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Secession and Counter-Secession an International Relations Perspective

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Secession and Counter-Secession an International Relations Perspective Secession and Counter-secession An International Relations Perspective Diego Muro and Eckart Woertz (Eds.) Secession and Counter-secession An International Relations Perspective Diego Muro and Eckart Woertz (Eds.) @2018 CIDOB CIDOB edicions Elisabets, 12 08001 Barcelona Tel.: 933 026 495 www.cidob.org [email protected] ISBN: 978-84-92511-53-2 Legal deposit: B 30078-2017 Barcelona, January 2018 CONTENTS ABOUT THE AUTHORS 5 PROLOGUE 9 Jordi Bacaria INTRODUCTION 11 Diego Muro & Eckart Woertz THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AND THE EUROPEAN UNION 17 Strategies of secession and counter-secession Diego Muro ........................................................................................................................................... 19 How do states respond to secession? The dynamics of state recognition Bridget L. Coggins ............................................................................................................................ 27 What’s law got to do with it? Democracy, realism and the Tina Turner theory of referendums Matt Qvortrup .................................................................................................................................... 31 The EU’s policies towards contested states Bruno Coppieters .............................................................................................................................. 37 SECESSIONIST STRATEGIES: CASE STUDIES 45 Insights from the Scottish independence referendum Nicola McEwen ................................................................................................................................... 47 Secessionist strategies: The case of Flanders Bart Maddens ...................................................................................................................................... 55 The two Quebec independence referendums: Political strategies and international relations André Lecours ..................................................................................................................................... 63 Autonomy in Denmark: Greenland and the Faroe Islands Gestur Hovgaard & Maria Ackrén ........................................................................................ 69 COUNTER-SECESSIONIST STRATEGIES: CASE STUDIES 77 Who counts? Why do governments deny secession in some cases but not others? Ryan Griffiths ...................................................................................................................................... 79 The four pillars of a counter-secession foreign policy: Lessons from Cyprus James Ker-Lindsay ............................................................................................................................ 85 Counter-secessionism and autonomy in the federal system of Germany: The case of Bavaria Roland Sturm ....................................................................................................................................... 91 Economic aspects of counter-secession strategies Eckart Woertz ...................................................................................................................................... 99 ABOUT THE AUTHORS Jordi Bacaria Director of CIDOB and Professor of Applied Economics at the Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), where he was Dean of the Faculty of Economics (1986–1988), Director of the Institute for European Studies (1988–1992, 1994–2000) and Coordinator of the Doctoral Program in International Relations and European Integration (2000–2009). He is the author of over a hundred publications (articles, book chapters and books) on economic integration, Latin America, the Mediterranean economy, monetary institutions and public choice. Bridget L. Coggins Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of California Santa Barbara. Her research interests lie at the intersection of domestic conflict and international relations, including studies of secessionism, insurgency, terrorism, maritime piracy, and illicit trafficking. Coggins’ first book is Power Politics and State Formation in the 20th Century: The Dynamics of Recognition (Cambridge, 2014). Her two ongoing research projects examine the international security consequences of state collapse and rebels’ strategic use of diplomacy in war. Coggins was an International Affairs Fellow with the Council on Foreign Relations in South Korea (2013-2014), is an Adjunct Fellow with the Center for Strategic and International Studies Korea Chair, and taught previously at Dartmouth College. Bruno Coppieters Head of the Department of Political Science at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel. His published works deal mainly with federalism, the ethics of war and secession, and conflicts on sovereignty in the Caucasus and the Balkans. He coordinated an EU-financed teaching project on European Studies for the Abkhazian State University in 2012–15, and participated as an expert in the International Fact-Finding Mission on the Conflict in Georgia (IIFFMCG) in 2009. Ryan Griffiths Senior Lecturer in the Department of Government and International Relations at the University of Sydney. His research focuses on the dynamics of secession and the study of sovereignty, the state system, and the international order. He is the author of Age of Secession, the 5 2017 International and Domestic Determinants of State Birth (Cambridge University Press, 2016), and he is currently writing a book on the strategies of secessionist movements. Gestur Hovgaard Associate Professor and Head of Institute at University of Greenland. He holds a master’s degree in public administration and a PhD in social science from Roskilde University, Denmark. His publications cover local and regional development and planning, innovation, and public sector organisation, mainly in a north Atlantic context. His recent research focuses on educational planning, west Nordic regional development and the social history of the Faroe Islands. James Ker-Lindsay Professor of Politics and Policy at St Mary’s University, Twickenham. He is also Senior Visiting Fellow at the London School of Economics and Political Science, and Research Associate at the Centre for International Studies at Oxford University. His work focuses on secession and recognition and on conflict, peace and security in south-east Europe. He has published twelve books, including: The Foreign Policy of Counter Secession: Preventing the Recognition of Contested States (Oxford University Press, 2012), The Cyprus Problem: What Everyone Needs to Know (Oxford University Press, 2011), and Kosovo: The Path to Contested Statehood in the Balkans (I.B.Tauris, 2009). His next book, Secession and State Creation: What Everyone Needs to Know (co-written with Mikulas Fabry), is forthcoming with Oxford University Press. André Lecours Professor in the School of Political Studies at the University of Ottawa. His main research interests are comparative politics, Canadian politics, European politics, nationalism and federalism. He is the editor of New Institutionalism. Theory and Analysis published by the University of Toronto Press in 2005; the author of Basque Nationalism and the Spanish State (University of Nevada Press, 2007); the co-author (with Daniel Béland) of Nationalism and Social Policy. The Politics of Territorial Solidarity (Oxford University Press, 2008); and the co-author (with Daniel Béland, Gregory Marchildon, Rose Olfert and Haizhen Mou) of Fiscal Federalism and Equalization Policy in Canada. Political and Economic Dimensions (University of Toronto Press, 2017). Nicola McEwen Professor of Territorial Politics at the University of Edinburgh and Associate Director of the Centre on Constitutional Change. She has published widely in the field of territorial politics, multi-level government and nationalism, and is actively involved in informing debate within the wider policy and political community through media ABOUT THE AUTHORS 6 2017 work, public engagement, parliamentary advice and consultancy. She was awarded an ESRC Senior Scotland Fellowship to examine the implications of Scottish independence for cross-border co-operation and intergovernmental relations, and her work within the Centre on Constitutional Change focuses on examining the evolution of UK devolution, intergovernmental relations and the implications of Brexit for UK territorial politics. Bart Maddens Full professor of Political Science at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Flanders, Belgium. His current research topics are campaign and party finance, elections, and political career patterns. He previously published about national identity and territorial party politics. He regularly contributes to the debate on Belgian politics and Flemish independence in the media. His research has been published in Electoral Studies, West European Politics, the European Journal of Political Research, Political Psychology, Party Politics, Government and Opposition, Politics and Gender, Local Government Studies, among others. Diego Muro Lecturer in International Relations at the Handa Centre for the Study of Political Violence and Terrorism (CSTPV) at the University of St Andrews and Senior Research Associate at the Barcelona Centre for International Affairs (CIDOB). His main research interests are comparative politics, nationalism and ethnic conflict, security studies and terrorism and counter-terrorism. He has authored four books with Routledge entitled Ethnicity and Violence (2008), The Politics and Memory of Democratic Transition (2009), ETA’s Terrorist Campaign: From Violence
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