. 188-9. 11. M. T. Flanagan, Irish Society, Anglo-Norman Settlers, Angevin Kingship (Oxford, 1989), ch. 1, is a useful introduction. 12. Eadmer's History if Recent Events in England, pp. 79-81. 13. See Hugh the Chanter, pp. xlv-xlix for an excellent introduction.

210 Notes

14. Ibid., p. 50. 15. For a useful introduction, see H. R. Loyn, 'William's Bishops: Some Further Thoughts', A.NS, 10 (1987), pp. 223-6. 16. London, Dorchester ~ater lincoln), and Worcester were the wealthiest of the secular sees, all with incomes of around £600. See W. J. Corbett, 'The Development of the and the Norman Con­ quest of England', in Cambridge Medi£val History (Cambridge, 1926) v. 511. 17. One of the moneyers at Hereford belonged to the bishop; the bishop of Winchester farmed the mint of Colchester. 18. M. Ruud, 'Monks in the World: The Case of Gundulf of Rochester', A.NS, 11 (1988), p. 248. 19. EHD, ii, no. 39, p. 463. 20. EHD, ii, no. 50, pp. 482-3. 21. F. Barlow, William RrifUs (London, 1983), pp. 182-5. 22. A useful, brief introduction, with special reference to York, is by R. Hill and C. N. L. Brooke, in G. E. Aylmer and R. Cant (eds), A History of (Oxford, 1977), pp. 20-8. 23 History ofthe Church of York, pp. 18-21. 24 C. N. L. Brooke, 'The Composition of the Chapter of St Paul's, 1086-1163', Cambridge Historical]ournal, 10 (1951), esp. p. 125. 25 EHD, ii, no. 78,pp. 646-7. 26 See D. Owen, 'The Norman Cathedral at lincoln', A.NS, 6 (1983), pp. 188-99. 27 C. Brooke, 'The Archdeacon and the Norman Conquest', in D. Gre(!nway, C. Holdsworth and J. Sayers (eds), Tradition and Change (Cambridge, 1985), pp. 1-19. 28 EHD, ii, no. 79, pp. 647-8; C. Morris, 'William I and the Church Courts', EHR, 82 (1967), pp. 449-63. 29 Gesta Pontificum, p. 282, cited in E. Mason, St Wuifstan of Worcester, c.JOOB-1095 (Oxford, 1990), pp. 139-40. 30 Mason, Wuifstan, pp. 213-6. 31 The most useful studies on this topic are contained in J. Blair (ed.), Minsters and Parish Churches: The Local Church in Transition 95o-J200 (Oxford University Committee for Archaeology Monograph, 17, 1988). 32 M. J. Franklin, 'The Secular College as a Focus for Anglo-Norman Piety: St Augustine's, Daventry', in Minsters and Parish Churches, pp. 97-104. 33 J. Blair, 'Secular Minster Churches in Domesday Book', in P. Sawyer (ed.), Domesday Book: A Reassessment (London, 1987), pp. 134-5. 34 P. H. Hase, 'The Mother Churches of Hampshire', in Minsters and Parish Churches, esp. pp. 49-50.

211 Notes

35 See Blair, 'Local Churches in Domesday Book and Before', in J. C. Holt (ed.), Domesday Studies (Woodbridge, 1987), pp. 265-78. 36 T. Tattoo-Brown, 'The Churches of Canterbury Diocese in the II th Century', in Minsters and Parish Churches, pp. 105-18. 3 7 See R. Gem, 'The English Parish Church in the II th and Early 12th Centuries: A Great Rebuilding', in Minsters and Parish Churches, pp. 21-30. 38 R. Lennard, Rural England, 1086--1135 (Oxford, 1959), pp. 327-38, remains a useful guide to the social status of the village priest. 39 M. Brett, The English Church under Henry I (Oxford, 197 5), pp. 219-20. 40 For a useful, brief (and fully annotated) introduction, see]. Gillingham, 'The Introduction of Knight Service into England', A.NS, 4 (1981 ), pp. 59--60 and 184-5. 41 See EHD, ii, no. 38, p. 463. 42 For Harold, see A. Williams, 'Land and Power in the Eleventh Century: the Estates of Harold Godwineson', A.NS, 3 (1980), pp. 181-4. 43 Gillingham, 'The Introduction of Knight Service', esp. pp. 57-8. See above, pp. 135-6. 44 EHD, ii, no. 223, p. 967; D. C. Douglas, Feudal Documents from the Abbey of Bury St Edmunds (Oxford, 1932), pp. xcv-c. 45 M. Gibson, lmifranc of Bee (Oxford, 1978), pp. 17 4-5. 46 Ibid., p. 188. 47 R. W. Southern, 'Aspects of the European Tradition of Historical Writing: 4. The Sense ofthe Past', TRHS, 5th series, 23 (1973), pp. 246-56. 48 S. J. Ridyard, 'Condigna Veneratio: Post-Conquest Attitudes to the Saints of the Anglo-', A.NS, 9 (1986), pp. 179--206; D. Rollason, Saints and Relics in Anglo-Saxon England (Oxford, 1989), pp. 215-39. 49 A. W. Klukas, 'The Architectural Implications of the Decreta Larifranci', A.NS, 6 ( 1983), pp. 136-71. 50 See C. Clark, 'People and Language in Post-Conquest Canterbury', Journal of Medieval History, 2 (1976), pp. 1-34. 51 EHD, ii, no. 81, pp. 649-50. 52 The fullest study remains D. J. A. Matthew, 1he Norman Monastmes and their English Possessions (Oxford, 1962). 53 See E. Searle, Lordship and Community: Battle Abbey and its Banlieu, 1066--1538 (Toronto, 1974), pp. 21-36, and The Chronicle of Battle Abbey, ed. and trans. E. Searle (Oxford, 1980), pp. 15-23. 54 B. Golding, 'The Coming of the Cluniacs', A.NS, 3 (1980), pp. 65-87. 55 K. Cooke, 'Donors and Daughters: Shaftesbury Abbey's Benefactors, Endowments and Nuns, c.l 086-1130', A.NS, 12 (1989) pp. 29-46; D. Bates, 'The Building of a Great Church: the Abbey of St Peter's,

212 Notes

Gloucester, and its Early Norman Benefactors', Transactions if the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society, 102 (1984), pp. 129-32. 56 B. Golding, 'Anglo-Norman Knightly Burials', in C. Harper-Bill and R. Harvey (eds), The Ideals and Practice if Medieval Knighthood (Wood­ bridge, 1986), pp. 35-48. 57 Le Patourel, The Norman Empire, pp. 317-8

8 ANGLO-NORMAN ENGLAND

1. Le Patourel, Norman Empire, esp. ch. 9, pp. 208-18. 2. See]. Gillingham, The (London, 1984 ). 3. D. Bates, 'Normandy and England after 1066', EHR, 104 (1989), pp. 851-76. An earlier and valuable contribution to the debate is C. W. Hollister, 'Normandy, France and the Anglo-Norman Regnum', Speculum, 51 (1976), pp. 202-42, reprinted in Monarchy, Magnates and Institutions in the Anglo-Norman World (London, 1986), pp. 17-58. 4. B. Bartel, 'Comparative Historical Archaeology and Archaeological Theory', in S. L. Dyson (ed.), Comparatives Studies in the Archaeology if Colonialism (British Archaeological Reports, International Series, 233, 1985), p. 9. 5. G. Loud, 'The "Gens Normannorum": Myth or Reality', ANS, 4 (1981), pp. 104--16, a convincing critique of R. H. C. Davis, The Normans and their Myth (London, 1976). 6. As shown by le Patourel, Norman Empire, pp. 331-4. 7. Particularly by M. K. Lawson, 'These Stories Look True: Levels of Taxation in the Reigns of Aethelred II and Cnut', EHR, 104 (1989), pp. 389-90. 8. For London, see S. Reynolds, 'The Rulers of London in the Twelfth Century', History, 57 (1972), pp. 339-40. 9. As indicated in his charter founding Neath abbey (Cartae et Munimenta de , ed. G. L. Clark (6 vols, Cardiff, 1910), vol. i, pp. 74-5. 10. ov, ii, p. 257. 11. C. Clark, 'Women's Names in Post-Conquest England: Observations and Speculations', Speculum, 53 (1978), esp. pp. 240-51. This is an article of considerable resonance, with implications far more wide­ ranging than its title suggests. 12. E. Searle, Lordship and Community: Battle Abbey and its Banlieu, I 066-153 8 (Toronto, 1974), pp. 69-78; C. Clark, 'An Anthroponymist Looks at an Anglo-Norman New Town', ANS, 2 (1979), pp. 21-41.

213 Notes

13. C. Clark, 'People and Languages m Post-Conquest Canterbury', Journal of Medieval History, 2 (1976), pp. 1-34, esp. 8-26. 14. See Barlow, William Rufos, pp. 105-8. 15. For a clear oveiView, see E. Fernie, 'The Effect of the Conquest on Norman Architectural Patronage', A.NS, 9 (1986), pp. 71-85, and references there cited. 16. For Bishop Herman of Lotharingia's cathedral, at , see R. Gem, 'The First Romanesque Cathedral at Old Sarum', in E. Fernie and P. Crossley (eds), Mlldieval Architecture and its Intellectual Context (London, 1990), pp. 9-18. 17. Fernie, 'The Effect of the Conquest', p. 85. 18. Chronicle of Battle Ahhf:J, p. 45. For the use of stone see Bates, 'England and Normandy', pp. 869-70 and references there cited. 19. F. E. Harmer, Anglo-Saxon Writs (Manchester, 1952), p. 480. 20. Feudal Documents .from the Ahhf:J of Bury St Edmunds, ed. D. C. Douglas (Oxford, 1932), no. 172, p. 154. 21. I. Short, 'On Bi-lingualism in Anglo-Norman England', Romance Philology, 33 (1980), pp. 467-79. 22. H. Mayr-Harting, 'The Functions of a Twelfth-Century Recluse', History, 60 (1975), p. 344. 23. I owe this information to Dr Tessa Webber. 24. See Clark, 'Women's Names', esp. pp. 223-30. 25. ov, ii, p. 269. 26. The Letters of Lan.franc, no. 53, p. 167; E. Searle's 'Women and the Legitimization of Succession at the Norman Conquest', A.NS, 3 (1980), pp. 159-70, is essential reading. 27. Searle, 'Legitimization of Succession', p. 164; Clark, 'Women's Names'. 28. DB, i, f. 167. 29. B. English, 'William I and the Anglo-Norman Succession', Historical Research, 64 (1991), p. 234. 30. See above, pp. 92-3 for the laudes. 31. G. Garnett, 'Franci et Angli: the Legal Distinctions Between Peoples after the Conquest', A.NS, 8 (1985), pp. 109-37. 32. Hollister, 'The Anglo-Norman Regnum'. 33. Ibid., p. 18 and refs. 34. As suggested by Cowdrey, see above, pp. 92-3. 35. Hollister, 'The Anglo-Norman Regnum', pp. 21-2; le Patourel, Norman Empire, pp. 233-5. 36. Cited in Bates, 'Normandy and England', p. 863.

214 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

No other period of medieval British history has given rise to more than a fraction of the literature devoted to the Norman Conquest. It remains one of the most vibrant areas of medieval English historical research, and consequently generates a bibliography of almost unmanageable propor­ tions. The published bibliographies of Domesday Book and the Bayeux Tapestry are themselves substantial works as long as this study. The following can be no more than a brief selection of the more useful, recent, and accessible works. More specific works can be pursued through the footnotes. It should also be supplemented by constantly up-dated biblio­ graphies, such as the Royal Historical Society's annual Bibliography of British and Irish History and the bi-annual International Medieval Bibliography, of the University of Leeds. No student of Anglo-Norman history can ignore the annual publication of Anglo-Norman Studies (and its predecessor till 1983, Proceedings of the Battle Conference on Anglo-Norman Studies), which have since 1977 been the showcase of Anglo-Norman scholarship, under the editor­ ship first of Allen Brown and latterly of .

R. Abels, l.iJrdship and Military Obligation in Anglo-Saxon England (Berkeley, 1988), is a lucid study of pre-Conquest arrangements. F. Barlow, Edward the Confissor (London, 1970), remains the standard interpretation. F. Barlow, William Rufos (London, 1983), is a sympathetic and wide-ranging examination of the reign.

215 Select Bibliography

F. Barlow, The Life of K'mg Edward who Lies at Westminster (2nd edn, Oxford, 1992), provides an excellent edition and translation of this important source. F. Barlow, 7he English Church 100o-1066 (2nd edn, London, 1979), is valuable for secular as well as ecclesiastical developments. So, too, is its sequel, The English Church, 1066--1154 (London, 1979). G. W. S. Barrow, The Anglo-Norman Era in Scottish History (Oxford, 1980), though concentrating on the twelfth century, has much of value. D. Bates, Normandy bifOre 1066 (London, 1982). The clearest and most detailed study in English. D. Bates, 'Normandy and England after 1066', EHR, 104 (1989), pp. 851-76, is a major reassessment of cross-Channel relations, with far-reaching implications. E. A. R. Brown, 'The Tyranny of a Construct: Feudalism and Historians of Medieval Europe', American Historical Review, 79 (1974), pp. 1063-88, is an invigorating corrective to over-glib use of 'feudal' concepts. R. A. Brown, Origins of English Feudalism (London, 1973) - with a useful appendix of documents - is the most forceful statement of structural change in post-Conquest military organisation. R. A. Brown, English Castles (3rd edn, London, 1976), ch. 1, is the best introduction. R. A. Brown, 7he Norman Conquest (London, 1984), includes a valuable selection of sources in translation. R. C. van Caenegem, The Birth of the English Common Law (2nd edn, Cambridge, 1988), examines legal developments during this period. J. Campbell, Essays in Anglo-Saxon History (London, 1986), conveniently reprints most of the relevant articles of this most incisive historian. M. Chibnall, Anglo-Norman England (Oxford, 1986) provides clear and thoughtful analysis. M. T. Clanchy, From Memory to Written Record (2nd edn, Oxford, 1993), is a brilliant account of changes in governmental practice. H. C. Darby, Domesday England (Cambridge, 1977), is a useful abridgement of the same author's earlier regional studies of Domesday geography. R. R. Davies, Conquest, Coexistence, and Change: Wales, 1063-1415 (Oxford, 1987), chs 1-4, is the best introduction to developments in Wales. R. H. M. Dolley, 7he Norman Conquest and the English Coinage (London, 1966), is the clearest account of changes in the coinage. Domesday Book, Facsimile Edition, ed. A. Williams et al. (London, 1986- ), not yet complete, is the most recent and scholarly edition.

216 Select Bibliography

Domesdqy Book: a Reassessment, P. Sawyer (ed.) (London, 1985), is a valuable collection of essays. Domesday Studies, J. C. Holt (ed.) (Woodbridge, 1987), contains an excellent range of papers, not all of which are specific to Domesday. D. C. Douglas, William the Conqueror (London, 1964), though now some­ what dated is still an excellent account. The Ecclesiastical History of Orderic Vitalis is edited and translated by Marjorie Chibnall (6 vols, Oxford, 1969-80). English Historical Documents II, 1042-1189, ed. D. C. Douglas and G. W. Greenaway (2nd edn, London, 1981 ), contains the fullest collection of translated documentary material, and selections from several chronicle sources, including the relevant sections of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. R. Fleming, Kings and Lords in Conquest England (Cambridge, 1991), is the fullest analysis of the Norman settlement. E. A. Freeman, The History of the Norman Conquest of England (5 vols, Oxford, 1867-79), is a narrative on the grand scale, a monument of Victorian historiography. V. H. Galbraith, The Making ofDomesdqy Book (Oxford, 1961), and Domesday Book: its Place in Administrative History (Oxford, 19 74), are essential analyses. M. Gibson, Lanfranc ofBee (Oxford, 1978), is fundamental (though less good on his archiepiscopal career than on other aspects). C. W. Hollister, Anglo-Saxon Military Institutions on the Eve of the Norman Conquest (Oxford, 1962), and The Military Organisation of Norman England (Oxford, 1965), together comprise an important interpretation. W. E. Kapelle, The Norman Conquest of the North: the Region and its Transforma­ tion JOOo-1135 (London, 1979), is an important, though not uncon­ troversial, regional account. J. A. Green, 1he Government of England under Henry I (Cambridge, 1986), contains much of value on the reigns of Williams I and II. D. M. Knowles, The Monastic Order in England, 943-1216 (Cambridge, 1949), is the fullest, though rather dated, account. G. Loud, 'The "Gens Normannorum": Myth or Reality', ANS (4) 1981, pp. 104-16, is an excellent analysis of Norman 'self-awareness'. H. R. Loyn, Harold, Son ofGodwin (Historical Association, 1966), is the only recent (but brief) study. H. R. Loyn, The Governance of Anglo-Saxon England, 50o-1087 (London, 1984 ), presents a clear introduction. Ministers and Parish Churches: the Local Church in Transition, 95o-J200,J. Blair

217 Select Bibliography

(ed.) (Oxford, 1988), is the best introduction to ecclesiastical organisa­ tion at the grass-roots. J. le Patourel, The Norman Empire (Oxford, 1976). The most stimulating interpretation in recent times of Normandy and England from the tenth to the mid-twelfth century. J. 0. Prestwich, 'War and Finance in the Anglo-Norman State', TRHS, 5th series, 4 (1954), pp. 19-43; 'Anglo-Norman Feudalism and the Problem of Continuity', Past and Present, 26 ( 1963), pp. 39-5 7; and 'The Military Household of the Norman Kings', EHR, 96 (1981), pp. 1-35- a sequence of articles which still constitute the most convincing analysis of Anglo-Norman military organisation. E. Searle, Predatory Kinship and the Creation of Norman Power, B4o-1 066 (Berkeley, 1988). A controversial work which stresses the Scandinavian elements of the Norman polity. R. W. Southern, Saint Anselm: a Portrait in a Landscape (Cambridge, 1990), is a masterly illumination. F. M. Stenton, The First Century of English Feudalism (2nd edn, Oxford, 1962) is an influential, though increasingly challenged, interpretation. F. M. Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England (3rd edn, Oxford, 1971), is a classic, and takes the narrative up to the Conqueror's death. W. L. Warren, 'The Myth of Norman Administrative Efficiency', TRHS, 5th series, 34 (1984), pp. 113-32, is thought-provoking, important, and very controversial. W. L. Warren, The Governance of Norman and Angevin England, 1087-1272 (London, 1987), provides a lucid overview. D. M. Wilson, The Bayeux Tapestry (London, 1985), is a sumptuous work, with a fine introduction.

218 INDEX

abbots, post-Conquest, 154-8 archdeacons, 162-3 Abernethy (Perth), treaty of, 56-7 archers, 32, 145 Abingdon, abbey, 70, 76, 109, 156, architecture and building, 168; abbot of, 43, 141; chronicle, post-Conquest, 166-7, 183-4 3 7, 89, 134; knight of, 141; tenants of, 131, 169 Baldwin, abbot of Bury St Edmunds, Aelfgar, earl, son of earl Leofric of 100, 168 Mercia, 14, 50 Baldwin V, count of Flanders, 21-2 Aethelred II, king of England, 10-1 Batde (Sussex), 30, 78, 183; abbey, Aethelric, bishop of Durham, 42, 157 73, 75, 169, 174, 184; Chronicle, Aethelric II, bishop of Selsey, 156-7 84-5; Norman merchants in, 78, Aethelwig, abbot of Evesham, 44-5, 183 155, 157 Bayeux, 24, 161; bishopric, 151; Aethelwine, bishop of Durham, 42-3, cathedral, 6, 159; Inquest (1133), 156 136 Aimeri, vicomte of Thouars, 33-4, 64 Bayeux Tapestry, 6-7, 16-17, 24-5, Aiulf, sheriff of Dorset and Wiltshire, 28-9, 32-3, 123 105, 182 Bee (Le), abbey, 157, 160, 169-70, Alan Rufus ('the Red'), lord of 173 Richmond, count in , 33, Belleme, 20, 49, 120 63, 83, 128, 133 Berkhamsted (Hertfordshire), 75, 118 Alexander I, king of Scots, 58 Bernard de Neufmarche, 54, 174, 176. Alexander II, pope, 14 7, 150 bishops, 107, 146; military role, 155; Alton, treaty of, 83, 132 post-Conquest, 154-8 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 1-2, 10, 28, Bramber (Sussex), rape of, 75 30,42,44-5,50-1,57-8,68,72, Brand, abbot of Peterborough, 27, 92, 102, 123, 126-7, 141, 168, 42 171-3; 'C' version, 1; 'D' version, (Powys), 54, 176; priory, 169, 1, 17, 21, 23; 'E' version, 1, 64 174 , 20, 64, 120; count of, 33 Bretons, 12, 31, 33, 45-6, 49, 179 Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury, 2, Brittany, 44, 46, 177; duke William's 144, 149-51, 153, 156, 158 expedition to, 24

219 Index

Bury St Edmunds (Suffolk), abbey, church courts, 163--4 66, 108, 134, 14-D--1, 168, 171--2, Church, post-Conquest, 146-76, 184; abbot, 68; tenants of, 104, 18Q-l 14D--l, 169, 185 Cirencester (Gloucestershire), 165; hurlers, baronial, 116 abbey, 113 butsecarls, 126-7 Clavering (Essex), 14; castle, 128 Clement III, anti-pope, 148-9 Caen, 184; merchants of, 181; St Cluniac monasteries, 165, 174-5 Stephen's abbey, 29, 151, 188 Cnut, king of England and , canons, cathedral, 159---60 10-2, 18, 49, 84, 87, 124, 181; Canterbury, 33, 35, 183; laws of, 102 archbishopric, 148-9, 153, 192; coinage, 88, 93, 97, 110-12, 114, cathedral (Christ Church priory), 192; in pre-Conquest Normandy, 154, 156, 159---60, 17D--3, 184; 11 0; in pre-Conquest England, knights of archbishop of, 112, 144; llQ--11 mint at, 111; St Augustine's abbey, Colchester (Essex), burgesses of, 111; 6, 156, 17D--2; St Gregory's abbey, casde, 128 172 compurgation, 10 1 Cardiff (Glamorgan), 52, 54, 80 constables, baronial, 116; royal, 94---5 Carmen de Hastingae Proelio, 4---5, 33, 188 Constitutio Domus Regis, 99 cartae baronum (1166), 74, 133 coronations, 88, 91-2; coronation castellans, 72, 81, 13Q-l oath, 91, 97; coronation ordo, 34, castles, 14, 16, 39-40, 44, 50-1, 91-2 53-4, 57, 72-3, 81, 106, 115-16, Cotentin, 10, 76 117-18, 127-32, 140, 174-5; Crowland (Lincolnshire), abbey, 7, civilian household of, 131-2; in 42, 44 pre-Conquest England, 128-9; in crown-wearings, 91-3, 100 pre-Conquest Normandy, 128-9; Cumbria, 55-6, 58, 120 motte-and-bailey, 128; peace-time curia regis, 91 , 95, IOQ- 1 functions of, 129---30; ring works, 128; stone, 128; urban, 79, 128 , 12, 37, 40-1, 43, 45-6, 48-9, castle-guard, 131-2, 138-9 55, 59 castleries, 52, 130 David I, king of Scots, 58, 79 cathedrals, post-Conquest, 159---62 demesne, baronial, 74---6, 117-18; cavalry, 50, 132-3, 141-2, 145 royal, 62, 65, 87, 97, 110 chamberlains, ducal, 97; royal, 97-8 Denmark, 32, 45, 156; king of, 36, 60 chancellor, baronial, 116; royal, 98, De Nugis Curialium ('Courtiers' 113 Trifles'), 93 chancery, Anglo-Norman, 98; Dialogus de Scaccario ('Dialogue of the Anglo-Saxon, 98, 113; ducal, 98; Exchequer'), 37, 102 royal, 98-100 Diarmait, king of Leinster, 36, 49 chapel, royal, 98-9, 158 diocesan synods, 163-4 chaplains, baronial, 116; royal, 157 diploma, 87 charters, royal, 94, 191 dispensers, baronial, 116 Chepstow (Gwent), castle, 128, 130 Dives-sur-Mer, 29-30 Chertsey (), abbey, 66, 168 Dol (Brittany), 45; casde, 132 Chester, 41, 51-2, 55, 161-2; abbey, Domesday Book, 33, 61-2, 64---6, 169, 174 68-9, 74, 77, 80, 84, 98, 100, 108, Chichester (Sussex), 127; bishopric, 117, 125-8, 130, 139, 142, 155, 162 165-6, 168; Exeter Domesday, 98

220 Index

Domesday Monachorum (of Christ Emma, wife of Aethelred II and Church, Canterbury), 142, 144 Cnut, queen of England, lQ--12, Domfront, 20 16-18 domus defensabiles, 128 enfeoffment, 140-1; charters of, Donald Ban, king of Scots, 58 138-9 Dover (Kent), 11-12, 17-18,22,35, England, 6, 7, 10, 17, 21-2, 188, 38, 40; burgesses, 126; castle, 16, 191-2; government, pre-Conquest, 38, 131; StMartin's priory, 4 86-8, 113; succession customs, 19; Drogo de la Beuvriere, 63-4, 71-2, Breton settlers in, 63-4, 81, 185; 76 Flemish settlers in, 63-4, 76, 185; Drogo de Mantes, count of the Norman settlement of, , 11-12 pre-Conquest, 12-13, 15, 82, 129, Duncan I, king of Scots, 15 181; Norman settlement of, Duncan II, king of Scots, 58, 80 post-Conquest, 36, 61-85, 127, Dunfermline (Fife), abbey, 80, 154 180, 188-90; settlers from Durham, 40, 42, 107; bishopric, 57, Aquitaine in, 64; settlers from 151; cathedral, 160, 171-2, 173-5; in, 64, 81; settlers from mint at, 111 in, 64 English local officials, post-Conquest, Eadmer, monk ofCanterbury, 2, 17, 109---10, 113-14, 116, 181-2 79, 146, 149, 153, 170-2 Erminfrid of Sion, papal legate, 41; Eadnoth the staller, 38, 69 penitential of, 32, 34, 1 74 Eadric 'the wild', 37-8, 43, 51 Ernulf, prior of Christ Church, Eadsige, archbishop of Canterbury, Canterbury, and bishop of 13 Rochester, 173 Ealdred, bishop of Worcester and Ernulf de Hesdin, 64, 116-17 archbishop of York, 13, 22, 28, 34, Estori£ de Engleis, 8-9 40, 50, 92, 166, 188 Eustace II, count of Boulogne, 11, 14, earldoms, 46-7, 105, 114-15 17, 19, 21-2, 33, 38, 49, 63, 65, Edgar, king of England, 55 75, 83; of, 76 Edgar, king of Scots, 58, 79, 92 Eustace III, count of Boulogne, 63, 83 Edgar aetheling, son of Edward Evesham (Worcestershire), abbey, aetheling, 23, 27, 34, 40, 42, 47-8, 134, 156, 169, 172, 174--5; abbot, 56-7, 71 136; chronicle, 3 7 Edith, wife of Edward the Confessor, Evreux, counts of, 62, 189; bishop of, 71, 172 101 Edmund Ironside, king of England, Ewyas Harold (), castle, 19, 22 129 Edward the Confessor, king of Eng­ Exeter (Devon), 10, 38-9, 79; land, 3, 11-12, 15-29, 32, 38, bishopric of, 161; castle, 79; 46, 51, 55, 59, 66, 68-9, 80, 82, cathedral, 186; Domesday, 98 87-8, 90, 93, 99, 102, 114, 124, 157 Fecamp, 35, 97; abbey, 11-12, 29, Edward aetheling, son of Edmund 100, 157, 161, 173, 184 Ironside, 19, 22-3 fees ljeoda), 121 Edwin, earl of Mercia, 30, 34, 36, 40, Flanders, 11, 14, 21-2, 24, 27-8, 33, 42-3, 47-8, 51, 71, 73, 137 39, 46, 63, 78, 89, 181; count of, Ely (Cambridgeshire), 43, 126-7, 156; 14, 59; naval crews from, 126 abbey, 42, 66, 134; abbot of, 43; forests, royal, 102-3; foresters and land pleas, 100, 107-8 huntsmen, 70, 102, 113, 116

221 Index

France, 7, 25, 33, 114; king of, 14, , Anglo-Saxon, 125 120, 190-3 Gundulf, bishop of Rochester, 155, .francigenae, 77, 80, 84 160, 170, 186 Fulford Bridge (), battle of, Guy, bishop of Amiens, 5 30 Guy I, count of Ponthieu, 21, 24-5 fyrd, 32, 122-4, 137 Gyrth Godwineson, 31, 44 Gytha, wife of Godwine, 38-9, 69, 71 Gaimar, 8, 42 geld, 87, 97, 103, 110, 114, 145, 181; Haimo, sheriff of Kent, 142 geld-rolls, 87, 98 Harold II Godwineson, king of Geoffrey, bishop of , 33, England, 6, 14, 16-19, 22-32, 39, 45, 83-4, 89, 107, 155, 158, 34-5, 43, 47, 50-1, 56, 59, 65, 183 91-3, 112, 126, 147, 168; sons of, Geoffrey de la Guerche, 62-3, 187 36-7, 38-9, 59, 69 Geoffrey de Mandeville, 63, 83, 105 Harold Hardraada, king of , Geoffrey Martel, count of Anjou, 20 30, 56, 59 , 82, 152 '', 41-4 Gerard, royal chancellor, bishop of Hastings (Sussex), 73; battle of, 1-3, Hereford, archbishop of York, 99, 26, 27' 29, 32-5, 37' 63-4, 102, 154 120, 123, 132-3, 145; castle, 130 Gerberoi, battle of, 69; castle, 132 Henry I, king of England, 7, 9, 65-6, Gerbod, earl of Chester, 51, 63, 72 74, 79-83, 88, 96--100, 104, 106--7, Gesta Abbatum (of St Albans), 168, 170 127, 131-2, 151, 180, 184, 187; Gesta Guillelmi Ducis Normannorum, 4, 5 household of, 95 Gesta Herewardi, 42 Henry II, king of England, court of, Gesta Normannorum Ducum, 3-4 93 Gesta &gum, 7-9 Henry III, emperor of Germany, 22, Gilbert Crispin, abbot of 24 Westminister, 170 Henry IV, emperor of Germany, 29, Gilbert, bishop of Lisieux, 29, 14 7 148 Glastonbury (Somerset), 8; abbey, Henry of Huntingdon, 186 168, 171, 173 Herbert Losinga, bishop of Thetford Gloucester, 14, 20, 93; abbey, 175; and , 157-8, 160, 162 castle, 131; council at, 155; honour Hereford, 37, 50, 51; bishop of, Ill; of, 65 burgesses of, 123; earldom of, 15, Godgyfu, sister of Edward the 47; St Guthlac, church of, 51 Confessor, wife of Drogo, count of Herewald, bishop of Llandaff, 53, 166 the Vexin 11, 14, 38 Hereward 'the Wake', 37, 42-3 Godric, abbot of Winchcombe, 71, , royal chancellor, bishop of !56 Thetford and Norwich, 113, 100, Godwine, earl of Wessex, 12-17, 162 20-2, 28, 84 Herman, bishop of Ramsbury, Godwine family, 3, 12-14, 21-2, 28, Sherborne and , 141, 162, 35-6, 65 172 Goscelin of St Bertin, 172 Herve, bishop of Bangor, 53-4, 153 Gospatric, earl of , 56-7 hides, 86; military obligations based Gregory VII, pope, 147-9, 151 on, 122 Grestain abbey, 174 Historia Novella, 8 Gruffudd ap Llywelyn of Gwynedd, Holderness (Yorkshire), 63, 71, 76, 49-52 130

222 Index honorial courts, 115-17; in law, royal, 101-10, 189 pre-Conquest Normandy, 115 Leges Henrici Primi, 107, 109 horses, in warfare, 123 Leicester, castle, 131 housecarls, 32, 124-5 Leis Willelme, 143 household, baronial, 115-17, 131-2; Leofgar, bishop of Hereford, 50 military, 95-6, 121, 124-5, 133-4, Leofwine Godwineson, 14, 31, 35 145; royal, 93-101 Lewes (Sussex), 73; 'exchange or, 75; Hugh of , earl of Chester, priory, 174; rape of, 75 29, 51-2, 54, 63, 73, 76, 81, 83-4, Liber Eliensis, 42, 106 117, 133-4 Lichfield (Staffordshire), bishop of, Hugh the Chanter, 149, 152, 154, 161; bishopric, 150, 162 159 Lincoln, 161-2; bishopric, 150; castle, hundred court, 107-8, 115 161; cathedral, 159, 161-2 hundreds, 86, 192 Lillebonne, council of, 163 Huntingdon, 44-5; castle, 44 lithsmen, 126 London, 14, 20, 33-5, 39, 78, 126; intermarriage, 186-7 burgesses of, 66; cathedral of (St interpreters, 70, 185-6 Paul's), 159-60; council of, 155, Ireland, 14, 36, 38-9, 58-60, 177; 162; in, 79; mint at, 111-12; bishops in, 153-4; Norman St Martins-le-Grand, 16; Tower of, settlement of, 188 128, 155 lvo de Grandmesnil, 131 Lothian, 55-6 lvo Taillebois, 187 Louis VI, king of France, 180 Ludlow (), castle, 128 Jews, 79 John and Florence of Worcester, 1, 3, Macbeth of Moray, king of Scots, 10, 17, 18, 20-2, 30, 38, 41,44-5, 14-15, 55 55, 57, 80, 123, 127, 155-6 Maerleswegn, sheriff of Lincoln, 105, Judhael ofTotnes, 63 182 Jumieges, 3, 8; abbey, 184 Magnus I, king of Norway, 18 justices in eyre, 107 Magnus Barelegs, king of Norway, justiciar, local, 107; royal, 89--90 59, 126 Maine, 20, 58, 64, 81, 95, 177, 192 Kent, 38, 73, 75, 86, 167; Kentish Malcolm III Canmore, king of Scots, rebels, 38 15, 40, 47, 49, 55-8, 79-80, 127, kingship, 88-93, 188-93; thaumat­ 154 urgic powers of king, 88 Malmesbury (Wiltshire), 125; abbey, knights, 141-3; fees, 139; household, 8 116, 133-4, 140 Margaret, daughter of Edward aethel­ ing, wife of Malcolm III Canmore, Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury, 56, 80, 154 5, 29, 41, 46, 84, 89, 144, 146, Matilda, daughter of count Baldwin 154, 157-8, 16Q-l, 164, 166, 168, V of Flanders, wife of William I, 5, 170, 172-3, 186; and the papacy, 21, 28-9, 89, 95, 101, 109; 148-9; and the primacy, 150-2 coronation of, 92; lands of, 65 language, 179, 184-6 Maurice, royal chancellor, bishop of laudes regiae, 92-3, 188, 19Q-l London, 99, 1 72 Launceston (Cornwall), 118; castle, mercenaries, 32, 78, 137, 139 130 merchants, 52, 77-9, 84; English, 'Laws of William the Conqueror', 118 78-9

223 Index military organisation, 119-25; in Nottingham, 40, 183; castle, 78; pre-Conquest England, 119-25, Norman merchants in, 78 136-7, 143; in pre-Conquest Normandy, 119-21, 123, 136, 143 Odo, bishop of Bayeux, 4--6, 29, military quotas, 121, 124, 139-40, 32-3, 35-6, 38, 45, 62, 65, 67, 74, 144, 169 76, 82, 84, 89, 106, 127, 149, 151, military training, 13 157, 158 milites, 16, 77, 84, 121, 133, 139, ordeal, judicial, I 01-2, 163 14()-4 Orderic Vitalis, 3, 4, 5, 6-8, 10-11, minsters, 164-6 28-30, 33, 36-7, 40, 42, 44--8, mints, 52, 80, 111-12 61-2, 64, 72-3, 76, 83, 89, 92, monasteries, post-Conquest, 168-76; 95-6, 116-17' 120, 127' 130, English possessions of Norman 133-4, 149-50, 167, 171, 179, 182, monasteries, 165, 17 4; military 186, 191 obligations of, 134, 136-7, 168-9 Osbem, brother of William fitz­ 'Monastic Constitutions' of Lanfranc, Osbern, bishop of Exeter, 13, 157, 173 173 monetagium, 11 1 Osbern Pentecost, 13, 14--15 moneyers, 111-12 Osmund, bishop of Salisbury, 157, Monmouth (Gwent), 47, 52; priory, 160 169 Mont-St-Michel abbey, 12, 1 70 pallium, 148-9, 150 Montacute (Somerset), 39, 116; castle, papacy, Anglo-Norman Church and 13()-1 the, 146-9 Morcar, earl of Northumbria, 30, 34, parishes and parish churches, 158, 164--7 36, 40, 42-3, 48, 71, 73, 137 parish priests, 165-7, 185-6 Mortemer, battle of, 21 Paul, abbot of St Albans, 15 7, 168 murdrum fine, 37, 101, 108 Penenden Heath (Kent), trial of, 84, 100, 107-9, 151, 168 naval forces, 126--7; pre-Conquest, Peter, bishop ofLichfield, 157, 162 126 Peterborough (Northamptonshire), 2, New Forest, 102-3 43; abbey, 42, 141, 156, 171-3, 184 'Norman Anonymous', 151, 191 Peter's Pence, 147-8 'Norman empire', 177-8, 187-8 Pevensey (Sussex), 30, 118; rape of, Normandy, 6-7, 10, 15-17, 2()-3, 28, 75, 117 31, 35-6, 44, 46, 58, 67, 72, 78, Philip I, king of France, 5, 24, 89 95, 100, 127, 181, 188-93; ducal Picot, sheriff of Cambridgeshire, I 06, authority in, 88-9; ducal chamber 168 in, 97; ducal court in, 91; ducal pipe rolls, royal, 97 household in, 94, 98; succession Ponthieu, 21, 29, 49 customs, 19; William I's absences Portchester (Hampshire), 98, 129 in, 89-90 primacy, 148-54 normannitas, 3, 180 Northumbria, 55-6, 58; earldom of, radknights (radcnihts), 80, 143 45,47,114 Ralph de Gael, earl of Norfolk, 43-6, Norway, king of, 59-60 64, 74, 187 Norwich, 40, 79; bishop of, 111; Ralph the Staller, earl of Norfolk, II, bishopric of, 162; castle, 45, 78, 13, 44 132; cathedral, 160; Norman Ralph 'the Timid', earl of Hereford, merchants in, 78 12-15, 19, 22-3, 38, 5()-1, 80, 123

224 Index

Ramsey (Huntingdonshire), abbey, Roger de Breteuil, earl of Hereford, 70, 135, 139~40, 1 72 43~7, 52, 65, 74, 82, 105, 187 Ranulf F1ambard, bishop of Durham, Roger II of Montgomery, earl of 83, 89, 98~101, 158, 165 Shrewsbury, 29, 51, 52, 54, 65, 76, records, written, 87~9, 98~9, 117 82' 89' 116~ 17' 121' 165' 1 7 4 reeves, 109~ 10, 113, 116, 182 Roger '1e Poitevin' or 'of Poitou', son Regenbald, the chancellor, 25, 98~9, of Roger II of Montgomery, 64, 113, 165, 182 73~4 Regularis Concordia, 1 7 3 , 35, 97, 161, 191; arch­ Remigius, bishop of Dorchester and bishopric, 151, 192; cathedral, Lincoln, 32, 34, 157, 161 159; Holy Trinity abbey, 101; revenues, ecclesiastical, 97, 155; merchants of, 11; Jewish royal, 96-8, 110, 114 community in, 79 Rhuddlan (Clwyd), 52, 80; mint at, Ill St Albans (Hertfordshire), abbey, 153, Rhys ap Tewdwr of , 168, 173, 175 53~4, 111; sons of, 59 St Andrews (Fife), bishopric, 154 Richard II, , 10~ I, St David's (Dyfed), 53, 82, 153; 98 archbishopric, 153; bishop of, 153; Richard fitzGilbert ('of Clare'), 45, mint at, 111 48, 63, 67, 69, 73, 75-6, 83, 89 St Evroul, abbey, 7, 11, 61, 167 Richard fitzScrob, 13, 15, 81, 124 St Valery-sur-Somme, 29~30 Richard's Casde (Herefordshire), saints, native, 1 71 ~2 casde, 128 Salisbury (Wiltshire), 39, 41; bishop Richmond (Yorkshire), 33, 63; castle, of, 186; cathedral, 159--62, 184; 128, 131 Oath of, 91 Robert, count ofEu, 41, 73, 75, 142 Scotland, abbot of St Augustine's, Robert de Beaumont I, count of Canterbury, 170 Meulan, 96, 100 Scotland, 7, 36, 49, 54--60, 177; Robert de Belleme, 54, 74 Anglo-Scottish border, 55~6, 120; Robert, abbot ofJumieges, bishop of bishoprics in, 150, 152, 154; London, archbishop of Canterbury, Church in, 152; Norman clerics in, 12~17, 20 80; Norman settlement of, 79--81, Robert d'Oilly, 64, 68~9, 76, 187 17 8, 189; Scottish campaign of Robert fitzHaimo, 65, 101 1072, 38, 126~7, 138, 152 Robert fitzWimarch, 13~ 15 scriptorium, royal, master of the, 99 Robert of Mowbray, earl of scutage, 137, 139, 145 Northumberland, 58, 66, 83 seal, royal, 67, 87, 93, 104, 191 Robert, count ofMortain, 29, 39, 41, Se'rlo, abbot of Gloucester, 157 62, 65, 75-6, 84, 101, 116~18, servitium debitum, 76, 133, 135~8, 169 13G-l, 165, 174, 183; tenants of, 76 Sherborne (Dorset), 160, 162 , duke of Normandy, sheriffs, 44, 47, 70, 87, 95, 97, 7, 11~12, 53, 57, 63, 74, 82, 89, 104--10, 113, 115, 128, 155, 182; 95, 101, 132~3, 158, 190, 192 baronial, 11 7 Robert 'of Rhuddlan', 13, 52~4, 76 ships, 29, 121, 126~ 7; ship-sokes, 126 Rochester (Kent), castle, 155; Ship List, 29 cathedral, 160 shires, 86, 97, 114; shire court, 87, Rockingham (N orthamptonshire) 107~8, 115, 155, 163~4 casde, 131 Shrewsbury (Shropshire), 37, 51; Roger of Beaumont, 29, 61 abbey, 169, 174

225 Index

Siward, earl of Northumbria, 14-15, Turgot, prior of Durham and bishop 44, 55-6 of St Andrews, 3, 175 Southampton (Hampshire), 30, 68, Turold, abbot of Malmesbury and 78, 127, 183 Peterborough, 42-3, 156-7, 172 Stamford Bridge (Yorkshire), battle of, Tutbury (Staffordshire), 73; castle, 1, 30 116; priory, 116 Stephen, king of England, 99 stewards, baronial, 11 7 Urban II, pope, 149 Steyning (Sussex), 29-30 urban property, 62, 77, 118 Stigand, bishop of Selsey and Urse d'Abitot, sheriff of Chichester, 162 Worcestershire, 45, 106-7, 131, 168 Stigand, bishop of Winchester, archbishop of Canterbury, 16, 20, vavassores, 142-3 28, 33-4, 36, 41, 147-8, 152, 161 Vexin, 13, 81, 120 stipendiaries, 32, 95, 125, 134 Victor III, pope, 149 Surrey, 67, 69, 75; earldom of, 65 Viking raids, I D--1, 2 2 Sussex, 30, 127, 130; rapes of, 73 Vita Aedwardi, 13, 24 Swegn Estrithson, king of Denmark, Vita La'lfranci, 90 10, 11, 19-20, 29, 38, 40, 42, 49, 59 Walcher, bishop of Durham, 46-7, Swegn Godwineson, 13-15, 22 160, 164 Symeon of Durham, 3, 72, 164, 171 Wales, 7, 23, 36, 49-54, 58-9, Ill, synods, episcopal, 155 130,144,153,177, 180;Anglo­ Welsh border, 13, 35, 46, 49-50, Tavistock (Devon), abbey, 134; abbot 67, 73, 80, 120, 130; Church in, Sihtric of, 69; abbot Geoffrey of, 15 2-4; English settlers in, 81 ; 134 Flemish settlers in, 81, 182; Welsh taxation, royal, 86-7, 119, 192 raids, 37; Norman settlement of, tenants-in-chief, 62 80-2, 178, 188-9 Textus Rriffensis, 1 73 Walkelin, bishop of Winchester, 90, thegns, 32, 68, 112, 134, 141-5; 157, 160, 170 military obligations of, 122-4; Wallingford (Berkshire), 33, 79, 125; residences of, 129 castle, 79 Thomas I of Bayeux, archbishop of Walter, abbot of Evesham, 157, 172 York, 41, 149, 154, 157, 159, 162; Waltheof, earl of Huntingdon, 7, 36, and the primacy, 15D--2 43-8, 65, 164 Thurstan, abbot of Glastonbury, 141, wapentakes, 86 168, 173 Warin 'the Bald', 52, 76 Tinchebrai, battle of, 132 Warwick, 40; earldom of, 65 tithing groups, 108 Westminster, 43, 93; abbey, 27, 43, Tostig Godwineson, earl of 66, 92, 134, 156, 173, 184; hall, Northumbria, 21, 27-8, 30, 56, 91, 92, 100; military tenants of, 139--40 114, 125-6, 166 Whitby (Yorkshire), abbey, 154, 174-5 towns, post-Conquest settlement of, Wido, abbot of St Augustine's, 77-9, 18D--l, 183 Canterbury, 170-1 treasurers, royal, 97-8 William I, duke of Normandy and treasury, royal, 93, 97-9 king of England, 2-7, 9, 12, 15-31, Trematon (Cornwall), 76; castle, 118, 33-9, 41, 43-6, 49-53, 56-66, 68, 130 70-2, 75--6, 79, 81-3, 85, 88, 90, trial by battle, lO 1-2 91--6, 98, 1OD--3, 105-6, 111-13,

226 Index

120, 127, 130, 134-7, 145-50, William I de Warenne, 45, 63, 65, 157-8, 162-3, 168, 173, 177, 181, 67' 75, 83, 89, 95, 133, 174, 189 184, 188 Winchester (Hampshire), 30, 33, 35, William II Rufus, duke of Normandy 39, 41, 46, 68, 78-9, 93, 97-8, and king of England, 4, 9, 4 7, 191; bishop of, 68; casde, 73, 79; 53-4, 57-8, 63-6, 69, 74, 79, 81, cathedral, 159, 160, 172-3; citizens 83, 89, 90-3, 95-8, lOQ-4, 107, of, 78; councils of (1 070, 1072 and 111, 113-14, 127, 132, 135, 138, 1076), 147, 150, 155, 161, 163; 140, 144, 146, 149, 156-8, 174, mint at, Ill 18Q-l, 190-2 Windsor (Berkshire), 68, 89; casde, William, count of Arques, 21-2 131; council of, 147, 155, 161 William, count of Eu, 83, 102 witenagemot, 18, 20, 28 William de Briouze, 53, 75, 100, 142 Worcester, 8; bishop of, 42; bishopric William fitzOsbem, 13, 29, 35-6, 38, of, 150; casde, 107, 131, 155; 40, 44,47, 50-2,67,69,73-4,82, cathedral, 108, 134-5, 160, 168, 89, 94, 96, 101, 121, 127, 128, 130 171-2 William ofjumieges, 3-4, 10-11, 16, writs, royal, 67, 87-8, 98, 103-4, 26, 89 189 William of Malmesbury, 2, 5, 7, 8, 9, Wulfstan II, bishop of Worcester, 3, 11-12, 13, 27, 32, 44, 53, 61, 79, 28, 45, 107, 134, 139, 146, 155, 89, 92, 101, 102, 117, 120, 157, 160, 164-5, 171; Life of, 28,172 167, 172, 179, 186 William of Poitiers, 3-5, 9, 15-16, York, 30, 32, 40-1, 79; archbishopric, 18-21, 24, 26, 28-30, 32, 34, 38, 148-9, 154; of, 140, 66, 92, 120, 179, 191 152; castle, 79, 130; foreign William de St Calais, bishop of merchants in, 78; minster, 4 7, 159, Durham, 149, 158, 160, 173 184; mint at, Ill

227