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Copyright © 2015, American-Eurasian Network for Scientific Information publisher Research Journal of Social Sciences ISSN: 1815-9125 EISSN: 2309-9631 JOURNAL home page: http://www.aensiweb.com/RJSS 2015 September; 8(7): pages 62-64. Published Online 30 June 2015. Research Article Shiite Al-Hamdan Government Formation 1Sakineh Ravand and 2Mozhgan Purfard 1Department of History, Darab Branch, Islamic Azad University, Darab, Iran. 2Associate professor, Department of History, Babak City Branch, Islamic Azad University, Babak City, Iran. Received: 23 April 2015; Revised: 28 May 2015; Accepted: 18 June 2015 Copyright © 2015 by authors and American-Eurasian Network for Scientific Information. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ABSTRACT This article examines Shiite Al-Hamdan government formation and its role in the progress of Shiite with focus on methods of historical research. This article examines the role of this government in promoting the objectives of the Shiite. According to historical documents the Shiite rose at time of the Prophet indicating the claim by the Prophet that said: “Shiite are my best people, and they are in heaven”, but the Shiite title was used after the death of the Prophet (PBUH) for those who loved Imam Ali (AS) and followed him until death. Shiites with cultural power and strong intellectual could win fight against the tyranny of the rulers of the time. Meantime, they have migrated across the world due to Abbasid and Umayyad rulers’ oppression leading to Shiite Islam ideas flourishing in the world. They had cultural power and could gradually strengthen its political power and formed governments around the world, one of these states was that Al-Hamdan with a significant role in the development of Shiism. They fought against the enemies of some Abbasid caliphs especially Qoramateh, and also won the war with the Romans (Byzantine). Their approach was train scientists and publishes Shiite books that flourished Shiism. Keywords: Islam world, Shiism, Abbasid, Roman, Al-Hamdan INTRODUCTION prosperity and progress throughout the Shiite Muslim world. Muslims welcome and orientation of Imam Shiite rise right back to the time of the Prophet Ali (AS) and his followers were so much that the (PBUH) death: Shiites felt political power and formed independent And Caliphs opposition to the government of Shiite states in the Muslim world. Although the life Imam Ali (AS) and usurp the caliphate and of this government was short, they achieved cultural succession of the Prophet.This was met with protests progress and raised a lot of scientists and scholars at from a group of Companions, among the protesters presence of school leaders. They also, to fight the this religion formed and over time, the Umayyad and unjust, wrote based on Shiite principles and ideas and Abbasids excreted too much pressure on the Shiites, Imam Mahdi (AS) approach. Moreover, the book and they had to leave the land of Imam Ali (AS) and became great references for Shiites in different times, Prophet, but at the same time this migration led to but at some point in time Shiite established friendly Corresponding Author: Sakineh Ravand, Department of History, Darab Branch, Islamic Azad University, Darab,Iran. 63 Sakineh Ravand and Mozhgan Purfard, 2015 / Research Journal of Social Sciences 8(7), September, Pages: 62-64 relations with the Abbasid dynasty and supported (Eastern Roman). Residents of Jazireh in the them politically and military and added many lands Hamdanids days mostly were Mosul Salabi Arabs, into the realm of Islam and Abbasids triumph against but Kurds population was considered important, Christians was promising. especially their military ability that led to alliance with Hamdanids . Shiite Al-Hamdan government formation: Abulheyja Abdullah bin Naser al-Hamdan, the Hamdanids ancestor is Hamdan Ibn Hamdon father of Naser al-Dawla, Ali and , Saif al-Dawla Taqlibi, of the Arab race and was based around whose Shi'ism had no doubt are considered Shia by Mosul. Hamdan was a valid role in the political most writers of the time, to the extent that poems by events of Mosul 260 AH and in 272 AH was allied Abufras, Seif al-Dawla cousin in praise of Ali (AS) with foreign Aaron and shortly after it seized Mardin. and poems that appeal to fourteen innocent Shiites In 281 AH Motazed fought him, he escaped and his represent them and they usually without any non- son Hussein took the fortress duty. Caliph Shiite tradition. Saif al-Dawla knew wars with the surrounded Mardin, pursued Hamdan and captured Romans as jihad in Allah. He collected war dust off and took him to prison, this time Hamdanids fame his clothes and kept in a container; in the year 356 began. Hussein Ibn Hamdan was famous due to the AH, when feeling at the verge of death, bring them fight by Qarmatians, as well as Ibn Moataz assistance into the fabric of the pillow and asked his family to in gaining the rein and withdrawing Moqtader . lay it under his head in grave. His capital and court in Hamdanids or Bani Hamdan was from Bani Aleppo was the place for great scientists and scholars Taghlab from Adnan Rabi'i Arabs. Hamdan had gatherings. Great philosopher, Al-Farabi, the famous eight sons, the most known was Abulheyja Abdullah, historian Abu Futuh Razi Al-aghany and Abofras the father of Hassan (Naser Al- Dawla) the founder were famous poets of the period. They were of the branch and Ali (Saif al-Dawla) was the contemporaries to Buyid dynasty in Iran and founder of the Aleppo branch of Hamdanids Ikhshidid dynasty of Egypt. His son Saad al-Dawla government. and then his son Saeed al-Dawla took the rein in 381 Hamdan was a general of Abbasid army that first to 392 and their rule in Mosul fell by Aḍud al-Dawla supported the Khawarij. His sons, Hossein and of Buyid dynasty in 367 AH . Abulheyja, were al-Mu'tadid bi-llah, the Abbasid Hamdanids decided to form an independent state caliph commanders and Hossein was awarded due to during several Abbasid caliphs, who of course did Khawarij overthrow, then he formed a military not succeed in Baghdad, but they could separate in legion in Blad AL-Jabal and fought against Bani Mosul. They used any political and military means Dalaf to withdrow Qarmate to satisfy Moktafi, the (even family ties) with caliphs and rulers to establish Abbasid caliph. and maintain their independence from rulers tried He fought Safaris, but despite the military Baghdad. They were one of the first commanders of service, eventually with his brother Abulheyja the Islamic East with “Al-dawla” title given to them rebelled against al-Muqtader bi-llah that went in vain by the Caliph, Moktafi. due to the Caliph policy and died in prison. But Their relations with the Abbasids in the late third Abulheyja who had sought refuge and the caliph has century until the end of the first third of the fourth given him mercy took Mosul and surrounding area century AH were friendly, but during Buyid dynasty tribute after his release from prison, and around the turned to hostility by Naser al-dawla and his son and year 267 was killed in a conspiracy to dethrone al- the caliphs were not involved in the hostility, but Muqtader bi-llah. were forced to accept Buyid dynasty policy because But al-Muqtader knew that only Hamdanids can they were the real power. Abbasid caliphs wanted win fights against blood tribal uprisings, the Hamdanids to protect the borders of Rom; therefore Khawarij and the movements of Kurds, so he the jihad against the Romans considered the best of appointed Hassan (Naser al Dawla) the son of their tasks and was mostly ordered in the provincial Abulheyja on Mosul areas. However, Hamdanids orders. government source can be the year 293 AH, with Abulheyja as the governor of Mosul appointed by al- Conclusion: Muqtader the Abbasi . After the death of the Prophet, a group of Hamdanids grew up in Jazireh of Mesopotamia, Companions of the Prophet believed that a legitimate now divided among Iraq, Syria and Turkey and ruled successor of the Prophet (PBUH) is Imam Ali (AS). there totally and partially alternately. Jazireh was This group became known as the Shia. There have divided into three regions: Bekr (Amad and been severe restrictions against Shia by Umayyad Miyafareqin cities, etc.); Mozer (Roha, Harran and and Abbasid rulers. Shiite continued dynamicity Ar-Raqqah cities) and Rabiah (Mosul and Nusaybin supported by religious and cultural infrastructure cities); the area economically prosperous with rich built from the Quran and tradition, though being at and fertile agriculture and natural resources, as it has minority for centuries. Shiite imams played a always been disputed for tax and wealth to equip fundamental role in the religious- political life of the army between the Abbasid and the Byzantine time although failed due to lack of opportunity 64 Sakineh Ravand and Mozhgan Purfard, 2015 / Research Journal of Social Sciences 8(7), September, Pages: 62-64 inflicted by Umayyad and Abbasid rulers, and the REFERENCES Shiite community itself was deprived of the presence of the appearance of the Imam, but with the advent of 1. Ibn Athir EzAl-Din, 1992. “Alkaml Fi Altarikh”, the next Shiite government and the families Shiite translator: Abbasi Khalili & Abulqasem Halat, entered a new phase of political - social and specially vol 8, Tehran, Institute of Science Press. cultural life and could play an important role in 2. Abu Ali Ibn Miskawayh, 1997. Tajareb Al Islamic culture and civilization during several Umam, Ali Naqi Monzavi, vol. 6, Tehran: Toos, centuries. Hamdanids were among the governments first edition.
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