INDEX

A TNI under, 211–25 abangan, 69 end of reform, 217–22 view on inclusion of syariat, 73 reform and military factionalism, Abd Rohim Ghazali, 336 212–17 Abdul Hakim Garuda Nusantara, 171 threat of emergency, 222–25 Abdullah Faqih, 357 ABRI (Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Abdurrahman Saleh, 316 ), 64 , 4, 83 crisis of declining regime, 109–10 armed forces, approach towards, 242 damage to reputation, 123 attacks on Amien Rais, 152 support for calls for ’s defending constituency interests, resignation, 130 254 headquarters, 55 fall of, 222–25 view of itself, 39 fear for regime backlash, 178 Abu Bakar Ba’asyir, 88–89 Gus Dur, 93 leader of Jemaah Islamiyah, 281 health of, 182 Abu Dujana, 350 hostility towards ’s Abu Hasan, 284 chairman, 152 Abdul Kahfi, 274 intra-Islamic conflicts during Aceh Presidency of, 260–80 civil-military relations in, 302–04 isolation from political reality, 223 peace agreement, see Aceh Peace leadership style, erratic, 261 Agreement marginalization, 335–37 resolution of conflict, 329 opposition to state support for Yudhoyono’s reconciliatory policies, Islamization, 85 294 political talks with Siti Hardiyanti, Aceh Peace Agreement, 298–304 153 efforts of Jusuf Kalla, 299 support for orderly political Helsinki Accord, 300–02 transition process, 174 Aceh-Nias Rehabilitation and support for Suharto regime, 150 Reconstruction Agency, 301

411

11 MilitaryPol Index.indd 411 11/10/08 5:14:13 PM 412 Index

Achmad Tirtosudiro, 166, 188 pluralist outlook, 161 Adang Daradjatun, 347 resignation from ICMI, 85 Adi Sasono, 82, 163–66 student movement, 160–63 meeting with Amien Rais, 172 support of Muhammadiyah leaders, Adnan Arsal, 359 163 Adnan Buyung Nasution, 171 transformation into key national Agum Gumelar, 63, 117, 124, 234 figure, 157 Agus Widjojo, 104, 202 Amir Shakib Arsalan, 72 Agus Wirahadikusumah, 67, 104, 246, Amir Sjarifuddin 315 at enforcing civilian control, 39 Ahmad Anas Yahya, 285 Andi Widjajanto, 327 Ahmad Sumargono, 276 Anwar Haryono, 176 Akabri Arbi Sanit, 171 officers graduating from, 54 Argentina, 22 Akbar Tandjung, 179, 265 Arifin Djunaidi, 154 elections (2004), 278 armed forces al-Baghdadi, 71 cash flow, reduced, 363 al-Ghazali, 71 change in societal perceptions of, al-Jamiyatul al-Wasyliah, 72 59 al-Mawardi, 71 decline in influence, 61 Alagappa, Muthiah, 20, 57 deep divisions, 41 Ali Murtopo, 88, 141 institutional autonomy, 40 Ali Yafie, 178 management of own affairs, 40 Alwi Shihab, 357 Armenia, 27 Ambon, 227 Artha Graha bank, 325 prevalence of Christianity, 74 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, Amien Rais, 2, 32, 93, 271 378 address at public hearing at Aspinall, Edward, 61 parliament, 131 Association of Southeast Asian Nations attempt to forge anti-regime (ASEAN), 378 alliance, 159 Azahari Husin, 350 cancellation of rally, 179 Azhar Basyir, 156 chairman of Muhammadiyah, 84, Azyumardi Azra, 259 256 challenging Suharto, 156–63 B criticism of regime, 158 Babinsa (Bintara Pembina Desa), 65 elections (2004), 273, 334 Badan Intelijen Negara (BIN), 243 intellectual leader of reform Bahtiar Effendy, 259 movement, 122 Bali bombings, 281, 350 marginalization, 335–37 Institute of Technology meeting with Adi Sasono, 172 (ITB), 143 Partai Amanat Nasional (PAN), 256 Bangladesh, 12 retirement from, 340 Bank Duta, 58

11 MilitaryPol Index.indd 412 11/10/08 5:14:14 PM Index 413

Bank Muamalat, 177 parties, 92 Barton, Greg, 147 civil society Belarus, 27 engagement, 26 Benny Murdani, 60, 141 civil-military alliances BIA elections (2004), 276–78 military intelligence agency, 115 civil-military reforms, 26 Bibit Waluyo, 216 civil-military relations, 2, 29 Bimantoro (General), 222 Aceh, in, 302–04 BKSPPI (Badan Kerjasama Pondok post-authoritarian, 381 Pesantren Indonesia), 142 rejection of term, 38 Bob Hasan, 161 transitional, 382 Bondan Gunawan, 218 civilian conflict, 373 Brawijaya legacies, 68–91 military unit, 99 military reform, and, 240–43 Bresnan, John, 83 civilian control, 5–8 Bruneigate, 265 traditional theories on, 7 Buddhism, 70 civilian defence community, 320 bughot, 266 civilian groups Bulgaria, 27 emphasis on gaining representation, Buloggate, 265 86 bureaucracy, 6 civilianizing politics, 345–49 Burma, 12 Clausewitz, Karl von, 46 business elite, 53 companies established by military, 54 C conglomerates Center for Strategic and International military-owned, 9 Studies (CSIS), 115 Constitution Central Axis rewriting of, 2 end of, 262–65 Constitutional Court (Mahkamah Chaeruddin Ismail, 222–23 Konstitusi), 328, 330, 375 China function, 333 orientation towards, 321 cooperatives global economic powerhouse, rise military-owned, 9 as, 378 Cottey, Andrew, 24 Chinese conglomerates Cribb, Robert, 321 relations with Suharto’s family, 63 cultural Islam, 82 Chinese entrepreneurs, 363 Czech Republic, 27 Choirul Anam PKB branch of , 271 D Christians Darul Islam, 87–88, 283, 349, 359 prevalence in certain areas, 74 rebellion in West Java, 90, 281 civil servants Dawam Rahardjo, 165 prohibition from joining political Decalo, Samuel, 33

11 MilitaryPol Index.indd 413 11/10/08 5:14:14 PM 414 Index

Dede Oetomo, 172 acquittal of officers indicted for democratic control, 5–8 violations, 321 concepts, 7 Indonesia’s exit from, 209–11 democratic governance TNI’s handling of, 206–08 quality of, 3 Eastern Europe, 24 Democratic Party (Partai Demokrat), economic powers 239 armed forces, 55 democratic politics, 373 economy democratic transitions, 2 military intervention, 362 “hybrid” character, 361 Edi Sudradjat, 141 department of religious affairs, 75 Edmunds, Timothy, 24 Desch, Michael, 16, 90, 241, 375 Eka Tjipta Widyaya, 363 Dewan Dakwah Islamiyah Indonesia El Niño, 151 (DDII), 81, 90, 256 elections Dewi Fortuna Anwar, 210 local (after 2005), 345–49 Dhakidae, Daniel, 66 elections (1997) Dharmais, 58 post-election landscape, 107–09 Diamond, Larry, 33, 361 traditionalist and modernist Islam Dibyo Widodo, 108 diametrically opposed, 85 Din Syamsuddin, 336–37, 340 elections (1999) Diponegoro coalitions and conflicts, 257–60 military unit, 99 TNI, role of, 204–06 divisive dynamics, 57 elections (2004), 232–35 Djadja Suparman, 105 civil-military alliances, 276–78 Djamari Chaniago, 129 elite politics, 82 Djoko Mulono, 247 elites Djoko Santoso, 296 military, see military elite Djoko Suyanto, 297, 347 electoral mechanisms DPD (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah), reforms, 333 358 emergency rule DPR (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat) threat of, 222 removal of armed force from, 2 Elson, Robert, 45 Dual Function, 46, 49, 52 Emil Salim, 159 evolution, 63 Endriartono Sutarto, 133, 220–21 leading guideline, 56 setting up of counter-terrorism official termination of, 202 intelligence, 351 Dutch TNI commandership, 226 attack on Yogyakarta, 48 era of openness, 62 Dwi Fungsi (Dual Function), 38 Estonia, 27 see Dual Function European Union, 28

E F East Timor Fachruddin, 156

11 MilitaryPol Index.indd 414 11/10/08 5:14:14 PM Index 415

facilitation, 53 appeal to secular and non-Muslim Fadli Zon, 141 groups, 258 Fajrul Falaakh, 170, 186 Sekber, 65 , 347–48 governance Fealy, Greg, 71 reduced military participation in, Feaver, Peter D., 10 61 Federspiel, Howard, 286 guerilla war Feisal Tanjung, 103 subject of intensive debates, 41 rejection of study by LIPI, 106 guerilla warfare Feith, Herbert, 45, 49, 51 against Dutch, 38 fikih discourse, 72 Guided Democracy, 44, 82 financial autonomy, 49 dismantling of political structures Finer, Samuel E., 8 of, 79 Ford Foundation, 184 dissatisfaction, 50 Forum Kerja Indonesia (Forki), 170 height of, 49 Forum Komunikasi Putra-Putri imposition of, 77 Purnawirawan Indonesia (FKPPI), Gus Dur, see Abdurrahman Wahid 233 Forster, Anthony, 24 H Forum Betawi Rempug (FBR), 352 Habibie, 4 Free Aceh Movement, 248 armed forces, approach to, 242 see also Gerakan Aceh Merdeka (GAM) ascension to presidency, 134 Freeport McMoRan, 364, 383 lifting of restrictions on political Front Pembela Islam (FPI), 282 parties, 253 Front Pembela Kebenaran (FPK), 267 opposition against nomination of, Fuad Bawazier, 179 114 Fund for Peace, 383 refusal to step down together with Suharto, 180 G rejection of ICMI’s oppositional stand, 168 attack by security forces on, 123 supremacy, 199–201 Geertz, Clifford, 70 TNI, relations with, 196–99 Georgia, 27 Habibienomics, 164 Gerakan Aceh Merdeka (GAM), 248 Habieb Syarief Mohammad, 150 Irwandi Yusuf, 302 Hadi Utomo, 324 Gerakan Pembela Bangsa (GPB), 265 Hafidz Utsman, 185 targeting of Muhammadiyah Hajj premises, 265 pilgrimage to Mecca, 91 German Hoediarto, 317 Hamengkubuwono IX, 42 Ginandjar Kartasasmita, 164 Hamzah Haz, 234, 341 Goenawan Mohammad, 171 elections (2004), 277 Harmoko, 107 Akbar Tandjung, 265 Happy Bone Zulkarnaen, 248

11 MilitaryPol Index.indd 415 11/10/08 5:14:15 PM 416 Index

Hari Sabarno, 305 ijtihad Hartono (General), 103 promotion of modernists, 70–71 appointed Minister of Home Ikhwanul Muslimin (Muslim Affairs, 122 Brotherhood), 267 Haryanto Dhanutirto, 167 Ikrar Nusa Bhakti, 305 Hasibuan, Albert, 285 Ilyas Ruchiat, 152, 154 Hasyim Asy’ari, 92, 148 Imam Utomo, 233 Hasyim Muzadi, 264, 266, 337 re-election as governor, 273 elections (2004), 271, 334 Imron Hamzah, 173 offer of compensation to independence Muhammadiyah, 266 TNI’s role, 38–42 general chairman of Nahdlatul India Ulama, 335 orientation towards, 321 Hatley, Barbara, 56 global economic powerhouse, rise Hatta, Mohammad, 44 as, 378 Hau Pei-tsun, 213 Indonesian Communist Party (Partai Hefner, Robert, 72, 112, 147 Komunis Indonesia) (PKI), 50 hegemony Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) armed forces, 54 study by competition for, 73–75 rejection by Feisal Tanjung, 106 Helsinki Accord, 300–02 Indonesian Working Group for Hendropriyono, 89 Security Sector Reform, 325 Henk Ngantung, 348 Indonesians Henry Dunant Centre, 229 growing dissatisfaction, 62 Hidayat Nurwahid, 343 Inkiriwang, Piet, 347 Hill, Hal, 51 Intan, Benyamin Fleming, 286 Hinduism, 70 intellectual reform movement, 82 Hungary, 27 inter-party cooperation, 345 Huntington, Samuel, 13–14, 33 International Crisis Group, 314, 359 performance dilemma, 19 International Monetary Fund (IMF), Husein Umar, 172 21 Huser, Herbert C., 22 intra-civilian fragmentation, 3 intra-Islamic conflict I during Wahid’s presidency, 260–80 Ibn Jama’a, 71 stabilisation after 2004, 284 Ibn Khaldun, 71 intra-military debate Ibnu Sutowo, 54 1997 elections, 101–02 ICMI (Ikatan Cendekiawan Muslim Golkar, on, 105 se-Indonesia), 84, 163–69 intra-systemic regime change, 137 option of defending or Irwandi Yusuf, 302 overthrowing Suharto, Islamic democracy, 82 166–68 Islamic groups Idham Chalid, 92 differences from secular groups, 86

11 MilitaryPol Index.indd 416 11/10/08 5:14:15 PM Index 417

divisions within, 272 Jusuf Kalla, 262 electoral politics, 272–75 Aceh peace agreement, role in, engagement in politics, 253 299–300 militant, 90 Juwono Sudarsono, 213, 305, 311, standing during Suharto crisis, 313 168–69 military reform, 306–09 Islamic jurisprudence study of, 72 K Islamic leaders Kahin, George McTurnan, 41, 64 elections (2004), 270–80 Kammen, Douglas, 209 Islamic militancy, 86–91, 349–54 KAMMI (Kesatuan Aksi Mahasiswa declining influence of militias, 352 Indonesia), 257 Islamic parties Kartosuwirjo, 87 constituency interests paramount, kekaryaan 254 doctrinal concept of, 52 elections (1955), 74 kekaryaan positions, 66 formation after 1998, 252–60 Khin Nyunt, 20 Islamic politics kiai, 70 conflict and decline (1950s and concern for rapid expansion of PKI, 1960s), 75–78 79 post-Suharto period, 251–88 definition, 91 Islamic platform, 163 dependence on subsidies from Islamic radicalism bureaucracy, 149–50 military, and, 280–83 fear outcome of economic crisis, Islamic theology 151 call for depoliticization of, 82 KISDI (Komite Indonesia untuk Islamic youth organizations, 79 Solidaritas Dunia Islam), Islamist groups, see Islamic groups 168–69 kitab kuning, 83 J reservations on Wahid’s ability to J. Kristiadi, 142 lead, 263 Jafar Umar Thalib, 288 responsibility for spiritual well being Jakarta Charter, 74, 342 of followers, 71 abandoning, 341 kiai khas, 357 attempts at re-introducing syariat Kiki Syahnakri, 217 clause, 286 Kirbiantoro (Major General), 274 Jakarta Elections, 347–49 kitab kuning, 71 Jaringan Pendidikan Pemilih untuk KNIL (Koninklijk Nederlandsch-Indisch Rakyat (JPPR), 358 Leger), 43, 64 Jemaah Islamiyah, 88, 349 Kodam (Komando Daerah Militer), 65 Bali bombings, 281 Kodim (Komando Distrik Militer), 65 violent activities, 281 Komando Jihad, 88 Jimly Assidiquie, 165 campaign in (1977), 90

11 MilitaryPol Index.indd 417 11/10/08 5:14:15 PM 418 Index

Komando Wilayah Pertahanan, 55 Mares, David R., 61 , 103 martial law , 93 Maluku, 228 Koramil (Komando Rayon Militer), 65 Masyumi, 91 Korem (Komando Resort Militer), 65 destruction of, 78 Kostrad (Army Strategic Reserve), 50 formation, 76 regional uprisings, role in, 77 L Mathlaul Anwar, 73 Laksamana Sukardi, 262 Matori Abdul Djalil, 212, 227, 255 Laskar Jihad, 282, 352 finalization of State Defence bill, Lay, Cornelis, 247 305 LBH (Lembaga Bantuan Hukum), 186 participation in MPR session to Lee Teng-hui, 213 impeach Wahid, 271 liberal democracy mazhab, 70 unsustainability, 45 rejecting or adopting aspects of, 71 Liddle, William, 153, 195 Medan Liem Sioe Liong, 363 violent demonstrations in, 125 LKKNU (Lembaga Kemaslahatan media Keluarga ), 170 criticism from, 55 local elections medieval Sunni jurisprudence after 2005, 345 commentaries, 71 lower ranking personnel Mega-Bintang movement, 107 retirement packages, 55 , 2, 4, 102 Lowry, Robert, 53 armed forces, approach towards, Luckham, Robin, 21 242 Lukman Harun, 157 elections (2004), loss in, 235 Lumintang, Johnny, 200, 243 failure to consolidate support base, 261 M guarantee signed by leading Ma’aruf Amin, 255 politicians regarding her Mackie, Jamie, 45, 51 presidency, 271 Madinah Charter, 344 ideological shifts in society, 225–30 Mahfud M.D., 220 mascot of armed forces, as a, 226 Majelis Kepemimpinan Rakyat (MKR), public appearances with Amien 126 Rais, 158 Malaysia, 50 relations with Generals, 225–35 Malik Fajar, 162, 179 reluctance to join modernist Maluku Muslim figures, 183 communal violence, end of, 329 support for PPP leader Hamzah martial law, 228 Haz, 271 religious conflict in, 263 Merapi, 47 Mandala airline, 325 Middle Way, 46–47 Mardiyanto, 144, 233, 274 development of, 48

11 MilitaryPol Index.indd 418 11/10/08 5:14:15 PM Index 419

militant Islamic groups, 90 military reforms military civilian conflict, and, 240–43 claim to national leadership, 51 doctrinal and strategic shifts, establishment of companies, 54 311–13 financial autonomy, 49 first generation, 320 guardian of Pancasila, 51 issues, unresolved, 318 participation in politics, increase in Juwono Sudarsono, 306–09 certain times, 382 outdated territorial command transitional states, 22–24 system, 314 military budget military regimes cut in, 48 fall of, 19–22 military candidates international factors, 21 elections (after 2005), 345–47 military self-financing activities military conservatives persistence of, 320 sidelining of, 293–98 military-owned business, 9 post-Ryamizard military elite, militias 296–98 culture of violence, 208–09 military cultures, 322 Minahasa institutional factors, 379–81 prevalence of Christianity, 74 military elite modernist Muslims post-Ryamizard, 296–98 integration into regime, 84 military engagement modernists areas, 8–12 Outer Islands, 71 economic sector, 9 promotion of ijtihad, 70–71 institutional and organizational Monas Square, 263 autonomy, 9–10 mass demonstration at, 179 participation in political Morfit, Michael, 299 institutions, 8 Moskos, Charles, 25 socio-cultural sector, 11 MPR (Majelis Permusyawaratan military equipment Rakyat) purchase from Russia and South removal of armed forces from, 2 Korea, 378 Muchdi Purwopranjono, 118 military factionalism, 97–138 , 176 (1997) elections, 102–05 Muhammad Ma’ruf, 104 declining regime, in, 109 Muhammad Najib, 170 military intelligence, 20 Muhammad Natsir, 76 military intervention, 8 Muhammad Rizieq Syihab (Habib) analytical explanations, 13–19 Chairman of radical FPI, 282 typological models, 12–14 Muhammadiyah, 73, 81, 84 partipicant-ruler, 12 anti-corruption programmes, 357 praetorian rule, 12 challenging Suharto, 156–63 Military Justice Bill, 309–11 competition with Nahdlatul Ulama, military professionalism, 14 269–70

11 MilitaryPol Index.indd 419 11/10/08 5:14:16 PM 420 Index

congress 2005, 336 de-escalation of conflict with de-escalation of conflict with Muhammadiyah, 330, 333–38 Nahdlatul Ulama, 330, effect of economic crisis, 151 333–38 Gus Dur and struggle for hegemony distancing itself from PAN, 338 within, 153 entrance into politics, 256 merge into PPP, 80 premises targeted by PKB-affilitated policy shift during Suharto’s decline, militias, 265 155 MUI (Majelis Ulama Indonesia), 338 reconciliation with regime, 84 multinational associations, 28 relations with Suharto regime, Muslim activists 149–53 rising influence of, 60 reluctance to support Guided Muslim community Democracy, 78 declining tensions, 353 role in Suharto’s fall from power, Muslim demonstrators 148–56 clash with troops at Tanjung Priok, role in ’s political demise, 89 79 Muslim groups, 34 traditionalist organization, 72 challenges to democracy, 268–70 Nasakom, 92 cooperation between, 80 Nasution, A.H., 43, 47 divided against Suharto, 146–84 consolidation of leadership, 44 stabilization of civilian polity, 353 defeat of rebellion, 48–49 Yudhoyono’s presidency, during, extra-constitutional powers, 48 329–59 participation of military in politics, Muslim organizations, 50 47 interaction with other key National Council, 47 non-regime groups, 147 national logistics board, 52 Muslim politics National Security Act, 306–07 transitional civil-military relations, Nationhood Coalition (Koalisi 283–84 Kebangsaan) Muspida (Musyawarah Pimpinan elections (2004), 279 Daerah), 315 North Atlantic Treaty Organization M. Yusuf, 141 (NATO), 28, 377 Negara Islam Indonesia (NII), 87 N Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia Nahdlatul Wathan, 73 (NKRI), 228 Nahdlatul Ulama, 81, 83 anti-corruption programmes, attitudes towards, 80 357 indoctrination, 56 call to ABRI to support reform late, 59–63 process, 123 TNI’s participation in government, competition with Muhammadiyah, 38 269–70 Noer Muis, 245

11 MilitaryPol Index.indd 420 11/10/08 5:14:16 PM Index 421

non-Muslim nationalists Masyumi, as successor to, 342 view on inclusion of syariat, 73 Parmusi (Partai Muslimin Indonesia), Noorhaidi Hassan, 352 81 Noordin Mohammed Top, 350 Partai Demokrasi Indonesia (PDI), 53 Nurcholish Madjid, 8, 130, 175, Partai Demokrat, 324 178 Partai Keadilan, 257, 273 possible nominee in elections Partai Keadilan dan Persatuan (2004), 272 Indonesia (PKPI), 343 Nur Iskandar al-Barsany, 186 Partai Keadilan Sejahtera (PKS), 287, declaration on political opponents, 339 266 Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa (PKB), 254 support for Abdurrahman Wahid, non-Muslims elected as chairmen in 267 certain areas, 341 Nur Mahmudi Ismail, 285 Partai Kebangkitan Umat (PKU), 255 Nursyahbani Katjasungkana, 341 Partai Matahari Bangsa (PMB), 340 Partai Nahdlatul Umat (PNU), 255 O Partai Persatuan Demokrasi Kebangsaan O’Rourke, Kevin, 207 (PPDK), 238 October 17 Affair, 64 past connections Oemarsono, 275 use of, 54 organizational autonomy, 55 Pasukan Berani Mati (PBM) Outer Islands pro-Wahid paramilitary group, 266 Masyumi, 77 People’s Leadership Council (Majelis modernists, 71 Kepemimpinan Rakyat), 162 People’s Liberation Army, 14, 42 P Papua New Guinea, 314 Pancasila Pareira, Andreas, 311 first principle of, 74 performance dilemma, 19 protection by military, 51 pesantren retention by Islamic groups, 254 financial support of, 149 Papua hierarchical structure of, 286 Yudhoyono’s reconciliatory policies, pesantren Gontor, 338 294 Persatuan Tarbiyah Indonesia, 73 paramilitary groups, 50 Pertamina, 53 parliament Philippines, 12 officers delegated to, 52 Pion-Berlin, David, 23 parliamentary democracy, 42–46 Pius Lustrilanang, 285 parliamentary oversight, 6 PKB-affiliated militias, 265 Partai Amanat Nasional (PAN), 247, PKI (Partai Komunis Indonesia) 256 threat of, 86 Partai Bintang Reformasi (PBR), 287 PNI (Partai Nasional Indonesia), 76 Partai Bulan Bintang (PBB), 257, political activists 342 kidnapping of, 112

11 MilitaryPol Index.indd 421 11/10/08 5:14:16 PM 422 Index

political parties Ramage, Douglas, 64 interests, 43 Ratih Harjono, 245 lifting of restrictions on formation rationalization programme, 41 of, 253 reforms politics electorial mechanisms, 333 civilianizing, 345–49 radical, 212–17 Popular Mandate Council (Majelis sudden death of, 217–22 Amanat Rakyat, MAR), 171 reform council Poso, 227, 351 establishment of, 132 beheadings in, 350 reform movement, 82 communal conflict, end of, 329 regional commanders post-authoritarian transitions, 3 business alliances with, 53 post-Ryamizard military elite, facilitation service, 53 296–98 relations with local entrepreneurs, post-Suharto governments, 2 53 post-Suharto military politics, regional rebellions 235–39 effect on Nasution’s leadership, 44 post-Suharto period end of, 44 Islamic politics, 251–88 Republika, 177 post-Suharto polity Robison, Richard, 24, 54 TNI adapting to, 361–68 Roy Morgan Good Governance , 90 Monitor, 383 mobilization of Muslims against Rozy Munir, 170 Chinese conspiracy, 115 Russia, 27 relief from duties, 135–36 Ryamizard Ryacudu, 129, 226 strategy of radicalization, 114–15 aborted appointment as TNI chief, suspicions against, 127–28 295 Praetorian Rule, 49–56 clash with Yudhoyono, 323 presidency weakening, 1 S presidential elections, 354 Sahal Mahfudz, 154, 285, 337–38 pribumization of Islam, 93 Saifullah Yusuf, 274 pro-Wahid paramilitary group Salim Said, 145 Pasukan Berani Mati (PBM), 266 Said Agil Siraj, 170 PSI (Partai Sosialis Indonesia), 113 Samson, Allan A., 86 santri, 69 Q Saurip Kadi, 213 Quraish Shihab, 180 scholarships Suharto’s foundations, 58 R second-generation reforms, 26 radicalism second-generation measures transitional civil-military relations, military reforms, 28 283–84 security community, 20

11 MilitaryPol Index.indd 422 11/10/08 5:14:16 PM Index 423

security sector initiation by Juwono Sudarsono, concepts, 7 305 effect of reforms on, 2 Stepan governance, 26 notion of “new professionalism”, 15 reforms, 6 student activists Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosuwirjo, occupation of parliament complex, 87 131 self-reform student groups, 58 and the “new paradigm”, student movement, 160–63 201–04 Subagyo, 108 senior officers Subchan ZE, 92 special treatment, 55 Sudirman, 64 Setiawan, Danny, 275 defiance of civilian orders, 41 shirk (associationism), 267, 286 directly elected by fellow officers, Siliwangi 40 military unit in, 99 Sudjono Humardhani, 141 Siliwangi division, 87 Sudomo, 93 Silva, Patricio, 37 Sudrajat, 66 , 61, 103 Sugiono, 108 visits to pesantren, 149 Suharto Siti Hartinah, 101 announcement of resignation, 134 death of, 101 autocracy and the military, 57–59 Siswono Yudohusodo, 276 broadening of power base, 38 Sjafrie Sjamsoeddin, 115, 308 control of administration, 52 Slamet Effendi Yusuf, 326 dependence on Muslim leaders social services during last days, 176 Suharto’s foundations, 58 direct control over military Soeyono, 63, 104 commands, 58 Sofian Effendi, 140 dismissing Benny Murdani, 60 Sofyan Wanandi, 114 establishment of an independent Solahuddin Wahid network of financing sources claims of votes not counted, 355 for political operations, 58 elections (2004), 277, 334 expansion of personal economic Solo, 128 empire, 58 South America fall of, 97–138 divisions between military and final exit, 133–36 civilians, 37 inability to reform, 119–21 South Korea, 12 increasing Muslim participation in Sriwijaya regime, 89 military unit, 105 laws to strengthen Islamic courts state coercion and educational institutions, 84 declining role, 291–328 Muslims of last resort, and, 177–81 State Defence Act, 317, 320 negotiation for exit of, 125–27

11 MilitaryPol Index.indd 423 11/10/08 5:14:17 PM 424 Index

no united opposition against, 169–81 Papua, handling of, 314 re-election to third presidential post-Suharto military politics, term, 59 235–39 removal of NU members from pragmatism, sense of, 293 cabinet, 80 presidential mandate, strong, 293 resignation, path to, 129–33 reconciliatory policies on Aceh and role in military campaign, 42 Papua, 294 view of armed struggle, 41 Ryamizard, clash with, 323 Suharto’s inner circle support for foundation of divisions with armed forces, 57 Democratic Party, 234 reshuffling, 59 Truth and Reconciliation Sukarno, 39 Commission, abortion of, announcement of five ideological 316 principles, 65 Sutardjo Surjoguritno, 229 capture by Dutch, 40 (General), 233 concept of functional groups, 64 Suwisman, 63 Guided Democracy, 44 Syafi’i Maarif, Sultan of Yogyakarta, 42 elections (2004), 271 Sumitro, 66 leadership of Muhammadiyah, SUNI (Solidaritas Uni Nasional 335 Indonesia), 284 Syamsir Siregar, 140 Sunni law schools (mazhab), 70 syariat Sunni theorists recognition in Constitution, 73 political experience of, 71 Syarwan Hamid, 111 Supersemar foundations, 58 Syukron Makmun, 255 Supreme Auditing Board, 229 , 104, 235 T Aceh, votes garnered in, 323 Tajikistan, 27 challenges, continued, 313–19 Tanjung Priok civilian polity, stablization of, acquittal of officers indicted for 331–34 violations, 321 conflicts with party officials, 238 clash with Muslim demonstrators, control over armed forces, 2 89 declining role of state coercion, Tanri Abeng, 179 291–328 Tarub (Lieutenant General), 116 dislike for elite politicians, 238 Tayo Tarmadi, 275 fight with DPR, 354 Tentera Islam Indonesia (TII), 87 first directly elected President, 293 territorial command system, 48, 315 elections (2004), 278–80 outdated, 314 victory, 280 perpetuating military’s self-financing institutional changes, 304–13 practices, 315 military, knowledge of, 294 The Asia Foundation, 184, 358 military reforms, silence on, 305 theory of strategic action, 23

11 MilitaryPol Index.indd 424 11/10/08 5:14:17 PM Index 425

theory of united opposition, 182 Tyasno Sudarto, 216, 220 threat level theories, 17 Two-Generation Model, 25–29 Tien Suharto, see Siti Hartinah TKR (Tentara Keamanan Rakyat), 39 U TNI (Tentara Nasional Indonesia) Uhlin, Anders, 63 adapting to post-Suharto polity, Ukraine, 27 361–68 ulama, 70 East Timor, issue of, 206–08 avoidance of conflict, 71 elections (1999), 204–06 fikih discourse, 72 fight against Dutch colonial forces, definition, 91 38 umat, 91 Helsinki Accord, support and UNICEF, 184 opposition for, 300–02 United Nations historical legacy, 37–38, 368–71 West Irian issue, 47 Indonesian independence, 38–42 intra-systemic regime change, V 371–73 Vietnamese People’s Army, 42 militias, handling of, 208–09 name change, 64 W news media and press, interactions Wahab Chasbullah, 92 with, 366 Wahid Institute, 356 relations with Habibie, 196–99 wali songo territorial network, 244 spiritual protection from, 264 war on terror, and, 230–32 Watik Pratikna, 165 TNI Act, 317, 320 war on terror discussions for new, 305 TNI, role of, 230–32 takeover of military businesses, West Irian, 46–47, 355 307 Widodo (Admiral), 212 traditionalist organizations, 72–73 Wirahadikusumah, see Agus traditionalists Wirahadikusumah interpretation of Quranic Wiranto, see Wiranto (General) injunction, 72 Wiranto Arismunandar transfer of authority appointed Minister of Education, from Sukarno to Suharto, 51 122 Trinkunas, Harold A., 258 Wiranto (General), 47, 54 Trisakti University, 127 claims of votes not counted, 355 death of students, 171 dispute in favour of, 146 Truth and Reconciliation Commission, East Timor 327 recollection of civilian interference, abortion of, 316 40 Try Sutrisno, 62, 141 soft-line element in political Turkmenistan, 27 character, 116 Turkey, 13, 378 view of ABRI, 39

11 MilitaryPol Index.indd 425 11/10/08 5:14:17 PM 426 Index

Wiranto-Prabowo rivalry, 110–13 Yunus Yosifah, 114 , 177, 342 Y Yogyakarta, 41, 48 Z Yudhoyono, see Susilo Bambang Z.A. Maulani, 141 Yudhoyono Zacky Anwar Makarim, 115, 209 Yudhoyono administration, 86 Zainuddin MZ, 287 declining role of state coercion, Zarkasih Nur, 125, 350 291–328 Zulkarnaen, Happy Bone, 248

11 MilitaryPol Index.indd 426 11/10/08 5:14:17 PM