INDEX A TNI under, 211–25 abangan, 69 end of reform, 217–22 view on inclusion of syariat, 73 reform and military factionalism, Abd Rohim Ghazali, 336 212–17 Abdul Hakim Garuda Nusantara, 171 threat of emergency, 222–25 Abdullah Faqih, 357 ABRI (Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Abdurrahman Saleh, 316 Indonesia), 64 Abdurrahman Wahid, 4, 83 crisis of declining regime, 109–10 armed forces, approach towards, 242 damage to reputation, 123 attacks on Amien Rais, 152 support for calls for Suharto’s defending constituency interests, resignation, 130 254 headquarters, 55 fall of, 222–25 view of itself, 39 fear for regime backlash, 178 Abu Bakar Ba’asyir, 88–89 Gus Dur, 93 leader of Jemaah Islamiyah, 281 health of, 182 Abu Dujana, 350 hostility towards Muhammadiyah’s Abu Hasan, 284 chairman, 152 Abdul Kahfi, 274 intra-Islamic conflicts during Aceh Presidency of, 260–80 civil-military relations in, 302–04 isolation from political reality, 223 peace agreement, see Aceh Peace leadership style, erratic, 261 Agreement marginalization, 335–37 resolution of conflict, 329 opposition to state support for Yudhoyono’s reconciliatory policies, Islamization, 85 294 political talks with Siti Hardiyanti, Aceh Peace Agreement, 298–304 153 efforts of Jusuf Kalla, 299 support for orderly political Helsinki Accord, 300–02 transition process, 174 Aceh-Nias Rehabilitation and support for Suharto regime, 150 Reconstruction Agency, 301 411 11 MilitaryPol Index.indd 411 11/10/08 5:14:13 PM 412 Index Achmad Tirtosudiro, 166, 188 pluralist outlook, 161 Adang Daradjatun, 347 resignation from ICMI, 85 Adi Sasono, 82, 163–66 student movement, 160–63 meeting with Amien Rais, 172 support of Muhammadiyah leaders, Adnan Arsal, 359 163 Adnan Buyung Nasution, 171 transformation into key national Agum Gumelar, 63, 117, 124, 234 figure, 157 Agus Widjojo, 104, 202 Amir Shakib Arsalan, 72 Agus Wirahadikusumah, 67, 104, 246, Amir Sjarifuddin 315 at enforcing civilian control, 39 Ahmad Anas Yahya, 285 Andi Widjajanto, 327 Ahmad Sumargono, 276 Anwar Haryono, 176 Akabri Arbi Sanit, 171 officers graduating from, 54 Argentina, 22 Akbar Tandjung, 179, 265 Arifin Djunaidi, 154 elections (2004), 278 armed forces al-Baghdadi, 71 cash flow, reduced, 363 al-Ghazali, 71 change in societal perceptions of, al-Jamiyatul al-Wasyliah, 72 59 al-Mawardi, 71 decline in influence, 61 Alagappa, Muthiah, 20, 57 deep divisions, 41 Ali Murtopo, 88, 141 institutional autonomy, 40 Ali Yafie, 178 management of own affairs, 40 Alwi Shihab, 357 Armenia, 27 Ambon, 227 Artha Graha bank, 325 prevalence of Christianity, 74 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, Amien Rais, 2, 32, 93, 271 378 address at public hearing at Aspinall, Edward, 61 parliament, 131 Association of Southeast Asian Nations attempt to forge anti-regime (ASEAN), 378 alliance, 159 Azahari Husin, 350 cancellation of Jakarta rally, 179 Azhar Basyir, 156 chairman of Muhammadiyah, 84, Azyumardi Azra, 259 256 challenging Suharto, 156–63 B criticism of regime, 158 Babinsa (Bintara Pembina Desa), 65 elections (2004), 273, 334 Badan Intelijen Negara (BIN), 243 intellectual leader of reform Bahtiar Effendy, 259 movement, 122 Bali bombings, 281, 350 marginalization, 335–37 Bandung Institute of Technology meeting with Adi Sasono, 172 (ITB), 143 Partai Amanat Nasional (PAN), 256 Bangladesh, 12 retirement from, 340 Bank Duta, 58 11 MilitaryPol Index.indd 412 11/10/08 5:14:14 PM Index 413 Bank Muamalat, 177 parties, 92 Barton, Greg, 147 civil society Belarus, 27 engagement, 26 Benny Murdani, 60, 141 civil-military alliances BIA elections (2004), 276–78 military intelligence agency, 115 civil-military reforms, 26 Bibit Waluyo, 216 civil-military relations, 2, 29 Bimantoro (General), 222 Aceh, in, 302–04 BKSPPI (Badan Kerjasama Pondok post-authoritarian, 381 Pesantren Indonesia), 142 rejection of term, 38 Bob Hasan, 161 transitional, 382 Bondan Gunawan, 218 civilian conflict, 373 Brawijaya legacies, 68–91 military unit, 99 military reform, and, 240–43 Bresnan, John, 83 civilian control, 5–8 Bruneigate, 265 traditional theories on, 7 Buddhism, 70 civilian defence community, 320 bughot, 266 civilian groups Bulgaria, 27 emphasis on gaining representation, Buloggate, 265 86 bureaucracy, 6 civilianizing politics, 345–49 Burma, 12 Clausewitz, Karl von, 46 business elite, 53 companies established by military, 54 C conglomerates Center for Strategic and International military-owned, 9 Studies (CSIS), 115 Constitution Central Axis rewriting of, 2 end of, 262–65 Constitutional Court (Mahkamah Chaeruddin Ismail, 222–23 Konstitusi), 328, 330, 375 China function, 333 orientation towards, 321 cooperatives global economic powerhouse, rise military-owned, 9 as, 378 Cottey, Andrew, 24 Chinese conglomerates Cribb, Robert, 321 relations with Suharto’s family, 63 cultural Islam, 82 Chinese entrepreneurs, 363 Czech Republic, 27 Choirul Anam PKB branch of East Java, 271 D Christians Darul Islam, 87–88, 283, 349, 359 prevalence in certain areas, 74 rebellion in West Java, 90, 281 civil servants Dawam Rahardjo, 165 prohibition from joining political Decalo, Samuel, 33 11 MilitaryPol Index.indd 413 11/10/08 5:14:14 PM 414 Index Dede Oetomo, 172 acquittal of officers indicted for democratic control, 5–8 violations, 321 concepts, 7 Indonesia’s exit from, 209–11 democratic governance TNI’s handling of, 206–08 quality of, 3 Eastern Europe, 24 Democratic Party (Partai Demokrat), economic powers 239 armed forces, 55 democratic politics, 373 economy democratic transitions, 2 military intervention, 362 “hybrid” character, 361 Edi Sudradjat, 141 department of religious affairs, 75 Edmunds, Timothy, 24 Desch, Michael, 16, 90, 241, 375 Eka Tjipta Widyaya, 363 Dewan Dakwah Islamiyah Indonesia El Niño, 151 (DDII), 81, 90, 256 elections Dewi Fortuna Anwar, 210 local (after 2005), 345–49 Dhakidae, Daniel, 66 elections (1997) Dharmais, 58 post-election landscape, 107–09 Diamond, Larry, 33, 361 traditionalist and modernist Islam Dibyo Widodo, 108 diametrically opposed, 85 Din Syamsuddin, 336–37, 340 elections (1999) Diponegoro coalitions and conflicts, 257–60 military unit, 99 TNI, role of, 204–06 divisive dynamics, 57 elections (2004), 232–35 Djadja Suparman, 105 civil-military alliances, 276–78 Djamari Chaniago, 129 elite politics, 82 Djoko Mulono, 247 elites Djoko Santoso, 296 military, see military elite Djoko Suyanto, 297, 347 electoral mechanisms DPD (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah), reforms, 333 358 emergency rule DPR (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat) threat of, 222 removal of armed force from, 2 Elson, Robert, 45 Dual Function, 46, 49, 52 Emil Salim, 159 evolution, 63 Endriartono Sutarto, 133, 220–21 leading guideline, 56 setting up of counter-terrorism official termination of, 202 intelligence, 351 Dutch TNI commandership, 226 attack on Yogyakarta, 48 era of openness, 62 Dwi Fungsi (Dual Function), 38 Estonia, 27 see Dual Function European Union, 28 E F East Timor Fachruddin, 156 11 MilitaryPol Index.indd 414 11/10/08 5:14:14 PM Index 415 facilitation, 53 appeal to secular and non-Muslim Fadli Zon, 141 groups, 258 Fajrul Falaakh, 170, 186 Sekber, 65 Fauzi Bowo, 347–48 governance Fealy, Greg, 71 reduced military participation in, Feaver, Peter D., 10 61 Federspiel, Howard, 286 guerilla war Feisal Tanjung, 103 subject of intensive debates, 41 rejection of study by LIPI, 106 guerilla warfare Feith, Herbert, 45, 49, 51 against Dutch, 38 fikih discourse, 72 Guided Democracy, 44, 82 financial autonomy, 49 dismantling of political structures Finer, Samuel E., 8 of, 79 Ford Foundation, 184 dissatisfaction, 50 Forum Kerja Indonesia (Forki), 170 height of, 49 Forum Komunikasi Putra-Putri imposition of, 77 Purnawirawan Indonesia (FKPPI), Gus Dur, see Abdurrahman Wahid 233 Forster, Anthony, 24 H Forum Betawi Rempug (FBR), 352 Habibie, 4 Free Aceh Movement, 248 armed forces, approach to, 242 see also Gerakan Aceh Merdeka (GAM) ascension to presidency, 134 Freeport McMoRan, 364, 383 lifting of restrictions on political Front Pembela Islam (FPI), 282 parties, 253 Front Pembela Kebenaran (FPK), 267 opposition against nomination of, Fuad Bawazier, 179 114 Fund for Peace, 383 refusal to step down together with Suharto, 180 G rejection of ICMI’s oppositional Gadjah Mada University stand, 168 attack by security forces on, 123 supremacy, 199–201 Geertz, Clifford, 70 TNI, relations with, 196–99 Georgia, 27 Habibienomics, 164 Gerakan Aceh Merdeka (GAM), 248 Habieb Syarief Mohammad, 150 Irwandi Yusuf, 302 Hadi Utomo, 324 Gerakan Pembela Bangsa (GPB), 265 Hafidz Utsman, 185 targeting of Muhammadiyah Hajj premises, 265 pilgrimage to Mecca, 91 German Hoediarto, 317 Hamengkubuwono IX, 42 Ginandjar Kartasasmita, 164 Hamzah Haz, 234, 341 Goenawan Mohammad, 171 elections (2004), 277 Golkar Harmoko, 107 Akbar Tandjung, 265 Happy Bone Zulkarnaen, 248 11 MilitaryPol Index.indd 415 11/10/08 5:14:15 PM 416 Index Hari Sabarno, 305 ijtihad Hartono (General), 103 promotion of modernists, 70–71 appointed Minister of Home Ikhwanul Muslimin (Muslim Affairs, 122 Brotherhood), 267 Haryanto Dhanutirto, 167 Ikrar Nusa Bhakti, 305 Hasibuan, Albert, 285 Ilyas Ruchiat, 152, 154 Hasyim Asy’ari, 92, 148 Imam Utomo, 233 Hasyim Muzadi, 264, 266, 337 re-election as governor, 273 elections (2004), 271, 334 Imron Hamzah, 173 offer of compensation to independence Muhammadiyah, 266 TNI’s role, 38–42 general chairman of Nahdlatul India Ulama, 335 orientation towards, 321 Hatley, Barbara, 56 global economic powerhouse, rise Hatta, Mohammad, 44 as, 378 Hau Pei-tsun, 213 Indonesian Communist Party (Partai Hefner, Robert, 72, 112, 147 Komunis Indonesia) (PKI), 50 hegemony Indonesian