DOCSLIB.ORG

Michael Pye Phd Thesis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Michael Pye Phd Thesis IN THE BELLY OF THE BEAR? SOVIET-IRANIAN RELATIONS DURING THE REIGN OF MOHAMMAD REZA PAHLAVI Michael Pye A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews 2015 Full metadata for this item is available in St Andrews Research Repository at: http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/9501 This item is protected by original copyright IN THE BELLY OF THE BEAR? SOVIET-IRANIAN RELATIONS DURING THE REIGN OF MOHAMMAD REZA PAHLAVI CANDIDATE: MICHAEL PYE DEGREE: DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DATE OF SUBMISSION: 26TH OF MAY 2015 1 ABSTRACT The question mark of the project's title alludes to a critical reexamination of Soviet- Iranian relations during the period and aims to offer an original contribution to scholarship in the field by exploring an aspect of Pahlavi foreign relations that lacks any detailed treatment in the literature presently available. In pursuit of this goal, research has been concentrated on recently-released western archival documentation, the Iranian Studies collection held at the University of St Andrews, and similarly materials from the Russian Federal Archive for Foreign Relations, to which the author was granted access, including ambassadorial papers relating to the premiership of Mohammad Mosaddeq. As far as can be ascertained, the majority of the Russian archival evidence presented in the dissertation has not been previously been utilised by any Western-based scholar. At core, the thesis argues that the trajectory of Pahlavi foreign relations specifically (and to a certain degree Mohammad Reza's regency more broadly) owed principally to a deeply-rooted belief in, and perceived necessity to guard against, the Soviet Union's (and Russia's) historical 'objectives' vis-à-vis Iran. While the Shah proved himself to be a very effective advocate of this approach, it is suggested that the importance attached to the spectre of Soviet interference cannot solely be explained as a means of leverage in relation to Iran's western allies, although at times it was undoubtedly used in this manner. Rather, the anxieties of Iranian politicians were the genuine consequence of a painfully proximate history, significantly reinforced by the unfortunate disconnect between public Soviet diplomacy towards Iran and the activities of various 'deniable' Communist elements operating both within and outwith Iran‟s borders. 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to record my sincere debt of gratitude to three people: to the sponsor of my doctoral studies at the University of St Andrews, Mr. Mahmoud Khayami, whose generous provision of a scholarship has made this project feasible in the first instance; to my supervisor, Professor Ali Ansari, whose kind support and patient encouragement has ensured its completion; and to my very dear friend in Moscow, Tamara Gigolashvili, without whose generosity and kindness what follows would be considerably poorer and quite possibly non-existent. 4 CONTENTS OVERVIEW AND DOCUMENTARY SOURCES P1 ~ AIMS OF THE THESIS ~ RATIONALE FOR CASE STUDY APPROACH ~ NATURE AND EXTENT OF AVAILABLE MATERIALS ~ ANALYSIS OF DOCUMENTARY SOURCES ~ INTRODUCTION AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK P13 ~ REIFICATION OF THE STATE ~ STRUCTURE AND AGENCY ~ RATIONALITY AND „RATIONAL‟ ACTORS ~ NARRATIVE AND EMOTION IN SOVIET-IRANIAN RELATIONS ~ SOVIET-IRANIAN RELATIONS IN THEIR HISTORICAL CONTEXT P31 ~ IRAN‟S RELATIONS WITH TSARIST RUSSIA ~ ~ IRAN‟S RELATIONS WITH POST-REVOLUTIONARY RUSSIA ~ CHAPTER 1 | FROM MAHABAD TO MOSADDEQ P38 ~ THE ALLIED INVASION OF IRAN AND ITS AFTERMATH ~ A FEBRILE POST-WAR ENVIRONMENT ~ THE FAILED ASSASSINATION ATTEMPT ON THE SHAH ~ ~ DR. MOHAMMAD MOSADDEQ AND THE SOVIET UNION ~ CHAPTER 2 | THE SHAH‟S WESTERN PIVOT P77 ~ THE BAGHDAD PACT AND SOVIET RESPONSES ~ THE SHAH'S STATE VISIT TO THE SOVIET UNION ~ THE COUP IN IRAQ AND THE QARANI AFFAIR ~ SECRET NEGOTIATIONS FOR A TREATY OF NON-AGGRESSION ~ CHAPTER 3 | IRAN AND THE SOVIET UNION UNDER DÉTENTE P110 ~ THE STATE VISIT OF PRESIDENT BREZHNEV TO IRAN ~ SOVIET-IRANIAN ECONOMIC ENGAGEMENT AND THE ESFAHAN STEEL MILL ~ A CRISIS OVER SOVIET ARMS ~ THE SOVIET-IRANIAN OIL AGREEMENT AND ITS IMPLICATIONS ~ CHAPTER 4 | SEEDS OF A REVOLUTION P143 ~ NARRATIVE OF ENCIRCLEMENT: THE SHAH‟S REGIONAL OUTLOOK ~ ~ IRAN, IRAQ AND THE KURDISH TRUMP CARD ~ ~ CONCERN AND CONCESSION: THE CURIOUS CASE OF LIEUTENANT ZOSIMOV ~ ~ RETICENCE AND REALISATION: SOVIET POLICY TOWARD IRAN IN 1979 ~ CONCLUSION P180 ~ THE DEPARTING WEST DID NOT LEAVE BEHIND A SOCIALIST EAST ~ BIBLIOGRAPHY & APPENDICES P193 5 OVERVIEW AND DOCUMENTARY SOURCES The aim of this dissertation is to offer a chronologically-presented, historical analysis of relations between Iran under the reign of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Accordingly, the period of research extends from 1941 – the Allied invasion of Iran and the abdication of Reza Shah Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza's father – to the Islamic Revolution of 1979. The choice of timeframe, coinciding with a defined period of Iranian history as opposed to the lifespan of the Soviet Union, reflects both the supervisory framework for the project (under the auspices of the Institute for Iranian Studies in the University of St Andrews) and therefore the project‟s central concern: to complement existing scholarship on Pahlavi-era foreign policy, to which, it will be argued, elite perceptions of and interactions with Moscow were central. The principal objectives may be stated as follows: 1. To draw together and analyse relevant bodies of documentary and archival evidence, complemented by other primary source materials, with a view to describing and assessing key Soviet-Iranian episodes and encounters during the period, both in their own right and for their relevance to the trajectory of Iran's relations with the other powers; 2. Conversely, using the same methodology, to consider the impact of Western regional interests and broader political considerations on the Iranian leadership's attitudes toward the USSR, and the extent to which those considerations either reinforced, or caused the alteration of, the Iranian leadership‟s policy choices with respect to the USSR and more widely; 3. To highlight, as broader observation, the potency of history, myth and historical consciousness in guiding and informing Iran‟s foreign policy during the period, and to emphasise more specifically that the perceived need to counter or accommodate the Soviet Union had a significant bearing on both the rise and indeed fall of the Pahlavi regime. It is necessary first to concede that a full discussion of the many possible episodes categorisable under the heading „Soviet-Iranian relations‟ over a period of thirty-eight 6 years would pose a significant challenge within the context of a doctoral dissertation. Accordingly, a case study-orientated approach is adopted. Each chapter presents four extended case studies offering an analysis of a particular event (or connected series of events), the selection criteria for which were governed in the first instance by the aims stated above, and in the second by a preference for episodes where the highest-quality documentary or primary source materials could be obtained. The latter criterium proceeds from the observation that existing scholarly literature on Soviet-Iranian relations exhibit a relative paucity of primary sources in addressing the topic; a deficiency by no means due to a lack of diligence on the part of the scholars involved, but rather from the handicap of certain documentary sources not having been available at their time of research. 1 By fortunate contrast, this dissertation has benefitted extensively from archival research in a number of areas. First, all of the U.K. Foreign Office records relating to Soviet-Iranian relations during the period under review, with few exceptions, have now been released to the National Archive at Kew.2 Second, there exists a comparable availability of U.S. archival materials covering the majority of the period under study (to 1976), the most recent tranche of which was released in December 2012. 3 Third, the author's successful application to the Russian Foreign Ministry for access to its closed Archive, including the opportunity to view papers not previously open to researchers outwith the former Soviet Union, furnished a number of crucial discoveries. 4 The thesis makes further use of several political memoirs, in Persian and Russian, that do not previously appear to have attracted scholarly attention. In terms of source content, the core methodological challenges may be stated as, primarily, the need to draw a clear distinction between materials that were broadly private at their point of composition (namely the „closed‟ diplomatic documentary record) and those that were public (press articles, radio broadcasts political memoirs, official governmental communiqués or interviews); and more obviously, to identify and acknowledge the merits and demerits of each source. While separating rhetoric from 1 See for instance Shahram Chubin‟s monograph Soviet policy toward Iran and the Gulf (International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1980), which is principally based on contemporary media materials. 2 The British government operates a thirty-year release policy in the majority of cases. 3 Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976, Volume XXVII: Iran; Iraq, 1973-1976. 4 The folios relating to Mohammad Mosaddeq, for instance, appeared to have only been accessed by Foreign Ministry personnel and a single
Load more

Recommended publications
  • British Dilemmas: Arms Sales and Human Rights in Anglo-Iranian Relations (1968-1979)
    British Dilemmas: Arms Sales and Human Rights in Anglo-Iranian Relations (1968-1979) Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy At the University of Leicester By Okhan Erciyas Department of Politics and International Relations University of Leicester December 2019 British Dilemmas: Arms Sales and Human Rights in Anglo- Iranian Relations (1968-1979) Okhan Erciyas Abstract This thesis examines the impact of the arms trade and human rights on British perceptions of and foreign policy towards Iran (1968-1979). This thesis aims to further understanding of Britain’s commercial interests in Iran and how this affected the UK’s response to developments leading to the fall of Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi in 1979. By critically analysing archival documents, the thesis explains how inter-departmental perceptions of Iran varied. After presenting the historical background and methodological considerations in the Introduction, Chapter One discusses the UK’s dilemma with regard to promoting British defence sales and contributing to Iran’s foreign indebtedness by analysing the views of both the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) and the Ministry of Defence (MoD). The chapter also highlights British views on the Shah’s personality and the lack of planning in Iranian arms procurement. Chapter Two explores Britain’s efforts to keep its share in the Iranian arms market. It also discusses the UK’s dilemma in terms of balancing arms sales with public criticism of Iran’s poor human rights record. Chapter Three looks at Iranian discontent with the Shah’s regime. The chapter shows how Iran’s response to demands for political freedom caused a dilemma for the FCO authorities.
    [Show full text]
  • Supreme Soviet Investigation of the 1991 Coup the Suppressed Transcripts
    Supreme Soviet Investigation of the 1991 Coup The Suppressed Transcripts: Part 3 Hearings "About the Illegal Financia) Activity of the CPSU" Editor 's Introduction At the birth of the independent Russian Federation, the country's most pro-Western reformers looked to the West to help fund economic reforms and social safety nets for those most vulnerable to the change. However, unlike the nomenklatura and party bureaucrats who remained positioned to administer huge aid infusions, these reformers were skeptical about multibillion-dollar Western loans and credits. Instead, they wanted the West to help them with a different source of money: the gold, platinum, diamonds, and billions of dollars in hard currency the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) and KGB intelligence service laundered abroad in the last years of perestroika. Paradoxically, Western governments generously supplied the loans and credits, but did next to nothing to support the small band of reformers who sought the return of fortunes-estimated in the tens of billions of dollars- stolen by the Soviet leadership. Meanwhile, as some in the West have chronicled, the nomenklatura and other functionaries who remained in positions of power used the massive infusion of Western aid to enrich themselves-and impoverish the nation-further. In late 1995, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development concluded that Russian officials had stolen $45 billion in Western aid and deposited the money abroad. Radical reformers in the Russian Federation Supreme Soviet, the parliament that served until its building was destroyed on President Boris Yeltsin's orders in October 1993, were aware of this mass theft from the beginning and conducted their own investigation as part of the only public probe into the causes and circumstances of the 1991 coup attempt against Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev.
    [Show full text]
  • East of Suez and the Commonwealth 1964–1971 (In Three Parts, 2004)
    00-Suez-Blurb-pp 21/9/04 11:32 AM Page 1 British Documents on the End of Empire Project Volumes Published and Forthcoming Series A General Volumes Series B Country Volumes Vol 1 Imperial Policy and Vol 1 Ghana (in two parts, 1992) Colonial Practice Vol 2 Sri Lanka (in two parts, 1997) 1925–1945 (in two parts, 1996) Vol 3 Malaya (in three parts, 1995) Vol 2 The Labour Government and Vol 4 Egypt and the Defence of the the End of Empire 1945–1951 Middle East (in three parts, 1998) (in four parts, 1992) Vol 5 Sudan (in two parts, 1998) Vol 3 The Conservative Government Vol 6 The West Indies (in one part, and the End of Empire 1999) 1951–1957 (in three parts, 1994) Vol 7 Nigeria (in two parts, 2001) Vol 4 The Conservative Government Vol 8 Malaysia (in one part, 2004) and the End of Empire 1957–1964 (in two parts, 2000) Vol 5 East of Suez and the Commonwealth 1964–1971 (in three parts, 2004) ● Series A is complete. Further country volumes in series B are in preparation on Kenya, Central Africa, Southern Africa, the Pacific (Fiji), and the Mediterranean (Cyprus and Malta). The Volume Editors S R ASHTON is Senior Research Fellow and General Editor of the British Documents on the End of Empire Project, Institute of Commonwealth Studies, University of London. With S E Stockwell he edited Imperial Policy and Colonial Practice 1925–1945 (BDEEP, 1996), and with David Killingray The West Indies (BDEEP, 1999). Wm ROGER LOUIS is Kerr Professor of English History and Culture and Distinguished Teaching Professor, University of Texas at Austin, USA, and an Honorary Fellow of St Antony’s, Oxford.
    [Show full text]
  • Nixon, Kissinger, and the Shah: the Origins of Iranian Primacy in the Persian Gulf
    Roham Alvandi Nixon, Kissinger, and the Shah: the origins of Iranian primacy in the Persian Gulf Article (Accepted version) (Refereed) Original citation: Alvandi, Roham (2012) Nixon, Kissinger, and the Shah: the origins of Iranian primacy in the Persian Gulf. Diplomatic history, 36 (2). pp. 337-372. ISSN 1467-7709 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7709.2011.01025.x © 2012 The Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations (SHAFR) This version available at: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/32743/ Available in LSE Research Online: March 2012 LSE has developed LSE Research Online so that users may access research output of the School. Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Users may download and/or print one copy of any article(s) in LSE Research Online to facilitate their private study or for non-commercial research. You may not engage in further distribution of the material or use it for any profit-making activities or any commercial gain. You may freely distribute the URL (http://eprints.lse.ac.uk) of the LSE Research Online website. This document is the author’s final manuscript accepted version of the journal article, incorporating any revisions agreed during the peer review process. Some differences between this version and the published version may remain. You are advised to consult the publisher’s version if you wish to cite from it. roham alvandi Nixon, Kissinger, and the Shah: The Origins of Iranian Primacy in the Persian Gulf* On the morning of May 31, 1972, the shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, received U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • The Blind Leading the Blind
    WORKING PAPER #60 The Blind Leading the Blind: Soviet Advisors, Counter-Insurgency and Nation-Building in Afghanistan By Artemy Kalinovsky, January 2010 COLD War INTernaTionaL HISTorY ProjecT Working Paper No. 60 The Blind Leading the Blind: Soviet Advisors, Counter-Insurgency and Nation-Building in Afghanistan By Artemy Kalinovsky THE COLD WAR INTERNATIONAL HISTORY PROJECT WORKING PAPER SERIES Christian F. Ostermann and Mircea Munteanu Series Editors This paper is one of a series of Working Papers published by the Cold War International History Project of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, D.C. Established in 1991 by a grant from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, the Cold War International History Project (CWIHP) disseminates new information and perspectives on the history of the Cold War as it emerges from previously inaccessible sources on “the other side” of the post-World War II superpower rivalry. The project supports the full and prompt release of historical materials by governments on all sides of the Cold War, and seeks to accelerate the process of integrating new sources, materials and perspectives from the former “Communist bloc” with the historiography of the Cold War which has been written over the past few decades largely by Western scholars reliant on Western archival sources. It also seeks to transcend barriers of language, geography, and regional specialization to create new links among scholars interested in Cold War history. Among the activities undertaken by the project to promote this aim are a periodic BULLETIN to disseminate new findings, views, and activities pertaining to Cold War history; a fellowship program for young historians from the former Communist bloc to conduct archival research and study Cold War history in the United States; international scholarly meetings, conferences, and seminars; and publications.
    [Show full text]
  • The SAVAK and the Cold War: Counter-Intelligence and Foreign Intelligence (1957-1968)
    The University of Manchester Research The SAVAK and the Cold War: Counter-Intelligence and Foreign Intelligence (1957-1968) Link to publication record in Manchester Research Explorer Citation for published version (APA): Moravej, K. (2011). The SAVAK and the Cold War: Counter-Intelligence and Foreign Intelligence (1957-1968). University of Manchester. Citing this paper Please note that where the full-text provided on Manchester Research Explorer is the Author Accepted Manuscript or Proof version this may differ from the final Published version. If citing, it is advised that you check and use the publisher's definitive version. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the Research Explorer are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Takedown policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please refer to the University of Manchester’s Takedown Procedures [http://man.ac.uk/04Y6Bo] or contact [email protected] providing relevant details, so we can investigate your claim. Download date:25. Sep. 2021 THE SAVAK AND THE COLD WAR: COUNTER‐INTELLIGENCE AND FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE (1957‐1968) A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities 2011 KAVEH MORAVEJ SCHOOL OF LANGUAGES, LINGUISITICS AND CULTURES/Middle Eastern Studies 2 CONTENTS 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 8 1.1 Hypothesis ............................................................................................................... 8 1.1.1 Reasons for the Establishment of Foreign Intelligence and Counter-Intelligence Capabilities ........................................................................ 11 1.1.2 Established Structures and Operational Methods ..........................
    [Show full text]
  • 463972 1 En Bookbackmatter 125..131
    Index Symbols Algiers Accord, 43, 44 1801 Treaty, 5, 19 Algiers Agreement, 29 1809 Treaty, 5 Algiers Declaration, 43 1913 Protocol, 35, 37, 41 Alireza Pasha, 32 1914 Treaty, 4 Almata Declaration, 61 1937 Border Treaty, 41, 43 Amasieh, 28 1937 Treaty, 4, 42 Amasieh Treaty, 28, 29 1975 Treaty, 4, 44–46 Amasieh Treaty of 1555, 2 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea, 59 America, 2, 8, 10, 13, 14, 44, 50, 62–65, 1982 Sea Convention, 58 78–81, 86, 102, 105, 111 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of American, 2, 9, 11, 13, 41, 63, 64, 76–82, 85, the Sea, 51 103, 108, 122 Amir Khosrow Afshar, 43, 111 A Amity Treaty, 54 A Million Palm Island, 96 Andrei Kozyrev, 76 Abadan, 3, 4, 33–36, 39–42, 105 Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, 41 Abbas Aram, 42 Anglo-Persian Oil Company, 110 Abbas Mirza, 31 Anglo-Persian treaty, 102 Abd al-Karim Qasim, 4, 41, 42 Anglo-Russian Convention, 7 Abdolhossein Teymourtash, 109 Anglo-Russian treaty of 1734, 11 Abu Musa, 102, 103, 108, 110 Anzali, 52 Act of Independence, 13 Arab, 3, 4, 13, 28, 30, 32, 34–45, 97, 98, 102, Afghans, 7, 8, 17, 19, 20–22, 30, 31, 52, 100 103, 106, 107, 110, 111 Afghanistan, 5–8, 17–25, 31, 74, 106, 111, Aras River, 20 115, 121 Arav, 11, 89 Africa, 77, 82, 87, 99, 118, 119, 122 Araz, 11, 56, 89 Agha Mohammad Khan, 8, 52, 97, 101 Ardebil, 28 Ahmad Shah Baluch, 24 Armenia, 3, 28, 29 Ahwaz, 23 Asadollah Mirza, 107 Al-Andalus, 2 Asia, 3, 27, 31, 37, 69, 118, 119 Al-Hasa, 96 Asia Minor, 14, 28 Al-Khalifa, 96, 97, 102, 104, 107 Asian, 2, 3, 10, 30, 78 Alborz, 12, 89 Asian-Eurasian transport corridor, 83 Aleppo, 99, 101 Astarabad, 21, 52 © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2019 125 M.
    [Show full text]
  • British Imperial Policy and the Indian Air Route, 1918-1932
    British Imperial Policy and the Indian Air Route, 1918-1932 CROMPTON, Teresa Available from Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive (SHURA) at: http://shura.shu.ac.uk/24737/ This document is the author deposited version. You are advised to consult the publisher's version if you wish to cite from it. Published version CROMPTON, Teresa (2014). British Imperial Policy and the Indian Air Route, 1918- 1932. Doctoral, Sheffield Hallam Universiy. Copyright and re-use policy See http://shura.shu.ac.uk/information.html Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive http://shura.shu.ac.uk British Imperial Policy and the Indian Air Route, 1918-1932 Teresa Crompton A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Sheffield Hallam University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy January 2014 Abstract The thesis examines the development of the civil air route between Britain and India from 1918 to 1932. Although an Indian route had been pioneered before the First World War, after it ended, fourteen years would pass before the route was established on a permanent basis. The research provides an explanation for the late start and subsequent slow development of the India route. The overall finding is that progress was held back by a combination of interconnected factors operating in both Britain and the Persian Gulf region. These included economic, political, administrative, diplomatic, technological, and cultural factors. The arguments are developed through a methodology that focuses upon two key theoretical concepts which relate, firstly, to interwar civil aviation as part of a dimension of empire, and secondly, to the history of aviation as a new technology.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Intelligence
    Russia • Military / Security Historical Dictionaries of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, No. 5 PRINGLE At its peak, the KGB (Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti) was the largest HISTORICAL secret police and espionage organization in the world. It became so influential DICTIONARY OF in Soviet politics that several of its directors moved on to become premiers of the Soviet Union. In fact, Russian president Vladimir V. Putin is a former head of the KGB. The GRU (Glavnoe Razvedvitelnoe Upravleniye) is the principal intelligence unit of the Russian armed forces, having been established in 1920 by Leon Trotsky during the Russian civil war. It was the first subordinate to the KGB, and although the KGB broke up with the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the GRU remains intact, cohesive, highly efficient, and with far greater resources than its civilian counterparts. & The KGB and GRU are just two of the many Russian and Soviet intelli- gence agencies covered in Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Intelligence. Through a list of acronyms and abbreviations, a chronology, an introductory HISTORICAL DICTIONARY OF essay, a bibliography, and hundreds of cross-referenced dictionary entries, a clear picture of this subject is presented. Entries also cover Russian and Soviet leaders, leading intelligence and security officers, the Lenin and Stalin purges, the gulag, and noted espionage cases. INTELLIGENCE Robert W. Pringle is a former foreign service officer and intelligence analyst RUSSIAN with a lifelong interest in Russian security. He has served as a diplomat and intelligence professional in Africa, the former Soviet Union, and Eastern Europe. For orders and information please contact the publisher && SOVIET Scarecrow Press, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Dynamics of Iranian-Saudi Relations in the Persian Gulf Regional Security Complex (1920-1979) Nima Baghdadi Florida International University, [email protected]
    Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 3-22-2018 Dynamics of Iranian-Saudi Relations in the Persian Gulf Regional Security Complex (1920-1979) Nima Baghdadi Florida International University, [email protected] DOI: 10.25148/etd.FIDC006552 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Part of the International Relations Commons, and the Other Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Baghdadi, Nima, "Dynamics of Iranian-Saudi Relations in the Persian Gulf Regional Security Complex (1920-1979)" (2018). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 3652. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3652 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida DYNAMICS OF IRANIAN-SAU DI RELATIONS IN THE P ERSIAN GULF REGIONAL SECURITY COMPLEX (1920-1979) A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in POLITICAL SCIENCE by Nima Baghdadi 2018 To: Dean John F. Stack Steven J. Green School of International Relations and Public Affairs This dissertation, written by Nima Baghdadi, and entitled Dynamics of Iranian-Saudi Relations in the Persian Gulf Regional Security Complex (1920-1979), having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgment. We have read this dissertation and recommend that it be approved. __________________________________ Ralph S. Clem __________________________________ Harry D.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding the Role of State Identity in Foreign Policy Decision-Making
    The London School of Economics and Political Science UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF STATE IDENTITY IN FOREIGN POLICY DECISION-MAKING The Rise and Demise of Saudi–Iranian Rapprochement (1997–2009) ADEL ALTORAIFI A thesis submitted to the Department of International Relations of the London School of Economics and Political Science for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy London, October 2012 1 To Mom and Dad—for everything. 2 DECLARATION I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without the prior written consent of the author. I warrant that this authorization does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. The final word count of this thesis, including titles, footnotes and in-text citations, is 105,889 words. 3 ABSTRACT The objective of the thesis is to study the concept of state identity and its role in foreign policy decision-making through a constructivist analysis, with particular focus on the Saudi–Iranian rapprochement of 1997. While there has been a recent growth in the study of ideational factors and their effects on foreign policy in the Gulf, state identity remains understudied within mainstream International Relations (IR), Foreign Policy Analysis (FPA), and even Middle Eastern studies literature, despite its importance and manifestation in the region’s foreign policy discourses. The aim is to challenge purely realist and power-based explanations that have dominated the discourse on Middle Eastern foreign policy—and in particular, the examination of Saudi–Iranian relations.
    [Show full text]
  • Khomeinism, the Islamic Revolution and Anti Americanism
    Khomeinism, the Islamic Revolution and Anti Americanism Mohammad Rezaie Yazdi A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham For the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY School of Political Science and International Studies University of Birmingham March 2016 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Abstract The 1979 Islamic Revolution of Iran was based and formed upon the concept of Khomeinism, the religious, political, and social ideas of Ayatullah Ruhollah Khomeini. While the Iranian revolution was carried out with the slogans of independence, freedom, and Islamic Republic, Khomeini's framework gave it a specific impetus for the unity of people, religious culture, and leadership. Khomeinism was not just an effort, on a religious basis, to alter a national system. It included and was dependent upon the projection of a clash beyond a “national” struggle, including was a clash of ideology with that associated with the United States. Analysing the Iran-US relationship over the past century and Khomeini’s interpretation of it, this thesis attempts to show how the Ayatullah projected "America" versus Iranian national freedom and religious pride.
    [Show full text]