Index

Symbols Algiers Accord, 43, 44 1801 Treaty, 5, 19 Algiers Agreement, 29 1809 Treaty, 5 Algiers Declaration, 43 1913 Protocol, 35, 37, 41 Alireza Pasha, 32 1914 Treaty, 4 Almata Declaration, 61 1937 Border Treaty, 41, 43 Amasieh, 28 1937 Treaty, 4, 42 Amasieh Treaty, 28, 29 1975 Treaty, 4, 44–46 Amasieh Treaty of 1555, 2 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea, 59 America, 2, 8, 10, 13, 14, 44, 50, 62–65, 1982 Sea Convention, 58 78–81, 86, 102, 105, 111 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of American, 2, 9, 11, 13, 41, 63, 64, 76–82, 85, the Sea, 51 103, 108, 122 Amir Khosrow Afshar, 43, 111 A Amity Treaty, 54 A Million Palm Island, 96 Andrei Kozyrev, 76 Abadan, 3, 4, 33–36, 39–42, 105 Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, 41 Abbas Aram, 42 Anglo-Persian Oil Company, 110 Abbas Mirza, 31 Anglo-Persian treaty, 102 Abd al-Karim Qasim, 4, 41, 42 Anglo-Russian Convention, 7 Abdolhossein Teymourtash, 109 Anglo-Russian treaty of 1734, 11 Abu Musa, 102, 103, 108, 110 Anzali, 52 Act of Independence, 13 Arab, 3, 4, 13, 28, 30, 32, 34–45, 97, 98, 102, Afghans, 7, 8, 17, 19, 20–22, 30, 31, 52, 100 103, 106, 107, 110, 111 Afghanistan, 5–8, 17–25, 31, 74, 106, 111, Aras River, 20 115, 121 Arav, 11, 89 Africa, 77, 82, 87, 99, 118, 119, 122 Araz, 11, 56, 89 Agha Mohammad Khan, 8, 52, 97, 101 Ardebil, 28 Ahmad Shah Baluch, 24 , 3, 28, 29 Ahwaz, 23 Asadollah Mirza, 107 Al-Andalus, 2 Asia, 3, 27, 31, 37, 69, 118, 119 Al-Hasa, 96 Asia Minor, 14, 28 Al-Khalifa, 96, 97, 102, 104, 107 Asian, 2, 3, 10, 30, 78 Alborz, 12, 89 Asian-Eurasian transport corridor, 83 Aleppo, 99, 101 Astarabad, 21, 52

© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2019 125 M. Ebrahimi et al. (eds.), The Dynamics of Iranian Borders, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89836-0 126 Index

Avaal, 96 C , 3, 5, 8–12, 14, 20, 28, 29, 31, 53, Canary Islands, 2 55, 56, 58–65, 70–78, 84, 88–90 Caspian Basin, 9, 10, 55, 60–62, 64, 72, 123 Azeri, 88 Caspian region, 10, 11, 63, 69–71, 75, 77, 78, 80–89 B Caspian Sea, 1, 8–12, 14, 49–57, 59–66, Back Yard, 75 69–71, 75–77, 79–83, 85, 87–90, 122 , 3, 4, 28–30, 32, 33, 36, 43, 44, 120, Caspian Sea Basin, 9, 56, 115, 117, 122 121 Caspian Sea Cooperation Organization, 55, 57 Baghdad Pact, 110 Caspian Sea Legal Regime, 8, 9, 50, 60, 64, 90 Bahrain, 12, 13, 15, 95–98, 100–112, 121 Caspian Seabed, 56 Bahrainian, 15, 109, 111 Caspian Working Group, 58 Bakhtiari Mountains, 36 Caucasia, 19, 23 Baku, 8, 52, 56, 58, 73 , 9–11, 14, 33, 62, 63, 65, 69, 73, Baku-Ceyhan pipeline, 77 75–79, 84, 101, 119 Baku-Erzurum-Ceyhan, 87 Central Asia, 1, 6, 7, 10–12, 14, 21–23, 25, 63, Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan, 73, 83 65, 73–75, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 115–117, Baku-Tbilisi-Erzurum, 73, 83 119–123 Baku–Ceyhan route, 87 Central Asian, 6, 7, 63, 64, 76–78, 81, 83, 84 Balkan, 77 Channel Islands, 95 Baluchistan, 8, 17, 24 Charles Belgeru, 109 Bandar Abbas, 99, 100, 104 Chiefs, 13, 18, 31, 101, 106, 118 Bani Utbah, 97, 104 , 2, 11, 64, 70, 73–75, 80–86, 104, 121 Basra, 3, 4, 19, 29, 30, 32, 36, 39, 42, 96, Chinese, 10, 11, 74, 81, 85, 86 99–101, 104, 121 Chyrak, 88 Beijing, 85 Classical Realism, 1, 6, 10, 12, 119, 121 BG, 73, 82 Closed Sea, 8, 10, 51 Black and Baltic Seas, 77 Cochin, 59 Blue Stream, 77 Cold War, 8, 9, 41, 42 Blue Stream II, 77 Colonel Bruce, 106 Bolshevik, 37, 102 Colonel Charles Edward Yates, 24 Border and Good Neighbourly Relations Colonel Roimeu, 19 Treaty, 43, 44 Colonel Stewart, 22 Border Treaty, 40, 45, 46 Commodore Bruce, 13, 97 Border Treaty of 1937, 4, 39 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), Boris Yeltsin, 76 8–11, 77, 78, 122 BP, 73, 82, 83 Constantinople Protocol, 44 Britain, 1–8, 10–15, 17–25, 29–40, 95–112, Convention of Tehran, 70 115–122 Cooperation Council for the Arab States, 97 British, 2–8, 10–15, 17–25, 30–40, 52, 95–111, Cooperation Organization, 55, 57, 85 115–123 Crimea, 7, 23 British East India Company, 99–101 British Fleet in the Persian Gulf, 13, 97 D British House of Commons, 110 D’arcy Company, 34, 35 British India, 3, 6, 12, 14, 116, 117, 120, 121 , 5, 8, 20, 52 British Naval Ministry, 39 Darband, 8, 52 British Navy, 40 Demarcation, 17, 24 British Oil Consortium, 12, 89 Diyala, 36 British Royal Majesty, 20 Doha, 77 Brown Sahibs, 118 Dost Muhammad Khan, 22, 24 Bulgaria, 77, 84 Dr Brydon, 7, 22 Bushehr, 18, 19, 23, 24, 96, 100, 104, 107, 116 Dutch, 97, 99–101, 104 Index 127

E Germany, 5, 33, 77, 102, 118, 119 East Asia markets, 74 Gerry Kearns, 2, 6 East India Company, 19, 30, 96, 100, 102, 104, Ghares, 28 106, 120 Ghasemi dynasty, 100 East India Company in London, 8 Ghorian, 21, 22 East-West Corridor, 10, 64 Great Britain, 10, 108, 111, 122 Eastern Partnership, 84 Great Zab, 36 Energy Reserves, 9, 63, 71, 77, 122 Greater and Lesser Tunb, 102, 103, 108, 110 Energy resources, 9, 14, 15, 64, 69, 70, 75–80, Gulistan Treaty, 8, 20, 21, 52, 53 82, 84, 85, 88, 90, 123 England, 2, 107, 108 H Eurasian, 12, 62, 115 Hague Court, 34 Europe, 3, 5, 11, 27, 34, 37, 69, 72, 77–79, Haj Mirza Aghasi, 22 81–84, 87, 99, 104, 105, 116, 120, 122 Haji Ibrahim Khan Sadr Azam, 19 European, 1, 2, 6, 7, 10, 14, 20, 21, 25, 29, Haji Mirza Aghasi, 31 81–84, 87, 95, 99, 102, 103, 111, 118 Haji Muhammad Hossein Khan Amin European colonizers, 8, 14 al-Duleh, 20 European markets, 73 Halford Mackinder, 1, 12, 116 European Nations, 2, 119 Hardan Takrini, 42 European powers, 2, 5, 11, 13, 15, 98, 104 Heartland, 1, 5, 6, 8, 10–12, 116, 121 European Union (EU), 11, 70, 75, 77, 79, Henry Kissinger, 10 81–84, 87 Henry Willock, 7, 106 Exxon, 73, 82 Herat, 6–8, 17, 21–25, 31, 32, 115, 119 Hezareh, 21 F High Sea, 50, 59 Far East, 2, 121 Hirmand River, 24 Farrukh Khan Amin al-Mulk, 23 Holland, 2, 104, 118 Fars, 13, 19, 97, 106, 107 Hormuz, 30, 97–100 Fars Province, 106 Hormuz Customs House, 99 Fath-Ali Shah, 19, 22, 31, 52, 107 Hormuz Island, 3 Fath-Ali Shah Qajar, 5, 18 Hossein Ali Farmanfarma, 13, 97 Fatih Khan, 21 Hossein Ali Mirza Farmanfarma, 107 Federation of Gulf States, 110 Hot Resources War, 82 Finckenstein Treaty, 19 Houari Boumédiène, 43 Finckenstein Treaty of 4 May 1807, 5 First Arbitration’ of 1863, 8 I First Goldsmith Arbitration, 24 Ibn-Saif, 100 First Ten Year War, 8 India, 2, 5–7, 10, 15, 18–25, 30, 31, 33, 70, 74, First Treaty of Erzerum, 31 81, 95, 96, 99, 101, 104, 105, 108, 111, Foreign Minister, 33, 37, 39, 42, 54, 106 115–118, 120, 121 Foreign Ministry, 35, 39, 42, 43, 107 Indian Ocean, 85, 96, 97 France, 5, 11, 12, 18–20, 25, 37, 99, 101, 102, International Council, 4, 38 111, 116, 118–121 International Maritime Law, 51 Franco-Persian, 5, 19, 116 International Monetary Fund, 9, 63, 71 French, 2, 3, 18–20, 30, 41, 99, 101, 116, 118, , 1–9, 11–15, 17–25, 27–45, 49, 50, 52–55, 120 57, 58, 60–62, 64, 69, 70, 72, 74, 76–80, 83, 85, 87–90, 95–112, 115–123 G Iran-Pan American Oil Company, 41 Ganja, 8, 52 Iran’s Eastern Borders, 18, 24 Gazprom Company, 77 Iranian, 1–4, 6–15, 17–25, 28–43, 45, 52–56, General Gardane, 19 59, 61, 62, 64, 78–80, 89, 95, 97–101, General Goldsmith, 8, 24 103–112, 116, 119, 121 George Passman Tate, 24 Iranian Foreign Ministry, 41, 103 , 3, 5, 8, 19, 20, 28, 33, 52, 73, 76, 87 Iranian National Assembly, 42 128 Index

Iranian-Soviet Sea, 8, 50 Legal status, 54, 55 , 3, 4, 14, 27–29, 33, 34, 36–45, 63, 79, 80, Little Zab, 36 99, 103 Littoral states, 8, 54–57, 62, 63 Iraqi, 4, 36–46 London, 13, 105, 109, 111, 116, 120 Iravan, 8, 20, 21, 53 Lord Curzon, 105, 108 Isa Bin Khalifa, 106 Lord George Nathaniel Curzon, 24 Isa Bin Salman al-Khalifa, 103 Lord Palmerston, 7 Island of the World, 10 LUKOIL, 73, 88, 89 Istanbul, 3, 33–35, 38, 87 LUKOIL Company, 59 Istanbul Protocol, 34, 35, 38 M J Machiavellian, 119 Jask, 99 Mackinder, 4, 5, 8, 10, 116, 121, 122 Justice Minister, 39 Mahmarah, 23, 32 Mahmud Kabuli, 21 K Major Frank Holmes, 110 Kabul, 22–24 Makran, 17 Kadhimiya, 29 Manama, 96 Kandahar, 24 Mashhad, 22, 23, 31 Kapaz, 60 Mazandaran, 52, 55 Karabakh, 8, 52, 80 Mazar-e Sharif, 22 Karbala, 28, 29 Mecca, 2, 28 Karim Khan, 100 Medina, 3, 28 Karim Khan Zand, 29 Mediterranean Sea, 76, 86 Karun River, 36, 40 , 28, 35 Kazakhstan, 8–11, 14, 55–65, 71–78, 84, 88, Mesopotamian, 28, 37 89 Middle East, 9, 11–13, 27, 29, 33, 62, 63, 71, Kerden Treaty, 3, 30 77, 79–81, 86, 87, 95, 103, 105, 116, Khanaqin, 34, 35 117, 122 Kharazm, 21 Middle Eastern, 13, 63, 81, 82 Khark Island, 6, 22, 23, 31, 36, 116, 119 Ministry of Energy, 9, 63 Khayyen River, 34, 44 Ministry of War, 103 Khorasan, 8, 17, 19, 21, 22, 24, 31 Mirza Abul Qasim Farahani, 21 Khorramshahr, 23, 24, 34–36, 41 Mirza Agha Khan Nouri, 23 Khosro Abad, 36, 41, 42 Mirza Muhammad Shafi` Mu`tamid al-Duleh, Khosro Abad Port, 41, 42 20 Khozestan, 23 Mohammad Ali Khan, 35 Khyber Pass, 23 Mohammad Mirza, 31 King Abdulaziz al-Saud, 4 Mohammad Reza Shah, 13, 103, 110–112 King Faisal, 38 Moscow, 54, 58, 81, 85, 86, 89 King of the Hejaz, 109 , 4, 28, 36 King Safi, 29 Mughal, 98 Kolkata, 19 Muhammad Shah, 22 Kong Port, 3, 30 Muhammad Vali Mirza, 21 Krasnosk Bay, 58 Muhammarah, 23 Kurdish, 28, 86 Mumbai, 18, 98 Kurds, 42–44, 86 Muqan, 8, 52, 53 Kurman Ghazi, 59 Muscat, 97, 100–102 Kuwait, 30, 80, 97, 102, 104, 109 N L Nabucco, 77, 79, 87 League of Arab States, 97 Nader Shah, 29, 97, 100 Legal Regime, 8, 9, 14, 15, 49–51, 54, 56–62, Nader Shah Afshar, 8, 52, 100 64–66, 69, 70, 87–90 Najaf, 28, 29 Index 129

Najd, 97 R Nakhjavan, 8, 21, 53 Rajahs, 118 Napoleon, 2, 3, 5, 18–20, 30, 101, 116 Ras al-Khaimah, 98, 102 Nasir al-Din Shah, 23 Rasht, 52 NATO, 10, 64, 76, 78, 81, 85, 122 Reza Khan, 1, 98 Naval Ministry, 40 Reza Shah, 1, 38, 39, 98, 103, 109, 110 NE, 82 River Maintenance Convention, 40 Near Abroad, 75, 78 Riyadh, 103 New Cold War, 81 Rosneft, 73, 88 Noori Pasha, 39 Royal Court, 19, 21, 24, 25, 32 Noori Said, 39 Rudyard Kipling, 10 North America, 70, 85 Russia, 1–12, 14, 15, 18–23, 25, 30–34, 36–38, North Shields, 78 50, 52–59, 61–66, 69–73, 75–90, 101, 102, 115, 116, 118–122 O Russia’s Federal Government, 75 Ocean Communication Networks, 71 Russia’s GDP, 75 Oil Ministry, 61 Russian, 2–5, 7, 8, 10–12, 14, 18, 19, 22, 23, OPEC, 43, 83 30–34, 49, 52–54, 57, 59, 61, 63–66, Osman, 60 75–85, 88, 89, 102, 116, 122, 123 Ottoman, 2–4, 11, 12, 14, 23, 28–38, 41, 52, Russian Federation, 56, 62 98, 99, 102, 104, 107, 116 Russian Heartland, 10, 12 Ottoman-Persian War, 3 Russo-Persian War, 20, 25, 104, 115, 120 Ottomans, 3, 4, 7, 12, 14, 15, 21, 28–37, 104 Oude, 21 S Saddam Hussein, 4, 29 P Sadegh Khan, 29 Pahlavi, 95, 98, 103, 109 Safavid, 2, 3, 28–30, 52, 96–99, 111 Pahlavi dynasty, 96 , 100, 104 Paris Treaty, 7, 8, 23, 24 Samaria, 29 Partnership for Peace, 10, 64 Saudi Arabia, 4, 96, 97, 103 Permanent Court in The Hague, 3 Sea of Oman, 3, 27, 100 Persia, 1, 3, 8, 10, 11, 20–22, 24, 25, 29, 35, Second Arbitration’ of 1872, 8 37, 95, 104, 116, 119–121 Second Goldsmith Arbitration, 24 Persian Empire, 1, 8, 17, 121 Second Ten Year War, 8 Persian Gulf, 3, 4, 12–15, 19, 22, 29–31, Second Treaty of Erzerum, 7, 32 33–36, 40, 62, 64, 77, 78, 80, 82, 83, 86, Secretary General of the United Nations, 111 89, 95–109, 111, 112, 116 Security Council, 46, 112 Persian Royal Court, 19, 120 Sefidrud Estuary, 58 Pirouz Mojtahed-Zadeh, 24 Sèvres Treaty, 37 Plum, 56 Shah, 5, 8, 18–22, 24, 25, 29–32, 38, 43, 44, Portugal, 15, 99, 104, 111, 118, 119 52, 97, 99, 103, 104, 116, 119, 120 Portuguese, 3, 30, 97–99, 105 Shah Abbas, 3, 30, 97, 99, 100, 105 Post-Soviet, 8, 55, 66, 78 Shah Deniz, 73, 87 Post-Soviet Legal Regimes, 14 Shah Ismail, 28 Prince Firouz Mirza, 21 Shah Shuja`al-Mulk, 22 Protectorates, 33, 96 Shargh, 12, 56, 89 Protocol of 4 November 1937, 4, 40 Shatt al-Arab River, 33, 35, 39, 103 Sheikh Abdullah Bin Ahmed, 106 Q Sheikh Ahmed Bin Khalifa, 97 Qajar, 18, 22, 25, 34, 52, 97, 98, 103 Sheikh Hamad, 108 Qajar Dynasty, 18, 37, 95, 101 Sheikh Khaz`al, 98 Qaraei, 21 Sheikh Mohammed Bin Khalifa, 107 130 Index

Sheikh Nasr Khan, 97, 104 The Great Game, 10, 24 Sheikh of Bahrain, 97, 98, 102, 106, 107 The League of Nations, 4, 37, 38, 98, 103, 109, Sheikh of Dubai, 103 110 Sheikh Salman Bin Ahmed, 102 The League of Nations Secretary General, 39 Sheikhs, 15, 98, 101, 102, 104, 106–109 The Netherlands, 30, 99, 111 Sheki, 8, 52 The Orient, 99, 118 Shell, 73, 82 The Treaty of Zuhab, 3, 29 Shelva, 96 The US Ministry of Energy, 9, 63 Shi‘ites, 3 The US Navy’s Fifth Fleet, 97 Shi`a, 28, 96 The Zuhab Treaty, 3, 29 Shirley Brothers, 99 Tigris and Euphrates, 3, 30, 36 Shirvan, 8, 52 Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, 14, 29, 36 Shuja` al-Saltaneh, 21 Tilsit, 19 Sikh, 21 Tilsit Treaty of July 1807, 20 Silk Road Strategy, 9, 63 Timurid, 98 Sindh, 21 Total, 33, 39, 60, 73, 82, 83, 110, 117 Sir Arnold Wilson, 34 Total Caspian, 72 Sir Gore Ouseley, 20, 21 Trans-regional powers, 14, 49, 50, 56, 62, 69, Sir Harford Jones, 5, 19, 20 70, 90 Sir John Malcolm, 2, 5, 18, 19 Trasca and Nabucco pipelines, 83 Sir John McNeill, 22, 23 Treaties of 1921, 9, 62 Sir Percy Cox, 34 Treaty of 1814, 21 Sir Robert Clive, 110 Treaty of 1913, 3 Sir William Grant Kamier, 98 Treaty of Alliance, 101 Siri, 102, 108 , 5, 20, 116 Sistan, 8, 17, 22, 24 Treaty of Kerden, 3, 29 South Asia, 115–117, 120, 121 Treaty of Perpetual Peace, 102 South Asia markets, 74 Treaty of Tilsit, 20 South East Asia, 2, 70, 104 Treaty of Turkmenchay, 3, 6, 20, 30, 115 Soviet Union, 8, 9, 14, 38, 49, 50, 54, 55, 60, Treaty of Zuhab, 3, 29 61, 65, 69, 70, 75, 76, 79, 83, 84 Tsarist Russia, 30, 38, 101, 115, 122 Soviet Union Oil Ministry, 61 Turkestan, 22 Spain, 2, 20, 99, 111 , 10–12, 73, 75, 79, 86, 87, 107 StatoilHydro, 82, 83 Turkish, 23, 32, 36, 38, 116 Strait of Hormuz, 3, 27, 99, 103, 104 Turkmenchay Treaty, 6, 8, 21, 31, 53 Structural Economic Cooperation, 55 Turkmenistan, 8–12, 14, 33, 55, 57–65, 72–75, Sulaymaniyah Province, 32 77–79, 81, 83, 84, 88–90 Sultan Murad IV, 29 Sunni, 2, 28, 29 U Sykes-Picot Agreement, 4, 36 UN, 8, 13, 45, 46, 96, 103, 104, 110 Syria, 87, 99 UN Security Council, 13, 104, 111 UNESCO’s Oceanographic Commission, 50 T United Kingdom, 98, 105, 109–111 , 28 US, 8–13, 56, 63, 64, 71, 72, 75–81, 84–90, Tahmasp II, 52 104, 108–110, 116, 118, 119, 122 Talesh, 8, 52 US Energy Information Administration, 71 Tbilisi, 52 USSR, 50, 54, 55, 60, 65 Tehran, 13, 19–24, 31, 32, 34, 39, 54, 56, 89, USSR Republics, 61 108, 110 Uzbekistan, 74 Tehran Treaty of 1911, 4 Thalweg Rule, 4 V The Cape of Good Hope, 97, 101 Vasco Da Gama, 99 The Caspian Environment Programme, 70 Vienna Convention, 45 The Crimean War, 11, 12, 119 Vital National Interests, 78 Index 131

Vladimir Putin, 76 WWI, 3–5, 11, 29, 31, 33, 36, 37, 98, 109 Volga and Don canals, 59 WWII, 10, 11, 13, 36, 102–104, 119–121 Volga and Don Rivers, 59 Volga River, 51 Y Volga-Don Canal, 57 Yangon, 21 Yar Muhammad Khan, 22 W West, 9, 11, 28, 36, 62–64, 72, 76, 78, 79, Z 85–87, 89, 96, 117, 118 Zagros Mountains, 28, 29 William Knox D’arcy, 35 Zand dynasty, 100 William Luce, 111 Zionists, 44 World Island, 5, 8, 10–12 Zuhab, 29 World Wars, 8