DROUGHT, the CAUSE of INVASIONS of THATTA by MUHAMMAD and FEROZE TUGHLAQS and FALL of DELHI SULTANATE 1330-1400 AD by M.H
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Black Sea-Caspian Steppe: Natural Conditions 20 1.1 the Great Steppe
The Pechenegs: Nomads in the Political and Cultural Landscape of Medieval Europe East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450–1450 General Editors Florin Curta and Dušan Zupka volume 74 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/ecee The Pechenegs: Nomads in the Political and Cultural Landscape of Medieval Europe By Aleksander Paroń Translated by Thomas Anessi LEIDEN | BOSTON This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided no alterations are made and the original author(s) and source are credited. Further information and the complete license text can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ The terms of the CC license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources (indicated by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further permission from the respective copyright holder. Publication of the presented monograph has been subsidized by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education within the National Programme for the Development of Humanities, Modul Universalia 2.1. Research grant no. 0046/NPRH/H21/84/2017. National Programme for the Development of Humanities Cover illustration: Pechenegs slaughter prince Sviatoslav Igorevich and his “Scythians”. The Madrid manuscript of the Synopsis of Histories by John Skylitzes. Miniature 445, 175r, top. From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. Proofreading by Philip E. Steele The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available online at http://catalog.loc.gov LC record available at http://catalog.loc.gov/2021015848 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. -
Theocracy Metin M. Coşgel Thomas J. Miceli
Theocracy Metin M. Coşgel University of Connecticut Thomas J. Miceli University of Connecticut Working Paper 2013-29 November 2013 365 Fairfield Way, Unit 1063 Storrs, CT 06269-1063 Phone: (860) 486-3022 Fax: (860) 486-4463 http://www.econ.uconn.edu/ This working paper is indexed on RePEc, http://repec.org THEOCRACY by Metin Coşgel* and Thomas J. Miceli** Abstract: Throughout history, religious and political authorities have had a mysterious attraction to each other. Rulers have established state religions and adopted laws with religious origins, sometimes even claiming to have divine powers. We propose a political economy approach to theocracy, centered on the legitimizing relationship between religious and political authorities. Making standard assumptions about the motivations of these authorities, we identify the factors favoring the emergence of theocracy, such as the organization of the religion market, monotheism vs. polytheism, and strength of the ruler. We use two sets of data to test the implications of the model. We first use a unique data set that includes information on over three hundred polities that have been observed throughout history. We also use recently available cross-country data on the relationship between religious and political authorities to examine these issues in current societies. The results provide strong empirical support for our arguments about why in some states religious and political authorities have maintained independence, while in others they have integrated into a single entity. JEL codes: H10, -
Research Journal of Social Sciences Shiite Al-Hamdan Government
Copyright © 2015, American-Eurasian Network for Scientific Information publisher Research Journal of Social Sciences ISSN: 1815-9125 EISSN: 2309-9631 JOURNAL home page: http://www.aensiweb.com/RJSS 2015 September; 8(7): pages 62-64. Published Online 30 June 2015. Research Article Shiite Al-Hamdan Government Formation 1Sakineh Ravand and 2Mozhgan Purfard 1Department of History, Darab Branch, Islamic Azad University, Darab, Iran. 2Associate professor, Department of History, Babak City Branch, Islamic Azad University, Babak City, Iran. Received: 23 April 2015; Revised: 28 May 2015; Accepted: 18 June 2015 Copyright © 2015 by authors and American-Eurasian Network for Scientific Information. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ABSTRACT This article examines Shiite Al-Hamdan government formation and its role in the progress of Shiite with focus on methods of historical research. This article examines the role of this government in promoting the objectives of the Shiite. According to historical documents the Shiite rose at time of the Prophet indicating the claim by the Prophet that said: “Shiite are my best people, and they are in heaven”, but the Shiite title was used after the death of the Prophet (PBUH) for those who loved Imam Ali (AS) and followed him until death. Shiites with cultural power and strong intellectual could win fight against the tyranny of the rulers of the time. Meantime, they have migrated across the world due to Abbasid and Umayyad rulers’ oppression leading to Shiite Islam ideas flourishing in the world. They had cultural power and could gradually strengthen its political power and formed governments around the world, one of these states was that Al-Hamdan with a significant role in the development of Shiism. -
THE REIGN of AL-IHAKIM Bl AMR ALLAH ‘(386/996 - 41\ / \ Q 2 \ % "A POLITICAL STUDY"
THE REIGN OF AL-IHAKIM Bl AMR ALLAH ‘(386/996 - 41\ / \ Q 2 \ % "A POLITICAL STUDY" by SADEK ISMAIL ASSAAD Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of London May 1971 ProQuest Number: 10672922 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10672922 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 ABSTRACT The present thesis is a political study of the reign of al-Hakim Bi Amr Allah the sixth Fatimid Imam-Caliph who ruled between 386-411/ 996-1021. It consists of a note on the sources and seven chapters. The first chapter is a biographical review of al-Hakim's person. It introduces a history of his birth, childhood, succession to the Caliphate, his education and private life and it examines the contradiction in the sources concerning his character. Chapter II discusses the problems which al-Hakim inherited from the previous rule and examines their impact on the political life of his State. Chapter III introduces the administration of the internal affairs of the State. -
Sona Grigoryan Supervisor: Aziz Al-Azmeh
Doctoral Dissertation POETICS OF AMBIVALENCE IN AL-MA‘ARRĪ’S LUZŪMĪYĀT AND THE QUESTION OF FREETHINKING by Sona Grigoryan Supervisor: Aziz Al-Azmeh Submitted to the Medieval Studies Department, Central European University, Budapest In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Medieval Studies CEU eTD Collection Budapest 2018 TABLE OF CONTENT Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................. iv List of Abbreviations................................................................................................................................. v Some Matters of Usage ............................................................................................................................ vi INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Al-Ma‘arrī-an Intriguing Figure ........................................................................................................ 1 2. The Aim and Focus of the Thesis ....................................................................................................... 4 3. Working Material ............................................................................................................................ 13 CHAPTER 1. AL-MA‘ARRĪ AND HIS CONTEXT ............................................................................... 15 1.1. Historical Setting -
Basra and Ikhwan Al-Safa School of Thought As Representative of Silk Road Civilizations
109 VOL. 2, NO. 1, JUNE 2017: 109-120 BASRA AND IKHWAN AL-SAFA SCHOOL OF THOUGHT AS REPRESENTATIVE OF SILK ROAD CIVILIZATIONS By BURHAN KOROGLU* The city of Basra, established on the shore of Basra Bay in the south of modern Iraq, played an important role in agriculture and trade for centuries, with its geography and its position where two great rivers of Mesopotamia flow. Before being established with its current name by the Muslim Arabs, the city was known as Teredon in the Chaldean period and Vehiştebad Erdeşir in the Sasanid period. It was reestablished with the name Basra in the early period of Islam by Arabs between Hijri 14-16 (635-637 CE). Afterward, the city became one of the most important centers of trade, science and thought; had a perfect cultural diversity; and hosted important schools of Arabic language and thought for centuries. Besides the commercial effects of its being a transfer point on the axis of Europe, Mesopotamia, Iran, and India, the schools of thought which emerged here were affected by this mobility. In this paper, we try to reveal the philosophical-religious approach which the Ikhwan al-Safa school of thought in Basra, one of the most important cities of the Silk Road, created in parallel with the characteristics of this city. Shiite Ismaili beliefs and thoughts in the region and its characteristics which feed different religions * BURHAN KOROGLU is an associate professor in the Department of Philosophy, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, at Ibn Haldun University, Turkey. 110 Acta Via Serica, Vol. -
Fortresses of the Intellect Ismaili and Other Islamic Studies in Honour of Farhad Daftary
Fortresses of the Intellect Ismaili and Other Islamic Studies in Honour of Farhad Daftary Edited by Omar Alí-de-Unzaga I.B.Tauris Publishers LONDON • NEW YORK in association with The Institute of Ismaili Studies London Published in 2011 by I.B.Tauris & Co. Ltd 6 Salem Road, London W2 4BU 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010 www.ibtauris.com in association with The Institute of Ismaili Studies 210 Euston Road, London NW1 2DA www.iis.ac.uk Distributed in the United States and Canada Exclusively by Palgrave Macmillan, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010 Copyright © Islamic Publications Ltd, 2011 All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or any part thereof, may not be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISBN: 978 1 84885 626 4 A full CIP record for this book is available from the British Library A full CIP record for this book is available from the Library of Congress Library of Congress catalog card: available Typeset in Minion Tra for The Institute of Ismaili Studies Printed and bound in Great Britain by TJ International, Padstow, Cornwall Contents Foreword Azim Nanji xi List of Illustrations xiv List of Contributors xv 1. Introduction: A Biographical Sketch Omar Alí-de-Unzaga 1 2. Bibliography of the Works of Farhad Daftary 33 3. Persian, the Other Sacred Language of Islam: Some Brief Notes Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi 59 4. -
Sayyida Hurra: the Isma'ili Sulayhid Queen of Yemen Farhad Daftary∗
The Institute of Ismaili Studies Sayyida Hurra: The Isma'ili Sulayhid Queen of Yemen Farhad Daftary∗ Key Words: Sayyida Hurra, Sulayhid, Yemen, Fatimid, education of women, Sitt al-Mulk, Adris 'Imad al- Din, Uyun al-akhbar, Sulayman, Sulayhi, Al-Afdal Abstract: This article explores the career of queen Sayyida Hurra, she was the political and religious leader of Sulayhid Yemen, which was an extremely rare occurrence and privilege for a woman in Fatimid times. Hurra was closely linked with the Ismaili da'wa in Cairo, and rose up the ranks of the Fatimid da'wa to receive the rank of hujja. Hurra was the first woman in the history of Ismailism to gain high rank in the Ismaili hierarchy, thus making this appointment a unique event. Daftary traces other events such as the Must'ali-Nizari split and looks at how Hurra dealt with these incidents and the implications for the Isma'ili da'wa. The career of the queen Sayyida Hurra is a unique instance of its kind in the entire history of medieval Islam, for she exercised the political as well as religious leadership of Sulayhid Yemen; and in both these functions she was closely associated with the Isma`ili Fatimid dynasty. This article was originally published in Gavin R. G. Hambly ,ed., Women in the Medieval Islamic World: Power, Patronage and Piety and reprinted in The New Middle Ages, 6. New York: St .Martin’s Press, 1998, pp. 117-130. Reprinted with corrections, 1999 *Educated in Iran, Europe and the United States, Dr Farhad Daftary received his doctorate from the University of California at Berkeley in 1971. -
Appendix for “The Feudal Revolution and Europe's Rise: Political
Appendix for “The Feudal Revolution and Europe’s Rise: Political Divergence of the Christian West and the Muslim World before 1500 CE” August 1, 2012 1 Feudalism and Political Stability To formalize the intuition presented in Section 3.3 using a simple framework, suppose that a perfectly myopic, risk-neutral sovereign imperfectly controls a polity that creates output of size one each period. Denote by γ the amount of land controlled by the military regardless of the actions of the sovereign (this can be interpreted as the percentage of the entire polity controlled by the military). Suppose that there are N perfectly myopic, risk-neutral members of the military (where N is sufficiently large) and that γ is evenly distributed between the members of this class. We consider the parameter value γ exogenously given. A value of γ = 0 corresponds to a perfectly absolutist sovereign (who uses mamluks or mercenaries to staff his military) whereas higher values of γ denote more feudal arrangements. Note that our assumption of perfectly myopic agents allows us to abstract from the potentially important issue of how the sovereign compensates the military (i.e., iqta’ rents versus land grants).1 In addition, we abstract from other important issues in order to focus on the sovereign’s desire to prevent a successful revolt. We do so in order to highlight one mechanism that we believe contributes to the observed increase in ruler duration. The order of play in the game is as follows: after observing γ the sovereign moves first and decides whether to keep the entire amount of output he controls to himself or whether to divide it equally between himself and the military. -
The Mohammedan Dynasties
TH E A\ohammadan Dynasties S. Lane- Poole 3.S-. //. the ®Jjeologtr 0{ a/ PRINCETON, N. J Division 3 • Section ... Life THE MOHAMMADAH DYNASTIES THE MOHAMMADAN DYNASTIES CHRONOLOGICAL AND GENEALOGICAL TABLES WITH HISTORICAL INTRODUCTIONS STANLEY LANE - POOLE ©Westminster ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE AND COMPANY PUBLISHERS TO THE INDIA OFFICE 14 PARLIAMENT STREET MDCCCXCiV HERTFORD PRINTED BY STEPHEN AUSTIN AND SON PREFACE The following Tables of Mohammadan Dynasties bare grown naturally out of my twenty years’ work upon the Arabic coins in the British Museum. In preparing the thirteen volumes of the Catalogue of Oriental and Indian Coins I was frequently at a loss for chronological lists. Prinsep’s Useful Tables, edited by Edward Thomas, was the only trustworthy English authority I could refer to, and it was often at fault. I generally found it necessaiy to search for correct names and dates in the Arabic historians, and the lists of dynasties prefixed to the descriptions of their coins in my Catalogue were usually the result of my own researches in many Oriental authorities. It has often been suggested to me that a reprint of these lists would be useful to students, and now that the entire Catalogue is published I have collected the tables and genealogical trees in the present volume. : VI PREFACE The work is, however, much more than a reprint of these tables. I have not only verified the dates and pedigrees by reference to the Arabic sources and added a number of dynasties which were not represented in the Catalogue of Coins, but I have endeavoured to make the lists more intelligible by prefixing to each a brief historical introduction. -
The Mamlūks of the Seljuks: Islam's Military Might at the Crossroads Author(S): David Ayalon Source: Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Third Series, Vol
The Mamlūks of the Seljuks: Islam's Military Might at the Crossroads Author(s): David Ayalon Source: Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Third Series, Vol. 6, No. 3 (Nov., 1996), pp. 305-333 Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25183239 Accessed: 09-04-2017 00:48 UTC JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms Cambridge University Press, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society This content downloaded from 129.128.216.34 on Sun, 09 Apr 2017 00:48:10 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms The Mamluks of the Seljuks: Islam's Military Might at the Crossroads* DAVID AYALON General overview The study of the Mamluks under the Seljuks is of pivotal significance, because those Mamluks formed the essential connecting link between their predecessors in the 'Abbasid Caliphate and their successors in the Sultanates of the Zangids, the Ayyubids and the Mamluks of Egypt and Syria on the one hand, and in the Sultanate of the Ottomans on the other. -
The Formation of Islam Religion and Society in the Near East, 600–1800
The Formation of Islam Religion and Society in the Near East, 600–1800 Jonathan Berkey’s book surveys the religious history of the peoples of the Near East from roughly 600 to 1800 CE. The opening chapter examines the religious scene in the Near East in late antiquity, and the religious traditions which preceded Islam. Subsequent chapters investigate Islam’s first century and the beginnings of its own traditions, the ‘classical’ period from the accession of the fiAbbasids to the rise of the Buyid amirs, and thereafter the emergence of new forms of Islam in the middle period. Throughout, close attention is paid to the experiences of Jews and Christians, as well as Muslims. The book stresses that Islam did not appear all at once, but emerged slowly, as part of a prolonged process whereby it was differentiated from other religious traditions and, indeed, that much that we take as characteristic of Islam is in fact the product of the medieval period. This book has been written for students and for all those with an interest in the emergence and evolution of Islam. Jonathan P. Berkey is Associate Professor of History at Davidson College. His publications include Popular Preaching and Religious Authority in the Medieval Islamic Near East (2001). THEMES IN ISLAMIC HISTORY comprises a range of titles exploring different aspects of Islamic history, society and culture by leading scholars in the field. Books are thematic in approach, offering a comprehensive and accessible over- view of the subject. Generally, surveys treat Islamic history from its origins to the demise of the Ottoman empire, although some offer a more developed analysis of a particular period, or project into the present, depending on the subject-matter.