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Quantitative Biogeography Insights from Mygalomorph Spiders (Araneae: Mygalomorphae)

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Quantitative Biogeography Insights from Mygalomorph Spiders (Araneae: Mygalomorphae) Identification of priority areas for conservation in Argentina: quantitative biogeography insights from mygalomorph spiders (Araneae: Mygalomorphae) Nelson Ferretti, Alda González & Fernando Pérez–Miles Journal of Insect Conservation An international journal devoted to the conservation of insects and related invertebrates ISSN 1366-638X J Insect Conserv DOI 10.1007/s10841-014-9718-5 1 23 Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer International Publishing Switzerland. This e- offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self-archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com”. 1 23 Author's personal copy J Insect Conserv DOI 10.1007/s10841-014-9718-5 ORIGINAL PAPER Identification of priority areas for conservation in Argentina: quantitative biogeography insights from mygalomorph spiders (Araneae: Mygalomorphae) Nelson Ferretti • Alda Gonza´lez • Fernando Pe´rez–Miles Received: 8 April 2014 / Accepted: 29 October 2014 Ó Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014 Abstract Conservation biogeography involves the Keywords Conservation biogeography Á Endemism Á application of biogeographical principles and methods to Argentinean spiders Á South America conservation issues. The identification of areas of ende- mism is important for both historical biogeography and Conservation biogeography is an emerging discipline that conservation. Mygalomorphs spiders have poor vagility, involves the application of biogeographical principles and limited dispersal mechanisms and sedentary habits. In this methods to conservation issues including designing of study we use a panbiogeographical approach (through track protected areas and planning frameworks (Whittaker et al. analysis) and the optimality criterion (NDM) to analyze the 2005; Richardson and Whittaker 2010; Arzamendia and distributional patterns in order to identify areas of ende- Giraudo 2012). As a result, in recent decades there has mism and to prioritize areas for conservation in Argentina. been an increased number of contributions that have We identified seven generalized tracks and four biogeo- applied biogeographical principles and methods to evaluate graphical nodes. The analysis of the 2° matrix examined by and designate priority areas for biodiversity conservation NDM allowed the identification of eight areas of ende- (Contreras et al. 2001;A´ lvarez Mondrago´n and Morrone mism; from the analysis of the 1.5° matrix, NDM resulted 2004; Arzamendia and Giraudo 2004, 2012). in three areas of endemism; and the analysis of the 1 and ° The identification of areas of endemism is important for 0.5° matrices identified one area of endemism each. The both historical biogeography and conservation (Szumik et al. more relevant areas identified in this study were located at 2002; Domı´nguez et al. 2006). Areas of endemism assist in the Atlantic Forest, Pampa, Monte and Chaco. Other the identification of priorities for biodiversity conservation identified areas were Yungas and the hilly systems of (Myers et al. 2000). Consequently, their definition, concep- Ventania and Tandilia (southern Pampa). We suggest that tual, as well as methodology, plays an essential role in bio- these results can indicate where to prioritize investment in creating new protected areas, in order to preserve the geographical analyses (Linder 2001; Ferrari et al. 2010). The processes that generate the biogeographic patterns exhib- basis for the recognition of areas of endemism is the con- ited by this biota. gruent distribution of endemic taxa (Morrone 1994; Szumik et al. 2002), but they are difficult to recognize because the basic biogeographic patterns can be obscured by many fac- tors such as dispersal, extinction, etc. (Domı´nguez et al. 2006). Some of the used methods to determine areas of & N. Ferretti ( ) Á A. Gonza´lez endemism are Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity (Morrone Centro de Estudios Parasitolo´gicos y de Vectores CEPAVE (CCT–CONICET–La Plata), UNLP, Calle 2 No 584, 1994), UPGMA (Linder 2001), panbiogeography (Luna 1900 La Plata, Argentina Vega et al. 2000; Arzamendia and Giraudo 2012), and the e-mail: [email protected] optimality criterion (through VNDN/NDM software; Szu- mik et al. 2002; Szumik and Goloboff 2004). F. Pe´rez–Miles Seccio´n Entomologı´a, Facultad de Ciencias, Igua´ 4225, The application of Panbiogeography or track methods 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay has been proposed in order to identify priority areas for 123 Author's personal copy J Insect Conserv biodiversity conservation (Morrone 1999; Luna Vega et al. strictly historical context based on distributional records of 2000; Arzamendia and Giraudo 2012). Areas where two or mygalomorph spiders by using PAE and cluster analysis. more generalized tracks intersect are named nodes, and In this contribution we use a panbiogeographical represent the spatial and temporal interrelationships of approach (through track analysis) and the optimality cri- different biotic and geological components. These nodes terion (NDM) to identify areas of endemism for my- would be particularly important for the purposes of con- galomorph spiders in Argentina with the main goal of servation because they contain biotic elements from dif- proposing priority areas for conservation. Considering that ferent origins (thus qualifying as ‘hot spots’) and allow us biogeographical quantitative studies and conservation to select areas with the most biogeographical diversity to approaches on mygalomorph spider communities are still protect. This approach takes into account not only the scarce, our data could be of special interest for planning number of species but also the degree of difference future biodiversity and conservation projects. between the biota that overlap in the nodes (Morrone and Crisci 1992; Craw et al. 1999). Then, Szumik et al. (2002) and Szumik and Goloboff Methods (2004) formalized a method for identifying areas of ende- mism that takes into account the general concept of areas Study area of endemism, where species are scored according to how well their distribution matches a given area (sets of grid The study area in southern South America comprises the cells) and the areas with higher scores are retained (Szumik Argentinean territory (totaling 2,780,440 km2) between the and Goloboff 2004; Szumik and Roig-Junent 2005). 21°–54°S and 53°–71°W approximately. The topography Although many of the endemic plants and animals in of the area includes mountain ranges at the west and plains Argentina have been targeted for conservation (Posadas at the east. The western limit is defined by the Andean and Miranda-Esquivel 1999; Arzamendia and Giraudo chain. To the north and east of the Andes extend in a north– 2004, 2009; Nori et al. 2011; Arzamendia and Giraudo south direction the subandean ranges. Also, to the south of 2012), little focus has been given to the arthropods (Roig- these there is the mountainous system of Pampean ranges. Jun˜ent et al. 2001; Roig-Jun˜ent and Debandi 2004). Redak Southern Argentina is characterized by the arid Patagonic (2000) suggested that multispecies habitat conservation plains between the Andes and the Atlantic Ocean. Towards plans must take into account arthropods, including insects northeastern Argentina, the topography is characterized by and arachnids, if the goal of conserving biodiversity is to lower ranges in Misiones province and sedimentary gullies. be met. Moreover, Wilson et al. (2012) suggested that The great Chacoan-Pampean plains extends in central Mygalomorphae spiders, mainly tarantulas, can and should Argentina being subtropical in north (Chacoan) and tem- be used as sentinel species (indicator species). This means perate to the south (Pampean plains). These Pampean taking care of the requirements of all components of these plains are interrupted by the mountainous systems of systems, including the generally ‘‘unpopular’’ animals like Ventania and Tandilia (Ringuelet 1956). spiders. Mygalomorph spiders are long–lived and univol- tine, and show high local endemicity. They are among the Species distributional data first spiders to be listed as threatened (Ferretti and Pomp- ozzi 2012), but often their low incidence, cryptic habits and The data set used comprised 772 records of mygalomorphs burrowing behavior severely limit a useful knowledge spiders belonging to 55 species present in Argentina (Ferretti about their biology. They are habitat specialists and et al. 2014). These records derived from field samplings in females and juveniles are sedentary (Coyle and Icenogle central Argentina during the period 2008–2012, from 1994). material of museum collections, from the Global Biodiver- Biogeographically, mygalomorphs are informative sity Information Facility GBIF and reliable records in the because of their poor vagility, limited dispersal mecha- literature. The species Acanthogonatus birabeni (Goloboff nisms and sedentary habits, making them a promising 1995), A. pissii (Simon 1889), A. parana (Goloboff 1995), group for biogeographic and conservation
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