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Chapter Three the Households of Royal Illegitimate Family Members and Their Networks of Power

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Chapter Three the Households of Royal Illegitimate Family Members and Their Networks of Power Durham E-Theses Illegitimacy and Power: 12th Century Anglo-Norman and Angevin Illegitimate Family Members within Aristocratic Society TURNER, JAMES How to cite: TURNER, JAMES (2020) Illegitimacy and Power: 12th Century Anglo-Norman and Angevin Illegitimate Family Members within Aristocratic Society, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/13464/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Abstract Illegitimacy and Power: 12th Century Anglo-Norman and Angevin Illegitimate Family Members within Aristocratic Society By James Turner The Anglo-Norman and Angevin kings of the twelfth century were supported in the pursuit of their political and hegemonic activities by individual illegitimate members of the royal family. Illegitimate royal family members represented a cadre of auxiliary family members from which Anglo-Norman and Angevin kings, throughout the twelfth century, deployed specific members as a means of advancing their shared interests. The role of royal bastards within a royal familial identity and their usefulness to their legitimate family members, as potential dynastic and political resources, was informed and indeed enhanced by their illegitimate status. While Anglo-Norman and Angevin illegitimate family members’ inclusion and participation within a royal familial enterprise was highly conditional and consequently varied, individual royal bastards were fully or partially integrated participants within a collective familial identity, sharing a personal affinity with their legitimate family members. The inclusion of illegitimate family members in familial identity and dynastic activity, however, was not necessarily systematic and was primarily determined by the potential usefulness that illegitimate offspring represented to their legitimate family members. The most successful and contemporarily prominent Anglo-Norman and Angevin royal bastards were elevated to their positions of trust and authority in reaction to times of crisis and political instability in which their legitimate royal family members perceived the need for an ally amongst the aristocracy with whom they shared a strong personal and familial affinity and who could effectively cooperate in the pursuit and defence of their mutual familial interests. This imbalance of power, as well as the existence of natural personal affinity between family members and their shared dynastic interests were fundamental to the creation of a political niche for royal illegitimate family members as participants in royal service, protecting and advancing the dynastic interests of their legitimate family members. Having been largely disqualified from even consideration for the succession, Anglo-Norman and Angevin royal bastards ceased to be potential rivals for the throne; instead their alienation from inheritance rights and subsequent general dependence on a patron or the wider familial group, greatly increased their political utility to their legitimate relatives. 1 Illegitimacy and Power: 12th Century Anglo-Norman and Angevin Illegitimate Family Members within Aristocratic Society James Turner Submitted for examination for PhD, Durham University 2019 2 To Ann Turner, a loving mother dearly missed. 3 Acknowledgements I would like to extend my warmest thanks to my supervisor Professor Giles Gasper for all his support and guidance throughout this process. Despite possible being the busiest man in the university he was always willing to lend me his time as well as the benefit of his great expertise and experience. I would also like to thank my annual progress reviewers from the history department Professor Christian Liddy, Professor Len Scales and Dr Alex Brown for their kind words of advice and support over the years. Both the Academic and Administrative Staff within the history department as a whole have helped make my experience here so enjoyable and largely painless. Particular mention must be made, and sincere thanks offered to the excellent PG Programme and Research Co-ordinator Mrs Zoë Gardiner. Twelfth century royal bastards are of course not the only ones who can benefit from the support and cooperation of their families. I’m incredible blessed to be part of such a wonderful, loving and supportive family to whom I owe more than I can ever possible say. Last but not least thanks to all of my friends who sat through my impromptu lectures with what has to be said were mixed levels of grace and patience. If you failed to keep me completely sane during this whole thing you all at least went mad in complimentary directions. 4 Table of Contents Abbreviations 7 Introduction 10 Chapter One: Familial Affinity and Identity 27 1.1 Familial Identity and Affinity within Aristocratic Networks 31 1.2 Affinity Identity and Illegitimate Children in the Reign of Henry 37 1.2.1 Familial Names and the Establishment of Identity 39 1.2.2 The Role of Marriage in Familial Affinity 43 1.2.3 The White Ship Disaster and its Ramifications 50 1.3 Robert of Gloucester and Familial Affinity 55 1.4 Reginald of Cornwall and Familial Affinity 60 1.5 Hameline de Warenne and Familial Affinity 63 1.6 William Longespée and Familial Affinity 67 Chapter Two: Marriage and Dynastic Strategy 71 2.1 Illegitimacy and Church Reform in the Eleventh and Twelfth 73 C Centuries 2.2 Legitimacy, Marriage and Royal Familial Identity 77 2.3 Illegitimacy Royal Family Members and the Dynastic Strategies 89 of Henry I 2.3.1 The Role of Illegitimate Royal Sons in the Dynastic Strategy of 92 Henry I 2.3.2 The Role of Illegitimate Royal Daughters in the Dynastic 100 Strategy of Henry I 2.4. Illegitimate Royal Family Members and the Dynastic Strategy 104 of Henry II 2.5 Royal Mistresses 111 2.5.1 The Mistresses of Henry I 112 2.5.2 The Mistresses of Henry II 117 5 Chapter Three: The Household of Royal Illegitimate Family 124 Members and Their Networks of Power 3.1 The Cultivation and Utilisation of Illegitimate royal Family 137 Members in Aristocratic Networks During the Reign of Henry I 3.2 The Authority and Vice-Regal Privileges of Earls in the Reign 144 of Stephen 3.3 The Cultivation and Utilisation of Illegitimate Royal Family 152 Members in Aristocratic Networks During the Reign of Henry II 3.4 The Household and Political Networks of Robert of Gloucester 156 3.5 The Household and Political Networks of Reginald of Cornwall 171 3.6 The Household and Political Networks of Hamelin de Warenne 180 3.7 The Household and Political Networks of William Longespée 184 Chapter 4: Engagement in Royal Service and Office Holding 192 4.1 Illegitimate Royal Family Members Engagement in Military 204 Service 4.2 Illegitimate Royal Family Members Engagement in Diplomatic 209 Service 4.3 Illegitimate Royal Family Members Engagement in 211 Administrative Service 4.4 Illegitimate Royal Family Members Engagement with Office 216 Holding: Earldoms 4.5 Illegitimate Royal Family Members Engagement with Office 217 Holding: Shrievalty 4.6 Robert of Gloucester’s Participation in Royal Service 2 21 4.7 Reginald of Cornwall’s Participation in Royal Service 230 4.8 Hamelin de Warenne’s Participation in Royal Service 235 4.9 William Longepsee’s Participation in Royal Service 237 Conclusions 243 Bibliography 254 6 Abbreviations Aird, Robert Curthose William M. Aird, Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy, 1050-1134 (Woodbridge, 2008) Bartlett, England Under the Robert Bartlett, England Under the Norman Norman and Angevin Kings and Angevin Kings 1075-1225, (Oxford, 2000) Becket Materials Materials for the History of Thomas Becket, eds. James C. Robertson & J. B. Shepard, (London, 1885) Brundage, Law, Sex and James A. Brundage, Law, Sex and Christian Christian Society Society in Medieval Europe (Chicago, 1987) Crouch, English Aristocracy David Crouch, The English Aristocracy 1070- 1272: A Social Transformation (New Haven, 2011) Crouch, King Stephen David Crouch, The Reign of King Stephen 1135-1154 (London, 2000) Ralph de Diceto, The Historical Ralph de Diceto, The Historical Works of Works Master Ralph De Diceto, Dean of London, ed. William Stubbs, 2 vols (London, 1876) Farrer and Clay, Early Early Yorkshire Charters, Volume 8 of XXX, Yorkshire Charters The Honour of Warenne, eds. William Farrer and Charles Travis Clay (Cambridge, 2013) Gerald of Wales, Opera Giraldi Cambrensis, Opera, eds. J.S. Brewer, J.F. Dimock and G.F. Warner, 8 vols (London, 1861–1891), cited by volume number. Gesta Stephani Gesta Stephani, ed. and trans. K.R. Potter and R.H.C. Davis (Oxford 1976) Patterson, Gloucester Charters Earldom of Gloucester Charters: The Charters and Scribes of the Earls and Countesses of Gloucester to A.D. 1217, ed. Robert B. Patterson (Oxford, 1973) William of Jumièges, GND The Gesta Normannorum Ducum of William of Jumièges, Orderic Vitalis and Robert of Torigni, ed. and trans. E.M.C. van Houts, (Oxford,1992–1995) William of Malmesbury, GRA William of Malmesbury, Gesta Regum Anglorum (Deeds of the English Kings), ed. and trans. R. A. B. Mynors, R. M. Thomson and M. Winterbottom, 2 vols (Oxford, 1998) Hollister, Monarchy, Magnates C. Warren Hollister, Monarchy, Magnates and Institutions in the Anglo- and Institutions in the Anglo-Norman World Norman World (The Hambledon Press, 1986) Howden, Chronica magistri Chronica magistri Rogeri de Hoveden, ed.
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