Islamic History (Chronology)
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Guerra E Poder Na Europa Medieval Das Cruzadas À Guerra Dos 100 Anos
GUERRA E PODER NA EUROPA MEDIEVAL DAS CRUZADAS À GUERRA DOS 100 ANOS. JOÃO GOUVEIA MONTEIRO COORD. MIGUEL GOMES MARTINS PAULO JORGE AGOSTINHO IMPRENSA DA UNIVERSIDADE DE COIMBRA COIMBRA UNIVERSITY PRESS Versão integral disponível em digitalis.uc.pt da capital de Oviedo para Leão, em inícios do século X. Timidamente, a resistência cristã começa então a assumir uma postura mais ofensiva e 114 a ameaçar os territórios dominados pelo Islão, avançando também contra algumas regiões que até então se encontravam em poder de caudilhos de fronteira ou sem o controlo de qualquer autoridade político-militar. São avanços lentos mas que, não obstante, ajudam a consolidar cada vez mais a posição do — agora, assim designado — reino de Leão. O desmembramento do Califado de Córdova, pulverizado logo a par- tir dos primeiros anos do século XI em pequenos reinos independentes, as taifas, veio alterar substancialmente o equilíbrio político-militar até aí existente na Península Ibérica entre cristãos e muçulmanos. É precisamente este contexto de fragmentação e consequente enfraquecimento do al-Andalus que irá permitir às forças de Afonso VI de Leão (1065-1109) avançar de forma fulgurante até à linha do Tejo, levando a cabo, em 1085, a conquista da cidade de Toledo, antiga capital do reino visigodo da Hispânia. Pela pri- meira vez desde 711, a balança pendia claramente para o lado dos exércitos oriundos do Norte. Foi, no entanto, uma supremacia de muito curta duração. Conscientes da situação frágil em que se encontravam, alguns dos reinos taifas decidem pedir ajuda militar à dinastia magrebina dos Almorávidas, cujos contingentes, desembarcados em Algeciras em junho de 1086 e coligados, entre outros, com os exércitos sevilhanos de al-Mutamid, a que se somou o apoio de forças provenientes das cidades de Málaga e de Badajoz, infligem uma pesada derrota à hoste leonesa na Batalha de Zalaca (ou Sagrajas), ferida no dia 23 de outubro desse mesmo ano, nas imediações de Badajoz. -
'Abdala the Saracen' 120 Abdallah, Ahmad Bin 141 Abraham Xiii
Index 'Abdala the Saracen' 120 Amasya 14 Abdallah, Ahmad bin 141 ambassadors, see diplomats Abraham xiii Americas 3, 6, 34, 38, 42, 67, 98, Abdulhamid, Ottoman sultan 104 103, 158, 165, 167, 169-70 Abu-Lughod, Ibrahim 127 Anglo-Moroccan plans to colonise Abu Yaqub Yusuf, Almohad sultan xix 109 cannibalism 72 Aceh 167-8 gold, silver 3, 6, 157-8 Acre xiv Native Americans xviii, 131 Adams, Sir Thomas xvi Newfoundland 31 Aden 166 Renaissance 1 51 Afaya, Muhammad Nur al-Oin 127 Ancona 161 Africa 17, 38, 42 Andalucia 109, 118, 119, 126 trade in: gold 12, salt 31, slaves Anderson, Perry 154 12, 31 Angelovic, Mahmud Pasha 159, 162 Agius, Dionisius 7 Angiolello 34 Ahmad al-Mansur, Mulay 128, 137 Anguillara, Virginia Orsini dell' 162 negotiates with England xix d'Anjou, Due 105 Ahmed I, Ottoman sultan 1 7 Ankara 94, 96 Aisha, Abdallah bin 135, 141 Antarctic 38 Akbar, Mughal emperor 156, 168 Antioch, battle of 54 AI Khidr 53 Antun, Farah 109, 110 Albertus Magnus 110 Antwerp 100 Alcazar, battle: Wadi al-Makhazen Apollo 52 128, 137 Aquinas, Thomas 110, 119 Aleppo 17, 30, 73,98 Arabic Alexander the Great 53, 157, calligraphy 143 158, 163 jurisprudence 21 Alexandria 17, 30, 31, 32, 35, 71, 75, language ix, 9, 15, 110, 113 79, 81, 135, 138 poetry 116-20 Alfonso VI, king of Castile ix Semitic 111 algebra x manuscripts 6, 9, 10, 67, 97, 99, Algeria, Algerians 101, 102, 128-9, 113, 120, 121 135, 136 translation into Spanish ix corsairs 12 at Cambridge university xvi Algiers 101, 134, 136 at Bibliotheque Nationale 10 Danish attack 130, 13 7 learning ix-xii, -
The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume IV - C
Cambridge University Press 0521414113 - The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume IV - c. 1024-c. 1198 Edited by David Luscombe and Jonathan Riley-Smith Index More information INDEX Aachen, 77, 396, 401, 402, 404, 405 Abul-Barakat al-Jarjara, 695, 700 Aaron, bishop of Cologne, 280 Acerra, counts of, 473 ‘Abbadids, kingdom of Seville, 157 Acre ‘Abbas ibn Tamim, 718 11th century, 702, 704, 705 ‘Abbasids 12th century Baghdad, 675, 685, 686, 687, 689, 702 1104 Latin conquest, 647 break-up of empire, 678, 680 1191 siege, 522, 663 and Byzantium, 696 and Ayyubids, 749 caliphate, before First Crusade, 1 fall to crusaders, 708 dynasty, 675, 677 fall to Saladin, 662, 663 response to Fatimid empire, 685–9 Fatimids, 728 abbeys, see monasteries and kingdom of Jerusalem, 654, 662, 664, abbots, 13, 530 667, 668, 669 ‘Abd Allah al-Ziri, king of Granada, 156, 169–70, Pisans, 664 180, 181, 183 trade, 727 ‘Abd al-Majid, 715 13th century, 749 ‘Abd al-Malik al-Muzaffar, 155, 158, 160, 163, 165 Adalasia of Sicily, 648 ‘Abd al-Mu’min, 487 Adalbero, bishop of Wurzburg,¨ 57 ‘Abd al-Rahman (Shanjul), 155, 156 Adalbero of Laon, 146, 151 ‘Abd al-Rahman III, 156, 159 Adalbert, archbishop of Mainz, 70, 71, 384–5, ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn Ilyas, 682 388, 400, 413, 414 Abelard of Conversano, 109, 110, 111, 115 Adalbert, bishop of Prague, 277, 279, 284, 288, Aberconwy, 599 312 Aberdeen, 590 Adalbert, bishop of Wolin, 283 Abergavenny, 205 Adalbert, king of Italy, 135 Abernethy agreement, 205 Adalgar, chancellor, 77 Aberteifi, 600 Adam of Bremen, 295 Abingdon, 201, 558 Adam of -
Black Sea-Caspian Steppe: Natural Conditions 20 1.1 the Great Steppe
The Pechenegs: Nomads in the Political and Cultural Landscape of Medieval Europe East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450–1450 General Editors Florin Curta and Dušan Zupka volume 74 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/ecee The Pechenegs: Nomads in the Political and Cultural Landscape of Medieval Europe By Aleksander Paroń Translated by Thomas Anessi LEIDEN | BOSTON This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided no alterations are made and the original author(s) and source are credited. Further information and the complete license text can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ The terms of the CC license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources (indicated by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further permission from the respective copyright holder. Publication of the presented monograph has been subsidized by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education within the National Programme for the Development of Humanities, Modul Universalia 2.1. Research grant no. 0046/NPRH/H21/84/2017. National Programme for the Development of Humanities Cover illustration: Pechenegs slaughter prince Sviatoslav Igorevich and his “Scythians”. The Madrid manuscript of the Synopsis of Histories by John Skylitzes. Miniature 445, 175r, top. From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. Proofreading by Philip E. Steele The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available online at http://catalog.loc.gov LC record available at http://catalog.loc.gov/2021015848 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. -
| | | | | | Naslefardanews Naslfarda
واد اتاد ور هان صبا با م ﺟﻨ ﺳﺎ ﺑﺪﺑﯿﻨﻰ ﺮ ﻪ ﺑﺎ و ﺑﺎ ﮔﺖ ﻣﺸ ﻣﯿﺪان اﻣﺎ ﻠ ﻰ ﺗﺎ اواﯾ ﺳﺎل آﯾﻨﺪ ﯿﺰ را ﻧﺎﺑﻮد ﮐﺮد ﺗﺎﺷﺎﮔﺮى ﮐﻪ ﯾﺎر ﻮاﺪ ﺷﺪ دﯾﮕﺮ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺑﺪﮔﻤﺎﻧﻰ ﻫﺎ و ﺳــﻮءﻇﻦ او ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ 3 ﺷــﻬﺮدارى اﺻﻔﻬﺎن ﯾﮑﻰ از را ﻧﺪارم و اﺻﻼ ﻓﮑﺮ ﻣﻰ ﮐﻨﻢ ﺑﺎ ﮐﺴﯽ ﮐﻪ دوازد ﻧﯿﺖ ﺳﻪ ﻣﻨﻄ ﻘﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﻰ، ﺳﻮء ﻇﻦ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ، ﻧﻤﻰ ﺷﻮد زﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺷــﻬﺮآورد ﻓﻮﺗﺒﺎل اﺻﻔﻬﺎن در ﺣﺎﻟﻰ ﺑﺎ رﺳﺎﻧ ﻪﺎ ﻣﺎﺋ ﺗﻰ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻓﺮﺳﻮده، ﮔﻠﻮﮔ ﺎهﻫﺎ و ﭘﺎرﮐﯿﻨﮓ ﻫﺎ ﮐﺮد؛ ﭼﻨﺎن ﻣﻬﺮ او از دﻟﻢ رﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺎد ﻣﺎﻟﻰ ﺮ ﻟﻨﮕﺎن ﺑﺮﺗﺮى ﺳــﭙﺎﻫﺎن ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﯾﺎن رﺳﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ در اﺻﻔﻬﺎن اﺳﺖ و ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﺤﻞ داد و ﺳﺘﺪ در آﻣﻮزش و ﭘﺮورش را ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺗﻨﻔﺮ رﺳﯿﺪه ام ،ﭼﻮن ﻣﻦ ﻫﯿﭻ اﺎد در ﺷﻬﺮ از 11 ﺳﺎل ﺑﺎز ﻫﻢ اﺳﺘﺎدﯾﻮم ﻧﻘ ﺶﺟﻬﺎن ﺗﺠﺎرى ﺑﺮاى 350 اﻟﻰ 400 ﻫﺰار ﻧﻔﺮ در راﺑﻄﻪاى ﺑﺎ ﻣﺮد دﯾﮕﺮى... 14 15 ﻣﯿﺰﺑﺎن رﻗﺎﺑﺖ دو ﺗﯿﻢ اﺻﻔﻬﺎﻧﻰ... 18 ﺮاﻣﻮش ﮐﺮد اﻧﺪ 14 ﻃﻰ روز اﺳﺖ... 16 ﭼﻬﺎرﺷﻨﺒﻪ| 18 اﺳﻔﻨﺪ 1395| 8 ﻣﺎرس 2017 | 9 ﺟﻤﺎدى اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ 1438 | ﺳﺎل ﺑﯿﺴﺖ و ﺷﺸﻢ| ﺷﻤﺎره 5356| ﺻﻔﺤﻪ WWW. NASLEFARDA.NET naslefardanews naslfarda 30007232 13 ﯾﺎاﺷﺖ ی ﺮ روزﻣﺎن ﻧﻮروز عی مهی در اصفهان ف ﭘﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎد اﻣﺮوز اﻣﯿﺮﺣﺴﯿﻦ ﭼﯿ ﺖﺳﺎززاده دم دﻣــﺎى ﻋﯿﺪ ﻧﻮروز ﮐﻪ ﻣﯿﺸــﻪ ﻋﺎم و ﺧﺎ ﯾﺎدﺷﻮن ﻣﯿﺎد ﺑﻪ ﺗﯿﯿﺮ و ﺗﺤﻮل دﺳﺖ ﺑﺰﻧﻦ؛ ﺣﺎﻻ از ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ ﯾﮏ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدى ﺑﺎ اﺷــﮑﺎﻟﻰ ﻫﻤﭽﻮن ﻧﻮ ﻧﻮار ﮐــﺮدن ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت و ﺧﺪﻣﺎت اراﺋﻪ ﺷــﺪه و رﺳــﯿﺪﮔﻰ ﺑﻪ اﻣﻮر ﻣﺸﺘﺮﯾﺎن و ﯿﻠﺮ ﯾﻨ ﯾﻨﻰ دﮐﻮرﻫﺎى ﺟﺪﯾﺪﺗــﺮ و... ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺗــﺎ ﻣﺪﯾﺮان و ﺧﺎدﻣﯿﻦ ﻣﺮدم ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﯾﺎد رﺳــﯿﺪﮔﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻇﻮاﻫﺮ ﺷــﻬﺮى و آﻣﺎرى ﻣﻰاﻓﺘﻦ. -
Jnasci-2015-1195-1202
Journal of Novel Applied Sciences Available online at www.jnasci.org ©2015 JNAS Journal-2015-4-11/1195-1202 ISSN 2322-5149 ©2015 JNAS Relationships between Timurid Empire and Qara Qoyunlu & Aq Qoyunlu Turkmens Jamshid Norouzi1 and Wirya Azizi2* 1- Assistant Professor of History Department of Payame Noor University 2- M.A of Iran’s Islamic Era History of Payame Noor University Corresponding author: Wirya Azizi ABSTRACT: Following Abu Saeed Ilkhan’s death (from Mongol Empire), for half a century, Iranian lands were reigned by local rules. Finally, lately in the 8th century, Amir Timur thrived from Transoxiana in northeastern Iran, and gradually made obedient Iran and surrounding countries. However, in the Northwest of Iran, Turkmen tribes reigned but during the Timurid raids they had returned to obedience, and just as withdrawal of the Timurid troops, they were quickly back their former power. These clans and tribes sometimes were troublesome to the Ottoman Empires and Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt. Due to the remoteness of these regions of Timurid Capital and, more importantly, lack of permanent government administrations and organizations of the Timurid capital, following Amir Timur’s death, because of dynastic struggles among his Sons and Grandsons, the Turkmens under these conditions were increasing their power and then they had challenged the Timurid princes. The most important goals of this study has focused on investigation of their relationships and struggles. How and why Timurid Empire has begun to combat against Qara Qoyunlu and Aq Qoyunlu Turkmens; what were the reasons for the failure of the Timurid deal with them, these are the questions that we try to find the answers in our study. -
Theocracy Metin M. Coşgel Thomas J. Miceli
Theocracy Metin M. Coşgel University of Connecticut Thomas J. Miceli University of Connecticut Working Paper 2013-29 November 2013 365 Fairfield Way, Unit 1063 Storrs, CT 06269-1063 Phone: (860) 486-3022 Fax: (860) 486-4463 http://www.econ.uconn.edu/ This working paper is indexed on RePEc, http://repec.org THEOCRACY by Metin Coşgel* and Thomas J. Miceli** Abstract: Throughout history, religious and political authorities have had a mysterious attraction to each other. Rulers have established state religions and adopted laws with religious origins, sometimes even claiming to have divine powers. We propose a political economy approach to theocracy, centered on the legitimizing relationship between religious and political authorities. Making standard assumptions about the motivations of these authorities, we identify the factors favoring the emergence of theocracy, such as the organization of the religion market, monotheism vs. polytheism, and strength of the ruler. We use two sets of data to test the implications of the model. We first use a unique data set that includes information on over three hundred polities that have been observed throughout history. We also use recently available cross-country data on the relationship between religious and political authorities to examine these issues in current societies. The results provide strong empirical support for our arguments about why in some states religious and political authorities have maintained independence, while in others they have integrated into a single entity. JEL codes: H10, -
The Seljuks of Anatolia: an Epigraphic Study
American University in Cairo AUC Knowledge Fountain Theses and Dissertations 2-1-2017 The Seljuks of Anatolia: An epigraphic study Salma Moustafa Azzam Follow this and additional works at: https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds Recommended Citation APA Citation Azzam, S. (2017).The Seljuks of Anatolia: An epigraphic study [Master’s thesis, the American University in Cairo]. AUC Knowledge Fountain. https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds/656 MLA Citation Azzam, Salma Moustafa. The Seljuks of Anatolia: An epigraphic study. 2017. American University in Cairo, Master's thesis. AUC Knowledge Fountain. https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds/656 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by AUC Knowledge Fountain. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of AUC Knowledge Fountain. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Seljuks of Anatolia: An Epigraphic Study Abstract This is a study of the monumental epigraphy of the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate, also known as the Sultanate of Rum, which emerged in Anatolia following the Great Seljuk victory in Manzikert against the Byzantine Empire in the year 1071.It was heavily weakened in the Battle of Köse Dağ in 1243 against the Mongols but lasted until the end of the thirteenth century. The history of this sultanate which survived many wars, the Crusades and the Mongol invasion is analyzed through their epigraphy with regard to the influence of political and cultural shifts. The identity of the sultanate and its sultans is examined with the use of their titles in their monumental inscriptions with an emphasis on the use of the language and vocabulary, and with the purpose of assessing their strength during different periods of their realm. -
Non-Muslim Integration Into the Early Islamic Caliphate Through the Use of Surrender Agreements
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK History Undergraduate Honors Theses History 5-2020 Non-Muslim Integration Into the Early Islamic Caliphate Through the Use of Surrender Agreements Rachel Hutchings Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/histuht Part of the History of Religion Commons, Islamic World and Near East History Commons, and the Medieval History Commons Citation Hutchings, R. (2020). Non-Muslim Integration Into the Early Islamic Caliphate Through the Use of Surrender Agreements. History Undergraduate Honors Theses Retrieved from https://scholarworks.uark.edu/histuht/6 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the History at ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Undergraduate Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Non-Muslim Integration Into the Early Islamic Caliphate Through the Use of Surrender Agreements An Honors Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of Honors Studies in History By Rachel Hutchings Spring 2020 History J. William Fulbright College of Arts and Sciences The University of Arkansas 1 Acknowledgments: For my family and the University of Arkansas Honors College 2 Table of Content Introduction…………………………………….………………………………...3 Historiography……………………………………….…………………………...6 Surrender Agreements…………………………………….…………….………10 The Evolution of Surrender Agreements………………………………….…….29 Conclusion……………………………………………………….….….…...…..35 Bibliography…………………………………………………………...………..40 3 Introduction Beginning with Muhammad’s forceful consolidation of Arabia in 631 CE, the Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphates completed a series of conquests that would later become a hallmark of the early Islamic empire. Following the Prophet’s death, the Rashidun Caliphate (632-661) engulfed the Levant in the north, North Africa from Egypt to Tunisia in the west, and the Iranian plateau in the east. -
History of the Crusades. Episode 298. the Baltic Crusades. the Lithuanian Conflict Part III
History of the Crusades. Episode 298. The Baltic Crusades. The Lithuanian Conflict Part III. Trying Times. Hello again. Last week we saw Samogitia rise up in rebellion, which in turn aroused suspicions in the Grand Master as to Vytautas' involvement in Samogitian affairs. The Grand Master of the Teutonic Order ended up invading Lithuania, with the aim of ousting Vytautas and placing the Order's new ally, one of Jogaila's younger brothers, into the position of Grand Duke of Lithuania. However, while the two-pronged Teutonic raid into Lithuania netted the Order a bunch of prisoners and caused a great deal of damage, it didn't end up defeating Vytautas, who left Lithuania to deal some devastating blows to Teutonic possessions in Samogitia and Livonia. By the end of last week's episode, both sides had had enough of the destructive conflict, and had met to thrash out a peace agreement. The attempts to broker a peace deal which both sides could accept continued on and off until a breakthrough occurred in May of the year 1404. Interestingly, these peace talks didn't involve Vytautas, who was off campaigning in the Russian Principalities, but the two principal attendees - Grand Master Konrad von Jungingen and the King of Poland Jogaila - managed to come up with an arrangement which involved all three parties, the Grand Master, Jogaila, and Vytautas, reaffirming the Treaty of Sallinwerder, and it also involved the Grand Master agreeing to renounce the Teutonic Order's claim on the strategically important town of Dobrin. Jogaila in particular, was pleased with the Dobrin part of the agreement, and he managed to convince a reluctant Vytautas to agree to the terms of the agreement, which he signed at Ritterswerder in August of 1404. -
Coins and Medals Including Renaissance and Later Medals from the Collection of Dr Charles Avery and Byzantine Coins from the Estate of Carroll F
Coins and Medals including Renaissance and Later Medals from the Collection of Dr Charles Avery and Byzantine Coins from the Estate of Carroll F. Wales (Part I) To be sold by auction at: Sotheby’s, in the Upper Grosvenor Gallery The Aeolian Hall, Bloomfield Place New Bond Street London W1 Days of Sale: Wednesday 11 and Thursday 12 June 2008 10.00 am and 2.00 pm Public viewing: 45 Maddox Street, London W1S 2PE Friday 6 June 10.00 am to 4.30 pm Monday 9 June 10.00 am to 4.30 pm Tuesday 10 June 10.00 am to 4.30 pm Or by previous appointment. Catalogue no. 31 Price £10 Enquiries: James Morton, Tom Eden, Paul Wood, Jeremy Cheek or Stephen Lloyd Cover illustrations: Lot 465 (front); Lot 1075 (back); Lot 515 (inside front and back covers, all at two-thirds actual size) in association with 45 Maddox Street, London W1S 2PE Tel.: +44 (0)20 7493 5344 Fax: +44 (0)20 7495 6325 Email: [email protected] Website: www.mortonandeden.com This auction is conducted by Morton & Eden Ltd. in accordance with our Conditions of Business printed at the back of this catalogue. All questions and comments relating to the operation of this sale or to its content should be addressed to Morton & Eden Ltd. and not to Sotheby’s. Important Information for Buyers All lots are offered subject to Morton & Eden Ltd.’s Conditions of Business and to reserves. Estimates are published as a guide only and are subject to review. The actual hammer price of a lot may well be higher or lower than the range of figures given and there are no fixed “starting prices”. -
Roman Hautala, Crusaders, Missionaries, And
independently verify this. As presented, the simple out most to critical readers, and unfortunately cast assertion that pearl acquisition is the only possible a pall on the betterdocumented claims and evi reason a Sogdian might have been traveling in dence that surround them. Oman lacks persuasive power. Without the pri Overall, this is a thoroughly researched book that mary source making explicit that this was the rea is wellwritten and persuasively argued. Although son, the support the example was supposed to lend sometimes the examples provided do not function Allsen’s claim collapses. Examples like this are effectively to support the claims they are linked to, sprinkled throughout the book, and attentive read these instances are rare. This is a book that should ers will no doubt notice them. Most of Allsen’s ex be read and cited by diverse scholars with a wide amples are much stronger, and examples like the variety of interests and disciplinary backgrounds one above are decidedly in the minority. But the for many years to come. weak examples are also the ones that tend to stand Samuel Rumschlag ——— Roman Hautala. Crusaders, Missionaries and pear in the anthology without crossreferencing Eurasian Nomads in the 13th ‐ 14th Centuries: them; it is up to the reader to realize that they are A Century of Interaction. Ed. Victor Spinei. readily available by turning the page. The articles Bucureşti: Editoru Academiei Romăne, Brăila: are organized in two numbered “parts.” In the Editura Istros a Muzueului Brăilei “Carol I” “Table of Contents,” the articles are numbered but 2017.