Challenges for Heavy Rare Earth Production: Lessons from Japan

PLIE AP D t Y o G M I O N L E O R

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G L

January 2014

f Number 34

I SGA

T C SGA S O S News

Challenges for heavy rare earth production: lessons from Japan

Yasushi Watanabe

Geological Survey of Japan, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, 305-8567, Japan

Introduction and 4) no large mining facility required. In recent years (2005-2010), the amounts Contents Heavy rare earth elements (Gd to Lu) of REE produced from ion-adsorption de- Challenges for heavy rare earth pro- (HREE) (Henderson, 1996), in which often posits in southern China are estimated to duction: Lessons from Japan 1 Y is included, are used to produce perma- be 40,000 to 60,000t as rare earth oxides News of the Society 2 nent magnet, phosphor, condenser, zirconia (REO) annually, including about 2,000- stabilizer, etc. Among them, dysprosium 3,000t of Dy oxides. News of the SGA General Assembly 6 (Dy) is indispensable to improve heat re- Although China has been the main pro- International Student Geological Con- sistance of the NdFeB magnet, which is ducer, supplier and consumer of REE in the ference 14 applied in modern high-tech materials such world in the last two decades, the limited SGA Awards at the 12th Biennial Meet- as driving motors of hybrid vehicles, facto- HREE production and exportation by the ry automation machinery, home electronics, Chinese government (Figure 1) has made ing, Uppsala, Sweden 19 wind turbines, etc. This NdFeB magnet is many countries difficult in the supply of SGA Education Fund short course 25 extremely superior in magnetic properties HREE. In 2012, the Chinese government News from SGA Student Chapters 26 compared to the traditional ferrite magnet, planned to limit the production and expor- and thus enables to produce compact mo- tation to be 17,900t and 3,900t for medium SGA Application Form 39 tors that are highly efficient and reduce and heavy REO, respectively (Industrial SGA 13th Biennial Meeting, Nancy, energy consumption (Minowa, 2008). Rare Metals, 2013). These amounts are ex- France, 24-27 August 2015 40 HREE, including Dy, have been exclu- tremely small, compared with the amounts sively produced from ion-adsorption type practically produced in southern China in deposits in southern China, in which REE 2005-2010. Thus, the Department of Ener- Main Features are absorbed in clay minerals such as hal- gy of the United States of America regarded Challenges for heavy rare earth pro- loysite and kaolinite that formed by wea- Dy as one of the most critical elements for thering of granitic rocks (Wu et al., 1990). clean energy in both a short (2012-2015) duction: lessons from Japan 1 The advantages of this deposit type are 1) term and a medium term (2015-2025)(U.S, International Student Geological Con- low REE production cost (~20USD/kg for Department of Energy, 2010). Japan, the REO) despite very low ore grades (0.05- second largest REE magnet producer after ference 14 0.2wt.% REO), 2) no beneficiation required China, has also been concerned about the SGA Awards at the 12th Biennial Meet- (in-situ REE leaching by ammonium sulphate solution), 3) free from radioactivity page 10 u ing, Uppsala, Sweden 19 >>> 2 SGA News Number 34 January 2014 News of the Society SGA Ordinary Council Meeting, August 11, 2013 Uppsala, Sweden J. Pašava (SGA Executive Secretary), Czech Geological Survey, Prague, SSGAGA [email protected] News

P. Weihed (SGA President) welcomed Council Members (G. Beaudoin, N. Bortnikov, No. 34 January 2014 P. Eilu, H. Frimmel, K. Kelley, J. Pašava, A. Piestrzynski, J. Relvas, J. Richards and A. Ed i t o r s Vymazalová) and guests (S. Micklethwaite and Cam McCuaig, UWA; A. Sylvie Andre- Massimo Chiaradia1, Chris Heinrich2 Mayer, University of Lorraine; P. Klingbjer, LOC SGA 2013 from the Swedish Geological 1Department of Mineralogy Survey and J. Slack, Chief Editor, SGA Special Publications) and thanked P. Klingbjer and University of Geneva his team for organization of the Council meeting and the Geological Survey of Sweden for Geneva hosting it. Then Council approved changes in suggested agenda. SWITZERLAND 2ETH Zurich Proposal for organization of SGA Field Courses in Western Australia (S. Micklethwaite SWITZERLAND and Cam McCuaig) Cam McCuaig and S. Micklethwaite offered organization of SGA Field Course focused on SGA News is a publication of SGA geological mapping in WA. The 7 days course which is a part of MSc program can accom- (Society for Geology Applied to Mineral modate 20 people and a fee per person including on site expenses is AUD 2,000 (without Deposits) and appears twice a year. any sponsorship). Cam McCuaig offered to secure industry sponsorship for 8-10 international SGA student participants. SGA would offer a support from SGA EF. Both supports SGA News can be also read in the SGA would be distributed through a Committee (A. Vymazalova, J. Relvas, H. Frimmel). Sup- homepage on Internet: ported European (oversea) participants would need to pay a minimum fee of AUD 500. http://www.e-sga.org The first run of the course could be organized between June and September 2015. Council accepted the concept with great thanks and approved the following motion: Cam McCuaig to provide a more detailed info on the course program. Co n ce p t a n d Printing WMXDesign GmbH Heidelberg, Germany Status of preparation of the 13th SGA 2015 Biennial Meeting (A.S. Andre-Mayer) The report was presented by Anne Sylvie Andre-Mayer. After discussion Council recommended the following issues to be considered by the LOC: L a y o u t MOU will be prepared and signed between SGA and LOC (J. Pašava) Massimo Chiaradia, Geneva, Switzerland Proceedings should be preferably on memory stick and only pre-ordered hard copies by participants plus 15 copies for SGA should be printed. Lunches and gala dinner should be separate from registration fee. In f o r m a t i o n f o r c ontributors It should be bigger difference between conference fees for SGA members and non-mem- Items for publication may be sent to: bers. SGA News (see address below) Abstract template with an example of abstract should be provided on conference website Manuscripts should be sent by e-mail and submission and handling of abstracts should be customers friendly. using Microsoft Word for text and Jpeg Session leaders should consider inclusion of external reviewers as much as possible. or Tiff formats for pictures and figures Conference budget should be discussed with and monitored by SGA Treasurer (H Frim- (the latter must be in grey level tones, mel). not colour!). Please always send a paper SGA President and SGA Executive Secretary should be members of LOC. copy and indicate the format you are using. Minutes of previous Council Meeting (April 11, 2013 Lisbon, Portugal) After checking the actions, the Minutes were unanimously approved. De a d l i n e f o r SGA Ne w s No. 35 Reports of officers on Council (to be received prior to meeting) and matters arising 31 May 2014 from these reports Reports were submitted by the SGA Executive Secretary, Treasurer’s Office, Chief Editor, SGA News, Regional VP for Oceania and RVP for South America. Following a Council de- SGA Ne w s - Ma i l b o x cision from Lisbon (April 11, 2013) an electronic Council vote resulted in approval of M. Dr. Massimo Chiaradia Bouabdellah (Morocco) as RVP for North Africa and Middle East and S. Piercy (Canada) Department of Mineralogy as RVP for North America for upcoming SGA election. In July 2013 SGA membership was University of Geneva 1272 (11% increase in total membership and a 41 % increase in the student membership Rue des Maraîchers 13 compared to the end of 2012). CH-1205 Geneva After discussion, Council approved the reports with great thanks and the following mo- Fax: +41 22 379 32 10 tions: H. Frimmel to transfer a sum cca EUR 20,000 to SGA EF. e-mail: [email protected] All Council members coordinated by RVP´s to contact SGA 2012 members who haven´t [email protected] Number 34 January 2014 SGA News 3 <<<

renewed their membership yet. can obtain tax relief for charitable donations. According to the P. Weihed to ask Y. Watanabe to prepare a main article for SGA Terms of Reference, the SGA EF is to be governed by a Commit- NEWS 34 and send it to M. Chiaradia. tee composed of the SGA VP, the SGA Treasurer, and at least two P. Weihed to inform Chief Editor, SGA website about Council de- outside members. Jim Franklin (consultant, Canada), Par Weihed cision on future policy re: Society website. (Sweden) and John Miller (Australia) have agreed to serve on the All Council members are asked to help M. Chiaradia in identifying committee. In the current economic market, the search for funds potential contributors for the main articles in SGA Newsletter. has been less than successful. We received only two donations for All Council members to submit contributions to SGA NEWS 34 to $7 000 (Sinotech: $5 000; Barrick: $2 000), despite requests to M. Chiaradia by October 30, 2013 a number of companies. Council approved the report with great All Council members to submit proposals/ideas on how SGA thanks and the following motions: should deal with various international initiatives in the field of raw Jim Franklin, John Miller and Par Weihed to become members of materials (EODI, RFG/IUGS and others) the SGA EF Committee for a 2 year mandate (2014-2015). Sabine Lange to write to all SGA non members who participated at the SGA 2013 meeting – to thank them for taking part and offer Status of SGA 2013 in Uppsala (P. Klingbjer) a complimentary SGA membership till the end of 2013 including The report was presented by Per Klingbjer, Chair of the SGA 2013 electronic access to MD (which means to provide them with IDs LOC. To date 653 participants plus 16 accompanying members valid till December 31, 2013). registered for the conference which is a new record for SGA mee- J. Pašava to provide D. Layton-Matthews and S. Lange with the tings. Altogether 450 abstracts were printed in four volumes of documents approved by Council for a public (electronic and/or the Proceedings of Conference papers. 127 participants registered mailing) vote. and paid for printed version of the Proceedings. The conference was accompanied by ten field trips (Sweden, Finland, Russia, and Editorial matters (B. Lehmann, G. Beaudoin) Greenland) and a number of workshops and short courses. The The report was given by G. Beaudoin. The journal continues to conference was significantly financially supported by Boliden and attract a high level of submissions (91 until end-July), maintaining LKAB companies and also Agnico and Wawson companies. an objective of 1000 pages per volume. Two new Associate Editors, Council approved the report with great thanks to LOC and the David Huston (Australia) and Karen Kelley (USA) have been ap- following motions: pointed in July 2013 and new Editorial Board members are needed P. Klingbjer to prepare a brief paper on the SGA 2013 Conference particularly from East Asia and South America. Suggestions are for SGA News 34. welcome. The journal IF 2012 is at high of 2.15 and similar to those J. Pašava to prepare a paper on SGA awards for SGA News 34. of Economic Geology (2.49) and Ore Geology Reviews (2.42). A. Buettner replaced Ch. Bendall on a position of a new Chief Editor, Update on SGA Special Publications (J. Slack) Earth Sciences at Springer. Council approved the reports with great The report was presented by J. Slack. The book on Mineral De- thanks. posits of North Africa is progressing well. Prof. M. Bouabdellah (Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda, Morocco) and Prof. Salah Progress report on the SGA Educational Foundation Bouhlel (Université de Tunis El Manar, Ariana, Tunisia) are serving (G. Beaudoin) as co-editors of the volume. Countries to be covered are Morocco The report was presented by G. Beaudoin. The SGA has been ap- (including Southern Provinces), Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, Egypt, proved as a charitable organization by the Swiss Philantropy Foun- Chad, Sudan, Mauritania, and Niger. To date, Profs. Bouabdellah dation on behalf of the organization Transnational Giving Europe and Bouhlel have received commitments from 15 colleagues to (TGE). This has allowed the SGA to establish the SGA Educational write various sections of the text and provide maps and other da- Fund, with terms of reference approved at the Lisbon Council mee- ta. The book will be divided by types of mineral deposits, not by ting, April 11, 2013. So far, we have been accredited by the United countries, in order to group information on the same deposit type in Kingdom, Netherland, Germany, Poland, Ireland, Luxemburg and one chapter, which is considered the best approach for the general Slovakia. We can now advertise that donors from these countries reader, economic geologists, and exploration geologists. All impor-

SGA Ordinary Council Meeting (Uppsala, August 2013) – from left: G. SGA Ordinary Council Meeting (Uppsala, August 2013) – from left: A.S. Beaudoin (SGA Vice –President), J. Richards, A. Vymazalová (Student Andre-Mayer (Representative of the SGA 2015 LOC), J. Slack (Chief Edi- Representative) and J.M. Relvas. Photo by J. Pašava. tor, SGA Special Publications) and K. Kelley. Photo by J. Pašava. >>> 4 SGA News Number 34 January 2014

tant types of deposits, both metallic and non-metallic, will be co- so that individual Council members and Regional Vice-Presidents vered in the book; an introductory chapter will include a simplified could contact individual people. geological map of North Africa showing major deposits keyed by S. Lange to email reminders to all who didn’t renew SGA member- commodity and size. A detailed outline of the book and list of con- ship at least 4 times a year (every 3 months). tributing authors will be available in November. A complete book proposal for consideration by SGA and Springer, together with a Status of development of SGA Student and Young Scientist net- preliminary draft of the manuscript, are planned to be submitted to work – Reports from Chapters (A. Vymazalová and J. Relvas) the next SGA Council Meeting (Spring 2014). The MS should be The report was presented by A. Vymazalová. She emphasized the submitted for printing by the end of 2014. Council approved the importance of recent creation of new Chapters in Colombia and Pe- report with great thanks and the following motions: ru and provided basic statistics on the financial support for students J. Slack to negotiate with A. Buettner possibility of the use of a participating in the SGA 2013 meeting. In total 184 students from part of royalties to reimburse M. Bouadbellah for part of expenses 35 countries received financial support from SGA EF. Brief presen- associated with the preparation of the book. tations of representatives of SGA Student Chapters are planned for the SGA General Assembly. Progress report on membership drive from the last SGA Council Meeting (P. Eilu, S. Lange, J. Pašava, A. Vymazalová) Past activities The report was presented by P. Eilu. The statistics show a minor • “Ore deposits models and exploration” workshop traditionally loss in regular member category during 2013, but an 11 % increase held in China (January 13-19, 2013 Guangzhou, China) – SGA in the total number, and a 41 % increase in the student membership, keynote D. Leach – support 1500 USD. Council greatly appre- when compared to the end of 2012 data. The number of “regular ciated the report and thanked D. Leach for SGA promotion in printed” is showing a weak decreasing trend since 2011 but for- China tunately increase in “regular online”. During the past 4 and half • 4th International Students Conference (April 19-21, 2013 Brno, months, we have got 122 new members: 24 regular and 98 student Czech Republic) – support to SGA student members members. This is roughly in line with the recent years. Unfortuna- • FUTORES (June 2-5, 2013 Townsville, Australia) - Noel White tely, the loss of members remains a serious problem. Sabine Lange Symposium on ore deposits to summarize the current understan- recently prepared excel file listing members who haven´t paid their ding and to discuss the future directions in research and explo- fees that is a part of this Minutes. Council approved the report with ration (co-sponsored SGA) – D. Leach – SGA keynote speaker great thanks and recommended the following actions: – 3000 AUD, D. Huston et al.. Council greatly appreciated kind All RVP´s in collaboration with Council members should contact words from LOC on SGA involvement and thanked D. Leach who the members who haven´t paid their fees. represented SGA in this important geoevent. S. Lange to prepare a next list of people who didn’t renew SGA • 2nd Short Course on African Metallogeny (June 17-21 Kitwe, membership and send it to all Council members by October 5, 2013 Zambia) – S. Roberts et al.. Council greatly appreciated the re-

SGA Ordinary Council Meeting (Uppsala, August 2013). Guests: S. Micklethwaite (front right) and C. McCuaig (drinking coffee) from UWA, offering organization of the SGA Field Courses focused on geological mapping in WA with SGA Council members A. Vymazalová and J.M. Relvas. Photo by J. Pašava. Number 34 January 2014 SGA News 5 <<<

port and thanked S. Roberts and all other Leach et al. and Black shale-hosted mine- SGA award for recognition of special ser- lecturers and local mining companies who ral deposits – B. Lehmann and J. Pašava. vices to the society - update (J. Pašava, A. contributed to such a successful workshop J. Pašava to inform IAGOD about SGA Piestrzynski) which attracted 53 delegates from 14 plenary speaker. countries. J. Pašava to write to A. Cheil- • Session on Gold Deposits at the IMA J. Pašava informed Council about approval letz to consider organization of the 3rd Meeting (September 1-3, 2014 Johannes- of Krol´s family to name SGA Silver Medal Short Course on African Metallogeny in burg, South Africa – L. Greyling (appro- after GL Krol. the North Africa. ved 1,500 EUR for a keynote speaker) J. Pašava to provide A. Piestrzynski with • Short Course “The chain of geological • 13th SGA BIENNIAL MEETING (Au- more details on SGA-KGHM Silver Kroll processes making porphyry-style and epi- gust 24-27, 2015 Nancy, France) – A. Medal. thermal deposits (August 5-7, 2013 San- S. Andre-Mayer et al., sga-2015@univ. A. Piestrzynski to negotiate layout and pro- tander, Colombia) – Ch. Heinrich for Co- lorraine.fr duction of ca. 20 pieces of 2-3 oz. Ag medal lombian SGA and SEG Chapters. Council with KGHM management and report at the greatly appreciated an advanced info on next Council meeting. a very successful course and thanked Requests for sponsorship Chris Heinrich for promoting SGA in • Workshop on mineral deposits related IUGS initiative on Resourcing Future Ge- Colombia. with granititc intrusions (19-21 Septem- nerations (D. Houston) ber, 2013) – asking EUR 1,950 for SGA Council greatly appreciated action by D. Keynote Speakers Program-already deci- Houston who on behalf of SGA submitted Future activities ded by SGA EC (granted EUR 1,000) several suggestions to the IUGS proposed • SGA Short Course „Gold deposits“ (Sep- • 8th annual Ore Deposits Models and RFG initiative through I. lambert (IUGS tember 13-15, 2013 Prague, Czech Re- Exploration workshop, Hefei University Secretary General). public) – flagship course promised to of Technology, Hefei, China (December industry sponsors of the SGA EF – D. I. 9-15, 2013) – asking 2500 USD to sup- Date and Place of the Next Council Mee- Groves , Z. Pertold et al.) port D. Leach – SGA speaker. H. Frimmel ting • 8th annual Ore Deposits Models and to contact D. Leach to get more details on Suggested spring 2014 in Nancy, France Exploration workshop, Hefei University requested amount. (A.S. Andre-Mayer and A. Cheilletz). The of Technology, Hefei, China (December • Application for creation of the Peruvian precise time and venue will be announced 9-15, 2013). For further information, Student Chapter (E. Ferrari, Nieriton Ar- in due time. contact in either Chinese or English Dr. quimedes Villa Godoy) – EUR 500 – ap- Fan Yu . Co-spon- proved by Council. PPLIED sored by SGA. • Application for sponsorship of EURO- A to GY M O I • XII International Platinum Symposium GRANITES 2014 (July 12-18, 2014 L N O E (11-14 August 2014, Yekaterinburg, Urals, South-West England) – organized by E R

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Russia) – SGA two special session – A. Camborne School of Mines and the Uni- L

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Vymazalová (approved 2,000 EUR for versity of Exeter – Jens Andersen. J. E

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SGA student members) Pašava to ask LOC for a list of SGA stu- O

S I

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S • IAGOD Symposium (August 19-22, 2014 dent members who will get supported (to- O

Kunming, China) – two sessions sponso- tal approved support up to 1,000 EUR) S red by SGA: MVT, SEDEX, and VMS deposits through geological history – D. Any other business

A p p l i c a t i o n s to SGA for meeting sponsorship must be submitted to Jan Pašava, SGA Executive Secretary, on appropriate forms available at the SGA home page on Internet: www.e-sga.org

Other requests will be not considered.

Your suggestions and ideas for any topic of interest to SGA are welcome! They can be addressed to any Council member or to

Dr. Jan Pašava SGA Executive Secretary

Czech Geological Survey Tel.: +420 2 5108 5506 Klárov 131/3 Fax: +420 2 518 18 748 CZ-118 21 Prague 1 e-mail: [email protected] Czech Republic >>> 6 SGA News Number 34 January 2014 News of the SGA General Assembly

August 13th, 2013 Uppsala, Sweden

J. Pašava (SGA Executive Secretary), Czech Geological Survey, Prague, [email protected]

The General Assembly was opened by the 2) to support student participation to field tional activities in Africa (Short Course on SGA President, P. Weihed at 11.00 and clo- trips, workshops and short courses sponso- African Metallogeny). Already two very sed at 12.00. The meeting was attended by red by the SGA; successful short courses were organized – over 100 people. 3) to support SGA-sponsored student ac- one in Burkina Faso (2012) and the second tivities. one in Zambia (2013) which are particularly 1- Report of the President (P. Weihed) The SGA has been approved as a charita- highly appreciated by IUGS. After presentation of the agenda by J. ble organization by the Swiss Philantropy Pašava (SGA Executive Secretary), P. Wei- Foundation on behalf of the organization 5 – Report of Student Chapters Represen- hed (SGA President) delivered the SGA Transnational Giving Europe (TGE). This tatives (A. Vymazalová et al.) activity report that covered the period from has allowed the SGA to establish the SGA Anna Vymazalová (Representative on Stu- the previous SGA General Assembly (Au- Educational Fund, with terms of reference dent Affairs on the Council) guided this gust 27, 2011 Antofagasta, Chile) to date. approved at the Lisbon Council meeting, part of the SGA GA when Representatives He highlighted the importance of setting up April 11, 2013. The report was approved by of Prague, Baltic, Novosibirsk, Barcelona, SGA Educational Fund, increasing interest the General Assembly. Nancy and Iran Chapters briefly informed of students in joining Society, increasing about their past and future activities. participation in Biennial Meetings, increa- 3 - Report of the Treasurer (H. Frimmel) sing quality of the Society journal Minera- H. Frimmel presented the Financial Report. 6 - Invitation to the SGA 2015 Biennial lium Deposita and will of SGA to continue After all SGA accounts had been consoli- Meeting (A.S. Andre-Mayer) making Society more attractive especially dated in the SGA account at Credit Suisse to students and young scientists. The report in 2012, the balance at the beginning of On behalf of the LOC, Anne Sylvie André- was approved by the General Assembly. 2013 was €691,903 in that account which Mayer from the University of Lorraine evidences that the Society is financially informed about the status of the preparation 2- Report of the Vice-President on creati- healthy. On 6 February 2013 the SGA of the 13th Anniversary SGA Biennial Mee- on of SGA Educational Fund (G. Beaudoin) financial reports for the years 2010-2011 ting, which will be held in Nancy, France The objective of the SGA Educational Fund were audited by Dr. Nikola Koglin and Dr in August 24-27, 2015. She extended a is to provide financial support for training Ulrich Schwarz-Schampera. Both auditors warm invitation to this Meeting where SGA activities in mineral deposit geology. SGA found no discrepancies with the accounting. will be celebrating 50 Anniversary. More EF sponsorship should be a seal of approval The report was approved by the General information is available at sga-2015@univ- of the scientific validity of the training ac- Assembly. lorraine.fr tivities in relation to understanding mineral deposit formation and how to explore to 4 - Report of the Executive Secretary on 7 - Various find new mineral deposits. Specific objec- past and future SGA activities (J. Pašava) Jan Pašava informed about a planned re- tives are: Jan Pašava summarized major past (Sep- lease of a call for proposals for the 14th 1) to support student participation to nati- tember 2011-August 2013) and future SGA SGA Biennial Meeting – 2017. onal and international scientific meetings activities. organized or sponsored by the SGA; He highlighted launching new geoeduca-

REDUCED PRICES FOR SGA PROCEEDINGS

BEIJING (2005) - Mao and Bierlein (eds) - Mineral Deposit Research: Meeting the Global Chal- lenge, 2 Volume, over 1600 pages incl. CD-ROM NOW available for 30 EUR plus shipping costs

DUBLIN (2007) - Andrew et al. (eds): Digging Deeper, 2 Volumes, over 1600 pages incl. CD-ROM NOW available for 50 EUR plus shipping costs

Please contact Sabine Lange, Rixenweg 2, D-24222 Schwentinental- OT Klausdorf, GERMANY, phone +49-431-7993303, fax +49-431-7993420, email: [email protected] Number 34 January 2014 SGA News 7 <<<

LIST OF NEW SGA MEMBERS (March 15, 2013-October 31, 2013) 42 Regular and 136 Student Members applied for membership (15/03/2013-31/10/2013) SGA COUNCIL 2014 Regular Members Mr. JON ANDREW Geocentric Postnet Suite #429 Private Bag X4 Sun Valley, 7985 Cape Town, SOUTH President G. Beaudoin (Canada) AFRICA Vice-President J. Relvas (Portugal) Prof. Alexander Antonov 12, build. 2, Marshal Novikov str., apart. 32 Moscow 123098 RUSSIA Executive Secretary J. Pasava (Czech Republic) Mr. Thomas J. Danielson 4644 Wesley Drive Delta, BC, V4M 1W4 CANADA Mr. Charles Edward David Hughes PO Box 183 West Perth, WA 6872 AUSTRALIA Treasurer H. Frimmel (Germany) Prof.L.Paul Bédard Université du Québec a Chicoutimi Sciences de la Terre Chicoutimi, Quebec G7H 2B1 Promotion Manager P. Eilu (Finland) CANADA AL D E P OS I TS Chief Editors B. Lehmann (Germany) - MD Mr. Andre Luis Idalgo de Oliveira Yamana Gold Inc Rua Sidney Luis Brajao, 575 Jardim Ipanema-Piraci- European Office caba, Sao Paulo 13425-398 BRAZIL G. Beaudoin (Canada) - MD Prof. Francois Huot Pavillon Adrien-Pouliot, local 4309 1065, av. De la Médecine Québec, G1V 0A6 CANADA North America Office Prof. Rob H. Hellingwerf Bergsskolan Box 173 68224 Filipstad SWEDEN Dr. Ulf B. Andersson LKAB M. Chiaradia, C. Heinrich TFG, FK 9 Se-98186 Kiruna SWEDEN

MIN ER TO (Switzerland) - SGA News Mr. Joakim Nordstrand Myrasen 101 982 38 Gallivare SWEDEN N. Koglin (Germany) Mr. Thomas Kelly 10 Westfield Lane Hitchin Herts SG5 2HE UK Mr. Jyrki Bergstrom Museokatu 44 D - SGA website 107 00100 Helsinki FINLAND Student Represent. A. Vymazalová (Czech Rep.) Dr. Asa Allan Erkheihhi 307 984 91 Pajala SWEDEN Dr. Steven Micklethwaite Centre for Exploration Targeting (M006) University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Hwy Crawley, Perth, WA 6009 AUSTRALIA Regional Vice-Presidents Dr. Susanne Grigull Sueriges Geologiska Undersouning Villavagen 18, Uppsala SWEDEN Asia H. Chen (China) Dr. Nicholas Cook Kauppiaankatu 3, B10, 00160 Helsinki FINLAND Dr. Alexander Polozov IGEM RAS Staromonetnyi side-str 35 Moscow 119017 RUSSIA Australia/Oceania R. Skirrow (Australia) Mr. Justin van der Toorn Avala resources ltd. Zeleni Bulevar 27/1 19210 Bor SERBIA O GY APPLI E D Europe S. Decree (France) Mr. Sven Dahlgren Buskerud Telemark Vestfold fylkeskommuner Fylkeshuset, 3126 Tonsberg NORWAY N. Africa-Mid. East M. Bouabdellah (Morocco) Mr. Roberto Rodriguez Hurtado Urbanizacion Juan XXIII B-+9 Dpto. 2 Yanahuara – Arequipa PERU North America S. Piercey (Canada) Dr. Katja Heeschen Geozentrum Hannover Stilleweg 2 D-30655 Hannover GERMANY South Africa L. Greyling (S. Africa) Mr. Alistair Grahame 71 Wakefield St. Sandgate, QLD 4017 AUSTRALIA Dr.Jieun Seo Dept. of Earth and environmetal Sciences Korea University Anam-dong 5ga Seongbuk-gu, South America F. Barra (Chile) Seoul SOUTH KOREA Dr. Andrew Tomkins School of Geosciences Monash University, P.O. Box 28E Melbourne, Victoria AUS- Councillors: term ending on December 31, 2015 TRALIA Y F OR G EO L Dr. Patrik Nilsson URS Nordic Lanna Karlsborg 78 740 10 Almunge SWEDEN F. Bierlein (Australia) Dr. Carsten Laukamp 26 Dick Perry Avenue Kensington, Western Australia, 6151 AUSTRALIA N. Bortnikov (Russia) Mr. David Ian Ross Empire Resources Ltd 3 Driver Way Bull Creek Western Australia 6149 AUSTRAL- J. Gutzmer (Germany) IA

SO CI ET K. Kelley (U.S.A.) Mr. Frederic Tona 15 rue de la Convention 75015 Paris FRANCE J. Richards (Canada) Dr. Peter Lelievre 39 Weldon St. Sackville, NB, E4L 4N5 CANADA Mr. Sebastien Lavoire Freeport-McMoRan PO Box 25049 Phoenix AZ 85003 USA J. Wilkinson (U.K.) Mr. Wan Bo Dept. of Geological Sciences Stockholm University 10691 Stockholm SWEDEN P. Williams (Australia) Mr. Bacheedine Al Ghasbi Boite Postale No.77 Bureu de Poste Sidi Fathallah 2023 Tunis TUNISIA Mr. Bruno Filipe de Oliveira Sameiro Pereira Rua Fonte do Mundo, No.45, 4-Esq. 4700-383 Braga – Councillors: term ending on December 31, 2017 S.Vicente PORTUGAL Mr. Fabio Montanari Via II Perugino 8, 09121 Cagliari, ITALY S. Roberts (U.K.) Dr. Nicolas Thebaud Centre for Exploration Targeting, The University of Western Australia, M006, 35 S. Archibald (Canada, East Asia) Stirling Highway, WA6009 Crawley, AUSTRALIA W. Maier (Finland) Mr. Peter M. Geerdts 22A Ashburton Terrace Fremantle, WA 6160 AUSTRALIA A. Piestrzynski (Poland) Ms Amanda Scott Smultronstigen 9 Mala 930 70 SWEDEN F. Hongrui (China) Mr. Eduardo Bello Fernandez Av. Pedro de Valdivia 291, Providencia 8340518, Santiago, Region Metro- politana CHILE J. Kolb (Denmark) Dr. Larbi Rddad 235 Carlyle Green, Staten Island New York, 10312 USA D. Huston (Australia) Mr. Badreedine Al Gharbi Borte Postale No 77, Bureau de Poste Sidi Fathallah 2023, Tunis TUNISIA E. Campos (Chile) Dr. Reia M. Chmielowski Lulea University of Technology, Division of Geosciences SE-971 87 Lulea SWEDEN Mr. Tommi Lehtila Isoaavanpolku 6 96500 Rovaniemi FINLAND Mr. Jorge Antonio Leal Machuca Lo Campino Sur 1561, Valle Lo Campino, Quilicura, Santiago CHILE Ex officio Members, SEG

President A. Arribas (USA) Student Members Executive Director B. G. Hoal (USA) Mr. Muhammad Sajid Room 3051, CSM, Penryn Campus Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9EZ UK Ms Sandra Baurier Aymat C/ Nicaragua 139, 7 3a esc B Barcelona 08029 SPAIN Mr. Lluis Megale Llenas C/Cartella 138 08031 Barcelona SPAIN Ex officio Members, IAGOD Ms Estefania Maestre Garcia Calle Llobregit No 81 086 90 Santa Coloma de Cervello SPAIN Miss Eva Agut Botines CD Lagut S/N Vilanova de Laguda 25749 Lieida SPAIN President M. Jingwen (China) Miss Enna Anso Verges C/ Torras i Bages No7 08100 Mollet del Valles Barcelona SPAIN Publication Manager r. Seltmann (U.K.) Miss Emma Garcia Boadas Josep Tharrats 18 1r 1r 17003 Girona SPAIN >>> 8 SGA News Number 34 January 2014

Mr. Ruben Moncayo GallardoPlaca Catalunya 1 17200 Palafrugell Girona Diana Yorley Camacho Rodríguez Universid Industrial de Santander Bucara- SPAIN manga, Santander COLOMBIA Miss Marta Tarres Mercader C/ Serra del Monsec No 5a 3r A 08950 Esplugues Gheffri Daniel Preciado Riveros Universid Industrial de Santander Bucara- del Llobregat SPAIN manga, Santander COLOMBIA Milton Andrés Galvis Gómez Universid Mr. Jose Tur Piedra C/ Corsega 89, 1 2 08029 Barcelona SPAIN Mr. Pedro Industrial de Santander Bucaramanga, Santander COLOMBIA Valenzuela Martin C/ Salvadans No 2 2 2a L Hospitalet de Llobregat SPAIN Camilo Arturo Arenas Gualdrón Universid Industrial de Santander Bucara- Mr. Thomas Kearney 36:IS Vanortsvagen 977S4 Lulea SWEDEN manga, Santander COLOMBIA Ms. Zaira Gomar Vilchez C/ Aigua No 111 2n 1a Vilanova i la Geltru 088800 Gustavo Adolfo Ramírez Salamanca Universid Industrial de Santander Bucara- Barcelona SPAIN manga, Santander COLOMBIA Ms. Azahara Gomez Garcia C/ Cultura, No 46, 1o 1a Sta. Coloma de Gramenet Diego Venegas Salgado Universid Industrial de Santander Bucaramanga, 08922 Barcelona SPAIN Santander COLOMBIA Mr. Damia Benet C/ del pont No 20A Reus, Tarragona 43205 SPAIN Laura Marcela Serrano Calderón Universid Industrial de Santander Bucara- Mr. Ruben Molina Arias Avda. Josep Tarradellas 40 2o 1a 08029 Barcelona manga, Santander COLOMBIA SPAIN Mr. John Lundh Djalunegatan 13 lgh 1402 754 23 Uppsala, SWEDEN Miss Teresa Baraza Piazuelo C/ Bilbao 45, 5e 1a 08005 Barcelona SPAIN Miss Sara Eklof Blodstensrasen 27 752 58 Uppsala SWEDEN Mr. Cristian Acedo Gonzalez C/ lagun No 125 Sant Vicens dels Horts 08620 Mr. Stefan Abndersson Svartanangatan 14 753 12 Uppsala SWEDEN Barcelona SPAIN Mr. Fredrik Sahlstrom Sernanders Vag 3A-437 752 61 Uppsala SWEDEN Miss Marta Jaramillo Olmo Cimuntanya, n. 78 2n-2a Viladecans 08840 Bar- Mr. Erwann Lebrun Centre for Exploration Targeting MOO6 – 35 Stirling High- celona SPAIN way 6009 Crawley, WA AUSTRALIA Mr. Merli Oliveras Segui Placa Josep pallach No 19 1er 1ru 08035 Barcelona Mr. Cheng Tong Pang 9 Dunbar Crescent Wulguru 4811, QLD AUSTRALIA SPAIN Mr. Andrew Campbell 17 Aquatic Place Idalia Qld 4811 AUSTRALIA Mr. Anton Lidstrom Stapelgrand 11 97341 Lulea SWEDEN Ms. Paola Andrea Suarez Martinez Universidad Industrial de Santander CO- Mr. Fabian Froehlich Lucile-Grahn-Str. 31 81675 Munich GERMANY LOMBIA Mr. Sebastian Vasquez Valencia University of Barcelona Faculty of Geology C/ Mr. Sergio Andrés Hernández Gelves Universidad Industrial de Santander Monti i Franques s/n 08028 Barcelona SPAIN COLOMBIA Mr. Nikolay Zhivkov Klintvagen 89 lgh 1404 973 32 Lelea SWEDEN Mr. Alejandro Fayad Benitez Universidad Industrial de Santander COLOM- Mr. Sebastian Heinze Langes Grathlein 26 97078 Wurzburg GERMANY BIA Ms. Nicole Breng Porsogarden 18 97754 Lulea SWEDEN Ms. Mayra Nathalia Rojas Arismendi Universidad Industrial de Santander Mr. Nils Edblom Assistentvagen 102 97752 Lulea SWEDEN COLOMBIA Mr. Gerard Casado i Aijon C/ Josep Llimona I Bruguera, 2 08350 Barcelona Dr. Eduard Pico Rodrígueq Universidad Industrial de Santander COLOMBIA SPAIN Mr. Alexander Santamaría Mogollon Universidad Industrial de Santander CO- Mr. Javier Enrique Rojas Ansmendi Canera 23 No 51-42 Bucaramanga CO- LOMBIA LOMBIA Ms. Diana Yorley Camacho Rodríguez Universidad Industrial de Santander Mr. Franz Albrecht Aprikosgatan 19A 165 60 Hasselby SWEDEN COLOMBIA Mr. Enholm Zacharias Salabacksgatan 9A 754 32 Uppsala SWEDEN Mr. Gfferi Daniel Preciado Riveros Universidad Industrial de Santander CO- Mr. Piotr Krzeminski Kolowa 46/11 Warszawa 03-536 POLAND LOMBIA Mr. Enerst Tata P.O.Box 164 Buea CAMEROON Mr. Milton Andrés Galvis Gómez Universidad Industrial de Santander CO- Mr. Tomas Lindeberg Herrhagsvagen 188 75267 Uppsala SWEDEN LOMBIA Mr. Guo Fangfang Pollokuja 3B 10 90540 Oulu FINLAND Mr. Camilo Arturo Arenas Gualdrón Universidad Industrial de Santander CO- Mr.Asta Fabricius Jorgensen Løgstørgade 15 1tv 2100 Copenhagen DEN- LOMBIA MARK Mr. Gustavo Adolfo Ramírez Salamanca Universidad Industrial de Santander Mr. Heike Bostelmann Ahorn str. 73 520 74 Aachen GERMANY COLOMBIA Mr. Ahmad Boskabadi Lodjurets gata 223 13664 Haninge Stockholm SWE- Mr. Diego Venegas Salgado Universidad Industrial de Santander COLOMBIA DEN Ms. Laura Marcela Serrano Calderón Universidad Industrial de Santander Mr. Edward Max Meza Menacho UNMSM Mz B2 Lote14 Asoc. Viv. Jardines COLOMBIA de Chillon Puente Piedra, Lima PERU Mr. Erwann Lebrun Centre for Exploration Targeting M006 – 35 Stirling High- Ms. Maria Clara Roman Alday Puig de la Corona No 2 Gualba Barcelona 08474 way 6009 Crawley, WA AUSTRALIA SPAIN Mr. Pablo Mejia-Herrera 82 rue Saint Julien Nancy 54000 FRANCE Mr. Jordi Miro Padrisa C/ Font de L`Angel 9 Castellterfol 08183 Barcelona Mr. Julien Bonnet 2 Boulevard d`austrasie Appartement 3021 54000 Nancy SPAIN FRANCE Mr. Didac Navarro Ciurana C/ Mare de Dau de Montserrat No 81, 3er – 2en. Miss Maria Abigail Jimenez Franco Av. De les Bases 61-73 C.P. 08242 Manresa Sant Pere de Ribes 08810 Barcelona SPAIN SPAIN Mr. Mert Samet Erdogan Karadeniz Teknik Universitesi Jeoloji Muhendisligi Mr. Darío Chinchilla Benavides Facultad de Geolégicas, Departamento de Bolumu 61080 Trabzon TURKEY Cristalografia y Mineralogia, Calle José Antonio Nováis, 12, 28040 Madrid Mr. Patten Clifford Stockholm University Universitetsvägen 10 114 18 Stock- SPAIN holm SWEDEN Mr. Juraj Žitňan Comenius University in Bratislava, Department of Economic Paola Andrea Suárez Martínez Universid Industrial de Santander Bucaramanga, Geology,Mlynská dolina 4, 842 15 Bratislava, SLOVAKIA Santander COLOMBIA Mr. Juho Laitala Pispalantic 19 A 11, 20540 Turku, FINLAND Sergio Andrés Hernández Gelves Universid Industrial de Santander Bucara- Mr. Magnus Andersson Uppsala University, Villavagen 16, 752 36 Uppsala, manga, Santander COLOMBIA SWEDEN Alejandro Fayad Benitez Universid Industrial de Santander Bucaramanga, Mr. Clovis C. Auger 219 Boulevard Charest Est app.404, Quebec, G1K 3G8 Santander COLOMBIA CANADA Mayra Nathalia Blanco Figueredo Universid Industrial de Santander Bucara- Mrs. Anna Prokop ul. Majchrzyka 5, 33-101 Tarnów, POLAND manga, Santander COLOMBIA Mr. Axel Sjöqvist Studiegangen 9-205, 416 81 Gothenburg, SWEDEN Javier Enrique Rojas Arismendi Universid Industrial de Santander Bucara- Mr. Jesús Omar Arbildo Flores Av. 12 de Octubre Mz. A5 Lote 3 Segunda Zona manga, Santander COLOMBIA Delicias de Villa Chorrillos – Lima PERU Eduard Pico Rodríguez Universid Industrial de Santander Bucaramanga, Mr. Angello DietherMuhlig MuhligJr. Cuzco 150 Interior „E“ Callao PERU Santander COLOMBIA Mr. Ňieriton Arquimedes Vila Godoy Mz B Lote 10. 30 de Agosto-San Gabriel Alexander Santamaría Mogollón Universid Industrial de Santander Bucara- Alto-Villa María del Triunfo PERU manga, Santander COLOMBIA Mr. Aldo Yauri Kacyacuri Jiron Ricardo Palma 507 Urb. Ingenieria – San Mar- tin de Porres, PERU Number 34 January 2014 SGA News 9 <<<

Mr. Joseph Martin Llerera de Mendburu Lino unquieta 233 Miraflores – Areq- Mr. Tony Brady Canqui Anquise Asoc. Las Viňas MzF. Lote 02 Gregorio Albar- uipa PERU racin Tacna PERU Mr. Jesús Manuel Estacio Vidal Jr. Pedro Boconegra 1S1 Urb. E1 Bosque Mr. Magal Fares Tellez Mamani Av. Los Fresnos Mz66 Lt02 Distrito Coronel Rimac PERU Gregorio Albarracin, Tacna PERU Mr. Franberni Sánchez Quispe Av. Juan Velasco A. Huasco-Oropesa-Cusco Mr. Angel Ricardo Alvarez Lipa Jr. Vela Vela 217 Puno PERU PERU Mr. Jack Antony Bonorquez Avendaňo Calle Los Pinos Mz. O LT 8-A Urb. Ms. Neira Angel Ruben Urb. La Croceta Block 86 Apto 103 – Santiago de Pando IX Etapa San Miguel PERU Surco PERU Mr. Miguel Angel Nuňez Chavez Calle Malecón Socabaya apt. 109-2do Piso Mr. Palacios Alejo Jhon Av. San Juan 1074 – Urb Las Moras Distrito San Luis 415 Ferroviarios Cercado-Arequipa PERU – Lima PERU Mr. Santiago Andres Paredes Rodriguez Av. Olimpica 403 – Arequipa PERU Ms. Yngrid Greysi Orozso Taulli Calle Mariscal Nieto (apt.?) 213 urb. San Juan Ms. Rosmery Joselin Huillca Paniura Avenida Horacios Zeballos E-12 Psj. de Dias – Hunte, Areguipa PERU Tomasa Tito Condemayta, Miraflores – Arequipa PERU Ms. Isadora Henrichs Av. Ipiranga 8400 apod. 504 T.2 Porto Alegre – RS, Mr. Eduardo Fernando Bernahola Portugal Jirón Juan Pablo Vizcardo y Guznán Brazil Mz., B-2 Lote 1. Camma – Arequipa PERU Ms. Isabel Veronica Jesus Hinostroza Calle Alfa Cisne 346 – Departamento 602 Mr. Fredy Isaac Mamani Gutiérrez Urbanización Las Rocas Manzana Q Lote 16 – Surquillo – Lima 34 PERU Sector III. Socabaya – Arequipa PERU Mr. Billy Jack Tafur Quispe Calle D MzAr Lt 18 Santa Maria San Juan de Mr. Saúl Alejandro Gálvez Breňa Mz.E Lt. 7 Urb. Villa Jardín Cucuya Manzano Lurigancho, Lima PERU Pachacámac, Calle Los Lloques S/N. Lima PERU Mr. Zandy Larios Metina San Antonio de Patua Ma „t“ lote 16 San Juan de Mr. José Guillermo Condori Zuňiga Asociación Cielo Azul, Manzana A Lote 6 Miraflores PERU Calle Cortaderas Alto Cayma / Costado del estadio Bolognesi PERU Mr. Marx Cesar Barzola Huatuco Asoc. de viv. les claveles Mz.F. 2t8 Ate- Ms Alicja Miodonska Ul. Pulaskiego 2b/1 43-300 Bielsko-Biala POLAND Vitarte Lima PERU Mr. Rottier Bertrand 7 allee des Iris 74240 Gaillard FRANCE Mr. Marco Fernando Zapata Torres Av. Mariano Cornejo 2256 dpto 803 Lima Mr. Joao Babo 3/54 Lowth Street Rosslea, QLD 4812 AUSTRALIA PERU Mr. Mathieu Castillo 1 Rue des sapins 31170 Tournefeuille FRANCE Ms. Diory Brigitte Cervantes Urdoy Arequipe – cercado Urb. Francisco Mostajo Ms Marjolaine Pascal Univ of Saskatchewan, Dept. of Geological Sciences 114 E-63 Arequipe PERU Science Place Saskatoon, S7N 5E2 CANADA Mr. Elvis Joel Alvarado Leon Jr. Turin No.533, Urb. Fiori – S.M.P. – Lima Mr. Meike Peters Adalbertsteinweg 175a 52066 Aachen GERMANY PERU Mr. Jesse Clark 7 Ayredale Avenue Clearview S. A 5085 AUSTRALIA Ms. Leyla Guerrero Mendoza Leyla Flor General vivanco 155 interior 13 Rimac Lima PERU Mr. Manuel Esteban Rosas Ventura Av. Jose Galvez 8A – Miraflores Arequipa PERU Information from Members Mr. Jaime Henry Archelia Huamanta Calle Enrique Albujar Mz T Lote 21 Coop. Viňa Jam Francisco Lima, Santa Anita PERU Ms. Elena Malásquez Lopez Calle Palomares del campo 164 La Molina PERU Frank Melcher (SGA 1995) has accepted the position of a Full Professor and Mr. Abimael Fernando Caceres Flores Asoc. Ciudad de Dios Zn. 1 Cm.20 Mz. Chair of the Institute of Geology and Economic Geology in the Department Q Lt5 Dist Yuru Arequipa PERU Applied Geosciences and Geophysics at the University of Leoben, Austria Ms. Calizaya Sunchuili di Zbeth Ftv. Salaverry 2490, Block 3, dpto 301 Jesús (Montanuniversität). Frank started exploring geology at the University of Marío, Lima PERU Mainz, Germany, and gained a Master´s degree in mineralogy and petrology at Mr. Juan Oscar Bartra Jr. Crespo y Castillo 1533 A Lima Coremo PERU the University of Innsbruck in 1990. This was followed by a Doctorate in 1993 Mr. Joel Bryan Valdivia Panibra Asociación Castmiro Cuodros Sector II Man- and a habilitation in 2000, both at the University of Leoben. In 2000 he joined zona D Lote 2 Caima – Arequipa PERU the Ore Deposit Research Group at the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Mr. Edder Aldhair Goray Montes Jr. Victor di Carrillo 407, 3e Piso San Miguel Natural Resources (BGR) in Hannover, Germany, where he was instrumental in PERU developing an analytical fingerprinting method for “conflict minerals” (coltan, Mr. Jose Luis Victorio Malgui Mz/w LT/8 Juan Pablo II. S.J.L. PERU tin and tungsten ores) from central Africa. Frank takes over from Professor Dr. Mr. Stefani Milagros Espinoza Cabanillas Cooperativa Magdalena Mz „A“ Lote Fritz Ebner. 4 Los Olivos, altura cuadra 4 de la Av. Carlos Izaguirre PERU

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>>> page 1 Challenges for heavy rare earth pro- present major source rock in southern China about 100 carbonatite and phonolite dikes, duction: lessons from Japan is Mesozoic granites with I-type ilmenite- mainly 0.5-5m wide but up to a maximum of series characteristics (Ishihara et al., 2008). 25 m wide and up to 5 km long in the Huab stable supply of REE to maintain its dome- The ion-adsorption mineralization requires Basement Complex rocks. The carbonatite stic REE-applied high-tech industries, and the following geological and climatic envi- dikes contain xenotime as well as monazite, the Japanese government took measures to ronments; 1) presence of REE enriched host synchysite and thorite as REE minerals that promote 1) REE exploration through JOG- rocks, 2) tropical to semi-tropical climate to are mainly formed during a hydrothermal MEC (Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National form a thick saprolitic unit, 3) presence of stage of mineralization with hematite (Well Corporation) and trading companies, 2) soluble REE minerals (carbonates, mostly et al., 2008). Namibia Rare Earths Inc. recycling and reusing of REE, 3) reducing secondary) in the host rocks to supply ion estimated 0.9Mt of indicated resources at the REE amounts in products, and 4) sub- exchangeable REE to the saprolitic unit 0.62% REO and 0.75Mt inferred resources stitution of REE with other elements, with (Wu et al., 1993; Ishihara et al., 2008), and at 0.56% REO (0.3% cut-off) in this deposit a supplementary budget (approximately 4) a low erosion rate to preserve a thick (Namibia Rare Earths Inc., 2013) that con- 1,000USD) in 2010-2011. saprolitic unit (Murakami and Ishihara, tain about 1,000t of Dy oxide. The Chinese policy that restricts the pro- 2008). This deposit type is found not only HREE deposits associated with alkaline duction and exportation of REE has resulted in southern China, but also in neighboring rock complexes are explored worldwide. in the remarkable rise of the HREE prices countries such as Vietnam (Machida, 2008) Advanced stage projects are known in Ca- in 2011 (Figure 2) as well as worldwide and Thailand (Sanematsu et al, 2013). Ex- nada (Nechalacho, Strange Lake, Kipa- HREE exploration activities (Figure 3). ploration projects are being conducted for wa), USA (Bokan Mountain), Greenland These exploration activities mainly focus this deposit type in Madagascar by Tantalus (Kvanefjeld), Scandinavia (Norra Kaar), on the REE mineralization in hard rocks Rare Earths AG (http://www.tre-ag.com/ Australia (Dubbo) and Mongolia (Khaldzan rather than ion-adsorption type deposits, operations/tre-project.aspx?sc_lang=en) Burgei). These deposits are associated with because ion-adsorption mineralization re- and in Malawi by Gold Canyon Resources peralkaline syenite (Nechalacho, Kipawa, quires several specific conditions for its Inc. (http://www.goldcanyon.ca/s/Mala- Kvanefjeld, Norra Kaar, Dubbo) or frac- formation and special environmental care wi_REE.asp?ReportID=494722), where tionated alkaline granites (Strange Lake, when the deposits are exploited by in-situ the deposits are hosted by REE-enriched Bokan Mountain, Khaldzan Burgei) in the leaching using ammonium sulphate soluti- syenites. complexes. The orebodies are variable in on. However, no project outside China has Carbonatite deposits high in REE grade form; cumulate units (Kvanefjeld), dis- practically started HREE production yet, are generally enriched in LREE because semination (Kvanefjeld, Kipawa, Dubbo, because there exists various challenges for bastnäsite-(Ce), which is enriched in LREE, Khaldzan Burgei), pegmatite (Strange La- the production. This paper overviews re- is the major ore mineral in these deposits ke), and vein (Bokan Mountain). Some of presentative HREE mineral deposit types (Mountain Pass in USA and Bayan Obo the deposits (Strange Lake, Kvanefjeld, outside China and their challenges for the and Maoniuping in China) (Castor, 2008; Nechalacho) have extremely large reser- development Yang and Woolley, 2006). However, some ves, although ore grades are generally low carbonatites (e.g., Glenover and Zandkops- (2.0-0.5wt.%) compared to those of the drift in South Africa) contain phosphates as LREE-enriched carbonatite deposits. Ore HREE DEPOSITS IN THE WORLD ore minerals which are relatively enriched mineralogy is variable and complex in these in HREE, although their REE grades are deposits, including zirconium silicates (zir- Ion-adsorption type deposits are formed lower than those of the LREE-enriched con at Nechalacho and Dubbo, eudialyite by the absorption of REE by kaolinite and ones. Xenotime-bearing Yen Phu deposit at Kipawa, Kvanefjeld and Norra Kaar, halloysite, which are the weathering pro- in northern Vietnam and Lofdal deposit elpidite and gittinsite at Khaldzan Burgei) ducts of igneous feldspar (Wu et al., 1990; in Namibia are HREE-enriched extreme (Sheard et al., 2012; Hoshino et al., 2013; Figure 4). Although this type deposits can examples. The Yen Phu deposit consists Currie and van Breemen, 1996; Steenfelt, be formed from various igneous rocks, the of two lensoidal orebodies; 260m x 160m 1991; von Eckermann, 1968; Kovalenko et x 60m (thickness) and al., 1995) unconventional for REE produc- 70m x 20-50m x 13m tion (Jordens et al., 2013). (thickness) in size in The Kipawa deposit in Canada is hosted sericite-quartz schist by a syenite body that is part of the Kipa- (Machida, 2008). The wa Alkalic Complex, a concordant folded orebodies occur in the sheet of peralkaline syenite and granite. weathered and hydro- The deposit has been drilled by Matamec thermally altered zo- Explorations Inc. over an extent of about ne above a dolomitic 1450 m x 200 m x 100 m depth and con- carbonatite intrusion, tains three mineralized layers (eudialyte, which are enriched mosandrite and britholite layers) that, in ad- in xenotime and sa- dition to zirconia, contain significant REE marskite as ore mi- concentrations (Figure 6). Matmec aims to nerals with abundant exploit the first two layers in which major iron oxides (Figure 5). ore minerals are eudialyite and mosandrite. Figure 1: The amounts of REE exported from China by countries (based on The Lofdal deposit is At a cut-off grade of 0.3% TREO, mineral China Export Statistics) and export quota by the Chinese government. a part of a swarm of resources in the indicated category show Figure 1. Location of major metallic mineral deposits in Fennoscandia, based on Eilu et al. (2013). Geology map from Lahtinen et al. (2005).

Number 34 January 2014 SGA News 11 <<<

in the mud near Minami Torishima Island are hosted mainly by apatite biogenic in origin. CHALLENGES FOR HREE PRODUCTION

Japanese trading companies and/or end users have been trying to secure the supply of HREE to Japan by investing in exploration and exploitation projects, as well as con- cluding offtake agreements with the develo- Figure 2: The prices of rare earth metals in Japan (data from Annual Review of Industrial Rare Met- pers. At present, several HREE projects that als, 124-129). involve Japanese companies are on-going. Those includes the monazite project by 23.9 [email protected]%REO (Matamec Explorati- was recovered from heavy placer sands in Indian Rare Earths Ltd. in India, uranium on Inc., 2013). Australia and Malaysia in 1980s (Castor tailing project by SARECO in Kazakhstan, Unconformity related and/or sediment- and Hedrick, 2006). It is now recovered or bauxite tailing project by Nippon Light Me- hosted uranium mineralization is occasio- planned to recover from Sn tailing materials tal Co. Ltd. in Jamaica, Kipawa eudialyte nally associated with xenotime minerali- (Amang) in Malaysia, Indonesia and Brazil project in Canada, Dubbo zirconium silicate zation. Representative examples are found (Academy of Science Malaysia, 2013; Neo project by Alkane Resources and Browns in Canada (Douglass River) and Australia Material Technologies, 2009). Range xenotime project by Northern Mi- (Browns Range) (Cook et al., 2013). Despi- REE mineralization is also confirmed nerals in Australia. Some of these projects te relatively small proven reserves of these in submarine mud spread over a large part aim to produce REE as by-product (India, deposit so far, ore mineralogy (xenotime) is of the Pacific Ocean. The mud contains Dubbo) or from tailings (India, Kazakhstan, simple and the ores are heavily enriched in a few thousands ppm of REE with a high Jamaica) to reduce the production cost and HREE. REE is going to be recovered from proportion of HREE (Kato et al., 2011). shorten the period until the production. The phosphate minerals in tailings of a uranium The presence of similar mud was confir- supply of REE from these projects will mine in Kazakhstan (Summit Atom Rare med off Minami Torishima Island where decrease the Japan’s dependence on China Earths Company, 2010), which is probably several thousand ppm of REE are detected in near future, coupled with the supply similar in mineralization style to those in in a couple of meter thick mud about 3m of LREE from Mountain Pass and Mount Canada and Australia. below 5000m-deep sea floor (Press Release Weld projects. However, the REE produc- Xenotime is commonly associated with by JAMSTEC and University of Tokyo, tion is not simple like the base and precious Sn granites (Lenharo et al., 2003), and it 2013). Kon et al. (2014) revealed that REE metals production, and there exist stupend-

Figure 3: Distribution of major REE projects in the world. >>> 12 SGA News Number 34 January 2014

Figure 4: Open pits of ion adsorption type deposits near Dingnan in Figure 5: A photo of SEM compositional image of the ore from Yen Phu Jiangxi province, China. deposit in northern Vietnam. Goe: goethite, Qtz: quartz, Xen: xenotime.

Figure 6: Occurrence of eudialyte (pink in color) Figure 7: Demand of rare earths (shown as oxide t) in Japan based on [Na15Ca6(Fe,Mn)3Zr3(Si,Nb)(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2] in the Japan Import Statistics. drilled core from the Kipawa deposit in Canada.

ous challenges. fore leaching REE to save the consumption crystallinity (Hoshino et al., 2012). Production cost is the largest challen- of the chemicals. If the ore minerals were Special care also should be paid for radio- ge for the HREE projects. These projects variable in species and size in the ores, high activity. Some ore minerals may contain si- should compete with the low-production recovery of REE minerals may not be achie- gnificant amounts of thorium and uranium. cost of the Chinese ion adsorption depo- ved. Thus, simple mineralogy is preferred to The treatment of these radioactive elements sits (~20USD/kg), although the prices of conduct beneficiation and processing. Each should be planned, following to the regula- HREE outside China are higher than those project should establish a proper beneficia- tions of the countries where the target de- in China (e.g. Dy oxide price is 1.7 times tion method for the specific ore minerals in posits are located. Other important factors higher in December 2013). Related to this the target deposits since presently available are access to the target deposits, permissi- cost competition, many issues arise before REE beneficiation methods are only for on by the governments concerned, period the production of HREE from hard-rock REE carbonates and phosphates (Jordens necessary for the production, separation deposits. et al., 2013). Weathering can upgrade the into individual elements from the mixed In the exploration stage, higher grade ores, especially in the case of carbonatites REE products, and off-take agreement with ores, especially HREE-enriched ones, are due to dissolution of carbonate minerals, customers. By-production of HREE is pre- preferred, but ore mineralogy is also a key but the secondary minerals formed in the ferred, because REE can be produced che- issue. Major target minerals for HREE reco- weathered environment are extremely fine aply and constantly for a longer time, with very in the hard-rock deposits are carbona- in size and refractory in general. Thus, a reduced initial investment costs. te [synchysite-(Y)], phosphate (xenotime, more expensive leaching method such as apatite) and zirconium-silicate minerals sulphating roasting may need to be applied (zircon, eudialyite, mosandrite, gittinsite, for these ores. Development of REE ex- EPILOGUE elipdite), in addition to Nb oxide minerals traction methods from zirconium silicates (fergusonite, samarskite, euxenite, etc.). is still underway. Recently it has been In Neoproterozoic to early Palaeozoic Ore minerals that contain high amounts of proved that REE are successfully leached tiThere are common perspectives that the REE are preferred because high-grade mi- from eudialyte in several projects, but REE demand of REE, in particular, HREE will neral concentrates can be expected. extraction from elipdite and zircon are still steadily increase in future. However, recent Ore minerals should be concentrated be- problematic, except for the zircons with low efforts to reduce the amounts of REE used Number 34 January 2014 SGA News 13 <<<

in the products or during polishing, or to mation process of zircon associated with Neo Material Technologies, 2009. 2009- replace REE with other materials have been REE-fluorocabonate and niobium minerals The Good, the Bad and the Hype. Presen- successful in Japan. Dysprosium content in the Nechalacho REE deposit, Thor Lake, tation at the 5th International Rare Earths in NdFeB magnet has decreased one third Canada. Resource Geology 63, 1-26. Conference, Hong Kong, 19 November compared to the content five years ago, Industrial Rare Metals, 2013. Annual 2013. and the commercial production of Dy-free Review 2013. Industrial Rare Metals 129, Rare Metal News, 2013. Rare Metal magnets have started already. Recycling of 150p. (in Japanese). News 2570, 8p (in Japanese). REE also has become popular, and REE- Ishihara, S., Renmin, H., Hoshino, M. Sanematsu, K., Kon, Y., Imai, A., Wata- containing scraps generated during the pro- and Murakami, H., 2008. REE abundance nabe, K. and Watanabe, Y., 2013. Geoche- duction of finished goods are completely and REE minerals in granitic rocks in the mical and mineralogical characteristics of recycled. As the result, the demand of REE Nanling Range, Jiangxi Province, Southern ion-adsorption type REE mineralization in in Japan has significantly decreased in the China, and generation of the REE-rich wea- Phuket, Thailand. Mineralium Deposita 48, last five years (Figure 7), and REE inclu- thered crust deposits. Resource Geology 58, 437-451. ding HREE are becoming less critical. The 355-372. Sheard, E.M., Williams-Jones, A.E., Hei- real competition in the production of HREE Jordens, A., Cheng, Y.P. and Waters, ligmann, M., Pederson, C. and Trueman, is not among the mining companies or K.E., 2013. A review of the beneficiation of D.L., 2012. Controls on the concentration countries but the competition with the rapid rare earth element bearing minerals. Mine- of zirconium, niobium, and the rare earth innovation of high tech industries. rals Engineering 41, 97-114. elements in the Thor Lake rare metal depo- Kato, Y., Fujimoto, K., Nakamura, K., sit, Northwest Territories, Canada. Econo- Takaya, Y., Kitamura, K., Ohta, J., Toda, mic Geology 107, 81-104. References R., Nakashima, T. and Iwamori, H., 2011. Steenfelt, A., 1991. High-technology Deep-sea mud in the Pacific Ocean as a metals in alkaline and carbonatitic rocks Academy of Science Malaysia, 2013. potential resource for rare-earth elements. in Greenland: recognition and exploration. Revitalising the Rare Earth Mineral Pro- Nature Geoscience 4, 535-539 Journal of Geochemical Exploration 40, gramme in Peninsular Malaysia as a Strate- Kon, Y., Hoshino, M., Sanematsu, K., 263-279. gic Industry. Academy of Science Malaysia Morita, S., Tsunematsu, M., Okamoto, N., Summit Atom Rare Earth Company Study Report 1/2013, 107p. Yano, N., Tanaka, M. and Takagi, T., 2014. (2010) Joint Venture Summit Atom Rare Castor, S.B., 2008. The Mountain Pass Geochemical characteristics of apatite in Earth Company. Presentation at the 6th rare-earth carbonatite and associated ultra- heavy REE–rich deep-sea mud from Mi- International Rare Earths Conference, 10 potassic rocks, California. The Canadian nami-Torishima area, southwestern Japan. November 2010, Hong Kong. Mineralogist 46, 779-806. Resource Geology, 64 (in press). JAMSTEC and School of Engineering, Castor, S.B. and Hedrick, J.B., 2006. Kovalenko, V.I., Tsaryeva, G.M., Go- The University of Tokyo, 2013. Discovery Rare earth elements. in Kogel J.E., et al. reglyad, A.V., Yarmolyuk, V.V. and Tro- and distribution of mud containing very high eds., Industrial Minerals & Rocks, 7th edi- itsky, V.A., 1995. The peralkaline granite- concentrations of rare earth elements and tion, Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and related Khaldzan-Buregtey rare metal (Zr, yttrium around Minami-Torishima Island Exploration, Inc., Littleton, 769-792. Nb, REE) deposit, western Mongolia. Eco- (Minami-Torishima Survey Cruise). Press Cook N.J., Ciobanu, C.L., O’Relly, D., nomic Geology, 90, 530-547. Release 21 March 2013 http://www.jamstec. Wilson, R., Das, K., Wade, B., 2013. Mine- Lenharo, S.L.R., Pollard, P.J. and Born, go.jp/e/about/press_release/20130321/ ral chemistry of rare earth element (REE) H., 2003. Petrology and textural evolution U.S. Department of Energy, 2010. Criti- mineralization, Browns Ranges, Western of granites associated with tin and rare- cal Materials Strategy. U.S. Department of Australia. Lithos 172-173, 192-213. metals mineralization at the Pitinga mine, Energy, 165p. Currie, K. and van Breemen, O., 1996. Amazonas, Brazil. Lithos 66, 37-61. Well, F., Niku-Paavola, V. N., Storey, C., The origin of rare minerals in the Kipawa Machida, S. 2008. Rare earth resource Müller, A. and Jeffries, T., 2008. Xenotime- syenite complex, western Quebec. The Ca- exploration in Lao Cai district, Vietnam. (Y) from carbonatite dykes at Lofdal, Na- nadian Mineralogist 34, 435-451. Kinzokushigen Report 7, JOGMEC, 19-138 mibia: Unusually low LREE:HREE ratio in Ecermann, H. von, 1968. New contribu- (in Japanese). carbonatite, and the first dating of xenotime tions to the interpretation of the genesis of Matamec Exploration Inc., 2013. NI 43- overgrowths on zircon. The Canadian Mi- the Norra Kärr alkaline body in southern 101 Report - Feasibility Study. Matamec neralogist 46, 861-877. Sweden. Lithos 1, 76-88. Exploration Inc., 768p. Wu, C., Huang, D. and Guo, Z., 1990. Henderson, P., 1996. The rare earth ele- Minowa, T., 2008. Rare earth magnets: REE geochemistry in the weathered crust ments: introduction and review. In AP Jones Conservation of energy and the environ- of granites, Longnan area, Jiangxi province. et al. eds., Rare earth minerals Chemistry, ment. Resource Geology 58, 414-422. Acta Geol Sinica 3, 193–210. origin and ore deposits, The Mineralogical Murakami, H. and Ishihara, S., 2008. Wu, C., Lu, H., Xu, L. and Hou, L., 1993. Society Series 7, 1-19. REE mineralization of weathered crust and A preliminary study on modes of occurrence Hoshino, M., Watanabe, Y., Sanemat- clay sediment on granitic rocks in the San- of rare earth elements in the tropical-subtro- su, K., Kon, Y. and Shimizu, M., 2012. yo Belt, SW Japan and the Southern Jiangxi pical weathering crust of Nanling region. Characteristics of zircon suitable for REE Province, China. Resource Geology 58, Mineral Deposits 12, 297-307 (in Chinese extraction. International Journal of Mineral 373-401. with English abstract). Processing 102-103, 130-135. Namibia Rare Earths Inc., 2013. The Yang, Z. and Woolley, A., 2006. Carbo- Hoshino, M., Watanabe, Y., Murakami, Lofdal project. Website: http://www.nami- natites in China: A review. Journal of Asian H., Kon, Y. and Tsunematsu, M. 2013. For- biarareearths.com/ Science 27, 559-575. >>> 14 SGA News Number 34 January 2014 International Student Geological Conference Brno, Czech Republic

Ivo Macek & Kristyna Novotna

Masaryk University, Brno

ISGC was established as a student confe- pean countries (Poland, Ukraine, Romania, of Brno where students visited outcrops of rence in Poland, 2010 in cooperation with Germany, Slovakia, Slovenia, Latvia, Nor- Proterozoic metabasite rocks, Stránská rock the Polish Geological Survey and Institute way, Estonia and Czech Republic) but also – Mesozoic marine coral limestones and of Geological Science of Jagiellonian Uni- from Lybia, Egypt, Indonesia and Armenia. hornstones and Hády, an old quarry with de- versity in Krakow. In 2011 conference was On the day of deadline we received 135 monstration of Proterozoic limestones and organized in Ratnieki, Latvia and in 2012 in abstracts which were contained of 71 oral transgressive Jurrasic rocks. The biggest Lviv, Ukraine. and 64 poster contributions. Finally 160 interest was aroused by the third minera- Last ISGC took place in Brno, Czech students came to visit this occasion. During logical field trip (46 participants). Students Republic, between April 19 and 21, 2013 the conference three field trips were held. visited many pegmatites localities close to at Masaryk University which is the second All of them were focused on geological Brno, for example Rozna (type locality of largest university in this country. The whole localities in the surrounding of Brno. On the lepidolite). Some of the students could also event was under the patronage of students first field trip the students had an opportuni- visited the latest active uranium mine in of Department of Geological Sciences, Fa- ty to visit the caves in karst area to the north Europe - Dolni Rozinka. culty of Sciences. of Brno and the Turold quarry established The schedule of the conference was very We were very surprised by an enormous in Jurassic and Cretaceous sedimentary busy but still there was a time for half-day interest of students worldwide. Participants rocks. The second field trip was focused on lectures and workshops where we host key of the conference were mainly from Euro- geological attractive localities in the city note speakers as an Associated Professor

Fig. 1 From left Petra Jakubova, Iva Petranova, Radana Malikova behind the registration desk. Number 34 January 2014 SGA News 15 <<<

Fig. 2 Opening of the conference - head of Geological department Associated Professor Josef Zeman.

Sarka Hladilova (Masaryk University, Brno) with Neogene of the south Moravia (Czech Republic), Dr. Katerina Jaskova (NANO IRON, ltd. – Czech Republic) with Pro- duction of Zero-Valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI) for in-situ groundwater remediation including recent field scale application and Dr. Jiri Mizera (Academy of Science, Czech Republic) with Activation analysis – useful tool for multielement analysis in geochemical and cosmochemical research. We were also successful with arran- ging international evaluating committee. The Chairman was Professor Yves Géraud (École Nationale Supérieure de Géologie, Université de Lorraine, France) and the members of the committee were for example Professor Pavel Uher, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia or Dr. Stéphane Bodin, Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, Germany and many other associated professors and PhD´s employees from Masaryk University. We highly appreciate their presence and time. Our effort couldn’t be successful without Fig. 3 One of the poster sessions. >>> 16 SGA News Number 34 January 2014

Fig. 4 Field trip locality Vezna with blue marble.

Fig. 5 Field trip locality Rozná (type locality of lepidolite). Number 34 January 2014 SGA News 17 <<<

Fig. 6 Group photo of participants of the mineralogical field trip.

any sponsors. One of many was SGA and because of its help we were able to hold the better standard for students without increasing the fees of field trips. We would like to thank for their generous dona- tion and propagation. Next ISGC will take place at Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary in 2014. We wish to our colleagues energy and desire to organizing this geological event and af- terthought many satisfied participants as we had this year. Good luck!

PPLIED A to GY M O I L N O E E R

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Fig. 7 Uranium ore from Dolni Rozinka mine.

>>> 18 SGA News Number 34 January 2014 ...... $ CHANGE OF ADDRESS FORM

If you have changed (or will change in the near future) your address please fill in this form and send it to:

SGA Treasurer’s Office - c/o Sabine Lange Rixenweg 2, D-24222 Schwentinental-OT Klausdorf GERMANY e-mail: [email protected] and [email protected] Name ______Old address ______

Complete new address (including phone, fax and e-mail) ______Number 34 January 2014 SGA News 19 <<< SGA Awards at the 12th Biennial Meeting in Uppsala, Sweden

J. Pašava (SGA Executive Secretary)

Czech Geological Survey, Prague, [email protected]

Similarly as at the 11th SGA Biennial Meeting, the Awards Ceremony was a part of Opening Ceremony at the 12th SGA Bi- ennial Meeting in Uppsala. The following SGA awards were presented during the Opening Ceremony, which was held on August 12, 2013 from 9.45 to 10.30 and attended by Mr. Hakan Ekengren, State Secretary and Mr. Lennart Evrell, CEO Boliden (Gold Sponsor).

The SGA-Newmont Gold Medal The SGA-NEWMONT Gold Medal was established in 2006 to be awarded biannually primarily in recognition of a full career in performance of „unusually original work in the mineral deposit sector, which shall be broadly interpreted to encompass major contributions to (1) the science through research and (2) the development of mineral Fig. 1 Presentation of the SGA-Newmont Gold medal during the Opening Ceremony of the SGA 2015 resources through mine geology, explorati- Meeting in Uppsala (from right to left: M. Cuney – recipient of the award, P. Weihed – SGA President, on and discovery. The award consists of a J. Pašava – SGA Executive Secretary, M. Pagel – nominator of M. Cuney and P. Klingbej – Chair citation, pure gold medal, and travel to the of the LOC). Biennial meeting for the presentation. The first recipient of this most prestigious award was Dr. Zdeněk JOHAN (France) at the 9th SGA Biennial Meeting in Dublin, Ireland (2007). The second recipient of the SGA-New- mont Gold Medal became Dr. Shunso ISHI- HARA (Japan) at the 10th SGA Biennial Meeting in Townsville, Australia (2009). The third recipient of the SGA-Newmont Gold Medal became Dr. David GROVES at the 11th SGA Biennial Meeting in Antofa- gasta, Chile (2011) The fourth recipient of the SGA-New- mont Gold Medal became Dr. Michel CU- NEY who was nominated by M. Pagel and finally selected by SGA Council out of five pre-selected candidates. After introduction and explanation of the history of the medal by J. Pašava, citation of M. Cuney was presented by M. Pagel. The medal was presented by P. Weihed (SGA President) who also congratulated on behalf of G. Simon (Vice- President, Exploration Newmont). Then M. Fig. 2 Presentation of the SGA-Barrick Young Scientist Award during the Opening Ceremony of the Cuney, who accepted the award presented SGA 2015 Meeting in Uppsala (from right to left: P. Weihed – SGA President presenting the award to the acceptance speech. The following ci- D. Dolejš at the presence of J. Pašava – SGA Executive Secretary). >>> 20 SGA News Number 34 January 2014

tation was prepared and delivered by M. of the French Deep Geology Drilling Pro- thorium geochemical cycle. He especially Pagel (Emeritus Professor at the University gram on the Echassieres granite. He also focused on the importance of monazite eit- of Paris XI, Orsay): contributed to studies on reclamation of her as a source of uranium or as a witness uranium mining sites, natural analogue for of fertile altered granite. He just finish now Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen, nuclear waste disposal and the radon risk. publishing excellent syntheses on uranium Dr. Michel Cuney, the fourth recipient Michel Cuney is the author and/or co- fractionation through time driving the secu- of the SGA NEWMONT GOLD MEDAL, author of 200 papers in scientific jour- lar variation of uranium deposits types and, is an outstanding geoscientist in all fields nals including 125 in international referred on the genetic classification of uranium and related to uranium deposits and the uranium journals, 507 communications in congress thorium deposits. He is recognized as the cycle in the crust, ranging from practical (including 100 invited conferences) and has word-class leader in the uranium domain. geology to laboratory work and concep- contributed to 13 books. He has directed 35 He became highly respected by distin- tual thinking. It’s a pleasure for me to PhD and co-directed 19 others and thus has guished experts in uranium geology who present Michel as I have known him since contributed to formation of a new generati- acknowledge his professional and human 40 years. He has been employed by the on of uranium geologists, more than 20 of qualities and his conviction of the necessity National Center for Scientific Research his students work in Areva. to transfer high quality research into explo- (CNRS), in France since 1976. He received His research on geology and evolution of ration practice. his 3rd cycle thesis entitled “The uranium granite-related vein uranium deposits was Michel has shared all his unique know- deposits of Bois Noirs Limouzat” in 1974 fundamental to the understanding of their ledge with earth science community in and completed a State thesis in 1981 on metallogeny. He visited and studied almost numerous international meetings, work- ‘Uranium and thorium behavior during all types of uranium deposits in the world shops, short courses and conference in the metamorphism. The role of anatexis in the and focused on the parameters control- universities worldwide. Michel was invited genesis of radioelements-rich magmas”. ling the formation of high-grade uranium to serve on national and international panels He is presently Research Director at CN- deposits. Since his stay at the University and committees on geo-political and social- RS acting as permanent Researcher in the of Gottingen with Professor HG Winkler economic issues, recently he was appointed “Georessources” laboratory of the Lorraine in 1971-1972 he was always interested in as advisor of the U.S. National Research University. experimental study of the solubility and Council (National Academy of Sciences). During his career, his main and conti- partition coefficients of metals between He also acts as a consultant for IAEA. He nuous research was dedicated to uranium solution and magma. Michel was also one serves as a member of the Editorial Board metallogeny and geochemistry. However, of the researchers who showed that the of the SGA premium journal, Mineralium he also worked on rare metals. He was the study of U-Th bearing minerals was a key Deposita, and is a special associate editor principal investigator for the first drill hole for the understanding of the uranium and for the American Mineralogist. He was pre-

Fig. 3 Presentation of the Award for the best paper in Mineralium Deposita during the Opening Ceremony of the SGA 2015 Meeting in Uppsala (from right to left: Cornel de Ronde receiving the award from P. Weihed – SGA President at the presence of G. Beaudoin – Chief Editor, MD, J. Pašava – SGA Executive Secretary and P. Klingbjer – Chair of the LOC). Number 34 January 2014 SGA News 21 <<<

viously in the editorial board of the Bulletin worked on for the past 40 years have some ous contribution to the knowledge of world of the French Geological Society and the interest for the geological community, uranium deposits. “Chronoique de la Recherche Minière” He But, the greatest pleasure to receive this Last but not least I would like to thank was the Thayer Lindsley Visiting Lecturer extraordinary award is the recognition of my family and especially my wife Liliane of the Society of Economic Geologists in the huge fundamental and applied research which has been essential in this adventure. 2010 and was elected SEG Fellow. I know work which has been produced in Nancy They could all claim a part of this medal. that Michel had to show a strong tenacity for more than a half century. The uranium I sincerely thank the SGA colleagues and in his research during a long period when story in Nancy started in 1948 when the the company Newmont for choosing me for metallogeny studies were not supported in Nobel Prize Frederic Joliot Curie nomi- receiving the prestigious SGA-Newmont France and especially because of a lack nated Marcel Roubault - the Director of Gold Medal. of interest in uranium. This year, Michel the Nancy School of Geology - uranium received the Barbier prize of the French exploration and production manager at the The SGA-Barrick Young Scientist Award Geological Society. French Atomic Energy Commission. Four The former SGA Young Scientist Award Michel is an enthusiastic and patient years later, the first uranium mine was pro- (established in 2003) was approved to be scientist who spends a lot of precious time ducting in the France. changed to the SGA-Barrick Young Scien- explaining his own ideas and approaches. - Since tist Award from 2007. The award is offered He shows a strong interest in the education then, Nancy has always kept very tight re- biannually to a young scientist who has con- of professional exploration geologists. lations with the mining companies involved tributed significantly to the understanding I would like to congratulate Dr Michel in U exploration from France (COGEMA, of mineral deposits. It consists of a citation, Cuney for his major contribution explaining AREVA, TOTAL Mines, SNEAP, …) and certificate, EUR 1500 and travel expenses different ways of concentration of uranium other countries (CAMECO, RIO TINTO, to the place of the Biennial Meeting for in the magmatic, metamorphic and hydro- ANGLO AMERICAN …). A tremendous the presentation. The award is given for thermal environments. rise in the research capabilities on uranium contributions to economic geology publis- metallogenesis occurred with the creation hed before the author´s 35th birthday. The The following acceptance speech was of the CREGU (Centre de Recherche sur la recipient must be less than 40 years of age delivered by M. Cuney: Géologie de l’Uranium) in 1978 after the on January 1 of the year in which the award first oil crisis, a creation initiated by Valery is presented. Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen, Ziegler from the French Atomic Energy The first recipient of this award was Dr. Commission, with Hubert de la Roche and Noreen Vielreicher (Australia) – 2003 It has been a great surprise when Pär Bernard Poty from the CNRS and a young The second recipient of this award was announced me that I had been chosen to team composed of Maurice Pagel, Jacques Dr. Alexandre Raphael Cabral (Brazil) – receive such a prestigious award: the SGA- Leroy and myself. At that time it was a rat- 2005 Newmont gold medal. her unique interface between the scientific The third recipient of this award was Dr. It has also been a great pleasure not research and the exploration companies. It Gilles Levresse (France) - 2007 only for me but for the recognition of all has been a great opportunity for my career. The fourth recipient of this award was Dr. the work that had been done in Nancy for Many geologists educated at Nancy have David Holwell (UK) - 2009 the past years on the genesis of uranium been involved in the discovery of numerous The fifth recipient of this award was Dr. deposits. important uranium deposits in France and Kalin Kouzmanov (Bulgaria) - 2011. A great surprise: because uranium, despi- throughout the World. They have also lar- The sixth recipient of the SGA-Barrick te its high density represents a “very light gely contributed to a better understanding Young Scientist Award became Dr. David metal” in the mineral resource economy of uranium ore forming processes and ura- DOLEJŠ (Czech Republic) who was nomi- and in scientific research compared to the nium – thorium geochemistry with famous nated by J. Pašava and finally selected by “heavy metals” like gold, which attract names such as Bernard Poty, Jacques Leroy, SGA Council out of four candidates. After about 40% of the exploration geologists Maurice Pagel, Michel Cathelineau, Ngu- introduction and explanation of the history and budgets. yen Trung Chinh, Patrick Landais, Jean of the award by J. Pašava, citation was read A great surprise : also because during Dubessy and others. by J. Pašava (SGA Executive Secretary), about past 20 years I felt quite lonely in the I also would like to use this opportuni- who jointly with P. Weihed (SGA President) field of uranium geochemistry and metal- ty to thank all of them, together with the presented the award. P. Weihed also congra- logenesis. My colleagues and friends were Master and PhD students I have supervised tulated to D. Dolejš on behalf of F. Robert asking me “why are you still working on as well as the numerous geologists of the (Barrick Gold). Acceptance speech was de- uranium, there is no future in this field?”. mining companies (Valéry Ziegler, Marcel livered by Dr. D. Dolejš (Czech Republic). Even a top manager of AREVA told me in Moreau, André Durandau, Patrice Brune- The following citation was prepared and 2005 “Michel ! ! ! you are still working ton, Claude Caillat, among many others) presented by J. Pašava (SGA Executive on uranium, you won’t see a new start of which offered me new research opportuni- Secretary): this business before your retirement. It is ties, access to their mines and exploration still time to change your research subjects” fields, stimulating discussions, and to the Mr. State Secretary, distinguished guests, ! Two years later, in July 2007, the uranium colleagues all over the world with which ladies and gentlemen, price rose to 135$/pound from about 10$ collaborations have been developed. I also it is a very great honor to present David in 2004 ! have to present all my respects to the me- Dolejš, an associate professor at the Charles It is also a great pleasure, because I feel mory of Frantz Dahlkamp, which died this University in Prague, as the recipient of somehow reassured that the research I have spring, for his friendship, and his prodigi- the SGA Barrick Young Scientist award >>> 22 SGA News Number 34 January 2014

in 2013. David was born in the Czech lithosphere. He questioned the conventio- dingly grateful to the SGA and the Barrick Republic and graduated with an M.Sc. de- nal wisdom of zirconium immobility and Co. for this award. Thank you, Jan, for gree summa cum laude in petrology from with his graduate student Diego Bernini nomitating me for this prestigious recogni- Charles University. Links between mag- published in-situ diamond-anvil cell mea- tion for young scientists and for your kind matic and hydrothermal processes attracted surements, first of its kind in the world. words. Let me use this opportunity and sha- David’s interests since his early university Finally, David developed a new solubility re with you what were the major influences days, and they continue to provide a solid model for representative minerals in aque- that bring me to the podium today. foundation for his ability to see ore-forming ous fluids and changed our views on the si- My interests in geology date back to time processes, petrogenesis and geodynamic gnificance of retrograde solubility in hydro- spent with my parents, Jan and Jana, in the interpretations in one interrelated context. thermal or geothermal systems. These few countryside where the nearest rock outcrop, David has always been strongly interested examples indicate the breadth and impact albeit temporary, was in our garden. I have in unraveling global hydrothermal pro- of his research published in numerous pa- enrolled at the Charles University in Pra- cesses as opposed to case studies, and this pers appearing in Geofluids, Geochimica et gue and because that outcrop was made of led him to add laboratory experiments and Cosmochimica Acta, Journal of Petrology, weakly metamorphosed sediments, I was numerical models of remarkable quality Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry convinced to become a sedimentologist. and insight to his research projects. and other major international journals. How wrong … For his Ph.D. at McGill University in In 2008, David has accepted po- During my university studies in Prague, Canada, he restarted the experimental labo- sition of assistant, now associate professor contrary to warnings of my classmates, I ratory and developed an extensive research at the Charles University in Prague and attended the course on thermodynamics by program devoted to magmatic-hydrother- maintained a strong sense for outreach and Milan Rieder. Although the subject was vir- mal transition in highly evolved granitic sy- student education. For the last five years, tually impossible to grasp by a geologist, I stems. He addressed mineral stabilities and he has been acting as the faculty advisor somehow felt that nature operates by simple melt-fluid partitioning in fluorine-bearing to the SGA student chapter in Prague and a physico-chemical principles and understan- systems, a ligand, whose relevance for mass relentless excursion guide in central Europe ding rather than ignoring them may offer transport is still not completely appreciated. and Scandinavia. Under his leadership, the the clue to many processes. One year later, His doctoral thesis at McGill, crowned with chapter has rapidly grown from 8 to 42 stu- Miroslav Štemprok and his phase equilibria a dean’s honour list, led to six papers with dent members, and it became a very active class convinced me that Rieder had a point. a total impact factor of 21.5. He provided and one of the largest groups in Europe. Štemprok’s gentle, encouraging and persi- definite resolutions for the dichotomy of David’s enthusiasm and personal devotion stent personality kept me coming back not volatile composition and mineralization in to promotion of economic geology among only to use his extensive library but mainly magmatic arcs versus continental collision, young generation of students is clearly a for long and intriguing discussions. His far and critically assessed the role of exsolution very important and successful aspect of his sight and worldwide experience with ore- of fluoride liquids or brines from granitic academic activities. The Faculty of Science forming hydrothermal processes presented melts that lead to the formation of deposits of his alma mater has already recognized a steady enquiry for me, but I felt that he of various critical metals, such as Zr, Nb, him as a double recipient of the excellent wants to urge me that I find the solutions Ta, or rare earth elements. teacher award. on my own. Finally, when I complained to Subsequently, David accepted postdoc- David’s scientific productivity Petr Jakeš that he did not sufficiently cover toral position at the University of Bayreuth has been extraordinary, and he earned the hydrothermal phenomena in his graduate in Germany, with the support from the Elite Walter Hitschfeld award in Montréal 2001 geochemistry class, he, instead, wrote a Network of Bavaria, and developed strong and the Albert Maucher award in Munich supportive reference letter for me to pursue and successful international collaboration 2007. To date, he has published more than a Ph.D. in North America. So I went … to address some of the long-standing defi- 35 papers in major international journals I arrived to McGill in Canada and the de- ciencies in our understanding of feedback and the number of his citations is on a sharp partment was well populated with hard-rock relations between alteration mineralogy, the increase, exceeding 390 worldwide. This academic staff providing unusually rich and chemistry of aqueous fluids, reaction me- clearly reflects his sense for scientific pur- diverse expertise in geochemistry, petrolo- chanisms, and environmental factors such suit, the relevant scope of his approaches, gy and ore deposits. My Ph.D. supervisor, as oxygen or sulfur fugacities. Together and the application of his research results to Don Baker, has generously allowed me to with Thomas Wagner, they modelled alte- an interdisciplinary area between economic choose and put his funds behind my own ration reactions in shallow-level granites, geology, geochemistry and mineralogy. thesis topic, which meant a hard and slow with implications for redox variations and I would like to present David Dolejš to start for a naive youngster. However, this identified solute ratios, now analytically ac- you as the 2013 recipient of the SGA Bar- discovery path of my own research attitude cessible, which may provide potential geo- rick young scientist award in recognition and capabilities was truly rewarding. Being thermometers for hydrothermal fluids. With of his scientific enthusiasm, creativity and the only student working with Don for Andreas Audétat and Jacob Lowenstern, leadership. several years, I naturally gravitated to the they documented multiple occurrences of most populated room across the corridor, primary magmatic molybdenite worldwide The following acceptance speech was happened to be a fluid inclusion lab of eco- and calibrated the potential of molybdenum delivered by D. Dolejš: nomic geologist, „Willy“ Williams-Jones. as a sulfobarometer at the magmatic-hydro- The SEG student chapter at McGill was in thermal transition. More recently, David President Weihed, members of the socie- a full swing, we extensively travelled to ore began to investigate the nature of fluid- ty, ladies and gentlemen, deposits across Eastern Canada, and Willy’s mediated element transport in the deeper I am thoroughly delighted and excee- students and postdocs kept reminding me Number 34 January 2014 SGA News 23 <<<

how fluids are important scientifically, eco- my students found geology interesting and Oral and Poster Presentations given by stu- nomically, and on Friday nights. Still in important, and they pursue their studies or dents were awarded. Montreal, I started my collaboration with jobs abroad. A Conference Student Committee consti- Thomas Wagner, postdoc at that time, and In closing I can say that the award is not tuted by Richard Goldfarb, Tony Christie, our work on thermodynamic models of the sole accomplishment of myself but I Brian Rusk, Karin Högdahl, Rodney Allen, hydrothermal alteration continued when we would like to acknowledge the many col- Roberto Xavier, Jorge Relvas, and Anna both moved to German universities. The laborators and individuals who have given Vymazalová based on high quality and sci- more we enjoyed the intricacies of phy- me the opportunity to achieve this recogni- entific merit of the student’s presentations sicochemical properties of silicate, oxide tion. I would not be standing here without decided to attribute the awards to three and sulfide minerals and aqueous species, continuing support of our family and my students for oral presentations and two stu- the less time was left for writing additional girlfriend, and their steady forbearance and dents for poster presentatons (each of them joint papers, but I am happy that we both sacrifice for my scientific pursuits. received a certificate and 250 euro). still continue to build on these results. We would not be meeting here today if In 2004, I moved to the University of we would not share sense that our profes- The following students were awarded Bayreuth as a postdoc and I wish to ap- sion needs communication, strategy and for: preciate the generosity of Hans Keppler, visibility in the modern society. Likewise, for offering me a long-term position. The this award would not exist without the The best student oral presentations: attitude at the Bayerisches Geoinstitut was farsight and commitment of those who unlike at any other university, but was that dedicate their time, efforts and resources Pedro Acosta-Gongora: Trace element of a research centre with a high flux of to this professional society. I am, therefore, geochemistry of magmatite and its relati- excellent young researchers, unparalleled very grateful to the SGA leadership and to onship to mineralization in the Great Bear infrastructure and technical support. I star- Barrick for bestowing me with this award magmatic zone, NWT, Canada. ted there just two months ahead of arrival and hope that my future work will satisfy of Andreas Audétat, who then built the laser the high standards set forth by my predeces- Michael Tucker: Geology, alteration and ablation ICP MS lab, and we revived our sors. Thank you for listening. mineralization of the Conrad Zone, Yukon collaboration from North American times, Territory – a new Carlin-type gold disco- and started on several studies related to The SGA Award for the Best Paper in very. the occurrence, stability and implications Mineralium Deposita. of molybdenum mineralization. Andreas’s The award (established in 1999) is pre- Koen Torremans: Structural analysis and meticulous analytical skills and my desire sented every two years at the Society Bi- distribution of layer-parallel veins at the to amplify the results and applicability into ennial Meetings and consists of a citation, Nkana stratiform Cu-Co deposit, Zambia. a broader picture led to recognition of mag- certificate, EUR 1500 and travel expenses matic molybdenite in a number of igneous for the first author associated with the re- suites worldwide and to subsequent cali- ceipt of the award. The best student poster presentations: bration of a new oxy- and sulfobarometer Based on pre-selection of five papers by for ore deposit studies. Another important Chief Editors, MD, and after Council vote Emily Firth: Mesozoic quartz-vein hosted moment in Bayreuth was a sabbatical of it was decided that the paper by Cornel de Au (Ag-Pb-Zn-Cu) mineralization at the Craig Manning, visiting us from UCLA, Ronde, Massoth G, Butterfield D, Christen- Mineral de Talca, Coastal range, Chile: the when we started to carefully evaluate solu- son B, Ishibashi J, Ditchburn R, Hannington role of felsic intrusives. bilities of various minerals in hydrothermal M, Brathwaite R, Lupton J, Kamenetsky V, fluids, with prospective applications to dee- Graham I, Zellmer G, Dziak R, Embley R, Dora Kavecsanszki: Magma mingling per lithosphere and global cycles. Our daily Dekov V, Munnik F, Lahr J, Evans L, Takai between sulfide-rich and carbonatite mag- interactions in the summer of 2009 provi- K (2011) Submarine hydrothermal activity mas to form a multi-commodity metal de- ded much impetus for my subsequent work and gold-rich mineralization at Brothers posit: reconstruction using QEMSCAN® on fluid flow and estimation of fluid fluxes Volcano, Kermadec Arc, New Zealand, pu- analysis. from mineral and alteration record. blished in Mineralium Deposita 46: 541- My so far last move to Charles University 584, will receive the award. in 2008 meant adding teaching and science After introduction by J. Pašava and cita- On behalf of SGA, we wish to congratu- outreach into my daily schedule. Upon my tion by G. Beaudoin, the award was presen- late once more to all awardees! arrival in Prague, I unavoidably became an ted by G. Beaudoin (Chief Editor, Mine- power-point slide creator but I am happy to ralium Deposita, North American Office), note that the more slides I had, the larger P. Weihed (SGA President) and J. Pašava PPLIED A to number of curious and inspiring students I (SGA Executive Secretary). The acceptance GY M O I L N was able to meet. Supervising eight studen- speech was presented by Cornel de Ronde. O E E R ts working with me today, and with the help A G

of local and international laboratory facili- The SGA Awards for the Best Student D

ties, we have embarked on several projects Oral and Poster Presentation P

T O

S I

related to pulsed fluid flow, origin of grei- I C T

S O sen and skarn deposits, and the mechanisms In order to encourage students to parti- S of mineral reactions on the microscale. It is cipate in the SGA activities and to reward also very gratifying to see that a number of excellence in their scientific work, the Best >>> 24 SGA News Number 34 January 2014 >>> FORTHCOMING EVENTS <<<

marks a new entry *June 8-13 Rare Earth Resources, Milos, Greece. Contact: * 2014 Goldschmidt Conference, Sacramento, http://milos.conferences.gr/ CA, United States. Contact: http://goldschmidt. info/2014/ September 10-12 Planet Formation and Evolution 2014, Kiel, 2014 *June 8-13 Germany. Contact: http://www1.astrophysik.uni- ZEOLITE 2014 — The 9th International Con- kiel.de/~kiel2014/main/ *March 20-21 ference on the Occurrence, Properties and Uti- NAC 2014 — North Atlantic Craton Confer- lization of Natural Zeolites, Belgrade, Serbia. *September 21-25 ence, St Andrews, United Kingdom. This event Contact: http://www.inza.unina.it/upcoming- UMH VII - 2014 — Uranium Mining and is organised by the Cardiff and St. Andrews events/111-zeolite-2014-full Hydrogeology 2014 International Conference, University Chapters of the Society of Economic Freiberg, Germany. Contact: http://tu-freiberg. Geologists, and the Applied Mineralogy Special *June 21-27 de/umh-vii-2014 Interest Group of The Mineralogical Society of Research at High Pressure — Gordon Research Great Britain and Ireland, in conjunction with the Seminar/Utilizing High Pressure Techniques to September 27-30 British Geological Survey and Geological Sur- Elucidate the Behavior of Matter from Deep Society of Economic Geologists (SEG) 2014 vey of Denmark and Greenland. This workshop, Within Earth’s Crust, to the Biotic Communities Conference, Building Exploration Capability for on the mineral potential of the North Atlantic of the Ocean and Crustal Environments to the the 21st Century, Keystone, Colorado, USA. Craton (NAC) as a whole, is aimed at initiating Cores of Gas Giants and Onto the Structures of Contact: www.seg2014.org and furthering trans-Atlantic collaboration in Tomorrow, University of New England, Bid- understanding the Archaean cratonic controls deford, ME, United States. Contact: http://www. *October 19-22 on ore deposit formation through time. Contact: grc.org/meetings.aspx?year=2014 2014 Geological Society of America (GSA) http://www.nac-conference2014.org.uk/ Annual Meeting, Vancouver, British Columbia, *June 28-July 4 Canada. Contact: http://www.geosociety.org/ *March 22-23 Shechtman International Symposium on Sus- meetings/2014/ Gordon Research Seminar: Natural Gas Hy- tainable Mining, Minerals, Metal and Materials drate Systems, Galveston, Texas, United Processing, Cancun, Mexico. Contact: http:// December 15-19 States. Contact: http://www.grc.org/programs. www.flogen.org/ShechtmanSymposium/ AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, USA aspx?year=2014&program=grs_natgas - Contact: http://www.agu.org/meetings.shtml, *June 30-July 4 AGU Meetings Department 2000 Florida Ave- *March 31-April 1 Asteroids, Comets, Meteors, Helsinki, Finland. nue, NW Washington D.C. U.S.A. 20009; Phone: Joint Interpretation of Geophysical and Ge- Contact: http://www.helsinki.fi/acm2014/ (+1-202-777-7333) ochemical Data, Singapore, Singapore. Con- tact: http://www.eage.org/events/index. August 11-14 2015 php?evp=12108&ActiveMenu=2 XII International Platinum Symposium, Ekater- inburg, Russia. Contact: http://12ips.uran.ru *August 16-21 *April 27-May 2 2015 Goldschmidt Conference, Prague, Czech EGU 2014 European Geosciences Union Gen- *August 25-September 3 Republic. Contact: http://www.geochemsoc.org/ eral Assembly 2014, Vienna, Austria. Contact: EMU School 2014 - Planetary mineralogy, Glas- programs/goldschmidtconference/ http://www.egu2014.eu/ gow, Scotland, United Kingdom. Contact: http:// eurominunion.org/?p=571 August 24-27 *May 4-14 13th SGA Biennial Meeting “Mineral Resources 6th Orogenic Lherzolite Conference, Marrakech, August 30-September 6 in a Sustainable World”, Nancy, France - Con- Morocco. Contact: http://www.gm.univ-montp2. IMA 2014 General Meeting — 21st General tact: [email protected] fr/Lherzolite/ Meeting of the International Mineralogical As- sociation, Johannesburg, South Africa - Contact: *September 20-25 24-27 *May 16-18 http://www.ima2014.co.za 8th Hutton Symposium on Granites and Related ACROFI V — Asian Current Research on Fluid Rocks, Florianópolis, Brazil. Contact: http:// Inclusions, Xi’an, China. Contact: http://es.nju. *September 1-5 www.hutton8.com.br edu.cn/ACROFI_V/Home.htm IMA 2014 General Meeting — 21st General Meeting of the International Mineralogical As- *November 1-5 *May 20-22 sociation, Sandton, Gauteng, South Africa. Con- Geological Society of America Annual Meeting, Biosignatures across space and Time, Bergen, tact: http://www.ima2014.co.za/ Baltimore, MD, United States. Contact: http:// Norway. Contact: http://www.nordicastrobiol- www.geosociety.org/meetings/ ogy.net/Biosignatures2014/ September 1-6 31st International Conference on Ore potential *May 21-23 of Alkaline, Kimberlite and Carbonatite Mag- 2016 GAC/MAC: Geological Association of Canada matism, Antalya, Turkey. Contact: Email: al- /Mineralogical Association of Canada Annual [email protected]; http://alkaline2014. *June 26-July 1 Meeting, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada. com/ 2016 Goldschmidt Conference, Yokohama, Ja- Contact: http://www.unb.ca/conferences/gac- pan. Contact: http://www.geochemsoc.org/pro- mac2014/ *September 4-6 grams/goldschmidtconference/ ERES 2014 — The 1st conference on European Number 34 January 2014 SGA News 25 <<< D. Groves – Geology of Gold Deposits: SGA Education Fund Short Course

Nikola Denisová (1), David Dolejš

(1) Luleå University of Technology, Sweden (2) Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 43 Praha 2, Czech Republic - E-mail: [email protected]

The SGA Education Fund, established in role of lithosphere in global metallogeny, strategies (first day), with focus on geolo- 2013, funded as its first educational activity and prospectivity mapping. During his ca- gical settings, mineralization and alteration the student-oriented short course on Gold reer, he also supervised over 85 Ph.D., 55 styles and global geodynamic context duri- Deposits: From Theory to Exploration Prac- M.Sc. and 120 B.Sc. Hons. thesis projects ng the following days. The principal focus tice. The short course was presented by Pro- at the University of Western Australia and of the second-day presentations aimed at fessor David Groves, University of Western elsewhere. He was elected President of intrusion-related, iron-oxide copper gold Australia and hosted by the SGA Student the SGA, SEG and the Geological Soci- and Carlin-type deposits, whereas the last Chapter Prague on September 14-16, 2013. ety of Australia, and for his career-long day was devoted to orogenic gold minera- David Groves is an Emeritus Professor at achievements he received both the SGA- lization styles. The big-picture and gene- the University of Western Australia, where Newmont Gold Medal and the SEG Penrose ral-perspective approach was particularly he helped establish the Center for Explo- Gold Medal. His willingness to organize welcome as were detailed genetic models ration Targeting. He has co-authored more this short course symbolizes his personal and controls on each mineralization setting. than 500 publications mainly in the fields gift to the SGA Education Fund. During the closing afternoon, Jiří Zachariáš, of Archean evolution, komatiite-associated The course consisted of four lecture ses- associate professor of economic geology at Ni-Cu deposits, orogenic gold deposits, the sions devoted to exploration techniques and the Charles University, presented his lecture

Economic geologists surrounding the speaker (left to right): Professor Miroslav Štemprok, Professor David Groves, Dr. Jan Pašava (SGA executive secretary) and Professor Zdeněk Pertold. >>> 26 SGA News Number 34 January 2014

on the Mokrsko gold deposit, located 50 km south of Prague, which served as model example of speculative origin for subsequent discussion between the principal presenter, students and other academic attendees. The discussion was lively and ignited, and ulti- mately it divided the room into supporters of an orogenic gold type and intrusion- related style. More than 45 students from the SGA student chapters in Prague, Baltic countries, Barcelona and Siberian region as well as from the Technical University of Ostrava, Comenius University in Bratislava, Tech- nical University Bergakademie in Freiberg, University of Halle and ETH Zürich, and it was hosted in the Faculty of Science, Charles University in downtown Prague. The SGA student chapter members had many opportunities to meet and get to know each other, be it during the coffee breaks or during the Ice Breaker party organized by the Prague Chapter on the first evening. The organizing committee of the SGA Student Chapter Prague would like to acknowledge the SGA Educational Fund for supporting this event, Professor Groves for commitment to relentless presentations, and finally to a large number of local students who helped with organization and logistics of the course. Professor David Groves teaching in the historic lecture hall at Charles University. News from the Baltic Student SGA Chapter

Marta Sosnicka (1), Nikola Denisová (2)

(1) AGH University of Science and Technology, Cracow, Poland (2) Luleå University of Technology, Sweden

The 5th annual Baltic Student SGA Chap- Weisenberger from University of Oulu. northern Finland compared to well known ter Meeting “Ore Deposits of Northern The SGA BSC Meeting program inclu- deposits like the Sudbury Igneous Com- Fennoscandia” was held by the University ded one day of lectures and seminars at the plex. After lunch, the Meeting continued of Oulu, Finland in November 4-6, 2013. University of Oulu and two days of field with presentations of the students’ doctoral Twelve representatives from the member trips dedicated to ore deposits of northern projects, the talks were given by Shenghong institutions participated in this event: Joo- Fennoscandia. Yang and Fangfang Guo from the Univer- nas Kurtti from the University of Oulu (Fin- The first day of the Meeting commenced sity of Oulu and by Joanna Kołodziejczyk land), Jenni Nevalainen from the University with the registration and welcome coffee, and Marta Sośnicka from AGH University of Turku (Finland), Marta Sośnicka, Joanna after which the lectures began. The first of Science and Technology. The next lec- Kołodziejczyk from the AGH University of lecture was given by Professor Eero Hanski ture was by Doctor Tobias Weisenberger Science and Technology (Poland), Friede- from the University of Oulu, who talked from the University of Oulu who spoke rike Minz, Sanna Naalisvaara, Nikola Deni- about komatiites of Central Lapland and about hydrothermal phonolite alteration in sová, Nicole Breng, Nils Edblom, Nikolay associated Ni-PGE deposits, for example the Kaiserstuhl volcanic complex in Ger- Zhivkov, Anton Lidström and Thomas Ke- the Kevitsa layered intrusion. The second many. The last talk of the day by Professor arney from Luleå University of Technology talk was given by Professor Ferenc Molnár Krister Sundblad from the University of LTU (Sweden). The Meeting was organized from the GTK whose lecture covered PGE- Turku concerned the metallogeny of indium by Friederike Minz, Joonas Kurtti and To- rich sulfide ores in the footwall of layered in the Fennoscandian Shield and the history masz Ćwiertnia, with a support of Tobias igneous complexes with examples from of its discovery in the region. Number 34 January 2014 SGA News 27 <<<

Fig. 1 Participants in the Pyhäsalmi underground mine Fig. 2 Participants at the entrance of the Timo shaft, the Pyhäsalmi underground mine

Fig. 3 Studying the drilling techniques applied in the Pyhäsalmi under- Fig. 4 At the massive core of the VMS ore body, the Pyhäsalmi underground ground mine mine

Fig. 5 The VMS ore, the Pyhäsalmi underground mine

Fig. 6 Participants in front of the shaft of the Kemi underground mine >>> 28 SGA News Number 34 January 2014

On the 5th of November, during the se- of the pyrite-bearing and Zn-bearing ores, chromite and metamorphic minerals such as cond day of the SGA BSC Meeting, the par- trace the sharp contact between the barren, talc, chlorite (e.g. kammererite), serpentine, ticipants visited the Pyhäsalmi underground banded metavolcanites and VMS ore, and amphibole and carbonate. The chromitite mine, which is the deepest metal mine in learn about the core logging and drilling layer was mined in an open pit, but in Europe, reaching the depth of over 1410 techniques applied in the mine. The studen- 2003, the underground mine was opened meters. The mine, which belongs to the In- ts were also given an opportunity to follow and it goes down to the depth of 600 m. met Mining company, is actively exploiting the ore processing stages in the nearby The participants visited the underground the volcanogenic massive sulphide Zn-Cu concentration plant and collect samples of mine and saw the underground facilities – deposit (Kuroko-type VMS) situated in the the three different final products of the ore the core shed, workshops and offices. The Svecofennian Savo Schist Belt. The mined processing: concentrates containing Cu, Zn participants also observed a production drill ore body is called by the local miners a “po- and pyrite. The Cu and Zn concentrates are rig preparing the blasting holes. The un- tato”. The estimated volume of this ‘potato’- sold to the nearest smelters, whereas the derground tour was lead by chief geologist shaped Cu-Zn ore body is 422x37x202m3 pyrite concentrate is sold and transported Timo Huhtelin and junior geologist Jaakko with total resources of 65.2Mt. Despite the to China. The interesting and informative Hietava. ore is low-grade and contains 0,94% of Cu, underground tour in Pyhäsalmi mine and A special thank you belongs to all those, 1,93% of Zn and 42,61% of S, the high pro- in the nearby ore processing facilities was who arranged and supported this successful ficiency of extracting makes its exploitation guided by the chief geologist Timo Mäki Meeting. economically profitable. The ore body is and two junior geologists: Anssi Kangas internally heterogeneous and consists of 5 and Mikko Numminen. References types of ores: massive pyrite, spotty mas- On the third day of the Meeting, the 6th Mäki, T., and Puustjärvi, H., 2003, The sive pyrite, shear zone ore, Zn-bearing ore of November, the group visited the Kemi Pyhäsalmi massive Zn-Cu-pyrite depo- and Cu-bearing ore. The core of the ‘pota- chromite mine, owned by the Outokupmu sit, middle Finland-A Palaeoproterozoic to’ is composed of the massive pyrite ore mining company. The Kemi layered intru- VMS-class „giant“, in Kelly, J.G., An- surrounded by the zone of Cu-bearing ore, sion hosts a chromitite deposit containing drew, C.J., Ashton, J.H., Boland, M.B., which in turn contacts with the outermost 33 Mt of chromite ore at 29 % Cr2O3. The Earls, G., Fusciardi, L., and Stanley, G., Zn-bearing ore zone. The main ore mine- intrusion dips 70° to the NW, and is about eds., Europe’s major base metal deposits: rals are pyrite, chalcopyrite and sphalerite. 15 km long and between 0.2 and 2 km thick. Irish Association For Economic Geology, The Cu-bearing ores mostly comprise mas- Originally, the intrusion had been funnel- p. 87-100. sive pyrite and chalcopyrite, whereas the shaped, with layers thinning out towards the Alapieti, T., and Huhtelin, T., 2005, The Ke- Zn-bearing ores are composed of massive edges of the intrusion. The age of the intru- mi intrusion and associated chromite de- pyrite and sphalerite, which is frequently sion has been determined at 2.44 Ga. The posits, in Alapieti, T., and Kärki A., eds., accompanied by barite and carbonates. At whole area underwent lower amphibolite Geological Survey of Finland, Guide 51a: the depth reaching 1400 meters the parti- facies metamorphism. The main chromitite Geological Survey of Finland, p. 13-32. cipants could examine and collect samples layer is on average 40 m thick and contains

News from the Siberian Student Chapter

Andrey Vishnevskiy, Maria Cherdantseva

Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia

In 2013, we organized many short field enabled a comprehensive study of geologi- ly columnar jointing. Basic rocks exposed trips to mineral deposits and geological na- cal objects. During the excursions, students greenstone changes, sometimes pyritized tural monuments of the Novosibirsk region. have acquired skills to work with geological and often contain hydrothermal epidote- During field trips the students looked at the compass, GPS-navigator, geological and quartz-albite veins. technology of mining, occurrence of geo- topographical maps. Some samples of rocks Coal mines of Novosibirsk region. Coal logical bodies and mineral deposits, folded and minerals have been added to the colle- deposits are located in Gorlovka trough, and faults-made forms, structural features ction of NSU. which is a deep narrow graben-synclinal of different types of rocks, organic residues Bugotak Hills. In this area there are ma- structure stretches in a southeasterly direc- and ore mineralization. Also during the ny basic and felsic subvolcanic intrusions tion at 50 kilometers south of Novosibirsk. trips were conducted panning classes to get intruding Middle Devonian volcanogenic Coal-bearing is the uppermost part of the heavy fraction (concentrate). The excursi- strata. In this area it is possible to compare sedimentary sequence - Balahonskaya se- ons was also attended by research staff of the geological features of the shallow intru- ries, which was formed from the Middle Geological and Geophysical Department sive magmatism of different composition. Carboniferous to Early Permian. Coals is of Novosibirsk State University, speciali- In the walls of the open pits, most of which mined in the three open pits, two of which zing in different fields of geology, which does not in operation now, we can see clear- (Urgunsky and Kolyvansky) are in operation Number 34 January 2014 SGA News 29 <<<

Panning classes on the Ob’ river bank

Field trip in Bugotak Hills

One of the coal quarries of Novosibirs region In the abandoned limestone quarry now, and temporarily stopped Gorlovka pit, Shipunovsky deposit is confined to the ning a trip to the gold deposits in Altai Mts. which we visited. These coals are anthracite block of the Upper Devonian reef lime- In addition, we as in the past year, were and are of high quality: low-ash, low sulfur, stones. The field is developed for raw mate- engaged in the organization and conduct of high carbon and high mechanical strength. rials for cement plant, but close to operating scientific and popular lectures for students Coals and shales contain carbonized tree quarry is located in an abandoned open pit and schoolchildrens, and one of our mem- trunks, substituted by siderite, moreover, which has produced a monolithic limestone bers - Maria Cherdantseva has received in certain points we have found zones with for construction work. Limestones in Pe- financial support from SGA for travel to the pyrite crystals. tenevsky quarry were exposed to repeated meeting in Uppsala. Our student chapter is Marble and limestone quarries. These brecciation, recrystallization and the forma- gradually increasing and in the next year we deposits are also located to the south and tion of hematite and carbonate veins. join few students engaged in ore geology southeast of Novosibirsk. We visited two We also visited other places in the Novo- and mineralogy. of them – Shipunovskoe and Petenevskoe. sibirsk region, and next year we are plan- Shiny and bright future for minerals deposit research for a high tech world

Erika Ingvald

SGU, [email protected]

Uppsala is the city where the latest, the a high tech world” the meeting gathered reassuring for the future. One of the popular 12th, biennial SGA meeting was organized. almost 700 researchers, including about 200 sub-events to this meeting was the student Headlined “Minerals deposit research for students, presumably a new record, which is industry evening, held at the Department of >>> 30 SGA News Number 34 January 2014

Earth Sciences at Uppsala University, dra- Also the number of excursions to mining years, when it comes to communicating wing full houses, considered a success by regions of interest “nearby” added to the and collaborating with and paying back to both industry representatives and students. interest. Apart from excursions to the Swe- the local society, whereas others still have dish mining regions, there were also trips miles to go on that part. The place to Greenland, Russia, Finland and Norway, The 12th biennial SGA meeting reflected One reason for the huge interest to this regions that all have a geology of great and this development to its full. A number of conference is said to be its location. Upp- growing interest when it comes to mining talks, from key note speakers and others, sala is located just south of 60th parallel and exploration research. posters and sessions focused on mining North, on the same latitude as the southern and sustainability. The mining industry is tip of Greenland, however since about 10 The society since a number of years acknowledging the 000 years without the land ice and defini- Rarely has this line of research been so importance of those issues, taking leaps to tely without the polar bears. The University important to society. The global demand develop their MO. The scientific communi- of Uppsala was founded in 1477 and long for metals, base metals as well as high tech ty in large parts hold its own, and politicians before that the city used to be the capitol metals, is an extremely important driver for as well as government agencies are working of Sweden. It is situated in the easternmost societal, tech and economic development, hard at their end. What was addressed by part of Bergslagen, a region that has been in all parts of the world. Consequently the a number of participants to the meeting is prominent for its mines for more than a public’s demand on mining companies to that what still needs improvement is the thousand years. This is the region where the decrease the impact of mining to environ- communication and collaboration between Sala Silver mine, the Falu Copper mine, the ment grows as do the demand on CSR. the players in this triple helix. Zinkgruvan Zink mine and the Dannemora Less known perhaps is that the mining in- Iron ore mine are situated, and just close to dustry already years ago identified the huge The science the city of Uppsala is where the first signs wins to be made on well designed, more Over the last decades a number of new of early use of charcoal milns, some 1500 automatized mining operations, taking out techniques have developed, enabling resear- years ago, were identified. A number of more metals by the tonne, both by the volu- chers of different geoscientific disciplines participants have expressed that Sweden’s me and by the number of metals extracted to collect much more data at a lower cost, long history of mining, adding to the know- from a single operation, not only saving as well as more detailed information from how in so many ways for such a long period in effort and energy costs and an overall each sample. During this period a number of time, make this country all the more better economy of their operations, but also of researchers have evolved expertise to interesting to visit when an opportunity like decreasing the environmental costs. Some those different techniques. This conference the SGA conference is given. companies are also in the driver’s seat since showed that now the time has come when

Norrlands nation student club hosted the SGA ice breaker and conference lunches. Number 34 January 2014 SGA News 31 <<<

collaboration between the different lines lities for networking during the 12th bienni- to play their part in a sustainable way. of expertise has taken the trade of minerals al SGA meeting were outstanding, with the The Geological Survey of Sweden wish deposit research to a new level. student-industry event, with the icebreaker to express its gratitude to the SGA board at Norrlands nation student club, with the for choosing Uppsala, to the organizing The networking conference dinner at Uppsala Castle, with committee, the excursion organizers who Many participants stressed the impor- the very popular and well visited poster worked hard to make this conference a tance of collaboration as a key issue for sessions. success, to all the participants of the 12th the future. For collaboration to actually All-in-all, this conference shows that the- Biennial SGA meeting who actually made happen, networking is a key issue and SGA re is a future for research in mining deposits it what it was, and to the sponsoring com- conferences are important for making new for a high-tech world, that might be shining panies; Boliden, LKAB, Agnico Eagle and contacts as well as for getting an overview and bright, given that all the players on the Mawson for making this possible. of all of what’s state-of-the art. The possibi- arena of mining and exploration are willing

The Hall of the Uppsala University main building hosted the conference Several companies, universities and other organisations were on exhibition exhibition, and was a natural meeting point for coffee and networking. in the Hall.

Welcome address by Per Klingbjer, SGU, chair of the organizing commit- On their way to the conference dinner at the ancient castle of Uppsala, the tee. Vasa Castle.

Uppsala University’s Aula Magna is prepared to welcome the participants Preparations for the conference dinner. of the 12th biennial SGA-meeting. >>> 32 SGA News Number 34 January 2014 Habachtal and Knappenwand – precious stones deposits in Hohe Tauern: a field trip report from the SGA Student Chapter Prague

Luboš Vrtiška 1,3, Jan Soumar 2,3

(1) Institute of Petrology and Structural Geology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (2) Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Resources, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (3) Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, National Museum Prague, Czech Republic

The first field trip organised by the SGA lite, mica schist, serpentine and talc schist. paleozoic crystalline schists penetrated by Student Chapter Prague in 2013 lead to The most important emerald bearing rocks granite, granodiorite and tonalite intrusions the famous Alpine deposits Habachtal and are biotite-, talc- and actinolite schists oc- of Variscan age metamorphosed during the Knappenwand in Austria. Habachtal eme- curring at the margins of serpentine bodies. Alpine orogeny. The banded amphibiltes rald deposit has been known since the The emeralds mostly appear in the form of rich in metamorphic mobilised epidote are Roman times. This locality provides the automorphic hexagonal columns in a size tectonically affected by numerous shear best emeralds in Europe and it is the only up to 4–5 cm. The emeralds can be found in zones of the Alpine orogeny. The hydro- location where emeralds of gem quality the Habach valley under the adit where they thermal mineralisation in cavities is bound occur. The mine has been active until these are transported by water. with these shear zones and is represented days, where the Steiner family has been Knappenwand is a deposit of high quality by actinolite, albite, epidote, titanite, apatite irregularly mining the precious stones using epidote crystals discovered in 1865. Similar and others. just a simple technology. Access to the adit to Habachtal, this deposit has been occasi- We were lucky to find some nice speci- collar is rather difficult requiring good phy- onally mined for collecting purposes until mens of emeralds and a few epidote samples sical conditions. nowadays. The place is also accessible with as well, so the trip had not only educational The emerald deposit is located at the tec- difficulties. The deposit is located in epido- contribution but also some tangible benefit. tonic contact of ortho-gneiss and basic to te amphibolites of the Knappenwandmulde ultrabasic metamorphosed rocks: amphibo- unit, Habach series represented by late

Habach valley, view from the adit collar (photo L. Vrtiška) Emerald sample (photo L. Vrtiška)

Ancient method of mining used in the Habachtal mine today (photo L. Knappenwand adit (photo J. Bubal) Vrtiška) Number 34 January 2014 SGA News 33 <<< The SGA website

Nikola Koglin , Chief Editor SGA website Lehrstuhl für Geodynamik und Geomaterialforschung, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 7074 Würzburg email: [email protected] http://www.e-sga.org >>> 34 SGA News Number 34 January 2014

Franco Pirajno, Geological Survey of Western Australia, East Perth, WA, Australia; The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; and Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, China The Geology and Tectonic Settings of China’s Mineral Deposits Extensive descriptions of a wide range of key or world-class mineral deposits of China are presented in the context of the country’s general geology, tectonic units and mineral systems and their geodynamic evolution within the tectonic framework of the Asian continent. This comprehensive overview, incorporating the latest geological concepts, is the first such coverage written in English by a western expert, and will be of benefit to mineral explorers and miners, as well as to research scientists and students in institutions of higher education. In his compilation of this compendium of Chinese geology and mineral systems, Franco Pirajno draws on first-hand knowledge of China’s geology and mineral deposits gained in numerous field visits and research projects with Chinese colleagues from various academic institutions over the past 18 years.

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▶ Modern English language geological and mineral deposits ▶information on China Most useful to Western (and Chinese) geoscientists First time that a western-‐based book on China’s geology and ▶mineral deposits is published 2013, XVIII, 679 p. 215 illus., 89 in colour ISBN: 978-94-007-4443-1 Appropriate for use by the mineral exploration industry � € 129.95 | £ 117.00 � Conference price: € 103.95 | £ 93.60

Valid until 15 September 2012. This applies to personal orders by conference Forthcoming delegates using this order form. August 2012

Pirajno, The Geology and Tectonic Settings of China's Mineral Deposits

ISBN: 978-94-007-4443-1 ► € 129.95 | £ 117.00 ► Conference price: € 103.95 | £ 93.60 (valid until 15 September 2012) Number 34 January 2014 SGA News 35 <<< >>> 36 SGA News Number 34 January 2014 Number 34 January 2014 SGA News 37 <<< >>> 38 SGA News Number 34 January 2014 Number 34 January 2014 SGA News 39 <<< >>> 40 SGA News Number 34 January 2014

50th SGA Anniversary meeting Welcome back to the roots of SGA

13th SGA Biennial Meeting

Nancy, France, August 24‐27, 2015 Mineral Resources in a Sustainable World

Photo : V. Huault sga‐2015@univ‐lorraine.fr