Carlos Setas Vílchez

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Carlos Setas Vílchez TESIS DOCTORAL 2013 La Frontera Noroeste de Pakistán, 2001-2011. El fenómeno terrorista en las áreas tribales y sus implicaciones para la seguridad de Pakistán y la estabilidad regional. Carlos Setas Vílchez Licenciado en Historia Instituto Universitario General Gutiérrez Mellado Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia Director: D. Miguel Requena y Díez de Revenga Co-Director: D. Javier Gil Pérez 1 Tesis doctoral La Frontera Noroeste de Pakistán, 2001-2011. El fenómeno terrorista en las áreas tribales y sus implicaciones para la seguridad de Pakistán y la estabilidad regional. Carlos Setas Vílchez. Licenciado en Historia 2013 Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia Instituto Universitario General Gutiérrez Mellado Director: Miguel Requena y Díez de Revenga Co-Director: Javier Gil Pérez 2 3 Instituto Universitario General Gutiérrez Mellado UNED La Frontera Noroeste de Pakistán, 2001-2011. El fenómeno terrorista en las áreas tribales y sus implicaciones para la seguridad de Pakistán y la estabilidad regional. Carlos Setas Vílchez. Licenciado en Historia Director: Miguel Requena y Díez de Revenga Co-Director: Javier Gil Pérez 4 5 MI AGRADECIMIENTO Esta tesis ha visto la luz gracias a la aportación, a menudo inconsciente, de numerosas personas. Sin embargo quisiera agradecer por su nombre a algunas de ellas. La primera de ellas es Javier Gil que, como amigo, compañero, editor y co-director, según la ocasión, me ha impulsado a seguir en momentos en los que la redacción parecía eternizarse. A Ignacio Prieto, por su dedicación en corregir mis, a veces farragosos, borradores. A mis padres, por confiar en mí y haberme permitido, con su esfuerzo generoso, proseguir mi camino quizás un tanto errático hasta la definitiva consecución de esta tesis doctoral. A mi pareja Sonia, por haberme mantenido además de soportado en el largo y tedioso proceso que supone la elaboración de una tesis. Además, he de agradecerle sus concienzudas revisiones, sin las cuales este trabajo no habría llegado nunca a su forma actual. A mi amiga Tanya en Delhi y a Naeem en Lahore, cuyas aportaciones han hecho mucho por ayudarme a comprender la realidad de Asia Meridional y, particularmente de Pakistán. A todas esas personas de la Universidad Jawaharlal Nehru de Nueva Delhi que, con sus actitudes tanto positivas como negativas, me han ayudado a formarme una bien informada opinión sobre los asuntos del subcontinente. A las decenas de pakistaníes anónimos con los que he tenido el placer de hablar en mis viajes por Pakistán. Ellos me han mostrado, con su desbordante hospitalidad, una imagen de su país que no suele encontrarse en los libros, pero que es sin duda más cercana a la realidad cotidiana del país del Indo. Finalmente, quiero dedicar esta tesis doctoral a la memoria de José Collado Medina, director inicial de este proyecto, y la persona que me puso en el camino correcto. Sin él, esta tesis nunca se habría llevado a cabo. 6 7 La Frontera Noroeste de Pakistán, 2001-2011. El fenómeno terrorista en las áreas tribales y sus implicaciones para la seguridad de Pakistán y la estabilidad regional. ÍNDICE: ÍNDICE DE MAPAS .................................................................................................... 12 ÍNDICE DE TABLAS .................................................................................................. 14 SIGLAS Y ACRÓNIMOS ........................................................................................... 16 NOTAS SOBRE LA TRANSLITERACIÓN DE NOMBRES ................................. 20 INTRODUCCIÓN ........................................................................................................ 22 1. ¿POR QUÉ PAKISTÁN ES MI ÁREA DE ESTUDIO? ....................................... 24 2. ÁREAS DE CONOCIMIENTO ............................................................................. 29 3. ESTADO DE LA CUESTIÓN ............................................................................... 29 4. OBJETIVOS ........................................................................................................... 36 4.1 Objetivos primarios ........................................................................................... 37 4.2 Objetivos secundarios ....................................................................................... 38 5. HIPÓTESIS ............................................................................................................ 38 6. RELACIÓN DE FUENTES ................................................................................... 39 7. METODOLOGÍA ................................................................................................... 40 BLOQUE I: EL MEDIO .............................................................................................. 42 CAPÍTULO 1: CONCEPTOS PREVIOS .................................................................. 48 1.1 ISLAMISMO ........................................................................................................ 50 1.1.1 Definición ....................................................................................................... 50 1.1.2 Teóricos del Islamismo .................................................................................. 53 1.2 YIHADISMO ........................................................................................................ 57 1.3 TERRORISMO ..................................................................................................... 62 CAPÍTULO 2: LAS ÁREAS TRIBALES Y LA PROVINCIA DE KHYBER- PAKHTUNKHWA. ASPECTOS GENERALES ...................................................... 68 2.1 GEOGRAFÍA ....................................................................................................... 70 2.2 HISTORIA ............................................................................................................ 76 2.2.1 Historia antigua .............................................................................................. 76 2.2.2 Dominio Turco-Pastún y expansión del Islam ............................................... 77 8 2.2.3 El Imperio Mogol ........................................................................................... 78 2.2.4 Dominio Durrani ............................................................................................ 80 2.2.5 Dominio sij ..................................................................................................... 81 2.2.6 Dominio británico .......................................................................................... 81 2.2.7 La NWFP y las FATA desde la independencia.............................................. 87 CAPÍTULO 3: LAS ÁREAS TRIBALES Y LA PROVINCIA DE KHYBER-PAKHTUNKHWA. ASPECTOS SOCIOPOLÍTICOS ......................... 92 3.1 ESTRUCTURA ADMINISTRATIVA ................................................................. 94 3.2 ESTRUCTURAS POLÍTICAS ............................................................................. 99 3.3 ESTRUCTURA JUDICIAL, LA FCR ............................................................... 103 3.4 ESTRUCTURAS SOCIOECONÓMICAS EN LAS FATA .............................. 109 CAPÍTULO 4: LAS ÁREAS TRIBALES Y LA PROVINCIA DE KHYBER-PAKHTUNKHWA. LA SOCIEDAD TRIBAL PASTÚN ................... 116 4.1 ORIGEN MÍTICO DE LOS PASTUNES .......................................................... 118 4.2 SOCIEDAD, CULTURA Y TRADICIONES DE LAS TRIBUS PASTUNES 125 4.2.1 La sociedad pastún: aspectos generales. La visión occidental ..................... 125 4.2.2 El Pastunwali ................................................................................................ 130 4.2.3 Instituciones tribales ..................................................................................... 132 CAPÍTULO 5: PUNJAB ............................................................................................ 136 5.1 GEOGRAFÍA ..................................................................................................... 138 5.2 HISTORIA .......................................................................................................... 140 5.3 EL YIHADISMO MODERNO EN PUNJAB .................................................... 143 5.3.1 Los años del Gobierno Zia y la yihad afgana ............................................... 143 5.3.2 Cachemira..................................................................................................... 145 5.3.3 Compañeros de los talibanes en Afganistán hasta la invasión de EE.UU.... 147 BLOQUE II: TERRORISMO Y CONFLICTO ...................................................... 150 CAPÍTULO 6: TALIBANIZACIÓN DE LAS ÁREAS TRIBALES Y SU EXTENSIÓN A NIVEL PROVINCIAL .................................................................. 156 6.1 LOS TALIBANES AFGANOS .......................................................................... 158 6.1.1 Orígenes y evolución del movimiento talibán afgano .................................. 158 6.1.2 Los talibanes afganos en Pakistán 2001-2011. La Shura de Quetta ............ 165 6.1.3 El clan Haqqani ............................................................................................ 173 6.1.4 El Hizb-e-Islami de Gulbuddin Hekmatyar .................................................. 184 6.2 LOS TALIBANES PAKISTANÍES ................................................................... 188 9 6.2.1 Introducción ................................................................................................. 188 6.2.2 El Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan
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