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9781137589392.Pdf Saudi Arabia and Iran Saudi Arabia and Iran Friends or Foes? Banafsheh Keynoush SAUDI ARABIA AND IRAN Copyright © Banafsheh Keynoush 2016 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2016 978-1-137-57627-9 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission. In accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First published 2016 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN The author has asserted their right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of Nature America, Inc., One New York Plaza, Suite 4500, New York, NY 10004-1562. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. ISBN 978-1-349-99536-3 ISBN 978-1-137-58939-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-137-58939-2 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Keynoush, Banafsheh, author. Title: Saudi Arabia and Iran : friends or foes? / Banafsheh Keynoush. Description: New York, NY : Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2015028785 | Subjects: LCSH: Saudi Arabia—Foreign relations—Iran. | Iran—Foreign relations—Saudi Arabia. | Middle East—Politics and government— 1979– | BISAC: POLITICAL SCIENCE / International Relations / Diplomacy. | POLITICAL SCIENCE / Political Freedom & Security / International Security. | POLITICAL SCIENCE / Peace. | SOCIAL SCIENCE / Regional Studies. Classification: LCC DS228.I7 K47 2016 | DDC 327.538055—dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015028785 A catalogue record for the book is available from the British Library. In loving memory of: My grandmother, Effat, who raised me on her lap My grandfather, Ebrahim Keynoush, a charitable man and To my father, for teaching me that the best political analyst is the most impartial one Contents A c k n o w l e d g m e n t s ix I n t r o d u c t i o n 1 Part I A Historical Overview of Saudi–Iranian R e l a t i o n s Chapter 1 Overview of Saudi–Iranian Relations 9 Chapter 2 How Religion Shaped the Saudi–Iranian Relations 21 Part II Early, Middle, and Post Mid-Twentieth Century Saudi–Iranian Relations Chapter 3 Saudi Arabia and Iran in Early Twentieth Century 39 Chapter 4 Early Diplomatic Relations 53 C h a p t e r 5 D i p l o m a t i c R e l a t i o n s : 1 9 5 5 – 1 9 6 3 6 7 Chapter 6 Epoch of Saudi–Iranian Cooperation and Rivalry 85 Part III Saudi–Iranian Relations after the 1979 I r a n i a n R e v o l u t i o n Chapter 7 Saudi Arabia and Revolutionary Iran 109 Chapter 8 Saudi–Iranian D é tente 131 Part IV How Current Conflicts between Saudi Arabia and Iran Impact the State of the World Chapter 9 Saudi Arabia’s and Iran’s Quest for Stability after 9/11 153 viii ● Contents Chapter 10 Saudi Arabia, Iran, and Gulf Geopolitics: The Case of Iraq 175 Chapter 11 Saudi Arabia, Iran, and Levant Geopolitics: The Cases of Lebanon, Syria, Palestine 203 C o n c l u s i o n 2 2 7 N o t e s 239 B i b l i o g r a p h y 261 I n d e x 265 Acknowledgments book of this scale, covering the full history of relations between Saudi Arabia and Iran, could not have happened without the support A of a few key individuals. I was fortunate that chance, destiny, and hardwork allowed me to meet them, and I have attempted to remain impar- tial in the delivery of the message that these individuals with diverse under- standings of the issue have each imparted to me. As a sign of respect for Saudi Arabia and its people who hosted me, I mention them throughout this book before my native land Iran and its peo- ple who also helped with this research. At the King Faisal Center for Islamic Studies and Research, I am indebted to its chairman Turki bin Faisal Al Saud whose vision on the importance of the Saudi–Iranian partnership enabled me to conduct the field research for this book. The center generously hosted my umrah trip, enabling me to travel to Makkah and Madinah, and interact with colleagues in Jeddah. It was, beyond doubt, the most important trip of my life. My profound gratitude goes to Secretary-General Yahya Mahmoud bin Jonaid and Dalal Mukhlid Al Harbi. Abdulaziz Sager, chairman of the Gulf Research Center, and his dedicated staff, Bandar and Sonya, helped ease my trip to Saudi Arabia. I am deeply grateful to Abd al Rahman Al Shobeily, for his wisdom and support, and to Sami Angawi. There are many others who have enlightened and informed this book: Abd al-Muhsin Al Akhlas, Ibrahim Hadlaq, Abdul Rahman Al Hadlaq, Mashaal Al Shemaishy, Saad Al Ammar, Mishary Al Nuaim, Gaafar M. Al Lagany, Nasser Al Braik, Osamah Ahmad Al Sanosi, Abdulrahman Al Suhaibani, Awadh Al Badi, Abdullah Al Shamri, and Basel Raouf Khatib. I am thankful for the friend- ship of two fellow Fletcher graduates, Jamil Al Dandani who hosted my visit to Dhahran, and the late Major General Abdulrahman Abdulwahid. Two Saudi scholars, whose earlier books on the Saudi–Iranian relationship made the present work possible, deserve special mention: Saeed Badeeb and Faisal bin Salman Al Saud. The latter along with Abdul Rahman Al Hadlaq and Saleh bin Suleiman Al Wahaibi, generously gave me their time to meet in x ● Acknowledgments person, but I regrettably could not due to conflicting schedules. There are many other Saudi friends who have helped, by reminding me that I should say things as they were, and sharing their exceptional hospitality. I am equally indebted to several key figures in Iran. At the Institute for Political and International Studies, I am thankful to the former head of the institute, Abbas Maleki. The magnificent building where the institute is at, in the foothills of Tehran, was an exclusive membership-based club before the 1979 Iranian revolution, built then by government funds overseen by my grandfather for the families of Iran’s foreign ministry employees to enjoy. I spent some of the best times of my childhood there, and was heartbroken when it was closed down after the revolution. However, when I saw it years after while attending a conference there, I was relieved to find that it was put to good use, serving as a premier foreign policy research institute. Thanks to the vision of its new leadership, it hired many of Iran’s former diplomats from before the revolution. I am grateful to Ahmad Danielli, chief of proto- col to Mohammad Khatami, with whom I briefly discussed the topic of this book before making a decision to write about it. In the process of compiling the research, several individuals were instrumental: Mohammad Khazaee, Ali Asghar Khaji, Hussein Amir Abdullahian, Mohammad Reza Fayyaz, Mostafa Zahrani, Abolfazl Mehrabadi, and Mohammad Ali Fatollahi who patiently explained the key drivers of Iran’s foreign policy behavior. Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Manuchehr Mottaki granted me three inter- views each. I am thankful to Mohammad Mousavi Bojnurdi, Mostafa Mohaghegh Damad, and Ahmad Iravani for our brief conversations. Javad Rasouli, a former ambassador to Saudi Arabia, gave me an appointment to meet him in Riyadh, which I regrettably could not, due to conflicting schedules. This book was primarily researched in Saudi Arabia and in Iran and through some 50 interviews with senior-ranking officials and policy makers, but written in the United States, thanks to which I could aim to develop a detached understanding of the key drivers of the Saudi–Iranian partner- ship. In the United States, I thank the The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy. I am indebted to Andrew Hess, Kathleen Bailey, David Deese, and the late William Martell and John Galvin. I am grateful for support from Gregory Gause, Elaine Papoulias, Elizabeth Prodromou, Leigh Nolan, Geoffrey Gresh, Bernadette Kelley-Leccesse, Roschanack Shaery-Eisenlohr, Majid Rashidi, Charles Freeman, Thomas Mattair, Flyntt Leverett, Gwenn Okruhlik, Mohsen Kadivar, Mohammad Taqi Sept, Dan Grey, and Thomas Pickering. I thank R. K. Ramazani for our brief conversation. The team at Palgrave Macmillan made the experience of publishing a book a joy. In London, Reza Ghasemi, and Mohammad Khakpour were always happy to lend a helping hand. My editor Mitch Albert was a friend in the trying times it took to write this book. Acknowledgments ● xi There are some good friends I wish to thank: Kristin, Najla, Arwa, Dalia, Joyce, Parisa, Nic, Mike, Bruce, Marcos, and Peter. I thank my parents, who always step in to support me. My father provided good insights into Iran’s diplomatic history and the people who shaped it. Ida, Nilou, Maryam and their families were constant supports. A very heartfelt thanks goes to my son; wise beyond imagination, and who told me not to give up, otherwise “all that ignoring” that I had levied in the course of writing the book “would go to waste.” I sacrificed too many weekends, evenings, and family time, to produce this work, and never faced complaints, and always saw a happy face.
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