Cahiers d’Asie centrale
24 | 2015 Littérature et Société en Asie centrale
From Herat to Shiraz: the Unique Manuscript (876/1471) of ‘Alī Shīr Nawā’ī’s Poetry from Aq Qoyunlu Circle
Aftandil Erkinov
Translator: Scott Bean
Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/asiecentrale/2791 ISSN: 2075-5325
Publisher Éditions De Boccard
Printed version Date of publication: 10 March 2015 Number of pages: 47-79 ISBN: 978-2-84743-112-4 ISSN: 1270-9247
Electronic reference Aftandil Erkinov, « From Herat to Shiraz: the Unique Manuscript (876/1471) of ‘Alī Shīr Nawā’ī’s Poetry from Aq Qoyunlu Circle », Cahiers d’Asie centrale [Online], 24 | 2015, Online since 10 March 2016, connection on 19 April 2019. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/asiecentrale/2791
© Tous droits réservés From Herat to Shiraz: the Unique Manuscript (876/1471) of ‘Alī Shīr Nawā’ī’s Poetry from Aq Qoyunlu Circle
Aftandil Erkinov* ‘Alī Shīr Naа ’ī, Farh̄d u Sh̄r̄n (1483)1
No Matter how many there are one – a hundred, a thousand All the Turkic languages belong to me. Without warriors nor battles I conquered every country, From China to Khorasan. Sugar from the cane of my quill, Was strewn not only on Khorasan, but also on Shiraz and [Tabriz
* Aftandil Erkinov is a professor at the Tashkent State Institute of Oriental Studies (Depart- mОnt oП ClassiМal OriОntal PhiloloРв). HО аas a ЯisitinР proПОssor аith thО SlaЯiМ-Eurasian RОsОarМh CОntОr at HokkaiНo UniЯОrsitв (Sapporo, Japan) anН аith thО RОsОarМh InstitutО for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa at the Tokyo University of Foreign Studies (Tokyo, Japan) in 2013-2014. Research interests: Persian literary history; Turkic and Persian bilingualism; the history of intellectual life and the transmission of manuscripts in Central Asia (bОtаООn thО iПtООnth anН tаОntiОth МОnturiОs); thО inluОnМО oП thОTimuriНs (1370- 1506) on oriental culture; culture under the Islamic court; Islamic culture and Islam in Cen- tral Asia under the Russian Empire (1865-1917). Contact: [email protected]. 1 Naа ’ī, 1991, p. 475; ErkinoЯ, 1971, p. 247; QaвumoЯ, 1979; KomiloЯ, 2009, pp. 182-192. Translation hОrО anН ПurthОr on in thО author’s tОбt.
Cahiers d’Asie centrale, n° 24, 2015, pp. 47-80 48 Aftandil Erkinov
Introduction2
Вou МoulН intОrprОt thО ПorОРoinР siб linОs Пrom ‘Alī Shīr Naа ’ī (1441- 1501) as Пolloаs:3 Naа ’ī prouНlв assОrt that his аorks prОЯail amonРst thО TurkiМ pОoplОs Пrom China to Khorasan (аhОrО TimuriН ̣usaвn B вqar rulОН thО МОntrО in HОrat). His poОms arО in ПaМt аОll knoаn not onlв in Khorasan, but also in Shiraz and Tabriz, namely amongst the Turkic popu- lation of these centres. References to Shiraz and Tabriz to this day have not haН a spОМiiМ МontОбt to thОm anН haЯО sОrЯОН as abstraМt inПormation on thО poОt’s аorks that prОЯailОН in thОsО tОrritoriОs, anН in a broaНОr sОnsО i n the Turkic environment of Central Asia and modern-day Iran. These lines could have been summed up as fakhrīya,4 one of the traditional poetic tech- niquОs oП oriОntal Islam. What rОМОntlв МauРht mв ОвО, hoаОЯОr, аas thО struМturО oП onО manusМript аith Naа ’ī’s poОtrв that is rОnoаnОН amonРst ОбpОrts in thО arts, but not rОnoаnОН amonРst UгbОk litОraturО ОбpОrts. This manusМript is kОpt at thО National Librarв oП EРвpt. With thО НisМoЯОrв oП this collection of poetry, or d̄w̄n, these Naа ’ī poОms bОМamО not onlв an example of the use of the fakhrīya poetic technique, but also gained a spОМiiМ anН rОal mОaninР. It is аiНОlв knoаn that HОrat prospОrОН in thО Оra oП thО latО TimuriНs (1370-1506) НurinР ̣usaвn B вqar ’s rulО (1469-1506), аhОn РrООt TurkiМ МlassiМ poОt ‘Alī Shīr Naа ’ī liЯОН anН аrotО his poОtrв (Szuppe, 1993; Subtelny, 2007). The Aq Qoyunlu dynasty (1378-1508), neighbouring the Timurids, also paid a lot of attention to developing art. Having ruled partial in moНОrn-Нaв EastОrn TurkОв, ArmОnia, AгОrbaijan, northОrn Iran, anН Iraq,
2 I аrotО this artiМlО in 2014 аhilО аorkinР on thО projОМt “Earlв MoНОrn IslamiМ StatОs anН thО SurrounНinР WorlН” (МoorНinatОН bв ProП. Nobuaki KonНo) as a ЯisitinР proПОssor at the Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ilcAA) at the Tokyo UniЯОrsitв oП ForОiРn StuНiОs (Japan). I am РratОПul to thО InstitutО’s aНministration anН to ProП. Nobuaki KonНo Пor thОir hОlp in makinР this artiМlО possiblО anН I аoulН likО tothank for their advice: Francis Richard, Maria Szuppe, Mutsumi Sugahara, Esra Akin-Kivanc, Kasimjan SaНikoЯ, AbНulatiП TurНialiОЯ, KaНirjan ErРashОЯ, Alim DaЯlatoЯanН HamiНulla AminoЯ. ThО main linОs oП this artiМlО аas prОsОntОН at thО5e Journée d’études et atelier de travail (Workshop) Series Catalogorum organised by the umr7528 Mondes iranien et indien on October 17, 2014, Paris, France. 3 ThО poОt’s namО in Russian tОбts is traНitionallв аrittОn as AlishОr NaЯoi, but аО prОПОr thО spОllinР ‘Alī Shīr Naа ’ī, аhiМh is МlosОr to thО oriОntal transМription. This МonМОrns sОЯОral othОr oriОntal tОrms in thО artiМlО as аОll. 4 ThО poОt’s ПulillmОnt аith his prosoНв. Fakhr̄ya/iftikh̄r (Arabic for self-aggrandizement, priНО, Рlorв, honour, supОrioritв, maРniiМОnМО, ОtМ.) is a poОtiМ tОМhniquО, a poОt’s sОlП- aggrandizement, self-panegyric. The Unique Manuscript of ‘Al̄ Sh̄r Naw̄’̄’s Poetry from Aq Qoyunlu Circle 49 thО Aq Qoвunlu Нвnastв kОpt МlosО tiОs аith thО TimuriНs. This Нвnastв, аhiМh МamО Пrom thО ОnЯironmОnt oП thО OРhuг Turks, rulОН Пrom 1378 to 1501 on thО tОrritorв oП moНОrn-Нaв EastОrn TurkОв, ArmОnia, AгОrbaijan, NorthОrn Iran, anН Iraq (Minorskв, 1960; WooНs, 1999). Naа ’ī’s МollОМ- tion of poems (d̄w̄n), аhiМh аas МopiОН on 12 RaНjab 876/24 DОМОmbОr 1471 in Shiraг – onО oП thО МОntral Мitв oП thО Aq Qoвunlu Нвnastв, аas onО of the unique manuscripts (Naа ʼī, 14715) during this period, the ruler in Shiraг аas Khalīl (liЯОН in 1442-1478) (Khunjī, 1957, p. 25-40). HО аas the Aq Qoyunlu ruler in 1478 for only six months and lived in Tabriz, the capital of the Aq Qoyunlu dynasty. Subsequently, Suḷ n Khalīl аas attaМkОН anН killОН bв his brothОr Вa‘q̄b (b. 1463, 1478-1490), аho rОplaМОН him on thО thronО (Khunjī, 1957; WooНs 1999, p. 125-147). I МonНitionallв МallОН thО inНiМatОН Naа ’ī’s d̄w̄n “ThО D̄w̄n of the Aq Qoyunlu admirers”. AНmirОrs oП Naа ’ī’s poОtrв Пrom thО Aq Qoвunlu enЯironmОnt, bОПorО ‘Alī Shīr Naа ’ī himsОlП bОРan to МompilО his irst d̄w̄n, orРanisОН this МollОМtion oП poОms. Naа ’ī’s Ilk d̄w̄n [Initial d̄w̄n], МopiОН in 870/1465-66 is still thО onlв onО oП Naа ’ī’s МollОМtion oП poОtrв that sМiОnМО is aаarО oП.6 The Ilk d̄w̄n аas thО irst МollОМtion oП Naа ’ī’s poОtrв that his НОЯotООs МompilОН anН that Suḷ n ‘Alī MashhaНī (1432-1520) МopiОН in HОrat (Naа ’ī, 1968; Sulaymonov, Sulaymonova, 1982, illustrations 1-13; IsoqoЯ, 1965; EМkmann, 1970). “ThОD̄w̄n of the Aq Qoyunlu admirers” is thО sОМonН МollОМtion oП Naа ’ī’s poОtrв that his aНhОrОnts МompilОН, namОlв thО МollОМtion аas МompilОН in thО Aq Qoвunlu dynasty, next to the Timurids, presumably in Shiraz, and not in Herat. We arО aаarО oП onlв onО manusМript oП thisd̄w̄n , and it is the only collection аО knoа that НОЯotООs oП Naа ’ī’s poОtrв МompilОН in thО Aq Qoвunlu state. ‘Abd al-Rạīm Khа raгmī, knoаn as Anīsī, аas thО pОrson to haЯО copied this d̄w̄n. AlthouРh art ОбpОrts аОrО aаarО oП this manusМript, UгbОk litОraturО ОбpОrts аОrО unaаarО oП it, anН this manusМript аas not thО objОМt oП rОsОarМh in tОrms oП thО МollОМtion’s struМturО anН passinР on thО tОбt oП poОms that, Пor ОбamplО, аas aНaptОН to thО OРhuг TurkiМ that prОЯailОН in thО Aq Qoвunlu statО. WО аill trв in this artiМlО to rМhrОsОa
5 For more information on this manuscript, read Erkinov, 2012. My gratitude to Dr. Simon RОttiР, аho НirОМtОН mО to thО manusМript oП thisd̄w̄n (RОttiР, 2011, Vol. ii, p. 243). 6 ‘Alī Shīr Naа ʼī, Initial d̄w̄n / Ilk D̄w̄n / Rannij НiЯan (Naа ’ī, 1968). 50 Aftandil Erkinov the d̄w̄n’s composition and the social-cultural context that served as the ПounНation Пor МopвinР this manusМript in Naа ’ī’s aНolОsМОnt вОars.
The Life and Works of ‘Alī Shīr Nawā’ī Nị m al-Dīn Mīr ‘Alī Shīr Naа ’ī (1441-1501) аas a poОt anН statОman in thО ̣usaвn B вqar Мourt (1469-1506) in HОrat. Naа ’ī аrotО poОms under the pseudonym (takhall̄ṣ) Naа ’ī (in аorks аrittОn in ChaРataв TurkiМ) anН F nī (in аorks аrittОn in PОrsian), anН is onО oП thО most inlu- Оntial iРurОs in TurkiМ litОraturО. HО аrotО morО than thirtв аorks, most oП thОm in TurkiМ. Naа ’ī аas born in ratHО and spent most of his life in this Мitв. His Пamilв аas МlosО to thО TimuriНs: as a МhilН, Naа ’ī himsОlП аas both ПriОnН anН stuНiОН аith ̣usaвn B вqar (1469-1506), thО ПuturО rulОr oП Khorasan, anН thОn bОРan to аritО poОtrв at tОn to tаОlЯО вОars oП age. According to Naа ’ī’s МontОmporarian, thО historian Ghiв th al-Dīn Khа nНamīr (1475-1536), thО rОnoаnОН TurkiМ poОt LụПī (1367-1463) at an ОlНОrlв aРО аoulН mООt аith thО МhilН Naа ’ī anН praisО his poОtiМ alОntt (Birnbaum, 1986).
Naа ’ī аas ПorМОН to liЯО Пar aаaв Пrom HОrat (MarЯ, TaПt, MashhaН, SamarkanН) НurinР thО pОrioН oП thО TimuriНs’ intОrnal аarПarО, onlв oММa- sionallв rОturninР, until 1469 аhОn TimuriН ̣usaвn B вqar аoulН sОiгО Herat and become the ruler of Khorasan. Naа ’ī аoulН liЯО mainlв in this Мitв Пrom thО bОРinninР oП this pОrioН until his НОath (SubtОlnв, 1993, . 90). In thО 1480s, Naа ’ī аoulН paв to haЯО sОЯОral madrasa, rab̄ṭ [a stop for travellers], masjid, kh̄nak̄h ДSui rОПuРОs], bathhousОs, anН briНРОs in HОrat anН othОr rОРions oП thО Мountrв. HО аoulН bО morО inЯolЯОН in art bОРinninР in 1476, anН most oП his аorks аoulН bО аrittОn startinР this very year and until his death.
Naа ’ī аrotО thО most important lвriМal, lвriМal anН ОpiМal, soМial anН philosophiМal, anН sМiОntiiМ аorks Пrom 1480 to 1501; thО shООr ЯolumО oП аorks hО аrotО is Оnormous as аОll. Siб oП his poОms makО up 60,000 linОs (miṣrā‘). From 1483 to 1485, hО аrotО Khamsa [Pentalogy], consisting oП thО ПolloаinР iЯО poОms:̣ayrat al-abr̄r [Turmoil of the Righteous], Farh̄d u Sh̄r̄n [Farhad and Shirin], Layli-wu Majn̄n ДLaвli anН Majnun], Sab‘a-yi sayȳr [Seven Planets], Sadd-i iskandar̄ [The Alexandrian Wall]. ThОв аОrО аrittОn basОН on thО traНition oП thО khamsanaw̄s̄ ДаritinР anН creation of the Khamsa]. Naа ’ī’s Khamsa is thО irst аork in this РОnrО The Unique Manuscript of ‘Al̄ Sh̄r Naw̄’̄’s Poetry from Aq Qoyunlu Circle 51
аrittОn in TurkiМ (ErkinoЯ, 1999). MorОoЯОr, Naа ’ī аrotО onО morО poОm called Lis̄n al-ṭayr [Language of the Birds]. Naа ’ī аrotО an imprОssiЯО numbОr oП lвriМal аorks НurinР his liПО. He compiled a collection of all his poems in Turkic from 1492 to 1498 and created four d̄w̄n collections called Khaz̄’in al-ma‘̄n̄ [A Treasure TroЯО oП ThouРhts] (HaвtmОtoЯ, 1961). This Мonsists oП thО ПolloаinР four d̄w̄n: (1) Ghar̄’ib al-ṣighar [Miracles of Childhood], (2) Naw̄dir al-shab̄b [Rarities of Youth], (3) Bad̄’ī‘ al-wasaṭ [Wonders of Middle Age], (4) Faw̄’id al-kibar [Helpful Old-Age Advice]. The total volume of all the poems from these four collections makes up more than 50,000 lines (misra’). FurthОrmorО, Naа ’ī аrotО poОms in sОЯОntООn РОnrОs out oП thО ОбistinР tаОntв-onО in thО poОtrв oП thО IslamiМ OriОnt. Naа ’ī МollОМtОН all his poОms аrittОn in PОrsian unНОr thО titlО Dīw n-i F̄n̄ [D̄w̄n oП Fanī]. HО аantОН to МompОtО аith PОrsian poОts as аОll.
Manuscripts of Nawā’ī’s Works Not onlв thО аritinР, but also thО popularitв oП thО manusМripts in thО Islamic Orient made a big difference in exchanging various information anН НОЯОlopinР МulturО (SгuppО, 2004). ManusМripts аith Naа ’ī’s аorks prОЯailОН аiНОlв in thО TurkiМ аorlН. Вou МoulН inН thОm in НoгОns anН sometimes hundreds of copies at manuscript holdings of the Islamic Orient. ThО broМhurО аas publishОН аith inПormation about Мopвists, аho haЯО МopiОН thО аorks oП Naа ’ī (Hakimov, 1991). We currently have many manuscripts of Khamsa or individual poems from it. The Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan named aПtОr Biruni in TashkОnt haЯО 166 manusМripts oП Naа ’ī’s Khamsa that аОrО МopiОН in thО iПtООnth-tаОntiОth МОnturiОs. ThО stuНв oП thО popularitв anН thО quantitв oП Naа ’ī’sKhamsa manuscripts demonstrate that these аorks haН a spОМial plaМО in thО intОllОМtual liПО anН Мultural ОnЯironmОnt of Central Asia (Erkinov, 1998b; Erkinov, 1998c; Erkinov, 1998a). Some вОars aРo аas publishОН thО МataloРuО oП thО manusМripts oП thisKhamsa (Munirov, Hakimov, 1986). In addition to the Khamsa manuscripts, a similar picture is observed in hunНrОНs oП manusМripts аith Naа ’ī’s аorks that аОrО МopiОН oЯОr morО than 500 вОars, Пrom thО ОnН oП thО ifteenth century to the beginning of the tаОntiОth МОnturв. For ОбamplО, thО ПunН oП InstitutО oП ManusМripts oП thО 52 Aftandil Erkinov
Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan had 254 manuscripts аith tаОntв oП Naа ’ī’s аorks (Hakimov, 1983). Moreover, from 1879 to 1917, Naа ’ī’s аorks аОrО printОН seventy times in Central Asian lithogra- phiОs (QosimбonoЯ, 1988). ThОsО iРurОs arО thО hiРhОst Пor a poОt Пrom thО TurkiМ litОrarв ОnЯironmОnt. It is аorth kООpinР in minН that thО num - bОrs РiЯОn aboЯО maniПОst thО quantitв oП Naа ’ī’s manusМripts on CОntral Asia alonО. His manusМripts Пrom Turkish holНinРs at onО point аОrО specially described (LОЯОnН, 1958). ThО popularitв oП Naа ’ī’s аorks anН thОir manusМripts in thО CauМasus аas spОМiallв stuНiОН (NaРiОЯa, 1986; NaРiОЯa, 1990). ThО publiМation oП Naа ’ī’s tОбts anН both thО НОsМription anН histioРraphiМ analвsis oП thО tОбts oП his аorks МontinuО to this Нaв (ShamsiОЯ, 1961; SirojiННinoЯ, 2011; Yusupova, 2013). In this perspective, manusМripts аith Naа ’ī’s poОtrв аОrО РiЯОn spОМial attОntion (Rieu, 1888, p. 295; EthО, 1930, pp. 1195-1196; Volin, 1946; SulaвmanoЯ, 1955-1961; GoОsОkО, 1961; Naа ’ī, 1964, pp. 3-41; G‘aniОЯa, 1991; AНahl, 2000; Erkinov, 2008a; Richard, 2013).
About “The Dīwān of the Aq Qoyunlu admirers” Manuscript ThО irst НОtails rОРarНinР thО manusМript oП this d̄w̄n are found in the illustratiЯО МataloРuО oП manusМripts at thО Cairo librarв that аas publishОН in 1935 anН РiЯОs thО ПolloаinР НОsМription (StМhoukinО, 1935, p. 151, iР. 8): thО manusМript oП ‘Alī Shīr Naа ’ī’s (Lit. Tur . 68) is siбtв-sОЯОn paРОs lonР. ThО tОбt аas МopiОН in nasta‘liq stвlО in tаo Мolumns. ThО size of the manuscript is 200x130 mm, and the size of the text is 140x75 mm. The date of copy is 876/1471-1472 (Naа ʼī, 1471). The copyist is ‘AbН al-Rạīm ibn ‘AbН al-Rạm n al-Khа raгmī.7 The manuscript has tаo miniaturОs. ThО sМribО’s namО in thО НОsМription is НОnotОН МorrОМtlв anН МorrОsponНs to аhat is аrittОn on thО Мolophon МomposОН in ArabiМ. Onlв thО вОar МopiОН is proЯiНОН, althouРh thО Нaв anН month thО аork аas МomplОtОН аОrО notОН on thО Мolophon. ApparОntlв, IЯan StМhoukinО, аho had described the manuscript, did not catch this.
ThО manusМript Мolophon (67a) proЯiНОs thО ПolloаinР НОtails in ArabiМ (see annex n° 1):
7 See hereafter about this scribe. The Unique Manuscript of ‘Al̄ Sh̄r Naw̄’̄’s Poetry from Aq Qoyunlu Circle 53
ThО manusМript has tаo miniaturОs аrittОn in thО Aq Qoвunlu sМhool style (see annexes n° 2 and 3). The manuscript provides a total of 229 poОms bв ‘Alī Shīr Naа ’ī that Пall unНОr thО ПolloаinР РОnrОs: n° Genre Quantity Pages 1 Gha al 224 1b-62b 2 ust ād 1 62b-63а 3 ukhammas 3 63а-65a 4 Tarji‘band 1 65а-67а
ThО ПaМt that thО lanРuaРО oП ‘Alī Shīr Naа ’ī’s poОms is aНaptОН to thО OРhuг TurkiМ, most likОlв to Нraа thОm МlosОr to thО auНiОnМО that spОaks this НialОМt (аhiМh thО poОms proЯiНОН bОloа as an ОбamplО shoа) is onО oП thО partiМularitiОs oП thО manusМript. WО аОrО not ablО to inН anв НОtails rОlatОН to this manusМript in аorks on thО popularitв amonРst OРhuг Turks of ‘Alī Shīr Naа ’ī’s Мompositions or in manusМripts that inМluНО his poems (Birnbaum, 1976; KlОinmiМhОl, 2006; Küt, 1989; NaРiОЯa, 2001; кОtinНağ, 2006). This manusМript is Пor thО momОnt thО onlв Мopв of a d̄w̄n to haЯО МomО out oП thО Aq Qoвunlu ОnЯironmОnt that Naа ’ī rОsОarМhОrs arО aаarО oП. PrisМilla SouМОk, a miniaturО spОМialist, аritОs thО ПolloаinР about thО manuscript of this d̄w̄n: ‘AbН al-Rạīm Khа raгmī rОаrotО thО Naа ’ī d̄w̄n. It МoulН bО that hО МopiОН it Пor Khalīl, thО son oП thО Aq Qoвunlu Suḷ n Uг̄n ̣asan (1453-1478),8 аho аas appointОН bв thО alНОrman in Shiraz in 1471-1478 or for another certain seigneur, since the artist prОsumablв to haЯО НОМoratОН thО manusМript in miniaturОs, Darаīsh MụammaН also liЯОН anН аorkОН unНОr thО Khalīl Мourt (SouМОk, 1985b).
8 See about him: Minorsky, 1965. 54 Aftandil Erkinov
ThОrОПorО, Naа ’ī’s Aq Qoвunlu d̄w̄n аas МopiОН in Shiraг; hoаОЯОr, art historian Priscilla Soucek, believing the manuscript to be one of the МopiОs oП Naа ’ī’s d̄w̄n, did not pay attention to its content. Apparently, shО аas not Пamiliar аith thО manusМript anН inНiМatОs thО timО it аas copied as 876/1471-1472. Since only several art historians, interested only in miniaturОs anН not in thО poОms anН thО НatО thО manusМript аas МopiОН, аОrО aаarО oП thО manusМript, its mОaninР Пor Naа ’ī spОМialists аas lОПt unrevealed (Robinson, 1958, . 79). Beginning of the manuscript (1b) (see annex n° 4):
Copyist of the manuscript ThО manusМript аas МopiОН at thО ОnН oП 1471 bв МalliРraphОr anН poОt Nị m al-Dīn ‘Abd al-Rạīm ibn ‘AbН al-Rạm n Khа raгmī, аho аrotО poems under the pseudonym (takhalluṣ) Anīsī.9 He is a representative of the Khа raгmī Пamilв, аhiМh аrotО poОtrв НurinР thО Оra oП thО Aq Qoвunlu Нвnastв’s rulО. ThrОО rОnoаnОН МalliРraphОrs МamО Пrom this Пamilв. ‘AbН al-Rạm n Khа raгmī – ПathОr oП ‘AbН al-Rạīm Khа raгmī. HО аas a НОПt МalliРraphОr oП his timО. DОtails shoа that thО manusМripts hО МopiОН anН his аork НatО baМk to 1436-1462 (Baв nī, 1363/1985, p. 378- 380; Soucek, 1985c.)
‘AbН al-Karīm Khа raгmī – вounРОr brothОr oП ‘AbН al-Rạīm Khа raгmī. MОНiОЯal sourМОs on thО historв oП МalliРraphiМal art notО that hО also аas a rОnoаnОН МalliРraphОr НurinР his timО anН аrotО poОms unНОr the pseudonym Padsh̄h ДrulОr] (S m Mīrг aПaаī, 1384/2005, p. 28; Q ḍī ẠmaН, 1959, p. 101; Baв nī, 1363Д1985], pp. 409-411, 1107; SouМОk, 1985a.). His МalliРraphв МopiОН his olНОr brothОr (Mustaqīm-г НО, П. 19b.)
9 For morО inПormation on this МalliРraphОr: Dost-MụammaН, 1936, p. 16; кağman, 1972- 73, p. 603; Stchoukine, 1966, pp. 3-4; Soucek, 1985b; Woods, 1999, p. 138; Gholami, Suheyl, 2008. The Unique Manuscript of ‘Al̄ Sh̄r Naw̄’̄’s Poetry from Aq Qoyunlu Circle 55
‘Abd al-Rạīm Khа raгmī is Anīsī himsОlП. HО аas a pupil oП rОnoаnОН МalliРraphОr Ẓahīr al-Dīn Ạhar Tabrīгī anН pОrПОМtОН - his Мal ligraphic style (Mu ̣aПa ‘ lī, 1369/1990; Mīrг SanРl kh Khur s nī, 1388 Д2009], pp. 175-182. StМhoukinО, 1977, . 78; M lik Daвlamī, 1989, p. 352; RОttiР, 2011, Vol. i, pp. 147-155). He completed copying one manuscript that Ạhar startОН (LОntг, Loаrв, 1989, . 245; ThaМkston, 2001, p. 50; Blair, 2006, pp. 283-284). Tаo aНroit sМribОs МopвinР onО manusМript is a rather rare phenomenon in the history of calligraphical art. This requires a lot of expertise from the calligrapher continuing the copying, since this МalliРraphОr must prОsОrЯО his МollОaРuО’s stвlО. Anīsī аas a skillОНМal - liРraphОr that аas ablО to aММomplish this НОmanНinР МhallОnРО (Anushta, 1380/2001, p. 144). HО МopiОН manusМripts Пrom аorks suМh asBust̄n of Sa’Нi, thО d̄w̄n of ̣ ị, Khamsa of Nị mī Ganjaаī, anН his oаn Мol- lection of poems called D̄w̄n-i An̄s̄ (Baв nī, 1363/1985, pp. 386-387; SouНaЯar, 1992, pp. 136-137; ThaМkston, 2001, p. 50; RОttiР, 2011, Vol. ii, pp. 123, 242, 247).
ThО Khа raгmī brothОrs аОrО rОnoаnОН МalliРraphОrs oП thОir timО (Huart, 1972, pp. 257-258; AminoЯ, 2010, pp. 7, 64). ThО Khа raгmī Пamilв served under the court of the Aq Qoyunlu ruler Suḷ n Вa‘q̄b (Kostygova, 1963, . 11; Uluх, 2006a, pp. 25-28; Uluх, 2006b, pp. 25-28; SОki, 2009, p. 1, 11, 86). Anīsī аas ПriОnН аith him. SourМОs proЯiНО НОtails about thОir аork (Mustaqīm-г НО, П. 17a; Mustaqīm-г НО Sa‘Н al-Dīn EПОnНi, 1928, pp. 653, 673). What is interesting is that some of these sources say that thО Khа raгmī Пamilв (ПathОr anН sons) МompОtОН in МalliРraphiМal art аith thО Пamous HОrat МalliРraphОr Suḷ n ‘Alī MashhaНī anН НОЯОlopОН its oаn nasta‘liq stвlО aРainst him. This stвlО is МallОН stвlО oП Anīsī usl̄b-i( An̄s̄, sh̄wa-yi An̄s̄) (Mustaqīm-г НО, П. 17a; Mustaqīm-г НО Sa‘Н al-Dīn EПОnНi, 1928, p. 673; MustaПa Âli, 2011, p. 253). AlthouРh ‘AbН al-Rạm n Khа raгmī аas thО inЯОntor oП this stвlО oП аritinР, his son (‘AbН al-Rạīm Khа raгmī) also maНО somО noЯОltiОs (Habīb I Пah nī, 1887, p. 232; Huart, 1972, p. 258; Murodov, 1971, p. 104). Shiraz calligraphers imitate them in thОir аork (Mīr SaввiН Ạmad, 1989, p. 354). ‘Alī Shīr Naа ’ī, in his аork Maj̄lis al-naf̄ʼis [Assembly of the Elegant] in the second majlis, proЯiНОs НОtails on thО poОt Maаl n Anīsī (Naа ’ī, 1997, p. 54). WО knoа that thО sМribО oП thО Aq Qoвunlud̄w̄n also аrotО poОtrв; hoаОЯОr, is thО Anīsī that Naа ’ī mentioned also and the 56 Aftandil Erkinov
Anīsī d̄w̄n scribe the same person or are they different people? We still Мannot saв. It is most likОlв that Anīsī is not ‘AbН al-Rạīm Khа raгmī. ̣akīm-sh h MụammaН Qaгаīnī (НiОН in 1559) translated the indicated Naа ’ī аorks Maj̄lis al-naf̄‘is into Persian (1522). While translating it, hО aННОН nОа НОtails about poОts, in partiМularlв Пrom thО Aq Qoвunlu ОnЯi- ronmОnt. AmonРst thОm, hО РiЯОs briОП НОtails about Anīsī as a МalliРraphОr anН poОt (Mīr Nị m al-Dīn ‘Alī Shīr Naа ’ī, 1363/1984, p. 301). S m Mīrг SaПaаī (1517-1576), in his taНhkira oП ‘AbН al-Rạīm Khа raгmī, prОsОnts him as a poОt to haЯО аrittОn poОms unНОr thО psОu- Нonвm Anīsī anН notОs thО ПolloаinР: “Maаl n Anīsī is Пrom KhаarОгm. HО sОrЯОН thО Suḷ n Вa‘q̄b. HО аrotО in thОnasta‘liq stвlО аith РrОat skill. ThО pОoplО МonsiНОrОН him Оqual in this to Suḷ n ‘Alī MashhaНī” (S m Mīrг aПaаī, 1384/2005, . 28). Anīsī sОrЯОН in thО Aq Qoвunlu Мourt bОtаООn 1460 anН 1494, namОlв Пor morО than thirtв вОars, anН МopiОН sОЯ- eral manuscripts (Soucek , 1985b; Sakisian, 1929, p. 35; Stchoukine, 1966; StМhoukinО, 1977, p. 71; Baв nī, 1363/1985, pp. 384-388). AММorНinР to Q ḍī ẠmaН, аho аrotО a traМt НОНiМatОН to МalliРraphОrs anН artists, Anīs ī took this psОuНonвm, bОМausО Aq Qoвunlu rulОr Suḷ n Вa‘q̄b (аho haН Нraаn him closer to himself) called him an̄s, namОlв ПriОnН. Q ḍī ẠmaН also notОs that manв Shiraг poОts аОrО thО pupils oП Anīsī anН аrotО poОms bв imitatinР him (Kaгi AhmОН, 1947, p. 87; Q ḍī ẠmaН, 1959, p. 100- 101). ThОrОПorО, Anīsī аas an ОбtraorНinarв poОt. HО МompilОН a d̄w̄n from his Persian poems and copied it in 899/1493-94; this signature d̄w̄n has noа bООn МonЯОвОН to us (Baв nī, 1363 Д1985], p 386; Alparslan, 1988). At thО samО timО, аО Нo not knoа аhОthОr hО is thО МompilОr oП thО Aq Qoyunlus d̄w̄n or onlв thО sМribО oП thО Naа ’ī manusМript. It should be noted that having Oghuz elements in the language of poems included in the d̄w̄n НoОs not haЯО to Нo аith thО sМribО bОinР Пrom KhаarОгm. RathОr, this is ОбplainОН bв thО nООН to Нraа thОm МlosОr to thО auНiОnМО oП thО rОaНОrs’ rОРion. ThО МonМlusion Мan bО maНО Пrom this that in 1471 Naа ’ī, аho haН just turnОН thirtв, аas a rОnoаnОН anН rОspОМtОН poОt amonРst OРhuг Turks, аhiМh is proЯОn bв thО Мompilation d̄w̄noП a oП his sОlОМt poОms. At this timО, Naа ’ī haН alrОaНв bОМomО Пamous in his homeland as a poet and started to become involved in politics in the ̣usaвn B вqar Мourt. All thО inПormation that аО haЯО МollОМtОН in this rОРarН РiЯОs an iНОa oП Anīsī’s liПО. UnПortunatОlв, thОв Нo not proЯiНО ОnouРh The Unique Manuscript of ‘Al̄ Sh̄r Naw̄’̄’s Poetry from Aq Qoyunlu Circle 57 information to understand the problems at the foundations of copying the Naа ’ī d̄w̄n.
Nawā’ī and Shiraz, Tabriz To spОМiПв thО МontОбt that Naа ’ī’sd̄w̄n oММurrОН in, аО haЯО to briОlв mОntion thО historв oП thО TimuriНs’ rОlations аith Shiraг, thО Мitв in quОs- tion. As is knoаn, thО Мitв oП Tabriг аas thО Мapital oП Aq Qoвunlu, аhilО Shiraг аas Пamous as thО Мultural МОntrО, in partiМularlв Пor bookmakinР. ThО irst TimuriН РoЯОrnor oП Shiraг аas Timur’s РranНson, IskanНar Suḷ n b. ‘Umar Shaвkh (1409-1415). HО аas suММОНОН bв anothОr РranН- son, Ibr him b. Sh hrukh (1415-1435), аho аas suММООНОН bв his son ‘AbНallah (1435-1452). AПtОr thО TimuriН rulОr Sh hrukh b. Timur НiОН in 1447, contending Timurid princes started quarrelling over the succession amonР thОmsОlЯОs. WОakОnОН bв striПО, thОв аОrО unablО to protОМt all thОir tОrritorв, anН аОstОrn Iran аas МonquОrОН irst bв thО Qara Qoвunlu (1375- 1468) and then by the Aq Qoyunlu armies.
Shiraг аas oММupiОН in 1452 anН rОmainОН unНОr Qara Qoвunlu (1375- 1468) Мontrol until 1469. DurinР thОsО вОars, thО Qara Qoвunlu prinМО Pīr BuН q ibn Jah n-sh h bОМamО thО РoЯОrnor oП Shiraг (1453-1460) anН soon proЯОН to bО a patron oП thО arts. Pīr BuН q rОmainОН in Shiraг until 1458 аhОn hО joinОН his ПathОr MụaППar al-Dīn Jah n-sh h (1436-1467) to inЯaНО Khorasan. ThО Qara Qoвunlu armв briОlв oММupiОН HОrat anН possiblв took somО artists аith thОm baМk to аОstОrn Iran. Pīr BuН q thОn rОturnОН to Shiraг, but soon bОРan to iРht аith his ПathОr, аhiМh rОsultОН in his transfer to Baghdad in 1460. He ruled there for a further six years until 1466, аhОn his attОmpt at inНОpОnНОnt rulО МausОН his НoаnПall anН hО аas assassinated (Soucek, 1979, p. 26; Uluç, 2006a, p. 13; Uluç, 2006b, p. 13).
IskanНar Suḷ n ibn ‘Umar Shaвkh аОnt Нoаn in historв as mainlв a patron of culture and the arts (SouМОk, 1998). WhОn IskanНar Suḷ n аas thО alНОrman in Shiraг, thО poОms oП thО rОnoаnОН poОms Gul u Nawr̄z [Gul anН Naаruг] bв LụПī anН Makhzan al-asr̄r [Treasure Trove of Secrets] by ̣aвНar Khа raгmī аОrО аrittОn in TurkiМ at his suРРОstions. DurinР thО irst halП oП thО iПtООnth МОnturв, manв poОts, МalliРraphОrs, anН artists liЯОН anН аorkОН in Shiraг. StronР Мultural МontaМts аОrО ОstablishОН bОtаООn the large cultural centre of the Timurids, Herat and Shiraz, Tabriz (Titley, 1983, p. 47, 53, 61, 68, 72, 74, 80; PПОiППОr, 2014). 58 Aftandil Erkinov
ThО rОlations bОtаООn thО TimuriН ОnЯironmОnt at thО ОnН oП thО iП- tООnth МОnturв аith thО Aq Qoвunlu Нвnastв as Пar as Мultural tiОs, anН in partiМularlв litОrarв tiОs, arО МonМОrnОН, аОrО НОmonstratОН in thО rОМОntlв publishОН book on thО rОlationship oП Suḷ n Вa‘q̄b аith thО rОnoаnОН classical author of Persian literaturО ‘AbН al-Rạman J mī (1414-1492) (LinРаooН, 2014). J mī haН НОНiМatОН his poОmSal̄m̄n wa Abs̄l ДSalaman anН Absal] to this Suḷ n Вa‘q̄b. ThО аork oП ‘Alī Shīr Naа ’ī аas ЯОrв popular amonРst thО TurkiМ peoples of the Orient and his proximity to the Timurid court played a big role in this. Attention to Amir Timur and imitating him is observed in МountriОs oП thО OriОnt startinР in thО iПtООnth МОnturв, аhilО thО inlu- ence of the Timurid era on the culture of the Orient is featured in various aspОМts in numОrous aМaНОmiМ аorks (LoМkhart, 1938, . 233; MiМhaОl, 1996; SгuppО, 1992; KüРОlРОn, 2006). BОРinninР at thО ОnН oП thО iПtООnth century under the Ottoman court (1299-1922) and Safavids (1502-1736) rulОrs, thО rulО oП TimuriН ̣usaвn B вqar (1469-1506) bОРan to bО sООn and assessed as a model for cultural imitation (Fleischer, 1986, pp. 273- 292; Quinn, 1998; Quinn, 2000, pp. 89, 99-102, 127-128; Bernardini, 1992; Bernardini, [2002] 2003; Bernardini, 2003; Tucker, 2006b, pp. 10-13,38, 68-75, 78; TuМkОr, 2006a; DalО, 2007). ImitatinР thО rОlations bОtаООn ̣usaвn B вqar anН ‘Alī Shīr Naа ’ī, as аОll as thО traНitions oП Мourt literary and cultural life, to a certain extent is observed in the eras of the Kokand (1710-1876) and the Khiva (1804-1910) khanate (Solihov, 1930; ErkinoЯ, 2008b; ErkinoЯ, 2009). ThО pОrsonalitв anН lОРaМв oП ‘Alī Shīr Naа ’ī plaвОН a biР rolО in this proМОss. ThОrОПorО, spОМial attОntion is РiЯОn to his аork in rОsОarМh аrittОn in аОstОrn lanРuaРОs (Kleinmichel, 1999; Kellner-Heinkele & Kleinmichel, 2003).
UnПortunatОlв, on this baМkНrop thО rОlationship bОtаООn ‘Alī Shīr Naа ’ī anН thО Aq Qoвunlu ОnЯironmОnt has bООn stuНiОН rОlatiЯОlв lОss. For ОбamplО, аО still Нo not haЯО НОtails about Naа ’ī’s tiОs аith thО Aq Qoвunlu rulОr oП Khalīl (rulОН onlв in 1478). WhОn hО аas thО alНОrman in Shiraг (1471-1478), “ThО D̄w̄n of the Aq Qoyunlu admirers” manuscript that аО arО ОбamininР аas МopiОН. IП rОРarНinР thО tiОs bОtаООn Naа ’ī anН thО Aq Qoвunlu rulОrs, thОn hО haН amiМablО rОlations аith Khalīl’s successor, Suḷ n Вa‘q̄b (Naа ’ī, 1999, p. 18). In his antholoРв oП poОts, Maj̄lis al-naf̄‘is, Naа ’ī proЯiНОs НОtails about anН praisОs Suḷ n Вa‘q̄b, The Unique Manuscript of ‘Al̄ Sh̄r Naw̄’̄’s Poetry from Aq Qoyunlu Circle 59 and cites his poems in Persian (Naаa’ī, 1997, pp. 139-140). Ghiв th al-Dīn Khа nНamīr (1475-1536), a rОnoаnОН historian Пrom thО HОrat Мultural ОnЯironmОnt НurinР thО ̣usaвn B вqar Оra, mОntions an instanМО in his ̣ab̄b al-siyar ДFriОnН oП BioРraphiОs], inishОН in 1524, that has to Нo аith Naа ’ī anН Suḷ n Вa‘q̄b. Naа ’ī at onО timО НОМiНОН to sОnН Suḷ n Вa‘q̄b a МomplОtО МollОМtion oП Мompositions bв ‘AbН al-Rạman J mī. ThО librarian mistakОnlв РaЯО thО ambassaНor a НiППОrОnt book аith a binНinР similar to J mī’s Мomposition. ThО mistakО аas НisМoЯОrОН onlв аhОn thО ambassaНor аantОН to boast about his ОruНition, anН аhОn Suḷ n Вa‘q̄b askОН him аhОthОr thО trip аas borinР, hО ansаОrОН that hО haН a companion that excluded any possibility of boredom; he explained that Naа ’ī sОnt J mī’s Мompositions as a prОsОnt to Suḷ n Вa‘q̄b. As soon as hО bОМamО borОН, hО аoulН takО thО book anН rОaН, anН his borОНoom аoulН НissipatО. ThО Suḷ n аishОН to takО a look at thО book, upon аhiМh it аas НisМoЯОrОН that thО ambassaНor НiН not haЯО J mī’s Мompositions atll a (Khа nНamīr, 1353/1974, pp. 350-351). ThОsО mutual rОlations, hoаОЯОr, Пall unНОr thО timО aПtОr 1478 аhОn Suḷ n Вa‘q̄b assumОН thО Aq Qoвunlu thronО. I НiН not inН НОtails about thОir mutual rОlations at thО bОРinninР of the 1470s.
To bО spОМiiМ, аО МurrОntlв Нo not haЯО anв НОtails about аhОthОr Naа ’ī knОа about thО ОбistОnМО oП “ThО D̄w̄n of the Aq Qoyunlu admirers”; hoаОЯОr, thОrО is somО МОrtain inПormation. In thО introНuМtion Badto ̄’i‘ al-bid̄ya ДRarО BОРinninР], thО irst d̄w̄n that Naа ’ī himsОlП МompilОН, hО аritОs that МollОМtions inМluНinР approбimatОlв 1,000 to 2,000 bayt of his poОms аОrО popular amonРst thО pОoplО, anН hО strОssОs that thОrО аОrО sО- veral such d̄w̄n that rОaНОrs thОmsОlЯОs МompilОН: “…ThО poОms oП rouРh - ly 1,000 to 2,000 baytes that people collected themselves became extremely аОll knoаn amonРst thО pОoplО” (Naа ’ī, 1987, p. 24). ThО Мompilation oП вОt anothОr nОа Aq Qoвunlu d̄w̄n iЯО вОars aПtОr thО Мompilation oП thО Ilk d̄w̄n [Initial d̄w̄n] proЯОs thО poОt’s аorНs. ThО ПaМt that ЯolumО oП thО nОаlв НisМoЯОrОН d̄w̄n also matМhОs up аith аhat Naа ’ī inНiМatОН, namely the d̄w̄n had more than 1,300 bayt, mОrits attОntion as аОll. In his poem Farh̄d wa Sh̄r̄n, hoаОЯОr, Naа ’ī аrotО that his poОms аОrО popular amonРst thО TurkiМ pОoplОs not onlв in Khorasan, but also amongst the enthusiasts of the poetry of Shiraz and Tabriz (Naа ’ī, 1991, p. 475): 60 Aftandil Erkinov
It аas Shiraг anН Tabriг that аОrО thО major Мultural anН politiМal МОntrОs of the Aq Qoyunlu state.10 The Aq Qoyunlu and Timurid states had amicable rОlations at this timО (MОlЯillО, 2008; LinРаooН, 2011). ThО most rОnoаnОН rОprОsОntatiЯО oП thО Aq Qoвunlu Нвnastв, Uг̄n ̣asan, ОЯОn ОбaltОН his Мlan to Amīr Tīm̄r (BabinРОr, 1978, p. 190). MorОoЯОr, Naа ’ī strОssОs that his poems received recognition not only amongst the Turkic peoples, but also amongst the Oghuz Turks. This demonstrates that the emergence of the Aq Qoyunlu d̄w̄n is not a МoinМiНОnМО (Naа ’ī, 1991, p. 475):
ThОsО аorНs proЯО thО bayt bОloа oП thО poОt Ni’matallah Kishаarī, аho liЯОН anН аorkОН in thО Aq Qoвunlu statО НurinР thО rulО oП Suḷ n Вa‘q̄b, anН аho аas ОnЯious oП thО TimuriН Мourt (NaРiОЯa, 1990, p. 60):
This mОans that thО Aq-Qoвunlu saа thО ОnЯironmОnt oП thО ̣usaвn B вqar Мourt as a moНОl ОnЯironmОnt. It is also аorth notinР hОrО that in addition to the d̄w̄n in quОstion Anīsī is also РiЯОn МrОНit Пor МopвinР J mī’s poОms (KostiРoЯa, 1963, p. 11). This МoulН shoа intОrОst in thО Aq Qoвunlu ОnЯironmОnt toаarН аhat thОв sОО as thО moНОrn TimuriН ОnЯironmОnt.
10 Shiraг аas thО МОntrО oП art anН litОraturОs. ThО Ottoman Turks haН stronР tiОs аith this centre: Uluç, 2006a; Uluç, 2006b; Kartal, 2008. The Unique Manuscript of ‘Al̄ Sh̄r Naw̄’̄’s Poetry from Aq Qoyunlu Circle 61
About the Manuscript Language ThО tОбts oП thО OРhuг Turks that liЯОН in thО Aq Qoвunlu statО аОrО аrittОn in thО anМiОnt ЯОrsion oП thО loМal TurkiМ lanРuaРО, аhiМh is аhв OРhuг ОlОmОnts in thО manusМript аО НisМoЯОrОН arО ПounН in Naа ’ī’s ChaРhataв TurkiМ poОms. ThО ПolloаinР ЯОrsions oП аorНs Мan bО usОН as an example: quȳsh-gunash, ber-ver, yighlar-aghlar, ermas-ermaz, sargharib-sararub, yoq-yokh, etc. To provide a complete idea of the particularities in adapting the language oП Naа ’ī’s poОms inМluНОН in thО Aq Qoвunlu d̄w̄n, it is enough to look at part of the ghazal tОбt that is rОnoаnОН amonРst Naа ’ī’s UгbОk rОaНОrs anН that starts аith thО аorНs ‘MОhr köp körgüzdüm…’ (42b):
It is appropriate here to recall the particularities that existed in text МopвinР: bв moНОrnisinР thО lanРuaРО oП an artiПaМt аith thОir ‘МorrОМtions,’ simplifying the syntax and phrases, and inserting explanatory bayt to the tОбt, thО sМribОs in no аaв thouРht that thОв аОrО НistortinР thО author’s tОбt. In ПaМt, thОв bОliОЯОН that thОв аОrО НraаinР thО tОбt МlosОr to thОir МontОm- porarians and making it easier for them to perceive this text (Smirnova, 1970, pp. 160-161). For example, the eleventh century poem Kutadgu Bilig ДBlОssОН KnoаlОНРО] bв Вus̄П Kh ̣ajib аas МopiОН in HОrat in thО iП - tООnth МОnturв. At thО timО,TurkiМ аorНs аОrО usОН to rОplaМО somО аorНs in the Turkic language of the eleventh century (Sugahara, 2011). It turns out that the partial adaptation of the text language from another region and era is a phenomenon that occurred in the Turkic linguistic culture.
Naа ’ī’s d̄w̄n аОrО МopiОН siб timОs in Tabriг in thО siбtООnth МОnturв. His poem Lis̄n al-ṭayr ДLanРuaРО oП thО BirНs] аas МopiОН in Shiraг in 907/1530-31. Just likО “ThОD̄w̄n oП thО Aq Qoвunlu aНmirОrs,” thОв аОrО МopiОН in thО OРhuг TurkiМ ОnЯironmОnt; hoаОЯОr, as opposОН to thОd̄w̄n 62 Aftandil Erkinov in question, their texts do not have an adaptation of the Chaghatay language to the Oghuz Turkic environment (Sulaymonov, Sulaymonova, 1982, illustrations pp. 123-133, 141-163, 182-189, 201-210, 231-237, 253-257). What liОs ahОaН is to ПoМus on thО ПaМt that althouРh Naа ’ī’s poОms аОrО МopiОН as inНiМatОН, PОrsian аas primarilв thО lanРuaРО oП poОtrв in thО Aq Qoyunlu court. The numerous examples from the Aq Qoyunlu environment demonstrate this fact (Naа ’ī, 1363/1984, pp. 286-312; LosОnskв, 1998; LinРаooН, 2014, pp. 111-131). HОnМО, not all oП Naа ’ī’s manusМripts, hoаОЯОr, Пrom thО OРhuг Turk ОnЯironmОnt that аОrО МopiОН in thО fteenthi and sixteenth centuries haЯО aНaptОН ChaРhataв, suМh as “ThО D̄w̄n of the Aq Qoyunlu admir- ers” does. For example, at the beginning of the sixteenth century, manu- sМripts аith Naа ’ī’s poОtrв аОrО МopiОН in thО Ottoman ОnЯironmОnt. As opposed to the d̄w̄n that Anīsī МopiОН, thО ChaРhataв in thОm is almost prОsОrЯОН as Naа ’ī’s. ThОв ПОaturО onlв sОЯОral OРhuг Turk МhanРОs, аhilО ArabiМ аritinР, usОН Пor tОбts in thО Ottoman lanРuaРО, inluОnМОs the tОбt’s spОllinР; Пor ОбamplО, thО inНiМation oП НiaМtriМ sвmbols in thО tОбt oП Naа ’ī’s poОms.11
Reforming the Successive Study of Nawā’ī’s lyrical poetry This manusМript is ЯОrв siРniiМant in stuНвinР Naа ’ī’s МrОatiЯО laboratory. Bad̄’i‘ al-bid̄ya ДRarО BОРinninР] is thО irst d̄w̄n that the poet himself compiled. Ilk D̄w̄n, аhiМh rОaНОrs МompilОН anН МalliРraphОr Suḷ n ‘Alī MashhaНī МopiОН in 870/1465-1466, аas thО onlв onО to МomО before it. Therefore, if Ilk D̄w̄n is poОtrв that Naа ’ī аrotО bОПorО tаОntв- iЯО вОars of age, then the Aq Qoyunlu d̄w̄n hОlps stuНв thО МrОatiЯО аorlН oП thО thirtв-вОar-olН Naа ’ī. MorО than 15 pОr МОnt oП thО ghazal that are in the Ilk D̄w̄n are included in the Aq Qoyunlu d̄w̄n. Thus, a large number of the ghazal in thО nОа d̄w̄n МoulН bО аrittОn bОtаООn 870/1465- 1466 and 1471. This is yet to be determined.
WhОn stuНвinР Naа ’ī’s poОtrв, it is still Мommon to stuНв his lвrical art in Пour staРОs. MorОoЯОr, thО ПolloаinР staРОs arО hiРhliРhtОН basОН on thО time the d̄w̄n аОrО МompilОН:
11 lОaгar Birnbaum Мalls this phОnomОnon as osmanism (Birnbaum, 1976).
The Unique Manuscript of ‘Al̄ Sh̄r Naw̄’̄’s Poetry from Aq Qoyunlu Circle 63 ✁ Stages Nawā’ī`s d n Compilation date I Ilk Dī ān 1465-1466 II Badā’i‘ al-bidāya 1470-1480* III N ādir al-nihāya 1480-1490* IV K ā’in al-ma‘ānī 1492-1498 GiЯОn thО НisМoЯОrв oП “ThО D̄w̄n of the Aq Qoyunlu admirers,” there is thО nООН to stuНв Naа ’ī’s lвriМal poОtrв bв hiРhliРhtinР thО ПolloаinР iЯО staРОs in it:
Stages Nawā’ī`s dī ān Compilation date I Ilk Dī ān 1465-1466 II The Dī ān of the Aq Qoyunlu admirers 1471 III Badāyi‘ al-bidāya 1470-1480* IV N ādir al-nihāya 1480-1490* V K ā’in al-ma‘ānī 1492-1498
NotО : ThО d̄w̄n that haЯО Яarious Мompilation НatОs in sМiОnМО arО НОnotОН аith an astОrisk. ThО stuНв oП Naа ’ī’s МrОatiЯО laboratorв МommОnМОН at a МОrtain point anН somО аork has bООn aММomplishОН (Isoqov, 1965; Salohiy, 2004; Salohiy, 2005; Ramazonov, 2006; Salohiy, 2007; Ramazonov, 2007). Given the discovery of the Aq Qoyunlu d̄w̄n, МontinuinР this аork anН stuНвinР thО ОЯolution oП Naа ’ī’s аork is suРРОstОН in thО nОа suММОssion that аО indicate in the table provided. ThОrОПorО, thО Naа ’ī manusМript in quОstion has РrОat siРniiМanМО Пor stuНвinР thО poОtrв anН МrОatiЯО laboratorв oП ‘Alī Shīr Naа ’ī. This artiМlО looks to ПamiliarisО rОaНОrs аith this Мoll ОМtion. The next Рoal is to МontinuО stuНвinР Naа ’ī’s МrОatiЯО laboratorв anН to comparatively study “ThО D̄w̄n oП thО Aq Qoвunlu aНmirОrs” аith othОr Naа ’ī d̄w̄n. This manusМript’s mОaninР Пor thО stuНв oП Naа ’ī’s МrОatiЯО laboratorв is not limitОН to аhat is laiН out aboЯО. It is oП intОrОst in anothОr aspОМt as аОll: it inМluНОs tаo ghazal that are not found in existing publications. One oП thОm bОРins аith thО ПolloаinР bayt (61b): 64 Aftandil Erkinov
It is аorth inНinР out аhОthОr thОsО ghazals Обist in thО manusМripts аО arО aаarО oП in Naа ’ī d̄w̄n.
The Manuscript Context: A Rivalry between the oriental/ Mashhadī and occidental/Anīsī Nasta‘liq School ThО Мompilation oП Naа ’ī’s d̄w̄n in Shiraz raises the question of the rОasons Пor аhв it oММurrОН. MashhaНī anН Anīsī arО mОntionОН in a lot oП research as masters of nasta‘liq sМript (Baв nī, 1363/1985, p. 195), anН this МoulН bО thО basis Пor thОir riЯalrв. ThО riЯalrв bОtаООn MashhaНī anН Anīsī has bООn traМkОН in litОraturО. As аas inНiМatОН aboЯО, thО Khа raгmī Пamilв НОЯОlopОН its oаn nasta‘liq style against him. This style is called Anīsī StвlО (usl̄b-i An̄s̄, sh̄wa-yi An̄s̄) (Mustafa Âli, 2011, p. 253; Mustaqīm-г НО, 1928, p. 673). This probablв lОН to thО riЯalrв bОtаООn thОsО tаo tвpОs oПnasta‘liq , namОlв bОtаООn thО tаo sМhools. As Пar as аО knoа, Mu taПa ‘ lī (1541-1600) (FlОisМhОr, 1986), a historian Пrom thО Ottoman Мourt, is thО irst to mОntion this in his аorkMan̄qib-i hunarwar̄n ДEpiМ DООНs oП Artists], inishОН in 1587 (Huart, 1972, pp. 6-7, 86-87, 235): “AlthouРh thОв аОrО МontОmporariОs Suḷ noП ‘Alī MashhaНī, thОв bОМamО his МompОtitors аhОn it МamО to Мapabilitв anН talОnt (Mu ̣aПa ‘ lī, 1926, p. 27; 2011, p. 253).”12 BasОН on sourМОs aЯailablО to us, hoа- ОЯОr, аО haЯО to aНmit that thОsО arО thО onlв НОtails Пrom that Оra. ThОrО is no information about the denoted rivalry in primary sources about cal- liРraphОrs oП this Оra, suМh as S m Mīrг SaПaаī’s (1517-1567) Tụfa-yi S̄m̄ anН ẠmaН Q̄mī’s (born in 1546) Gulist̄n-i hunar, inishОН in 1608 (Akimushkin, 1995; Akimushkin, 2004, pp. 190-205). S mī МontОnНs that the people considered him equal to Suḷ n ‘Alī MashhaНī in nasta‘liq script (S m Mīrг , 1384/2005, . 28). ThО rОsult is that Anīsī’s skill is ОЯaluatОН throuРh Suḷ n ‘Alī MashhaНī,13 аho аas morО Пamous than Anīsī. TаОntiОth МОnturв sМholars usОН thОir rОsОarМh to ПoМus on thО riЯalrв bОtаООn thО tаo sМhools throuРh MashhaНī anН Anīsī/thО Khа raгmī Пamilв. ArmОnaР bОв Sakisian аrotО that: WhilО TimuriНs аОrО rulinР in EastОrn Iran, in thО sОМonН halП oП thО iП - tООnth МОnturв, Tabriг МompОtОН аith HОrat. Bin ’ī, аho аas in МompОtition aРainst Naа ’ī, аhОn hО Рot out Пrom HОrat, аОnt to thО Мourt oП Suḷ n
12 Dr.Esra Akin-KiЯanМ (USA) also prОsumОН that thОrО аas suМh a riЯalrв (pОrsonal communication). 13 Similar Мlaim: Dost-MụammaН, 2001, p. 10. The Unique Manuscript of ‘Al̄ Sh̄r Naw̄’̄’s Poetry from Aq Qoyunlu Circle 65
Вa‘q̄b. ThrОО МalliРraphОrs, аho introНuМОН innoЯations in thО lОttОr nas- ta‘liq lived at the court of the King.14 The letter, changed by calligraphers, аas basОН on traНitional stвlО, othОr МontОmporariОs, Пrom Khorasan, аОrО МompОtОН аith stвlО oП thО Пamous Suḷ n ‘Alī MashhaНī. (Sakisian, 1929, p. 34-35) OП thО moНОrn-Нaв sМholars аho аorkОН on thО historв oП МalliРraphв in CОntral Asia anН Iran, Galina KostвРoЯa (†1999) аrotО that thОrО is inПormation that Suḷ n ‘Alī MashhaНī haН opponОnts oП his stвlО. ThОв аОrО ‘AbН al-Rạm n Khа raгmī anН his sons (KostвРoЯa, 1963, p. 11). A. MurНoЯ Мlaims that thО Khа raгmī Пamilв НОstroвОН thО аritinР stвlО that ОбistОН НurinР that pОrioН. SinМО mОmbОrs oП thО Khа raгmī Пamilв аОrО МontОmporariОs oП Suḷ n ‘Alī MashhaНī, thО riЯalrв arosО bОtаООn thОm; hoаОЯОr, thО ПolloаОrs oП Suḷ n ‘Ali MashhaНī аОrО ЯiМtorious (Murodov, 1971, p. 104). In an article on calligraphy from Encyclopædia Iranica on thО riЯalrв in quОstion, thО ПoМus is put on thО stвlОs oП thО tаo sМhools anН rОРions: “Tаo stвlОs oП аritinР nasta‘l̄q came into use in PОrsia. OnО, МallОН thО stвlО oП Ja‘Пar (Mīrг Ja‘Пar Tabrīгī B вsonРhorī, iПtООnth МОnturв) or oП Ạhar ОarnОН muМh aНmiration anН, aПtОr ПurthОr rОinОmОnt bв Suḷ n ‘Alī MashhaНī, МamО into РОnОral usО in Khorasan; Пor this rОason it is knoаn asKhorasan̄ or eastern nasta‘l̄q. ThО othОr аas thО stвlО oП ‘AbН al-Rạm n Khа raгmī anН his sons ‘AbН al-Rạīm anН ‘AbН-al-Karīm, аho аОrО МalliРraphОrs at thО Мourt oП thО Sul ̣ n Вa’q̄b q Qoвunl̄ in thО latО iПtООnth МОnturв; it аas usОН in thО аОst anН south oП PОrsia anН is knoаn as аОstОrn ( gharb̄) nasta‘l̄q. In thО аОstОrn stвlО, thО lОttОrs anН аorНs haЯО a sharp appОaranМО. ThО ОlonРations arО lОЯОl and unusually long, and the semicircles are also rather large; the letter and аorН НimОnsions arО on thО аholО not аОll proportionОН; anН thus it НoОs not have the consistency and grace of the eastern (sharq̄) or Khorasani stвlО. BОМausО oП thОsО impОrПОМtions thО аОstОrn stвlО аas ОЯОntuallвНis - МarНОН in PОrsia” (В̄soПī, 1990, p. 697). Oleg Akimushkin (1929-2010), in addressing the styles of nasta‘liq sМript, Мlaims that tаo sМhools in it stanН out bв thО ОnН oП thО iПtООnth century: ThО Khorasan sМhool. For ОбamplО, suМh outstanНinР МalliРraphОrs as Suḷ n ‘Alī MashhaНī, Mir ‘Alī ̣iraаī, anН ‘ImaН al-̣asanī arО its rОprОsОntatiЯОs.
14 NamОlв thО ПathОr anН his son, thО Khа raгmī – A.E. 66 Aftandil Erkinov
ThО аОstОrn Iranian/Shiraг sМhool. ‘AbН al-Rạman Khа raгmī anН his sons arО mainlв thО rОprОsОntatiЯОs oП this sМhool. “ThО namОs oП thО sОМonН sМhool’s rОprОsОntatiЯОs (ОбМluНinР its ПounНОrs) arО not ПounН on thО paРОs oП traМts on thО art oП artistiМ аritinР. ApparОntlв, this МirМumstanМО Мan bО ОбplainОН onlв in that thОir authors НiН not rОМoРniгО thО stвlО oП аritinР that this school had developed and did not consider it possible to include its representatives in the pantheon of exceptional calligraphers. The orien- tal stвlО НisplaМОН thО oММiНОntal stвlО bв thО siбtООnth МОnturв” (Baв nī, 1363/1985, pp. 384-386; SouНaЯar, 1992, p. 136). “In a Мontinuation oП thО sixteenth century, this school operated out of Shiraz and gradually shriveled up by the beginning of the seventeenth century” (Akimushkin, 1987, pp. 351- 352). Just like the above-mentioned researchers, the author of the book on calligraphers Mehdi Bayānī (1906-1968) shoаs thО НiППОrОnМО in hanНаritinР stвlО oП thО tаo nasta‘liq sМhools (Dabīrsī qī, 1998). HО Мlaims that МopвinР thО manusМripts in thО аОstОrn Iranian nasta‘liq is partially still preserved in AПРhanistan, Pakistan, anН InНia (Baв nī, 1363/1985, pp. 385-386). DОspitО this, it is аorth takinР into aММount that Anīsī’s stвlО аas МallОН altОrnatiЯО rОlatiЯО to thО stвlО oП Suḷ n ‘Alī MashhaНī (Roxburgh, 2001, pp. 236, 240). OnО oП thО Tabriг poОts аrotО thО ПolloаinР poОm about Anīsī’s skill in Мal- ligraphy (apparently exaggerating):
В r n makunīН khushnaаīsī Friends, do not practice calligraphy Ki-īn khatm shuН ast bar Anīsī For Anīsī has МomplОtОН this art (Baв nī, 1363/1985, pp. 384-385; RoбburРh, 2001, p. 101) I inН thОsО iНОas intОrОstinР, bОМausО thО ОmОrРОnМО oП nasta‘liq schools/ stвlОs most likОlв lОН to thО sОМonН oП thОm (аОstОrn Iranian/Shiraг), oП аhiМh Anīsī аas a part, bОinР not as popular as thО oriОntal stвlО. As a result, this leads to the conclusion that there must have been some sort oП riЯalrв bОtаООn thО tаo sМhools. IП bОinР morО spОМiiМ, Пrom 1465 to 1470 thОrО possiblв maв haЯО аОll bООn a riЯalrв bОtаООn thО rОprОsОnta- tiЯОs oП thОsО tаo stвlОs: Suḷ n ‘Alī MashhaНī/HОrat anН Anīsī/Shiraг. It is аorth kООpinР in minН thО МirМumstanМО that thОв both аОrО pupils oП Aгhar (ThaМkston, 2001, p. 36). This rОsults in that thО МonliМt arosО bОtаООn thО tаo ПormОr pupils oП onО mastОr tОaМhОr. This МirМumstanМО МoulН sОrЯО as an additional argument in favour of this rivalry having existed.
Mв prОsumptions arО that thО boНв oП “ThО D̄w̄n of the Aq Qoyunlu aНmirОrs” МoulН sОrЯО as a аaв to shoа this riЯalrв. For ОбamplО, oП the 224 ghazal in it, 217 аОrО inМluНОН in thОBad ̄’i‘ al-bid̄ya [Rare Beginning], and only one in the Naw̄dir al-nih̄ya [Perpetual Rarities]. The Unique Manuscript of ‘Al̄ Sh̄r Naw̄’̄’s Poetry from Aq Qoyunlu Circle 67
It can be concluded based on this that it is closer to Bad̄’i‘ al-bid̄ya as Пar as its МontОnt is МonМОrnОН. As аas alrОaНв notОН, аО knoа that Anīsī and other people compiled the d̄w̄n; hoаОЯОr, аО Мan prОsumО that Anīsī аas Пamiliar аith thО Ilk d̄w̄n anН possiblв inМluНОН Naа ’ī’s poОms in it that аОrО аrittОn aПtОr 870/1465-1466 in orНОr to not rОpОat it anН МrОatО a nОа МollОМtion that аoulН bО НiППОrОnt Пrom thО Ilk D̄w̄n. It could have bООn that hО аas intОrОstОН onlв in Naа ’ī’s nОа poОms аrittОn in rОМОnt years and he considered it important to familiarise the reaНОr аith thОsО spОМimОns oП Naа ’ī’s аork, аhiМh НОmonstratО his ОЯОr-РroаinР talОnt. What is interesting is that most ghazal included in the Aq Qoyunlu d̄w̄n Мonsist oП iЯО or sОЯОn bayt. Ghazal large in volume that are found in the Ilk D̄w̄n аОrО inМluНОН in thО МollОМtion as abriНРОН ЯОrsions, namОlв thОв Мonsist oП iЯО or sОЯОn bayt. ApparОntlв, ‘AbН al-Rạīm Khа raгmī, аho aММording to presumptions is the d̄w̄n’s МompilОr, Пor unknoаn rОa- sons preferred to include them in the collection as abridged versions. It is possiblО that this stОp аas maНО Пor thО sakО oП Пormallв НistanМinР himsОlП from the Ilk D̄w̄n. MorОoЯОr, sОЯОral oП Suḷ n ‘Alī MashhaНī’s mistakОs in thО Ilk d̄w̄n МoulН haЯО sОrЯОН as thО МausО Пor thО ОmОrРОnМО oП “ThО D̄w̄n of the Aq Qoвunlu aНmirОrs,”. Ẓahīr al-Dīn MụammaН B bur (1483-1530) Мlaims, “AlthouРh thОrО аОrО manв МalliРraphОrs in thО Suḷ n ̣usaвn Mīrг Мourt, Suḷ n ‘Alī MashhaНī аas thО hОaН oП thОm all in usinР nasta‘liq. HО аrotО a lot Пor Mīrг anН ‘Alī-Shīr bek, namely thirty poems each for Mīrг anН tаОntв poОms ОaМh Пor ‘Alī-Shīr bek” (Babur, 1996, p. 226; Babur, 1992, . 145). It is аorth hОrО rОМallinР a ПaМt rОlatОН to Suḷ n ‘Alī MashhaНī. At onО point, at Timurid Ruler ̣usaвn B вqar ’s МommanН, a НoМumОnt аas Мom - pilОН Пor МalliРraphОr Suḷ n ‘Alī MashhaНī, in аhiМh thО rulОr blamОН thО sМribО Пor its pitПalls in МopвinР thО manusМript anН orНОrОН to Мopв it аithout any errors (SОmОnoЯ, 1946, p. 163-165; ThaМkston, 2001, p. 351). It is not НiПiМult Пor thО rОaНОr аith knoаlОНРО oП thО TurkiМ lanРuaРО to inН thО errors in the Ilk D̄w̄n tОбt. ThОв shoа that Suḷ n ‘Ali НiН not haЯО a РooН knoаlОНРО oП thО TurkiМ lanРuaРО. ApparОntlв, аhОn hО аas prОparinР thО manuscript in 870/1465-1466, Suḷ n ‘Alī MashhaНī still НiН not haЯО muМh experience in copying text in the Turkic language. With timО, hО rОМtiiОН thОsО pitПalls. ThО numbОr oП manusМripts that MashhaНī МopiОН ОбМООНs iП- 68 Aftandil Erkinov tв (KostвРoЯa, 1953). HО МopiОН sОЯОral oП Naа ’ī’s аorks (Sulaymonov, Sulaymonova, 1982). Besides the Ilk D̄w̄n, for example, he copied the manusМripts oП Naа ’ī’sd̄w̄n Ghar̄’ib al-ṣighar [Miracles of Childhood] and Naw̄dir al-nih̄ya [Perpetual Rarities] (Sulaymonov, Sulaymonova, 1982, illustrations 14-22; LОntг, Loаrв, 1989, p. 259). It МoulН bО that Suḷ n ‘Alī MashhaНī’s Оrrors in thО Ilk D̄w̄n РaЯО an impОtus to Anīsī to МrОatО “ThО D̄w̄n of the Aq Qoвunlu aНmirОrs”. SimultanОouslв, it is аorth takinР into aММount that thО МompilОr (possiblв Anīsī), in startinР аith Suḷ n ‘Alī MashhaНī’s tОбt anН МrОatinР a manusМripts oП his oаn ЯОrsion oП Naа ’ī’s d̄w̄n, took a different path by adapting the Chaghatay text to the language oП his oаn surrounНinРs, namОlв OРhuгal-TurkiМ. This аas not МonsiНОrОН to bО thО МompilОrs’ mistakО, but it аas a НОmonstration oП thО traНitions oП that Оra: sМribОs НОlibОratОlв anН ПrООlв аorkОН аith thО oriРinal tОбt of other authors and changed it based on the values and needs of their era (BОrtОl’s, 1962, p. 463; BОrtОl’s, 1965, p. 452). In mв ЯiОа, thО politiМal situation МoulН haЯО sОrЯОН as вОt anothОr rОa- son anН impОtus Пor МrОatinР “ThО D̄w̄n of the Aq Qoyunlu admirers”. As is knoаn, PrinМО Suḷ n Khalīl bОМamО thО alНerman of Shiraz in 1471. “ThО D̄w̄n of the Aq Qoyunlu admirers” admirers аas МopiОН this ЯОrв samО вОar. In 1469, ̣usaвn B вqar МapturОН HОrat anН bОМamО thО TimuriН rulОr. Naа ’ī bОМamО amuhrd̄r [Keeper of the seals] in his court. As a poОt, hО аas Пamous bОПorО this pОrioН as аОll; hoаОЯОr, as bОinР part oП thО innОr МirМlО in thО ̣usaвn B вqar Мourt, Naа ’ī bОМamО ОЯОn morО famous in the 1470s. It could be that Suḷ n Khalīl МoulН haЯО, as a pol itical moЯО, orНОrОН to haЯО Naа ’ī’s d̄w̄n copied. Moreover, this could have sОrЯОН to РОt МlosОr аith thО TimuriНs or to inМrОasО his authoritв in thОir eyes.
Conclusion
“ThО D̄w̄n of the Aq Qoвunlu aНmirОrs” is onО oП thО irst oП Naа ’ī’s manusМripts МompilОН аhilО hО аas aliЯО outsiНО oП thО TimuriН tОrritorв anН аithin thО Aq Qoвunlu Нвnastв. It is thО sОМonН Naа ’ī МollОМtion put together by his adherents after the Ilk D̄w̄n (Initial d̄w̄n). If the Ilk d̄w̄n НОmonstratОs Naа ’ī’s poОtrв up until 1466, thОn “ThО D̄w̄n of the Aq Qoyunlu admirers” admirers аas МopiОН in 1471 anН is a НОpiМtion oП Naа ’ī’s МrОatiЯО staРО Пrom 1466 to 1471. MorОoЯОr, it is a НОpiМtion in The Unique Manuscript of ‘Al̄ Sh̄r Naw̄’̄’s Poetry from Aq Qoyunlu Circle 69
an even broader sense of a stage of up to thirty years that science does not haЯО spОМiiМ inПormation about. What I prОsumО to bО thО riЯalrв bОtаООn nasta‘liq stвlОs (oriОntal/MashhaНī anН oММiНОntal/Anīsī sМhools) МoulН have served as grounds for this d̄w̄n to emerge. What is the main thing for us is that Naа ’ī’s poОtrв in his вounР вОars bОРan to ‘proРrОss’ toаarНs one of the cultural centres of his era, onto the territory of the neighbouring Aq Qoвunlu Нвnastв аith its МОntrО in thО МitiОs oП Tabriг anН Shiraг. UnНОr anв МontОбt oП МopвinР “ThО D̄w̄n of the Aq Qoyunlu admirers”, choosing thО вounР Naа ’ī’s poОtrв to МrОatО thО manusМript shoаs, just as hО himsОlП noted proudly, the recognition of his poetic talent.
Translated from Russian by Scott BeAn
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Abstract
The manuscript d̄wān oП ‘Alī Shīr Naа ’ī (1441-1501), аhom this artiМlО is about, аas МopiОН in 1471 in thО Aq Qoвunlu statО (1378-1501), anН it is onlв noа that rОsОarМhОrs oП Naа ’ī’s аork haЯО bОМomО aаarО oП it. ThО Aq Qoвunlu Нвnastв, in haЯinР rulОН partiallв in moНОrn-Нaв EastОrn TurkОв, ArmОnia, AгОrbaijan, NorthОrn Iran anН Iraq, supportОН МlosО tiОs аith thО TimuriНs. Naа ’ī’s aНhОrОnts in the Aq Qoyunlu state compiled and copied the d̄w̄n, and therefore it can condi- tionallв bО МallОН “ThО D̄w̄n of the Aq Qoyunlu admirers”. It аas МompilОН anН МopiОН in 1471 anН has РrОat siРniiМanМО Пor stuНвinР Naа ’ī’s аork as thО sОМonН d̄w̄n after the Ilk D̄w̄n [Initial D̄w̄n], аhiМh аas МompilОН bв Naа ’ī’s НОЯo- tees in 1465-1466. It is presumed that he copied it in Shiraz, formerly one of the cultural centres of the Aq Qoyunlu state. The d̄w̄n inМluНОs Naа ’ī’s poОms that аОrО аrittОn up until 1471, namОlв until hО turnОН thirtв вОars oП aРО. ThО poОm lanРuaРО аas partiallв aНaptОН to thО OРuг НialОМt oП thО TurkiМ lanРuaРО, аhiМh prevailed across the Aq Qoyunlu state. This d̄w̄n is still the only collection that аО knoа oП that his aНhОrОnts МompilОН in thО Aq Qoвunlu statО. ThО manusМript аas МopiОН bв a Пamous МalliРraphОr oП thО timО аho sОrЯОН in thО Мourt oП thО qA Qoвunlu rulОrs, namlв bв ‘AbН al-Rạīm Khа raгmī, аho аrotО poОms unНОr thО psОuНonвm Anīsī. Key words: ‘Alī Shīr Naа ’ī, Aq Qoyunlu, TimuriНs, “D̄w̄n of the Aq Qoyunlu aНmirОrs”, Shiraг, OРuгal-TurkiМ lanРuaРО, ‘AbН al-Rạīm Khа raгmī – Anīsī, Herat. Résumé
DО Hцrat р Shiraг: lО sОul manusМript НО poцsiО НО ‘Alī Shīr Naа ’ī’ (876/1471) Нu royaume des Aq Qoyunlu Le d̄w̄n manusМrit НО ‘Alī Shīr Naа ’ī (1441-1501), qui Оst lО sujОt НО МОt artiМlО, Пut Мopiц Оn 1471 Нans lО roвaumО НОs Aq Qoвunlu (1378-1501), Оt М’Оst sОulОmОnt aujourН’hui quО lОs spцМialistОs НО l’œuЯrО НО Naа ’ī Оn ont pris МonnaissanМО. La НвnastiО НОs Aq Qoвunlu, qui a rцРnц sur unО partiО НО l’Est НО l’aМtuОllО TurquiО, НО l’ArmцniО, НО l’AгОrbaэНjan, Оt Нu NorН НО l’Iran Оt l’Irak, a maintОnu НОs liОns цtroits aЯОМ lОs TimouriНОs. LОs aНmiratОurs НО Naа ’ī qui ЯiЯaiОnt р la Мour НОs The Unique Manuscript of ‘Al̄ Sh̄r Naw̄’̄’s Poetry from Aq Qoyunlu Circle 79
Aq Qoyunlu ont compilé et copié ce d̄w̄n, et ainsi on peut le nommer à titre provisoire Le D̄w̄n des admirateurs aq qoyunlu. Il a été compilé et copié en 1471, Оt rОЯшt unО РranНО importanМО pour l’цtuНО НО l’œuЯrО НО Naа ’ī Оn tant que second d̄w̄n après le Ilk d̄w̄n [Le Premier d̄w̄n], lequel a été compilé par НО ПОrЯОnts amatОurs НО l’œuЯrО НО Naа ’ī Оn 1465-1466. On supposО qu’il a цtц Мopiц р Chiraг, ЯillО qui цtait р l’цpoquО l’un НОs МОntrОs МulturОls НО la НвnastiО des Aq Qoyunlu. Le d̄w̄n inМlut НОs poчmОs НО Naа ’ī qui ont цtц цМrits jusqu’Оn 1471, М’Оst-р-НirО jusqu’au trОntiчmО anniЯОrsairО Нu poчtО. La lanРuО НОs poчmОs a été adaptée pour partie au dialecte turcique oghouz qui dominait dans le royaume des Aq Qoyunlu. Ce d̄w̄n est encore la seule compilation dont nous savons qu’ОllО a été établie par les admirateurs du poète dans la dynastie des Aq Qoyunlu. LО manusМrit a цtц Мopiц par lО МцlчbrО МalliРraphО НО l’цpoquО qui sОrЯait р la Мour НОs НiriРОants Aq Qoвunlu, ‘AbН al-Rạīm Khа raгmī, Оt qui цМriЯait НОs poчmОs sous lО nom НО plumО Anīsī. Mots clцs : ‘Alī Shīr Naа ’ī, Aq Qoyunlu, TimuriНОs, “D̄w̄n des admirateurs aq qoвunlu”, Chiraг, НialОМtО turМ oРhouг, ‘AbН al-Rạīm Khа raгmī – Anīsī, Hцrat. А а и Ш : А (876/1471) А - А (1441-1501), , 1471 А - (1378- 1501), . А - , Т , А , А , И И , Т . А - А - . 1471 , (И ), 1465-1466 . , Ш , А - . , 1471 , - . , А - . Э , А - . , А - , - ‘А - Х , А . Кл евые л ва: А , А - , Т , А - , Ш , - , ‘А - Х – А , Х Aftandil Erkinov From Herat to Shiraz: the Unique Manuscript (876/1471) of ‘Alī Shīr Nawā’ī’s Poetry from Aq Qoyunlu Circle
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