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Chapter 8 for the Good of the People 171 ABSS8 Ch08.Qxd 2/8/07 3:46 PM Page 172 ABSS8_ch08.qxd 2/8/07 3:46 PM Page 170 For the Good 8 of the People FIGURE 8-1 As chief priest of the Aztecs, Moctezuma had to perform important religious rites. He also had to interpret omens and dreams in order to carry out the will of the gods. What details of this image reflect Aztec thinking about religion? 170 Unit 2 Worldviews in Conflict ABSS8_ch08.qxd 2/8/07 3:46 PM Page 171 WORLDVIEW INQUIRY Geography How does a society’s way of looking at the world influence its customs, choices, Knowledge Time and decisions? Worldview Economy Beliefs 1519. In the centre of Tenochtitlan (Teh-noch-TEE-tlahn), Values Society Moctezuma stood alone on the roof of his palace, observing the stars. octezuma, the leader of the Aztec people, In This Chapter was known as The Great Speaker. One of his M In the last chapter, you saw how many responsibilities was to watch the night sky for geography, religion, and contact signs that might tell of future events and interpret with neighbouring peoples these for his people. His decisions as emperor were shaped the Aztec worldview. Now influenced by the movements of heavenly bodies. you will see how Aztec ideas Lately, there had been some bad omens, or signs, about the structure of society, for Aztec society. Many people had heard a strange education, and citizenship voice in the night that sounded like a mother wail- reflected this worldview. What ing for her children. Then one day the lake waters kind of people did this society surrounding the city turned as red as blood. And, of produce? What was it about their course, there was the ever-present threat of the fifth society that enabled the Aztecs sun being destroyed by an earthquake. to become a superpower in their Moctezuma turned his gaze from the sky to the part of the world? Great Temple just across the square from his palace. Could it really be possible that this building, the centre of the Aztec universe, might someday soon lie in ruins? Then suddenly there was a terrifying sign. Flaming across the night sky, was what the Aztecs called a “star serpent,” a comet with a fiery tail. This was a terrible omen, foretelling death and destruction. The Aztecs had a strong belief in fate—that life was destined to follow a certain path. How might a belief in fate affect the action an emperor might take? Chapter 8 For the Good of the People 171 ABSS8_ch08.qxd 2/8/07 3:46 PM Page 172 The Aztec Social Hierarchy The diagram below shows the hierarchy of Aztec society. As you can How did the structure of the Aztec society tell us see, there were two main classes—nobles and commoners. A person’s what was important to the position in society was generally determined by which class he or she Aztec people? was born into. However, as you will see, people were able to work their way to a higher level through their own efforts. Both classes had their LINK UP own subdivisions, with some people having more wealth and power than others within the same level. Compare the hierarchy of Aztec The Aztec social structure was unlike that of most First Nations society with that of medieval society that you read about in north of the Rio Grande. With the exception of the West Coast, First Chapter 1, page 18. ■ Nations of North America were notably non-hierarchical. Emperor: The leader came from the nobles, but once he assumed office, he was in a Emperor class by himself. His role was not hereditary; a council of nobles decided who would be Nobles: Only about 10–15 Nobility and Priests the next leader by a vote. percent of the population belonged to the nobility, Merchants, Artisans, Soldiers but they held most of the political power and wealth. Priests came from the ranks of the nobles. Noblemen worked as Farmers, Fishers, Women scribes, government Commoners: Anyone officials, and teachers. who was not a noble belonged to the commoner class. Slaves FIGURE 8-2 Each rank in society had its own responsibilities and they all contributed to the good of the Aztec Empire. 172 Unit 2 Worldviews in Conflict ABSS8_ch08.qxd 2/8/07 3:46 PM Page 173 The Role of the Emperor At the top of the Aztec hierarchy was the emperor, who had the title Huey Tlatoani (way tlah–toe–AH–nee) which means “Great Speaker.” Even though the Aztecs knew that their emperor was a human being, they treated him as if he were a god. The Aztecs showed respect by obeying him without question and by giving the emperor every possi- ble privilege and luxury. He lived in an enormous palace with spectac- FYI… ular gardens and a private zoo. Servants carried him through the An ocelot is a nocturnal wildcat streets on a screened platform draped with ocelot skins. Other servants that has a greyish or yellow ran ahead, sweeping the street. Yet with all his privileges, the coat with back spots. emperor’s responsibilities as chief priest, commander-in-chief, and head of state were just as great. Commander of the Army In his role as commander-in-chief of the Aztec army, the emperor had to be a skilled warrior himself. He had to know military strategy and how to lead others. Head of State Before the emperor would make an important decision, he would call together his council of priests and nobles and ask their advice. The ultimate decision, however, was his alone. The good of the entire empire rested on his shoulders. FIGURE 8-3 This bas-relief shows the Aztec emperor taking a defeated king captive. What qualities would a military leader need to have? Think IT THROUGH SKILL POWER In modern texts we refer to Moctezuma as the Taking notes in an organized manner as you read can help when you “emperor” of the Aztec need to gather information for an inquiry. You could use an organizer like people. But to the Aztecs he the one below to summarize Moctezuma’s privileges and responsibilities. was the “Great Speaker.” What do the differences in Privileges Responsibilities titles suggest about how Western society views Moctezuma’s role compared with how the Aztec people viewed it? Chapter 8 For the Good of the People 173 ABSS8_ch08.qxd 2/8/07 3:46 PM Page 174 Family Clans Aztec society was organized into units called calpolli (call–POLE–lee). Members of a calpolli lived in the same neighbourhood and worshipped at the same temple. Some calpolli were based on the work that people did. For example, a group of goldsmiths might form a calpolli; feather workers might form another. Other calpolli were groups of people who had close family ties. The calpolli owned the land where its members lived and farmed. Each calpolli elected a captain and a council. The council of the calpolli assigned land and houses to its residents and collected taxes. It also had the important responsibility of keeping the neighbourhood clean, FIGURE 8-4 Maize, or corn, was washing the streets, and painting and scrubbing the buildings. Electing the most important food of the Aztecs. This farmer is planting their local leaders gave commoners some measure of political power. seed. What can you tell from this image about Aztec agricultural Merchants technology? The merchants made up the richest calpolli in Tenochtitlan. As you read in Chapter 7, merchants went on trading expeditions into the far cor- ners of the Aztec Empire. They brought back prized goods and acted as spies for the Aztecs. Their detailed knowledge of geography and layout of foreign cities made them valuable advisors to generals planning attacks during wartime. On their return to the city, the merchants sold their goods in Tenochtitlan’s markets. The taxes they paid on their prof- its enriched the Aztec state. SKILL POWER Being a critical reader means being an active reader. Decide whether the following statements are It means: facts or opinions. Discuss your answers with a small group and explain your thinking. • thinking about what the writer is saying What are the main ideas? What support does the writer • The author argues that the Aztec empire fell give for these? How is the information orga- because Moctezuma was an indecisive leader. nized? • There were no horses in the Americas before the • analyzing the content What is the writer’s point arrival of Europeans. of view? How does the writer support it? Does • On his last voyage, Columbus met a seagoing the writer use valid reasoning and logical argu- canoe full of people and goods that may have ments? What is fact and what is opinion in this been travelling from the Yucatan to Costa Rica piece of writing? or Panama. Recognizing fact and opinion is often challenging • In 2006, Evo Morales, a member of the Aymara because writers often mix the two. A fact is something people, was elected president of the South that can be proven and backed up with evidence. An American country of Bolivia. opinion is someone’s belief, view, or feelings about something. Sometimes a writer’s language helps you Find two more facts and two opinions in this book. know that an opinion is being given. Words such as best, should, important, believes, and argues may appear in an opinion. 174 Unit 2 Worldviews in Conflict ABSS8_ch08.qxd 2/8/07 3:46 PM Page 175 Farmers Farmers did more than just grow the crops that fed Tenochtitlan’s pop- ulation.
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