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Ancient Rome Notes Geography ● Located on peninsula in southern Europe thus creating a sea-faring traders. ● Shaped like a high-heeled boot extending into the Mediterranean Sea. ● Two major mountain ranges, the Alps in the north and the Apennines in the south. Geography ● Hilly, rugged land with several volcanoes such as Mt. Vesuvius. ● Some fertile flatland can be found. ● Mild climate makes it excellent for farming grains, grapes, olives, and citrus fruits. ● Tiber River is one of several rivers that provided fresh water. Economy ● Surplus of crops such as grains and oils enabled growth of Rome. ● Sea traders traveled to Greece, Spain, northern Africa, and kingdoms of Asia. Economy ● Merchants sold meats, vegetables, cloth, sandals and pottery as well as books on Egyptian papyrus. Achievements ● Constructed roads of long lasting materials to withstand traffic and exposure to weather which connected large areas of the country. ● Created aqueducts or channels that carried fresh water from the mountains to the cities. ● Used concrete, a mixture of sand or gravel and cement as a building material. Achievements ● To support the roof they created a vault; a series of arches. ● Sought knowledge in order to improve their lives. ● The story of the Trojan War hero, Aeneas, tells how Ancient Rome was formed with a group of people called the Latins. Social classes ● Strong belief in such values as justice, honesty, valor, and loyalty. ● Society was divided into Rich Ancient Romans two groups: patricians, (wealthy leaders) and plebeians (the common people). Commoner Ancient Romans Social classes ● Slaves were common and those that were educated often held highly skilled professions such as teachers and doctors. ● The Forum, Rome’s public meeting place, served as heart of city where government, religion, and trading took place. Government & Leadership ● Formed a republic where the people elected leaders to govern them. ● Tripartite government divided responsibilities three ways. ● Two rulers called magistrates ruled at the same time to guarantee against corruption. ● Roman Senate consisted of wealthy, powerful citizens who advised leaders. Government & Leadership ● Assemblies and Tribunes contained both patricians and plebeians. ● Law of Twelve Tables ensured fair treatment of citizens and noncitizens. ● A census, or population count, was used to regulate taxes. Religion ● Polytheistic (the belief in many gods). ● The apostle, Paul, would bring Christianity to this area. ● Allowed many religions to practice in fear of offending any god. Sports ● To distract Romans from the problems of city life the government provided entertainment at large public arenas. ● The Colosseum was a large arena in Rome where ancient Romans attended entertainments such as chariot races. ● Gladiators were trained warriors who would fight to the death in the Colosseum..

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JWOS Vol 10.Indd
12 “To Free-Town, Our Common Judgement Place”: Commoners in Romeo and Juliet Barbara Mather Cobb Murray State University lthough the bulk of Shakespeare’s plays open with characters of the noble class on stage, fi ve open with commoners. A In each case, the commoner characters direct our gaze and focus our attention on the issue at hand. The device is used frequently throughout Shakespeare’s canon: the commoner character is presented matter-of-factly and sympathetically, with little affect and sometimes with little development, and thus serves a similar role to that of the Chorus in a Sophocles play, leading a commoner audience member to recognize the nature of the confl ict in the play at hand. In Coriolanus we meet an angry crowd, Citizens who are starving and who blame Caius Martius, who will become Coriolanus, for their condition. Although some scholars argue for an ambivalent audience response to this protagonist, using evidence from points later in the play, a commoner audience member would be attuned to his fl aw, his culpability, his propensity toward ego and selfi shness because they identify with the commoners who describe him this way in this fi rst interaction with these characters. Timon of Athens and Julius Caesar both begin with tradesmen: in Timon, a Poet, Painter, Jeweler, and Mercer comment on Fortune and on those whom Fortune favors, like Timon, already precursing his fall as Fortune’s wheel turns; in Julius Caesar, a Carpenter and Cobbler celebrate Caesar, prepossessing the audience toward compassion for the leader besieged by other leaders envious of his power and popularity.
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