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The EU As a Democracy Promoter in the Maghreb - a Crystallization of the European Dilemma?

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The EU As a Democracy Promoter in the Maghreb - a Crystallization of the European Dilemma? The EU as a democracy promoter in the Maghreb - A crystallization of the European dilemma? Maia Gartland Hoff Master’s thesis Spring 2021 Department of Comparative Politics University of Bergen Abstract In 2021, High Representative of the EU, Josep Borrell, stated that; “25 years after the Barcelona Declaration and 10 years after the Arab Spring, challenges in the Mediterranean – many of which resulting from global trends – remain daunting (EC 2021c)”. Has the EU failed in its most plausible attempt to create democracy in its neighborhoods? To attempt an answer to this question, this study investigates how the nature of the EU as an actor in world affairs affects its ability to promote democracy in its neighborhoods. Normative Power Europe (NPE) has been one of the most cited theories when explaining the EU’s role in world affairs, and this thesis investigates to what extent NPE can explain the EU’s role as a foreign policy actor in the Maghreb. The thesis applies a comparative historical approach of the (1) Moroccan, (2) Algerian and (3) Tunisian case. The analysis is based on document analysis of primary and secondary sources as well as conducted interviews with local and European functionaries in the region. This thesis concludes that the large gaps in rhetoric and practice reinforce the perceived nature of the EU by not fulfilling its promises in protecting human rights and promoting democracy, hindering its ability to be a normative power. However, the analysis shows that the EU has the possibility to take a sui generis role, because the EU does not have the same colonial baggage as many of its member countries. Nonetheless, for this to function the EU would need to solve problems of coherency and mend the gap between rhetoric and practice. This understanding of the EU as a foreign actor in its neighborhoods can help adapt the policies towards the region in such a way that they can be better implemented. ii Acknowledgements The year of writing a master’s thesis during a global pandemic is over. This year has been nothing if not challenging, and I am glad to end it on a positive note with a project I am proud of. First and foremost, I wish to express my sincere appreciation to my supervisor, Kjetil Evjen, who has shown great interest in the project and motivated me since the very beginning. He has guided and encouraged me throughout the process, and I am very grateful for his persistent help. The pandemic has tested us to think differently about field work. As traveling was not possible anymore, ideas had to be changed and remolded. I am grateful for having a consistent network, which made it possible to conduct digital interviews that have given me invaluable insight into the topic. También quiero agradecer a mis compañeros en Portal 6, que me han dado una motivación incalculable durante mis últimos meses escribiendo. Gracias por nuestras discusiones y por vuestras reflexiones. I also wish to thank my friends who have encouraged me throughout the work, and especially the ones who have taken the time to read and give important feedback. Finally, I must express my very profound gratitude to my parents, Eva and Alf Rune, my brother André and my sister Silje, for your unfailing support. Any faults in this work are solely mea culpa. Alicante, 20.06.21 Maia Gartland Hoff iii Contents ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................................... II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................................................... III LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................................................. VI LIST OF ACRONYMS .......................................................................................................................................... VII I. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 1 I.I THESIS QUESTION AND OPERATIONALIZATION ...................................................................................... 3 I.II STRUCTURE OF THESIS .......................................................................................................................... 5 II THE EUROPEAN UNION AND ITS FOREIGN POLICY .................................................................... 6 II.I DEFINING THE EU ................................................................................................................................. 6 II.II THE ORIGINS OF EUROPEAN UNION FOREIGN POLICY .......................................................................... 8 II.III EU FOREIGN POLICY TOWARDS NORTH AFRICA ................................................................................. 11 II.IV ASSESSING THE ROLE OF EU FOREIGN POLICY IN NORTH AFRICA ...................................................... 14 III THEORY .................................................................................................................................................... 15 III.I CIVILIAN POWER EUROPE (CPE) OR MILITARY POWER EUROPE (MPE)? .......................................... 16 III.II NORMATIVE POWER EUROPE .............................................................................................................. 17 Normative Power Europe as a self-fulfilling ‘force for good’ prophecy ..................................................... 21 Normative Power Europe through integration and association ................................................................. 21 Normative Power Europe and External Perceptions .................................................................................. 23 III.III EU FOREIGN POLICY AS IMPERIAL ....................................................................................................... 25 EU foreign policy as Normative Empire Europe ......................................................................................... 26 EU foreign policy as neo-Kantian and Eurocentric .................................................................................... 26 EU foreign policy and decolonization theory .............................................................................................. 27 III.IV EU FOREIGN POLICY AS REALIST ........................................................................................................ 28 III.V EU FOREIGN POLICY AS A RESULT OF PRODUCTIVE AMBIGUITY ......................................................... 29 III.VI THE IDEA OF NPE – A CONTRADICTION IN TERMS? ............................................................................. 30 IV METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................................... 32 IV.I COMPARATIVE HISTORICAL ANALYSIS ................................................................................................ 32 IV.II CASE STUDIES ..................................................................................................................................... 34 IV.III DATA COLLECTION ............................................................................................................................. 39 Document analysis ....................................................................................................................................... 39 Interviews ..................................................................................................................................................... 41 IV.IV RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY ............................................................................................................... 43 V EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS ......................................................................................................................... 45 iv V.I THE MOROCCAN CASE ....................................................................................................................... 46 V.II THE ALGERIAN CASE .......................................................................................................................... 52 V.III THE TUNISIAN CASE ........................................................................................................................... 57 V.IV SUMMARY OF EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS ................................................................................................... 62 VI ANALYTICAL DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................. 64 VI.I PERIODICAL ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................ 64 Period I – Pre-Arab Uprising 1992 – 2010 ................................................................................................. 64 Period II – The Arab Awakening 2011 - 2014 ............................................................................................. 67 Period III – Post Arab Uprising 2015 - 2021 .............................................................................................. 68 VI.II SYNCHRONIC ANALYSIS ...................................................................................................................... 70 I. The oxymoron of a principled pragmatism .......................................................................................
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