EDITORIAL STAFF

E . L . S h a n e r Editor-in-Chief a The Magazine of Metalworking and Metal producing E . C. K r e u t z b e r g Editor VOL. 116. NO. 9 February 26, 1945 Wm . M . R o o n e y I r w i n H . S u c h News Editor Engineering Editor

J. D. K n o x G u y H u b b a r d Steel Plant Editor Machine Tool Editor

D o n S . C a d o t ------NEWS------A rt Editor New Steel Wage Pact Provides for Establishment of Arbitration Board 49 ASSOCIATE EDITORS Steel Capacity Raised One and One-Half Million Tons since Mid-1944 . . . 51 G. H. M a n l o v e , W . J. C a m p b e l l Heavy Burden on Steel Mills Puts CMP on Spot ...... 52 î. W. B ir d s a l l , F . R. B r ig g s , D . B . W i l k i n Allentown’s Modified Labor Draft Reported Working Satisfactorily 53 New York: B . K . P r i c e , L . E . B r o w n e Pittsburgh: R . L . H a r t f o r d Shipbuilding To Hold Close to Peak Through First Half of 1945 ...... 54 Chicago: E . F . R oss D etroit: A . H . A l l e n Prompt Rebuilding of French Steel Plants Expected After the War .... 56 Washington: L . M . L a m m Swedish Steel Industry Expansion Spurred by Cutting Off German Imports 57 London: V i n c e n t D e l p o r t OPRD Projects Make Important Contributions to Larger Output ...... 61 ASSISTANT EDITORS Intensive Promotion Program Helps Steel Producer Keep Plants Manned . 62 C. S u l l i v a n , R. W . Shestag, J. M . W h e l a n , A. J. Fingulin, Vance B ell

EDITORIAL CORRESPONDENTS ------TECHNICAL------R. W. K i n c e y L. C. F e l d m a n Birmingham, Ala. Buffalo, N. Y. Induction Heating Speeds Processing at Briggs & Stratton ...... 80 George R . R e is s S a m u e l S . C a r r Short-cycle production-line heat treating done by girls Youngstown, O. Cincinnati, O. F . S. T o b i n Quality Control of Enameling Steels Insures Good P rod u ct...... 82 Toronto, Ont. Steel suppliers graded quarterly to reduce trouble in processing M a u r i c e B e a m 4453 Bel Aire Drive, La Canada, Calif. Producing Gas Welded Tubing from 2500-pound Coils of Strip ...... 84 R o b e r t B o t t o r f f Looping system joins coil ends without interrupting welding 415 Bush St., San Francisco, Calif.

R. C . H i l l Tin-Free and Low-Tin Solders Meet Critical Shortage of T i n ...... 86 408 Marion St., Seattle, Wash. Physical properties and application of alternate types Special Setups Expedite Automatic Welding of Masts and Kingposts .... 94 BUSINESS STAFF A Pacific coast manufacturer’s technique for volume assembly G. O. H a y s Business Manager New Device Measures Temperature of Molten Steel...... 100 R. C. J a e n k e C . H . B a i l e y Automatically recorded operation requires only 45 seconds kertising Manager Advertising Service

w York, E. W . K r e u t z b e r g , K. A. Z ö l l n e r Looking Ahead at Materials and Manufacturing M eth od s...... 106 Pittsburgh, S. II. J a s p e r , B. C. S n e l l Engineers warned about complacency over present techniques Chicago, L. C. P e l o t t , V . W . V o l k leveland, D. C. K i e f e r , H . G . R o w l a n d Los Angeles, F . J . F u l l e r

J. W . Z u b e r FEATURES Circulation Manager As the Editor Views the News . 45 Obituaries 70 MAIN OFFICE Postwar Previews 57 Wing Tips ...... 72 Penton B uilding, C leveland 13, O hio Windows of Washington 58 Industrial Activities ...... 76 BRANCH OFFICES WPB-OPA Orders...... 61 The Business T r e n d ...... 78 9 Tor* 1 7 ...... 16 East 43rd St. Mirrors of Motordom ...... 65 Industrial E quipm ent...... 110 ^5° 520 North Michigan Ave. Men of Industry ...... 68 Construction and Enterprise . 164 üurgh 19 ...... 2800 Koppers Building 0li 2 ...... 6560 Cass Ave. hington 4 ...... 956 National Press Bldg. innat' 2 ...... 2030 Carew Tower MARKETS Angeles 4 ... 130 N. New Hampshire Ave. ^oa 2 Caxton St., Westminster, S.W. 1 Steel War Needs Surpass Mill Ability To P rod u ce...... 143 Market Prices and Composites ...... 144

r ? ? ? E Me n t o n P u b l is h in g C o ., Penton Index to advertisers ...... 172 •i v.lev-'land 13, Ohio, E. L. S h a n e r , President j. ^ nrcî î ^ * HAYS> Vice President and General V*’ r> J AENKE> Vice President; F . G. St e in e - ;,;!C^Presidcnt and Secretary; E. L. W e r n e r , treasurer. ¡¡£’ Rureau of Circulations; Associated * 1 apcrs, Inc., and National Publishers' •ution. NEXT WEEK... shed every Monday. Subscription in the United NmlfLPpS8c®®J°n8» Canada, Mexico, Cuba, Central America, one year $6; two years $10; all Steel Consumption in the Oil and Gas Industries untries, one vear $12. Single copies (current Using Sound Waves To Measure Thickness of Metals Entered as second class matter at the r at Cleveland, under the Act of March 3, Imxnoved Drives with “Hybridized Motors” °Pyright 1945 by the Penton Publishing Co. Selection and Testing of Air Hardened Steels Analyzing Complex Alloys with the Polarograph Cheeking Forgings by Magnetic Particle Inspection requirements. No wonder then that for the last 35 years industry has been making a beaten path to the door of The B. A. Wesche Electric Company.

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Manufacturers of machine tools and ma­ chines of every description have come to EXCLUSIVE FEATURE Wesche with their special powering and The "Uni-frame" construction of the Welco application problems. Not one went back Torque Motor provides for an easy inter­ empty-handed. Their problems were solved change of A.C. and D.C. motors to fit the same or frame. O n ly W E L C O has this by a Welco Torque Motor, custom-built to vitally important feature. meet all the special or specific powering

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/TEEL AS THE EDITOR VIEWS THE NEWS

February 26, 1945 Confusion in Manpower In view of the great confusion prevalent regarding manpower, it would appear that it is high time that somebody in the executive department of the government should get into this problem with both feet, sift the facts from the fallacies and move toward a prompt correction of what rapidly is becoming an unmanageable situation. We have yet to encounter a competent industrial engineer or experienced em­ ployer who really believes that the present reported shortages are as acute as repre­ sented. Many contend that the nation has a sufficient number of workers to carry on all essential work, providing that this working force is distributed properly and is permitted to work without restraint. If one considers, in addition to this expert testimony, the scores of examples of manpower wastage that come to attention daily, one is forced to conclude that the nation is suffering keenly from inefficiency in its administration of manpower controls and of policies affecting working conditions. This inefficiency runs from the top to the bottom of our manpower bureaucracy and it probably is caused more by improper organization, overlapping and conflicting authorities and just plain officious red-tape than by any other factor. At a time when the situation is crying aloud for simplification and co-ordination, the national policy seems to be veering in the opposite direction. For example, although hundreds of hard-working WMC, USES and other officials are striving desperately to relieve shortages, they are doing it independently of national policy. In Allentown one plan is being tried, in Cleveland a different plan and in Chicago still another plan. Each has its merits and its faults and, to be absolutely fair about it, these experiments doubtless were authorized with the idea that if some­ body hit upon an outstandingly good plan, it later on could be adopted on a national scale. However, the practical effect of this experimentation is to impose temporary hardships on different groups in different localities and to create complicated local systems which will be subject to frequent changes. It tends to complicate and confuse at a time when simplification and clarification should be the order of the day. Certainly sufficient experience has been gained in manpower matters since 1941 to afford the proper officials a basis for sound, understandable policy. Why isn’t it possible for them to define this policy and adopt it on a broad scale so as to put an early end to unnecessary confusion, delay and waste?

BRIDGES OF SHIPS: of the 13,000,000 to repair and maintenance in sight, it is interesting deadweight tons of merchant ships scheduled to be to note that the peak of steel demand for ship­ built in 1945, about 9,000,000 tons are expected to building occurred in 1943, when the yards took 11,- be completed during the first half of the year. As 459,122 net tons of steel mill products. Consump­ the program begins to taper off in the summer tion in 1944 totaled 10,422,687 tons. . Unless pres­ fnonths, about 100,000 employes will be released ent schedules are revised upward sharply, shipments from building. All of these and more will be to shipbuilders in 1945 will fall below that figure. needed for ship repair work, but unfortunately many From 1936 through 1944 American yards turned "'ho are engaged in shipbuilding do not possess out 4553 vessels with an aggregate rating of 46,- Hie skills required in repairing. 384,000 deadweight tons. This wonderful achieve­ With a shift in emphasis from new construction ment, which reflects great credit upon the shipyards

(OVER)

45 A S THE EDITOR VIEWS THE NEWS

and upon the structural steel fabricators who worked PERTINENT CURRENTLY: Sweden’s with them, will afford this nation a merchant fleet trade agreement with Germany for 1944 provided at the end of the war that will constitute roughly that the latter would furnish the former 280,000 two-thirds of all the shipping in the world. —p. 54 tons of steel in that year. Most of this was deliv­ ered, but the almost complete stoppage of trade be­ o o o tween the countries now compels Sweden to in­ crease her domestic production. Imports from Ger­ ARBITRATION IN STEEL: An interest­ many accounted for about a quarter of Sweden’s ing outcome of the negotiations between the United requirements. In increasing production to over­ Steelworkers of America and the steel producing come this deficiency, Sweden will reverse its pro­ subsidiaries of the United States Steel Corp. is agree­ portion of commercial steels to high-grade steels. ment on the establishment of a permanent arbitra­ Normally her output of high-grade steels constituted tion board of three members. One member will more than half of total production. Now Sweden be designated by the union, one by the company faces the prospect of producing 60 per cent com­ and tire third, who will serve as chairman, will be mercial steel and 40 per cent high-quality steel. designated by mutual agreement by both parties. —p. 57 When company and union cannot settle an issue o o o through ordinary grievance machinery, the problem PYROMETER FOR MOLTEN STEEL: Metallur­ can be submitted to the board for final and binding gical engineers have developed a platinum thermo­ settlement. The board, by unanimous decision, may couple pyrometer which measures the temperature refer an issue to a single impartial arbitrator in the of a steel bath in tire melting furnace. The read­ locality where the grievance originated. ing is recorded automatically by an electronic in­ Voluntary arbitration is being employed quietly strument so promptly that the entire operation re­ and with more success than is generally realized in quires only 45 seconds. This permits submerging a number of industries—particularly textiles and the immersion head in metal at temperatures as high motion pictures. Its trial in steel circles will be as 3200 degrees Fahr., obtaining the reading and watched closely. Success in this field would en­ withdrawing the unit before the heat damages it. hance the prestige of arbitration tremendously. Cost per reading is slightly above $1. —P- —p. 49 o o o CALL IN DOCTORS FOR CMP: When WPB was OOO matching steel allocations against the tonnage available on a short-term basis, the Controlled Ma­ INVITES TRICKERY: Bill h . r . 97, now terial Plan worked quite satisfactorily. Now pro­ being considered by the House Judiciary Committee, curement officers are requesting long-term specify­ provides that a patent holder be deprived of his ing. This, in conjunction with increasing man­ rights whenever it can be proved that he has used power shortages, is placing a terrific strain upon the patent in restraint of trade. CMP and it may have to be modified to meet the We question seriously the soundness of this pro­ KO new conditions. P* posal because there is so much confusion as to what OOO actually constitutes restraint of trade. Most in­ CAPACITY UP 17% IN WAR: Since early 1940 dustrialists would like to see effective curbs against when the national defense program started, Amer­ monopolistic practices, but recent experiences indi­ ican steelmaking capacity has been increased by cate that attacks against restraint of trade and mo­ nearly 14,000,000 tons or 17 per cent. Official an­ nopoly more often are dictated by personal whim nual capacity as of Jan. 1, 1945, for steel ingots and than by law. castings is 95,505,280 tons and for pig i r o n and It is a sad commentary on justice that this na­ ferroalloys 67,313,890 tons. P- ^ tion, failing to convict a man on a fairly obvious OOO charge of minder, will resort to a charge of violation of the income tax laws in order to punish him. H. R. 97 might tempt prosecutors to rig interpreta­ tions of the anti-trust laws to persecute a patent holder for real or imagined wrongdoings far removed EDITOR-IN-CHIEF from his ownership of a patent. —p. 60

/ T E E 1- 46 STEEL of every kind delivered QUICKLY from STOCK

The Ryerson organization can rise to an emer­ at 4:45 in the afternoon; it was delivered the gency—move heaven and earth when called next morning. No fanfare; just a job to be done, upon to do the impossible! But it's in day-in, and Ryerson did it. day-out dependability, taking difficult assign­ Ryerson gets these calls because Ryerson ments in stride—that Ryerson Steel-Service comes through—not once, or now and then, but stands out. with regularity. Ryerson stocks, personnel and Not long ago the Ohio plant of one of Am erica's facilities make jobs like that look easy even, best known manufacturers was faced with cer­ though they're not. That's the big difference. tain shut-down if four hundred 1 Vs inch bars of For all your steel requirements—simple or tough cold rolled SAE XI335 could not be obtained — call Ryerson. The nearest of the eleven well- overnight. The order reached a Ryerson plant stocked plants can serve you to your advantage. RYERSON STIEL Joseph T. Ryerson & Son, Inc., Steel-Service Plants: Chicago, Milwaukee, Detroit, St. Louis, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, Buffalo, New York, B oston. He’ll Explain the Advantages of Inland "Made to Order” Sheets

When an Inland specialist is called in, count Your sheet forming problems will be simpli­ on him to tell you about Inland "Made to fied when you take advantage of Inland "Made Order” Sheets . . . sheets that are specially to Order” Sheets. processed to fit the job . . . sheets that elimi­ Inland Steel Company, 38 S. Dearborn St., nate the waste of cut-and-try methods . . . Chicago 3, 111. Sales Offices: Cincinnati, Detroit, sheets that arc economical because they Kansas City, Milwaukee, New York, St. Louis, help production to start faster and flow St. Paul. smoother. Bars, Floor Plate, Piling, Plates, Rail, Rein­ An Inland specialist will help you select the forcing Bars, Sheets, Strip, Structural, Tin right sheets ... for parts that are in the design Plate, Track Accessories. stage as well as for parts that already are in production. He will help you prepare specifica­ tions for Inland sheets which will be processed for your particular requirements as to base metal, temper, surface, etc. These specifica­ tions will be studied at the Inland mills. The sheets will he processed under close metallur­ INLAND gical control, and they will be thoroughly inspected before shipment. Inland sheets, proc­ essed for you, will be uniform in quality, gage, size, and workability . . . from sheet to SHEETS sheet . . . from order to order. STEEL WAGE AGREEMENT Permanent Arbitration Board Set Up Pact between union ana u. o. ofee/ incor­ porates wage in­ creases directed by W ar Labor Board. Ter­ mination of contract still in dispute

Philip Murray, left, piesident of the CIO and of the United Steel­ workers, shakes hands with John A. Stephens, chairman of the Steel Case Research Committee

NEGOTIATIONS for new labor agree­ two years. The companies’ position is liberalized vacation pay, more holidays, ments incorporating the "fringe" wage that the termination clause should be and the establishment of guide posts for idvances ordered last November by the the same as in .prior agreements, subject the determination and correction of ar Labor Board and providing for the to reopening by either party at any time. alleged “intraplant wage rate inequities.” ;stablishment of a permanent three-man The producers accepted certain provi­ The shift differentials provide for a ward of arbitration have been com­ sions in the agreement, such as main­ 4-cent-an-hour premium for the second peted between the United Steelworkers tenance of membership and the check­ shift and a 6-cent premium for the third. America and the steel producing sub- off, under government pressure for the The vacation clause affords one week's ■idiaries of the United States Steel Corp. duration of the emergency. They hold vacation with pay for workers with one The contract drawn between Big Steel they should not be bound to these war- year’s service and two weeks vacation Bd the union is expected to serve as a imposed conditions after the emergency for employes with five years’ service. Va­ ratten»' for agreements with other basic ceases. cation pay may be given in lieu of vaca­ teel producers. Arrangements for nego- Aside from the provisions directed by tion from jobs. lations between these companies and the the WLB and the arbitration board there Recognized holidays include Jan. 1, wion have been or soon will be made. are but minor changes over the 1942 Memorial Day, July 4, Labor Day, Negotiations between the union and agreement. In the minor changes, how­ Thanksgiving Day and Christmas Day. epublic Steel Corp. opened in Cleve- ever, the union appears to have made By local arrangement another day may ®nd Feb. 22, while negotiations between some inroads into the functions of man­ be chosen in place of Memorial Day. wungstown Sheet & Tube Co. and the agement. One steel spokesman likens the War rate inequalities are to be settled mion were scheduled to start Feb. 26. establishment of the arbitration board as by a commission ( not to be confused with Only unsettled point in the agreement setting up a judiciary over a "common the board of arbitration) as provided in ? die term of the contract. This will be law” in labor relations, much of which the WLB directive order. ■etermined by the WLB which held a has evolved under wartime conditions The contract includes the WLB’s state­ waring on the issue Feb. 23. The union and under the aegis of a labor govern­ ment of principle regarding severance '?s asked for a fixed term contract run- ment. pay; details will be worked out later by '!ng the fall of 1946, freezing all pro­ The concessions ordered by the WLB, mutual agreement between the companies tons of the agreement, with the ex- and approved by Economic Stabilizer and the union. ePtion of wages, for a period of nearly Fred M. Vinson, include shift differentials, Maintenance of membership and the

?ebruary 26. 1945 49 STEEL WAGE AGREEMENT

checkoff are again incorporated in the agreement as ordered by the WLB. Considered one of the most important provisions of the new agreement is that providing for tire establishment of the board of arbitration. One of the three members wall be designated by the union, one by tire company, and the third, who will serve as chairman, will be designated by mutual agreement by both parties. Whenever the union or the company conclude that any issue cannot be settled through the ordinary grievance machinery, the issue may be appealed to the board for final and binding settlement. The board, because of need to meet an urgent situation, may refer, by unanimous decision, the disposition of any grievance submitted to it by a single impartial ar­ bitrator to handle the grievance in the locality where it arose. In such event the arbitrator’s decision shall be final -unless either party asks a review by the board within ten days after the decision is made. The company and the union shall bear the expenses and compensation of their respective representatives on the board and shall share equally in the compensa­ In an attempt to crack the Little Steel wage formula “once and for all,” CIO tion of the chairman and other expenses delegates from northern Ohio staged a “march on Washington,” where they of the board. presented their pleas to Ohio congressmen. Pictured above speaking at the WLB To Pass on Termination meeting is Robert K. Lamb, United Steelworkers’ legislative representative in Washington. Seated at table is Victor Decavitch, a spokesman for the union The agreements will be signed formally after the WLB has passed on the matter from Cleveland. NEA photo of termination, and will settle for the present die steel wage case which was cerned. The WLB, after much labor, ar­ tions of CIO members have been travel­ instituted in December, 1943, dragged rived at a misty policy of allowing ing to Washington to bring pressure to through prolonged hearings before a panel “fringe” wage increases. Economic stab­ bear on the government. of die WLB during 1944 until the board ilizer Vinson, whose approval is neces­ A powerful threat to the entire stabiliz­ issued its directive order on Nov. 25, sary before these increases can become then hung fire until die end of the year ation program is expected to develop effective, has asked for a statement of when the- United Mine Workers present when die board’s directives were finally policy and suggested that the board ob­ approved by Mr. Vinson. The negotia­ their demands to the coal mine operators tain opinions from the Office of Price Ad­ when their contract expires March 31. tions between the union and the leading ministration as to whether or not con­ producer were started soon after Mr. While the miners’ demands have not yet templated wage increases would necessi­ been made public they are expected to Vinson had given his blessing to die wage tate price increases before directing increases. call for substantial wage increases, be­ fringe increases. yond the limits of the Little Steel formula. The increases will be retroactive to Traditionally the miners have refused to around the end of 1943 or die beginning Members Want Free Hand work without a contract. of 1944, depending on the expiration of Members of the WLB insist they can­ the earlier contracts. In the case of the not function as they wish under such a leading producer, the increases are retro­ policy, that they should be free to decide Interim Price Rise Seen active to Jan. 4, 1944. The United States each case “on its merits” without regard Steel Corp. in reporting 1944 earnings to its effect on prices. What the board Added to Base Quotations noted that $30 million had been set aside means by the “merits” of a case is a little to provide for the retroactive wage in­ difficult to understand in light of the Amendment No. 12 to revised steel creases. avowed purpose of the stabilization pro­ price schedule No. 6 is expected to be The steel wage case was generally ex­ gram to prevent price increases. issued within the next few days by the pected to set the pattern and establish However, the board apparently wants Office of Price Administration. The a policy for the settlement of odier major authority to grant fringe increases with amendment, it was reported in Wash­ wage cases which long have been pend­ the hope of winning labor’s favor for the ington late last week, was ready for is­ ing before the WLB. The circuitous ap­ board’s good intentions. If these must be suance except for the signature of the proach, the lengthy hearings and the ex­ disapproved, they would like Mr. Vinson executive officer of OPA. The amend­ traordinary reasoning by which the board to shoulder the onus. But Mr. Vinson pre­ ment, it is understood, clarifies the price granted a wage increase while pretending fers to pass responsibility along to OPA. situation in that it allows the intenm not to apparently have satisfied no one. Pressing against this uncertain stabiliza­ price increases in amendment No. 11 1° Industry is not satisfied with a policy tion policy are the demands of large seg­ be added to mill base prices rather than which raises labor costs, retroactive for ments of organized labor whose demands to the delivered price. a year or more, while stabilization offi­ have not yet been settled. Last week the Through amendment No. 12 the ware cials refuse to permit prices to rise. Or­ WLB moved to grant fringe increases to houses and exporters will be P6™1®? ganized labor is openly attacking the the meat packing workers and the textile under existing regulations to add t e WLB for not granting greater increases workers. Demands from other powerful higher mill prices to their quoted PnC®^ and charges the board with deliberate unions still are pending. to customers. This was prevented } stalling on its wage demands. Meanwhile, organized labor continues regulations so long as the interim order Stabilization officials have their own its campaign for outright scrapping of specified that the price increases app >e battle among the various agencies con­ the Little Steel wage formula, and delega­ only to delivered and not base prices.

50 f TE E L STEEL FACILITIES

limestone brought in by sea from northern Ingot Capacity Raised Million Chile. Plans for steelmaking facilities call for bessemer converters, electric and open- And Half Tons Since Mid-1944 hearth furnaces with capacity to permit production of 80,000 to 100,000 metric Sfeel plant rated at 95,505,280 ingot tons as of Jan. 1, 1945. tons of finished rolled steel annually, enough for substantially one-half of Open-hearth and electric furnace facilities gain but bessemer Chile’s normal needs. The preliminary capacity declines. Decline reported in pig iron and ferroalloy plan calls for three mills, a rail and struc­ tural shape mill, a merchant mill and a plant sheet mill. Products are to include rails, shapes, merchant bars, concrete reinforc­ PRODUCTIVE capacity of the United cion, 120 Broadway, New York, has ap­ ing bars, wire and wire products, black States .steel industry has risen to 95,505,- plied to the Export-Import Bank, Wash­ sheets and, later on, galvanized sheets, 280 tons of ingots and castings per year, ington, for a loan of $20,000,000, and welded tubing and tin plate. as of Jan. 1, 1945, the American Iron the Chilean government is expected to Surplus pig iron is to be used in mak­ and Steel Institute reported last week. advance an additional $20,000,000. All ing cast iron pipe and in producing mis­ That figure, marking virtual conclusion of the money advanced by the Export- cellaneous iron and steel castings in two of the industry s huge wartime expansion Import Bank would be spent in the small foundries which are part of the program, is nearly 1,500,000 tons greater United States for equipment and engineer­ project. than the annual capacity of 94,054,550 ing services. The Corporación de Fomento de la tons reported in midyear '4944. Initially the plant will include one blast Producción also has plans for a copper Since mid-1940 when tire national de­ furnace with annual capacity to produce refinery with annual capacity for 30,000 fense program was started, close to 14,- 250,000 metric tons of pig iron. It would tons of electrolytic copper which would 800,000 tons of new annual capacity have operate on high-grade Chilean iron ore, be consumed by Chile’s expanding metal­ been added by the industry. on coking coal mined nearby, and on working industries. Annual capacity for production of pig ion and ferroalloys at the start of 1945 ras 67,313,890 tons. This was a decline » 1,132,420 tons from the 68,446,310 Present, Past and Pending »ns reported July 1, 1944, and was ■aused largely by abandonment or dis- B WESTERN CANMAKERS MAY RAISE TIN PLATE STOCKS nantling of certain furnaces not now eco- lomical to operate. W a s h in g t o n —Tin can manufacturers in California, Oregon, Washington and Utah may increase inventories of tin plate to 90-day requirements during the period from The industry’s annual capacity for pro­ March 31 to Sept. 30. Present limit is 60 days. motion of by-product and beehive coke ras 61,919,840 tons as of Jan. 1, 1945 ■ E. J. POOLE JR., CARPENTER STEEL OFFICIAL, DIES s increase of 469,860 tons from the 61,- R e a d in g , P a .—Ernest J. Poole Jr., 4 8 , vice president in charge of manufacture and 49,980 tons reported Jan. 1, 19 4 4 . All a director of the Carpenter Steel Co., died Feb. 19 in this city. ITe was a graduate the increase was accounted for by new y-product coke ovens. of the U. S. Naval Academy at Annapolis, and entered the employ of the company in 1922. He succeeded his father, E. J. Poole Sr., as vice president upon the latter’s Open-hearth steel capacity was rated death in 1937. | lo’ -71,590 tons annually at the start 1 1945, a gain of nearly l s600,000 tons B LABOR SHORTAGE CUTS SCREW MACHINE PRODUCTS OUTPUT rom the 82,604,600 tons reported last uly 1. W a s h in g t o n — Serious shortage of set-up men in the automatic screw machine prod­ ucts industry, now operating at only 60 per cent of capacity, is endangering produc­ The increase reflects chiefly enlarge- mnts of some furnaces and the decision tion of artillery and mortar ammunition and bomb programs, War Production Board n tlle Part of certain companies to as- said last week. Several hundred additional men are needed to fill these essential jobs. 'gn to steelmaking a few open-hearth Places that previously were used to H PENALTY FOR OVERSTATING SETTLEMENT CLAIMS MODIFIED le t down scrap and pig iron preparatory W a s h in g t o n — Office of Contract Settlement has issued regulation 13, dealing with > nal refining in electric furnaces. the suspension or modification of the penalty for overstating claims in connection Electric furnace capacity' increased 83,- with interim financing. W tons from July 1, 1944, to January 1, ’ annual capacity of these facilities B SEEKS BIDS FOR 24 DIESEL-POWERED TANKERS ow being rated at 5,455,890 tons. The W a s h in g t o n — Invitations for sealed bids for construction of 24 new single screw opacity of bessemer steel production fa- diesel-powered tankers were announced last week by the United States Maritime 'ano"’aS reduced by 200,000 tons to 5,- Commission. This constitutes the largest single invitation since 1941. ‘■1,000 tons annually as of Jan. 1, 1945. opacity for making steel by the crucible 0 NAVY AWARDS KAISER CONTRACT FOR 8 ESCORT CARRIERS rccess remained unchanged” at 3800 tons. W a s h in g t o n —Navy has awarded Henry Kaiser Inc., Vancouver, Wash., a contract for construction of eight aircraft escort carriers to cost about $88 million. quipment for Chilean Steel H DOUGLAS AIRCRAFT GETS ORDERS FOR 2000 WAR PLANES S a n t a M o n ic a , C a l i f .—Douglas Aircraft Co. has received orders since Feb. 5 for tant To Be Bought Here nearly 2000 war planes, aggregating around $32 million on the basis of unit costs of Preliminary plans for an iron and steel previous contracts. n at Concepcion, Chile, have been B WPB MODIFIES CERTIFICATION OF USED RAIL SALES mp eted and some of the construction W a s h in g t o n —It is now necessary to secure certification on sales of used rail only a acts are scheduled to be placed as n as details of financing have been for relaying track, as provided in the amended WPB order L-88. No control over ’mpleted. The Chilean government’s transfer or sale of relaying rail when used for that purpose is established by the Orporacion de Fomento de la Produc- amendment.

^ruary 26. 1945 51 STEEL REQUIREMENTS Situation In Steel Tightening

Manpower shortage prevents maximum utilization of^ steel- making facilities to meet in­ creasing pressure from Army and Navy to fulfill materiel requirements

WITH the war demand load upon the steel mills increasing under accel­ erated pressure from the Army and Navy INCREASES ACK-ACK ACCURACY: Utilizing new optical principles, this to meet critical materiel needs, concert­ M-10 range finder is expected to increase the accuracy of American ed efforts are being made to prevent antiaircraft fire and may even have an application in defense against the piling up of tonnage on steel mills robot bombs. Two employes of the Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, N. Y., to threaten smooth and equitable dis­ originators of the new range finder, check the M-10, which is to be tribution of available supply under the mounted on directors that control the fire of 40-millimeter antiaircraft Controlled Materials Plan. guns. NEA photo Manpower shortage, for one thing, is preventing maximum utilization of steel- making facilities. Indicative of the problem is the case of the Carnegie-Uli- Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., Pitts­ which went out from the government pro­ nois Steel Corp. at its Gary and East burgh; Walter Wiewel, National Tube curement agencies to war contractors re­ Chicago plants. Because of progressive Co., Pittsburgh; Thomas Ford, Electro questing that they get required tonnage manpower shortage at these plants, the Metallurgical Co., New York; L. E. on mill books as far ahead as a year. This corporation estimates that currently it Creighton, Rotary Electric Steel Co., move was intended to make it possible for is losing 10,500 net tons of steel ingot Detroit, and J. K. Kilmer, Bethlehem manufacturers and their subcontractors production every week. Of this, 7500 Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa. to “pull out the stops” and drive ahead tons are at Gary, and 3000 tons at South As originally conceived the Controlled for the year’s production goals, fortified Chicago. Contributing heavily to the Materials Plan was designed to control by a realistic picture of the year’s require­ lowered output is the longer time re­ the flow of critical materials into war ments. This departure from the former quired to reline furnaces because of in­ consumption so as to insure maximum practice of ordering only for three months sufficient workers. production of war products and essential ahead, it is said, is tending to complicate civilian products within the limits of orderly distribution procedure. Some ob­ Operated at 9S Per Cent Capacity available materials and facilities. Basic­ servers in the steel trade see in this new Despite this handicap, however, the ally, the plan is divided into two major ordering policy possible return of the corporation’s plants in 1944 produced important phases: 1, matching the use disjointed distribution which prevailed approximately 10,000,000 tons of ingots, of materials to the supply of materials; prior to the adoption of CMP. and 2, controlling the flow of materials which represented operations at 98 per Carbon Steel Requirements Up cent of capacity. Total loss over this so that available materials reach the right period, since manpower surveys were place at the right time in the proper Second quarter carbon steel require­ first started, aggregates 310,000 tons,. quantities. ments of 17,457,000 net tons are about Manpower needs at the moment are for Almost immediately upon its adoption one million tons over those for the initia 2100 additional workers, 1100 at Gary in November, 1943, the plan worked: three months of this year. Recent lag and 1000 at South Chicago. The scheduling and delivery mess which in steel production which forced a sub­ The steel manpower problem was dis­ had resulted from the piling of priori­ stantial increase in tire carryover ton­ cussed at a meeting of the Steel Indus­ ties upon priorities disappeared quickly. nage of allotted carbon steel products, try Advisory Committee in Washington However, the smooth functioning of and the substantial rise in a number o last Friday. CMP largely was due to the fact it was war program schedules, are the clue Within die past several weeks a num­ designed to operate for the short-term, factors behind the enlarged second qu.u ber of prominent steel executives who it being necessary for consumers to spe­ ter steel needs. Steel required for tie had resigned from the Steel Division, cify their needs well in advance of allo­ ammunition program alone has been in War Production Board, and returned to cation for a quarter. creased 450,000 tons for the period. their companies, have been recalled Currently, however, the distribution Overall steel allocations for secon to government service with a view to system has been thrown somewhat out of quarter are reported to have been sea e straightening out a scheduling “mess” gear by a trend toward long-term speci­ down at least 3 million tons from t e which is reported to have arisen. Those fying which has been developing for claimant agencies’ stated requirem ents recalled include: Norman Foy, Repub­ some months past. Ear’y in February this of 17,475,000 tons for the period, b«" lic Steel Corp., Cleveland; A. A. Wagner, trend was further stimulated by a request after this screening it is reported sta e /TEEL 52 MANPOWER

allotments are in excess of probable pro­ duction for the quarter. Office of Defense Transportation as Allentowns Modified Labor Draft claimant agency for the transportation industry has been allotted 1,065,000 tons of carbon steel for second quarter Reported Working Satisfactorily requirements. It had asked for 1,527,1 Shifting of workers from nonessential to essential plants under 000 tons. In the first quarter the rail­ roads were allotted 1,254,000 tons. "voluntary" plan proving successful. Other tight labor areas Indicative of the tightness in steel for second quarter also is the fact that are adopting similar programs. Some 26,300 workers in district while the roads had asked for 250,000 subject to war work "draft" tons of steel to build 13,500 freight cars they were allotted only sufficient to build THE ALLENTOWN, PA., plan for the 7500 cars. Also, the roads’ request for take him back and offer another prospec­ “voluntary shifting” of less essential tive war plant worker in return. Unions 600.000 tons of rails was scaled down workers into high priority war jobs ap­ to 417,000, and a request for 150,000 and management have been co-operating pears to be working out satisfactorily, in the program, and, according to Dr. tons of steel for replacement auto parts with certain other areas now taking up was whittled to 130,000 tons. Frank Maguire, WMC director for the the same program. Allentown area, men transferred do not WPB officials point out that the car­ ryover from fourth quarter of 1944 of Launched Jan. 24, the program as of have to join any unions in the plants to which they are transferred. allotted carbon steel products into first Feb. 10 accounted for the shifting of 338 quarter was about 1.5 million tons, and men from the first three nonessential in­ Of the three nonessential industries is expected to reach 2.5 million by March dustries approached and, with a survey first surveyed, an assessment of 460 31, because of the extremely unfavor­ of others under way and likely to be con­ workers was finally made. Of this number, able circumstances hampering steel out­ cluded soon, this figure is expected to 413 were actually considered up to Feb. put. In addition to shortage of labor, jump shortly. Approximately 1000 will 10, with 365 finally sent to USES for gas supply has been acute through most be recpiired, according to manpower offi­ placement (28 were withheld due primar­ of the current quarter, which combined cials, to get them “over the hump” on ily to physical disqualifications). Of the with the coal shortage and the trans­ the more critical requirements, although 365 sent to the employment agency 338 portation tie-ups, forced a substantial re­ 1900 men are needed to meet the de­ were placed, with 27 referred back to duction in steel production since the mands of the critical and somewhat lesser the War Manpower Commission for first of the year. essential industries. further consideration. Of the 338 placed, The program is being first tried out in 290 were transferred to 10 war plants, Second Quarter Requirements Firmer an area found to have the most highly each taking five or more men, with the diversified war essential industries in the remaining 48 sent to other important First quarter carbon steel require­ United States. plants, each taking less than five men. ments of 16,406,000 net tons were Incidentally, in addition to the 338 screened down to actual allotment of Plan Covers 110,000 Workers which were placed under the program as 16.125.000 tons. However, requirements This area, it was developed, had 110,- of Feb. 10, 409 male workers have left for the coming quarter are firmer, due 000 workers (including women), with nonessential industries since Jan. 1 to to more intensive pre-screening by claim­ 81,000 engaged in essential industries, engage in critical war work. Thus, with ant agencies. WPB is expected to allot thus leaving 29,000 in nonessential oc­ these 409 additional workers, there has less steel, percentagewise, in relation to cupations. Of these 29,000, 2700 were been a total of 747 male employes to supply for second quarter than has been occupied in very small establishments, enter war plants in the period from Jan. the case in the past periods. which the manpower commission decided 1 to Feb. 10. Stated carbon steel requirements of the not to take into account in any proposed claimant agencies for the second quarter shift, leaving 26,300, of which 13,500 Metalworking Needs Predominate (before final screening) compared with were women and 12,800 men, of whom, The requirements of the steel and “rst Quarter stated requirements follow: interestingly, 555 were World War II metalworking industries are the heaviest Army, increased from 3,761,000 net veterans. among the more critical industries, with tons in first quarter to 4,521,000; Navy The manpower commission started the the needs of the Bethlehem Steel Co. the up from 1,272,000 to 1,308,000; Mari­ development of its program by first largest for any single company in the area. time Commission, up from 960,000 to singling out three nonessential industries, In January, it is said, Bethlehem’s man­ J69,000; Foreign Economic Administra­ with a view to shifting a number of the power situation showed a “plus” for tire tion, up from 1,157,000 to 1,368,000; male employes into critical work. These first in some time. nar Food Administration, down from three nonessential industries were the Work in the Allentown area has en­ 1.172.000 to 1,063,000; Petroleum Ad­ brewery industry, which comprised nine couraged other areas to try out similar ministration for War, up from 397,000 plants; the cement industry, 18 plants; programs. 10 136,000; Office of Defense Transpor­ and the bottling industry, seven plants. Whether the Allentown plan is the an­ tation, down from 1,585,000 to 1,527,- Following an inventory by WMC of swer to the nation’s manpower problem 0; and the Office of the Operations the companies involved, “selective ceil­ is debatable. In Washington certain im­ lce Chairman, (which represents the ings” were set on the number of em­ portant figures in Congress view the re­ arge number of B products and com­ ployes these firms might have. These non- sults in Allentown as so satisfactory they ponents, capital equipment and various essential companies then made available would enforce it nationally through legis­ segments of tire civilian production) up to the manpower agency a list of employes lation. In Allentown proper, however, 3,407,000 to 3,657,000 net tons. whom they agreed to release in order to opinion is divided, though publicly, as a There is only one remedy for the situ­ reduce their employment to the ceilings general tiling, both management and ation facing the steel industry in the established. They provided data as to labor have endorsed the plan. Some em­ second quarter and that is more pro- names, ages, draft status and previous ployers appear enthusiastic about it, espe­ uction. However, practically every ac­ work experience of these employes. The cially those benefitted by the referral of complishment in this direction has been United States Employment Service was workers to their plants. Union leaders are ? et by adverse developments. All the then given the job of handling the place­ inclined to be critical about the whole actors, negative and positive, in getting ment of the workers. thing. They charge workers are being cut more steel production, were discussed If, for any valid reason, the agency referred to war plants and compelled to recently by steel operating men and WPB can not use a released worker the com­ take pay cuts in some cases averaging ( Concluded on Page 162) pany, under the program, is supposed to as much as 30 cents an hour.

February 26. 1945 53 SHIP STEEL

Breakdown of Steel Mill Product Shipments to the Shipbuilding (N et Tons)

Products 1944° 1943 1942 1941 1940 1939 1938 1937 Semifinished (ingots, blooms, billets, slabs, tube rounds, sheet and tin bars) .... 211,000 118,144 76,815 32,344 8,177 Structural shapes and sheet piling ...... 1,620,000 1,820,127 1,667,100 442,066 143,324 79,058 50,343 51,511 Plates (universal and sheared) ...... 7,100,000 7 ,503,124 6,064,447 1,565,528 568,574 330,106 226,052 231,750 Rails— 60 lbs. and over ...... 185 1,133 1,811 1,937 115 72 461 374 Total rails ...... 300 1,205 ‘ 2,272 2,311 968 480 103 11S Tie plates and brack accessories (incl. track spikes) ...... 325 175 590 353 247 204 59 SI Hot-rolled bars (carbon, incl. hoops, and b ands) ...... 4 75,000 621,670 504,033 190,154 5 8,626 Concrete reinforcing b a rs ...... 15,000 75,996 55,395 2,113 192 796 396 225 78 000 53,690 36,443 19,038 6,527 Cold finished (carbon and alloy) 42,500 37,114 34,390 15,687 T o tal b a r s ...... 610,500 788,470 630,261 126,992 65,345 36,422 22,187 42^271 Pipe and tubes ...... 275,000 3 38,406 260,072 97,848 19,668 146,722 14,304 7,734 W ire rods ...... 1,500 2,211 5,133 1,406 840 Wire and wire products (incl. fence posts) 47,000 73,925 56,191 15,253 1,951 8,890 4,846 9,635 Black plate ...... 875 483 25 94 144 112 33 Tin and teme idate (hot and cold-re- 962 478 638 247 Sheets and strip: Hot-rolled ...... 376,500 383,041 291,353 95,287 18,468 61 000 34 916 24,198 9,998 7,535 Galvanized ...... 115,300 116,874 91,864 35,015 8,777 3,672 2,126 3,162 A ll o th er ...... 1,706 2,608 4,3 1 6 2,084 Total sheets, strip ...... 552,800 536,537 410,023 144,616 36,864 27,927 7,045 9,SIS Tool steel bars ...... 1,050 877 1,660 1,556 603 Wheels and axles ...... 40 0 1,958 1,111 1,152 221 256 180,144 172,851 3 7 845 30 328 12,485 All other steel products ...... 975 13,901 12,621 5,317 93,469 29,982 20,414 3,545 Grand Total ...... 10,422,687 11,459,122 9,3 9 9 ,4 0 6 2,722,350 940,124 659,935 345,465 358.915

“Estimated. Figures for 1926-39 compiled by S t e e l ; for 1940-43 by American Iron and Steel Institute.

Phenomenal growth in shipbuilding ac­ tivity in recent years is indicated by the Shipbuilding To Hold Close to fact that in the 13 prewar years the industry’s annual steel purchases aver­ Peak Through First Half of 1945 aged only 232,000 tons. War needs have determined the type of vessels the merchant marine has built SHIPBUILDING activity is scheduled Peak in shipment of steel for ship­ in recent years. Thus, although the at near record levels throughout the first building occurred in 1943, when 11,- merchant fleet available for postwar op­ half of 1945, to be followed by a tapering 459,122 net tons of steel mill products erations will be unprecedented in num­ in construction through the balance of were purchased by the industry. In 1944 ber of vessels and tonnage— constitut­ the year. Deliveries of ships are cur­ purchases totaled an estimated 10,422,- ing perhaps more than two-thirds of all rently at a peak for the war period to 687 tons; while in 1942, 1941 and 1940 date. they amounted to 9,399,406, 2,722,350 Of the 13 million deadweight tons of and 940,124 tons, respectively. merchant ships to be constructed in Percentagewise the shipbuilding in­ 1945, present schedules call for about 9 dustry purchased 17.1 per cent of total 1200 million tons in first half. The Maritime steel mill product shipments last year, uoo Commission’s stated second quarter car­ compared with 18.9 per cent in 1943 and bon steel requirements have been re­ 16 per cent in 1942. looo vised upward 9000 tons to 969,000 tons. The industry’s purchases of plates and Every effort is being made to work shapes— two major tonnage items—were 900 into the shipbuilding program all avail­ also off during the past year, totaling 7.1 800 able surplus materials. Greater utiliza­ and 1.6 million tons, respectively. In tion of existing inventories, it is hoped, 1943 the comparable figures weie 7.5 will relieve pressure for prompt deliv­ and 1.8 million tons. « 600 eries on some steel items and reduce to In contrast with the trend in most E a minimum surplus materials that other­ steel products, the industry purchased r 500 wise would be on hand when the pro­ more cold-rolled sheets and strip, alloy gram is completed. and cold-finished (carbon and alloy) bars During the coming summer months last year than in 1943. 300 about 100,000 workers are expected to Although the output of merchant ship­

be released from shipbuilding. How­ ping in 1944 fell below the 1943 total, 200 ever, all of these and more will be need­ the shipbuilding industry established a ed in ship repair. Unfortunately all those new record last year by installing a 100 released will not be familiar with the total of 7,448,950 horsepower main pro­ c JH type of tasks involved in ship repairing, pelling machinery in 1463 seagoing mer­ T ankers Lîbcr+y "C Types Victory so there will be some dislocation when chant ships—an aggregate of propulsion Construction of “C” type vessels the shipbuilding program is adjusted machinery' nearly twice as great as that downward and repair activity moves up of our entire merchant marine prior to continues upward trend. Liberty in the latter half of this year. Pearl Harbor. ship output cut sharply

54 /T E E t SHIP STEEL

du stry by Product Classification from 1926 Through 1944 (N et Tons) 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931 1930 1929 1928 1927 1926

40,693 30,389 3 0,349 14,517 15,866 46,434 71,329 58,882 38,048 39,848 51,989 174,496 103,070 105,095 67,119 55,324 115,303 215,165 209,011 92,312 149,277 131,872

78 105 105 29 1 465 5 % 78 55 12 22 15

152 90 85

24,830 20.771 22,726 11,688 10,923 25,599 31,852 3 1,548 15,666 36,411 25,303 3,168 9,507 6,615 2,210 1,509 2 ,6 1 2 3,268 7,843 6,064 4,002 2,448 1,953 2,139 4,633 1,569 2,661 2,210 4,386 6,726 2,588 3^285 L 5 6 6 624 3 59

1,584 1,459 1,308 821 1,045 1,893 1,230 6,306 1,590 22 7,138 8,270 3,680 2,700 2,119 7,061 12,093 16,024 10,092 2,265 1,930

259 44? j?® n n 209 748 i',464 6,937 " 2,107 "3,¿Í8 ' ÍÓ‘,989 4',369 259,441 175,717 173,412 100,065 89,208 200,683 345,510 332,140 168,394 246,083 219,482

the shipping in the world—there is ques­ tional agreements and other imponder­ rier of the world’s commerce, and will tion as to what proportion will be suit­ ables. have a modem shipbuilding and ship re­ able for postwar commercial service. While the merchant fleet has quad­ pair industry second to none in the Construction of merchant ships in the rupled in size during the war period, the world. About 2000 good quality com­ years 1936 through 1944 totaled 4553 fleets of other maritime powers have petitive ships will he available from the vessels, of 46,384,000 deadweight tons. shrunk to 50 per cent or less of their government’s huge accumulation for A breakdown of 4504 of these vessels by prewar strength. Thus, in the immedi­ shipowners seeking to augment their types shows that 2502 are Liberty ships, ate postwar years, this country will have postwar merchant fleet. In addition to generally looked upon as expendables the advantage of unquestioned maritime this shipping leadership, there will be of war. The Maritime Commission con­ supremacy. In the early stages of the a need for postwar building of special templates disposal of these vessels so postwar period it will be the chief car­ types of ships for specific services. that they will not “hang over the mar- bet in the postwar period. Some 533 vessels, or 11.6 per cent, are C-type SHIPBUILDING INDUSTRY TAKES LESS STEEL IN 1944 ships, of which an unknown number have been built as, or converted to, mili­ tary types. Another 522, or 11.8 per cent, represent high-speed, quality tankers. out 2.3 per cent, or 104 vessels consti­ tute Victory ships (exclusive of those ictorys converted to war purposes). °me 365 ships, or 8.1 per cent, are considered special or military type. How­ ever, in 1944 alone, about 580 merchant sups built during the year were turned °ver to the Army and Navy for military use. How many of these later can be converted to peacetime service is un­ known. The remaining 478, or 10.6 Per cent, comprise coastal vessels, emer­ gency tankers, concrete vessels and other ■ Pes, some of which have good pros­ pects of postwar usefulness. osses at sea, obsolescence and the vast amount of shipbuilding which has een designed especially for war needs "* considerably reduce the postwar g enhalities of our war-built fleet. The na outcome depends on such factors s shipbuilding costs, prices of govern- -built ships to operators, interna­

February 26, 1945 55 EUROPEAN STEEL

Twisted steel framework is all that remains of this arma- tion is to be found in many French industrial areas, indicat- ment plant at Lebisey, near Caen, France. Similar devasta- ing the magnitude of the reconstruction. NEA photo

Production of iron and steel products in France, the country’s chief industry, Prompt Rebuilding of French is at a minimum. Her largest iron mines, in Lorraine, are still immediately behind Steel Plants Expected After War the battle lines, and the strangulation of the coal industry and transportation also Enlargement and modernization of facilities followed World affects the industry adversely, according to the Office of War Administration. W ar I, American Iron and Steel Institute points out. Prewar Some steel plants are in operation, ingot capacity of France and the Low Countries was 18 million however, and it is expected that the Allies will put the maximum effort into net tons rehabilitating this industry as quickly as possible. In 1938, France produced RECONSTRUCTION era which fol­ out approximately the same amount per 6.049.000 metric tons of pig iron and lowed World War I resulted in enlarge­ year by 1925 after declining to around 6.174.000 tons of steel ingots and cast­ ment and modernization of the iron and 1.985.000 tons in 1918. Tne mills of ings. Renewal of this rate of production steel plants of France and the Low Coun­ Alsace-Lorraine, returned to France in is dependent currently upon repair of tries, states the American Iron and Steel 1919, added about 2,899,000 tons of pro­ the transportation system. Institute, declaring that if history is re­ duction to the 1925 figure above. France is requesting importation of peated, after the present war in Europe Belgium's production of around 2,719,- 300.000 tons of partly fabricated iron and there may be a similar expansion over the 000 net tons of steel in 1913 dropped to steel products to assist in this repair, and prewar capacity of about 18,000,000 net 11,619 tons in 1918 following the severe to provide emergency housing until such time as the steel and iron industry can tons of steel per year in those countries. damage inflicted on the industry in the be got into heavy production again. Restoration of the important iron and first World War. But in 1925 Belgium This request likely will be granted as steel industries in Western Europe has produced 2,809,000 tons of steel. Luxem­ soon as possible in line with the Allies been proposed to help speed reconstruc­ burg’s 1925 production of 2,300,000 tons determination to assist France in her re­ tion of the lands over-run by the Germans. of steel was about 800,000 tons higher habilitation, especially if it will hasten France alone has been reported to need than the output of 1913. upwards of 8,000,000 tons of steel in its the defeat of Germany. France, Belgium and Luxemburg are France’s total industrial plant with­ first postwar reconstruction year. normally important factors in world ex­ stood war damage with an incapacitation Meanwhile, during the remainder of ports of iron and steel, particularly the of only about 15 per cent. Nevertheless, the war, some of the existing iron and latter two countries where output or­ because of shortages of raw materials and steel production facilities in France may dinarily far outruns domestic needs. fuel, and because of transportation diffi­ be in a position to contribute toward Another important district, the scene of culties, many factories have closed. United Nations’ munitions needs if coke fierce battles early this year, is the Saar Substantial shipments of supplies al­ can be obtained. Six weeks after Luxem­ region. Although its area is only 750 ready have been made into France, in­ burg was freed from the Nazis, and be­ square miles, the Saar is a large producer cluding the following to restore trans­ fore the German counterdrive late in 1944, of coal and coke, pig iron and steel. portation facilities: Steel rails, 125,000 around 30 per cent of the iron and steel For 15 years after the end of the first tons; structural steel and iron, 50,000 capacity of that small nation was produc­ World War the district was under the tons; bridge equipment (including 400 ing for the benefit of the Allies. It was supervision of the League of Nations and railway, 200 highway, and 130 Bailey expected that the amount would increase within the French Customs area. Early bridges), 150,000 tons; construction with the receipt of more coke. in 1935 it was returned to Germany. The equipment (including 4000 tractors, 65“ Subjugation and changes appear never previous year, 1934, the Saar region pro­ road graders, 3000 air compressors, 500 to have permanently impaired the iron duced 2,012,000 tons of pig iron and 2,- cranes, and 20,000 other items), 1,000,- and steel industry from tire Rhine to the 150.000 tons of steel. 000 tons. English channel. The plants of France Under Nazi domination, production of Shipments of civi'ian supplies to proper, which produced around 5,000,000 the iron and steel plants in France and France during January totaled 46,000 net tons of steel in 1913, were turning the Low Countries declined sharply. tons.

56 IT E E *■ >/ EUROPEAN STEEL

and of the world. If industry is to re­ Swedish Steel Industry Expansion Spurred tain the high respect of the public which it has earned through its achievements during die war, it must show die man- By Cutting Off Imports from Germany in-the-street it recognizes and under­ stands this closer relationship between industry and social problems. This was ONE effect of the stoppage of Sweden’s Department, Maritime Commission, and the admonition of E. L. Shaner, editor- trade with Germany is an increasing others as interested parties, that the in­ strain on the Swedish iron and steel situ­ terstate rates on steel armor plate and in-chief of S t e e l , addressing the Mil­ waukee chapter, American Society for ation. According to tire trade treaty for shapes in carloads, were unreasonable in Metals, Feb. 20. 1944, German deliveries of iron and steel all except southem-classification terri­ were to total 280,000 tons, representing tory, and held that rates on shipments Speaking on “Postwar Metallurgy,” about one-fourth of Sweden’s consump­ out of that area and into other sections, Mr. Shaner asserted that under the pres­ tion. When the Swedish-German trade were likewise unreasonable. sure of war, technological developments have been pushed ahead a decade or was practically halted last fall the bulk Complaints were filed by the Navy' more. As a result, die industry has of this quantity had been received, but at with the ICC after months of negotia­ present Sweden is entirely cut off from tion with the carriers, and alleged that gained tremendous courage and confi­ dence which will prove an asset for the such imports. the rates were in many instances, “strik­ This development was foreseen, how- ingly” in excess of rates charged on the future. Currently, the job is to let noth- ing interfere with winning of the war, over, and when it happened much had general run of iron and steel articles. but along with this assignment industry ¡lready been done to increase Sweden’s The principal movement during the own iron and steel production. Many past four years, it was stated, was from must back peace efforts and seek a bet­ ter understanding of how it ties in with expansions had been made at the steel about a dozen producing points as far world needs. rills, and much existing equipment east as Fitchburg, Mass., and west to In­ With the return of competition, one nodemized. It had also become neces- dianapolis, Ind., principally to Navy ary to divert high-grade steel facilities yards and shipyards. of industry’s major problems will be 0 production of commercial grades. Com- to provide the most goods at the lowest nercial steel now constitutes about 60 per price for the greatest number of people ■ent of total Swedish output, while in Industry Must Recognize possible. To this end, metallurgy’s job irewar years production of high-grade will be to effect greater economy of ma­ teel exceeded that of commercial grades. Postwar Social Problems terials and higher efficiency of manufac­ Present plans aim at increasing pro- turing processes. During war, natural Activities of the iron, steel and metal­ luction of rolled iron, which in 1943 resources have been consumed at an working industries after the war will be mounted to 885,000 tons, to at least 1 alarming rate, and wasteful production of lillion tons. tied in more closely than ever before arms sometimes has been condoned be­ with the social problems of the nation Since Sweden’s supply of scrap is cause of military expediency. imited, expansion of steel production lust be based exclusively on pig iron. 15 fuel domestic charcoal must be used s much as possible. Stocks of coke will e reserved primarily for Domnarvet, Po st w a r Preview s 'veden’s largest iron works. At present iis plant accounts for about one-fourth INGOT CAPACITy— Virtual completion of the wartime steel expansion | Sweden’s total iron production and program has raised this country’s capacity to 95,505,280 tons annually, about hout one-third of the output of commer- ™ steeh It is said to use less coke per 14 million tons more than when the program was started in the middle of >n of pig iron than any steel mill in the 1940. See page 51. or!d. CHILEAN STEEL— Equipment for a new steel plant at Concepcion, The Swedish output of pig iron, which Chile, will be purchased in the United States. See page 51. 11938 amounted to about 670,000 tons, 'as stepped up to 780,000 tons in 1943. EUROPEAN STEEL— Expansion in France and the low countries ex­ 1 1944 it probably was well over 800,- pected to follow termination of war. Needs for reconstruction will be heavy 00 tons, having reached 440,000 tons See page 56. uring the first half of the year. The new pig iron plant near Lulea, in CONSTRUCTION —.Plan for stabilizing postwar building advanced by 16 for north, which is financed by the National Planning Association. First peacetime decade should see $15.4 ovemment, began operations during billion in new construction and $21 billion in maintenance. See page 58. "h It has a capacity' of 60,000 tons pr year, using two electric furnaces, DIESEL ENGINES— New discoveries indicate new postwar applications 1 c°ke as reducing agent. A third for diesels. Now bum oil, gasoline or natural gas. West Coast manufac­ !™ace> which will raise capacity to 90,- turers receiving inquiries from foreign countries. See pages 65, 71. 10 tons, is being planned. It will be AIRCRAFT ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT — Advances in design and 'mpleted early in 1946. recommendations for progress reviewed at AIEE meeting. See page 72. CONTROLLING ENAMELING STEELS— To maintain riuality, pro­ r©ight Rates on Armor tect customers and lower manufacturing costs by reducing defective work­ teel Called Unreasonable manship, Westinghouse each quarter grades suppliers’ steels. Efficacy of program indicates continued use of quality controls after the war. See page 82. Rates on steel armor plate and 'apes when shipped in carloads in des- GAS WELDED TUBING— Trend toward use of larger coils in stream­ ’"ated freight areas, were found to be lined tubing mills indicate possibilities for future use of this method. Elec­ ^ asonable in a tentative report filed tronic controls compensate for variations in material on unit which handles 1 the Interstate Commerce Commis- scrip in 2500-pound coils, and still larger coils will be processed when >n last week. available. See page 84. 'It6 findinS supported the complaint Mavy Department, with the War ebruary 26, 1945 57 WINDOWS of WASHINGTON

mine the timing of all federal construc­ tion and to co-operate with the states Plan Suggested for Stabilizing in carrying out concurrent policies. "4—Such federal and local public Postwar Construction Industry works as are now definitely planned, or as may be speedily prepared for con­ Annual volume of building necessary to maintain high em­ tract, should be undertaken at the earliest ployment level in first decade after war placed at $15 billion date consistent with the prosecution of the war, but that preparation be made to for new structures and $21 billion for maintenance in report taper off operations in case of later labor shortages and cost increases which may prepared for National Planning Association result from an over-rapid expansion of private construction.” ANNUAL volume of construction ap­ tion needs on the broadest and most While no rigid control or programming propriate to general high employment economical basis, an extensive program of private construction is entertained, for the first postwar decade will not be of technical and industrial research is he says, there are possibilities of aiding less than $15.4 billion for all types necessary. The facilities for operating private initiative that seem worthy of of new construction, both public and this program should be patterned along exploration. Among these are: private, and $21 billion for all construc­ the lines of the National Advisory Com­ “1— Creation of a National Commis­ tion maintenance, Miles L. Colean esti­ mittee for Aeronautics, sion on Tax Integration to study tire mates in a report entitled “Stabilizing “In the past, lack of advance planning problem of the equitable allocation of tax the Construction Industry,” and pub­ and appropriate timing has often caused sources to remedy present tax provisions lished by the National Planning Associa­ public construction to increase rather which are deterrent to private construc­ tion in co-operation with the associa­ than moderate the violence of the con­ tion. tion’s committees made up of representa­ struction cycle. To provide for the use “2—Provision of adequate credit for tives of agriculture, labor and business. of public works as an effective instru­ new construction and maintenance op­ “We cannot hope for a long-continued ment of stabilization, the following rec­ erations through expansion of the Re­ period of prosperity while insecurity is ommendations are made: construction Finance Corp. loan facili­ chronic in so vital an element of the “1—The federal agencies concerned ties. economy as tire construction industry,” with construction should be authorized “3—Regulation of land subdivision he says. The construction industry, he and provided with appropriations for by local government as a means of in­ declares, averaging approximately 11 per planning and acquiring sites for public fluencing the timing of construction as cent of the nation’s total income, has works in advance of determining tire well as the character of platting and the in tire past repeatedly imperiled a large time of their construction, so that a type or cost of building. part of the nation’s investment and added backlog of planned public works may be “4—Removal of trade barriers and to the intensity of booms and depres­ maintained ready for contract, to sup­ restrictions so that, through competition, sions. plement private construction as condi­ every possible opening might be allowed Mr. Colean’s findings aim at demon­ tions may warrant. for tlie introduction of improved tech­ strating that “cataclysmic variations in “2—The policy of making loans to niques and for die expansion of the in­ activity” can be sharply modified by reg­ states and local governments, as provid­ dustry into die most stable sections of ulating the volume of public work. The ed in the War Mobilization and Recon­ the market. experience of the 1930’s has clearly dem­ version Act of 1944 should be continued “5—Removal of obsolete structures onstrated, he says, that public works as a means of encouraging co-ordination which place a limit on the amount of alone cannot stabilize the entire econ­ of local and federal public works pro­ new construction that the economy might omy. On the other hand, an approach grams. absorb.” in this direction can be made by the “3—A Federal Public Works Control Maintenance operations will be of ma­ creation of machinery that we do not Authority should be established to deter­ jor importance to a stabilization pro- now have. Comprehensive Information Needed “Of the machinery needed for achiev­ ing conditions prerequisite to stabiliza­ tion, probably none is more vital than the provision of competent and compre­ hensive information,” he declares. “Ade­ quate data in the construction field is essential to an understanding of the forces affecting tire construction cycle and to the development of the means for guiding those forces in the interest of a more even flow of construction ac­ tivity. To date, information in the con­ struction field has been notoriously in­ adequate. “There should be established in the Department of Commerce or some other appropriate agency a Bureau of Con­ struction Economics, which would as­ semble, maintain and publish regularly an adequate series of data to serve as a barometer of construction activity. It would be desirable for the federal gov­ ASKS LEND-LEASE EXTENSION: Henry L. Stimson, left, secretary of war, ernment to assume the task of initiat­ ing and directing this service, but that confers with Rep. Sol Bloom, chairman of the House Foreign Affairs some sharing of the burden by local Committee. Secretary Stimson called for an extension of the Lend-Lease government should be anticipated. act with its full effectiveness and "without delay." NEA photo “To help meet the country’s construc­

58 /TEEL AMERICAN MONORAIL SYSTEM INSURES FIRE PROTECTION • LOW COST HANDLING • ORDERLY STORAGE

All handling of oil drums through storage and dispensing is done systematically at greatly reduced cost. This installation represents only a small invest­ ment. At a cost of only $1140 the system includes a standard jib crane which interlocks with a special bridge crane inside the oil house. This crane carries a built-in switch

permitting passage of hoist to a curve j Special crane carries **• drums across switch connecting through the fire door to to track in dispens­ in g room. the single track loop of MonoRail Loop of track con­ nects through fire around the dispensing room. door for hoist service over dispensing Here is another example of a low sh elv es. crane with price system furnishing low cost op­ built-in switch allows eration of American MonoRail equip­ passage of drums through fire door. ment. Let an American MonoRail Swinging jib re­ moved drums from engineer show you the answer to trucks allowing pas­ sage to crane in oil your troublesome handling problems house. at no cost to you.

13102 ATHENS AVE. • CLEVELAND 7, O H IO

iruary 26, 1945 WINDOWS of WASHINGTON

gram, says Mr. Colean, because of the volume of work involved and because this work usually can be initiated with minimum time lag. “It is evident from the response to credit facilities provided through FTIA and the Home Owners’ Loan Corp. that government stimulus can be helpful in increasing the volume of maintenance work, especially on resi­ dential buildings. FHA insurance of home repairs, therefore, should be main­ tained as a standby facility for credit expansion in times of emergency.” The task ahead, says Mr. Colean, will call for the co-operation of all partici­ pants in the construction industry, manu­ facturers, distributors, designers, contrac­ tors and labor, as well as government. However, he says, the goal is not insur­ mountable.

New Steel Drum Industry Advisory Group Organized ARC-WELDED ICE FIGHTER: This arc-welded, hydraullcally-operated A New Steel Drum Industry Advisory scoop quickly removes four to five feet of packed snow and ice which committee has been established, Office previously had defied standard-type bulldozers and plows. Photo from of Price Administration has announced. Lincoln Electric Co. Members of the committee are: •F. H. Alger, manager of sales, Stevens Metal Products Co., Niles, O.; R. L. Brammer, manager of sales, Wheeling Corrugating Co., Wheeling, W. Va.; J. New Bill Would Deny Patent Holder Right! A. Connelly, vice president, U. S. Steel Products Co., Sharon, Pa.; C. B. Coons, general manager of sales, Rheem Man­ When Patent Is Used To Restrain Trade ufacturing Co., New York; Harry W. A BILL under which a patent holder had failed to pass supporting legislatio Lees, vice president in charge of sales, would lose his rights when found to providing imposition of a penalty as t J and L Steel Barrel Co., Cleveland; have used the patent to restrain trade, patents used in violation of the anti D. F. Manion Jr., treasurer, Manion Steel first introduced in the 78th Congress and trust laws . . . The Supreme Court di Barrel Co., Rouseville, Pa.; J. W. Mc- permitted to die, and just reintroduced in not think it had the power to grant thi Intire, vice president in charge of sales, this Congress as IT. R. 97, now is ac­ public relief. If that is so, Congres Southern States Iron Roofing Co., Sa­ tively before the House Judiciary Com­ should make it clear that the courts hav vannah, Ga.; Sidney Dry, vice president, mittee. such power.” National Steel Container Co., Chicago; Sponsored by Rep. Jerry Voorhis Paul Gaylord, manager, Virginia Barrel (Dem., Calif.) it would: 1—Authorize Motion That Suir Against Co., Staten Island, New York; J. T. the federal government to intervene in Gossett, vice president, Inland Steel Con­ federal court proceedings involving in­ WLB Be Dropped Is Denied tainer Co., Chicago; 'Theodore Humph- fringement or validity of patents; 2— rey, manager of sales, Niles Steel Prod­ require registration of patent agreements A government motion to dismiss a sui ucts Division, Republic Steel Corp., with the attorney general; 3—render un­ of the Farrell-Cheek Steel Co., Sandusk) Niles, O.; George A. Sexton, vice presi­ enforceable patents illegally used to re­ O., to void a War Labor Board order o: dent, Sexton Can Co., Everett, Mass.; strain trade or commerce; 4—permit maintenance of membership and wag Thomas M. Stinson, manager, Steel determination of the validity and scope provisions was denied by Judge Daniel M Drum Division, National Enameling & of patents in antitrust proceedings. The O’Donoghue of the district court of th Stamping Co., Granite City, 111.; IT. P. bill has the active support of the anti­ District of Columbia recently. Thelen, manager, Continental Can Co., trust division of the Department of Jus­ The company had contended the boan New York. tice. had failed to hold a hearing before issuin Need for the provisions of the bill, the directive. The firm’s plant "-a Representative Voorhis told the commit­ seized last fall by the War Departniea Contract Settlement Guide tee, has been emphasized by the recent after the firm did not follow a board or« Issued by Training Group Supreme Court decision in the case of and a work stoppage had resulted. Ti1 Hartford Empire Co. vs. United States. Army still controls the plant. Contract Settlement Advisory Board’s “In that case,” he said, “more than 600 committee on training has published a patents have been used in a joint con­ Brazil Establishes System guide to prepare war contractors for spiracy to restrain trade. The Supreme handling contract settlements. The Court found that Hartford Empire had O f Import License Control booklet is designed to provide basic in­ grossly violated the antitrust laws. Never­ formation for termination co-ordination theless, the majority of four judges felt An import license control system cor« committees, which have charge of local it did not have the power under the ex­ ing specified products has been esta contractor training programs. It gives isting antitrust statutes to keep Hart­ lished in Brazil for the purpose of mam the contractors actual practice in filling ford Empire from enforcing in the fu­ taining and developing the products out settlement proposal forms and solv­ ture the patents which it had acquired activities of the country and to m ' ing practical problems dealing with such for the very purpose of misusing them them more useful to the objectives of ' subjects as termination inventories, scrap in restraint of trade. The Supreme Court United Nations, according to the Dep disposal, etc. referred to the fact that the Congress rnent of Commerce.

60 ,/TEEl RESEARCH DEVELOPMENTS

duce 40 gaskets per minute. It has been OPRD Projects Make Important turned over to the quartermaster general for his guidance in the procurement of round section gaskets. These gaskets with Contributions to Larger Output a round cross-section have marked opera­ tional advantages over gaskets with a WPB's Office of Production Research and Development co­ rectangular cross-section. ordinates projects. Results in development of successful sub­ The need for large magnesium forgings in the aircraft industry, wiiere hgnt stitutes for scarce materials and of valuable industrial processes, weight and great strength are desired, including improvements in blast furnace operation prompted new research. The results have been so promising the government has ordered an 18,000-ton press which will RESEARCH projects that have been inspection, particularly of aircraft parts. permit the production of magnesium co-ordinated and expedited by the Office As a result of research, existing coking forgings as large as those now made in of Production Research and Development methods were modified so that midwest- Britain, Germany and Japan. of the War Production Board in the last ern coals can be utilized for coke and Due to the scarcity of tin, aluminum tear have made important contributions thousands of car-miles saved in trans­ foil has been developed as a substitute. to increased war production, WPB re­ portation of coal from the East. A new method was developed for welding ported recently. aluminum foil for the lead wires in radio An extensive research program has The actual research work has been condensers. been set up to correlate technical informa­ and is being done by academic and in­ Projects being carried on at present tion on the many variables which confront dustrial research groups employing thous­ include a study to eliminate flaws in users of milling machines. Information ands of experts. In addition to evaluating steel artillery shells, and development of in the fonn of data sheets is sent directly and initiating projects, OPRD also sup­ a coating for wirebound radio and radar to users of the machines in order to help plies necessary funds where research is resistors. Continued co-ordination and them operate at highest efficiency and not of immediate commercial value but expediting of research projects by the improve the quality of their products. which is necessary to the prosecution cf OPRD are expected to make additional the war. A gasket-making machine has been important contributions to increased war perfected to the point where it can pro- Improvements developed in blast fur­ production during 1945. nace operation, resulting in an increase of more than 10 per cent in production in the test furnace from the previous 1200 tons to 1400 tons a day, was one of P RIO RITIES-ALLOCATIONS-P RICES the important projects sponsored last year by OPRD. This increase in produc­ Weekly summaries of orders and regulations, together with offi­ tion was accomplished with no increase cial interpretations and directives issued by W ar Production in manpower or large scale equipment. Board and Office of Price Administration Some of the other special projects carried on with OPRD sponsorship in­ cluded the following: Steel castings have 1NSTRUCTIONS of lawn mowers other than hand mowers and to include the Veterans Administration among hoon studied as a substitute for forgings CHAIN: Within specified percentage of 1940 those agencies. (L-67) in aircraft with excellent results and a or 1941 production, chain manufacturers have Reduction in manpower. been instructed to disregard preference ratings (other than AAA) to the extent necessary to fill M O R D E R S Because of the threatened shortage of orders for fann chain from suppliers and dealers high grade bauxite for airplane aluminum serving the farm trade. R Ji PLATE SCRAP: Used tin can collection provisions of order M-325 now apply to all cady in the war due to enemy submarine ENAMELED WARE: Enameled ware manu­ areas of the continental United States. All refuse action, processes for the production of facturers have been granted permission to use collectors now must collect segregated prepared alumina from clays and other minerals sufficient iron and steel to make half as many used tin cans and deliver them to or for the "ere developed. West Coast plants util- cold pack canners for the 1945 home canning account of an official salvage committee, a dc- season as they made in the year ended June tinning plant, a smelter engaged in recovery ®ng these processes are expected to be of tin, a shredding plant, or a plant engaged in operation this year and will supply in the precipitation of copper. Packers using "«tern aluminum plants. tin cans must deliver all “spoiled” or nonre- INDEX OF ORDER usable tin cans to or for the account of a de­ Researches on the substitution of lead taining plant, shredding plant, or official salvage or tin in solders has resulted in an REVISIONS com m ittee. estimated saving of tin amounting to Subject Designations On and after May 1, 1945. no person who about 15,000 tons a year. A spectograph Lead Products ...... M -63 generates tin plate scrap in the course of his as been developed which permits direct Mowers, Lawn ...... L -67 manufacturing operations shall keep in his pos­ Scrap, Tin Plate ...... M -325 session for more than 30 days a quantity of tin readings of the analysis of metals and plate scrap that exceeds 60.000 pounds or a “toys, instead of requiring inspection Price Regulations minimum carload lot, whichever is greater. •' the photograph method. This will Dry Batteries ...... No. 576 (M -325) result in saving thousands of feet of LEAD PRODUCTS: Collapsible tubes (manu­ factured in whole or in part of lead or lead cntical photographic film and an addi- alloy), storage batteries (lead acid type), and ional large saving to smelters through 30, 1941, or about 500,000 enameled canners. foil (manufactured in whole or in part of lead retter control of melts. Any manufacturer who now has additional or lead alloy) have been placed under import A fluoroscope has been developed facilities available for production under direc­ control, effective as of Feb. 14. (M-63) . ‘ permits the inspection of small tion 2 of L-30-b should file a letter with WPB, specifying the number of canners he wishes to PRICE REGULATIONS «tings for defects while the castings make, the facilities he has for this purpose, and DRY BATTERIES: DolJar-and-cent maximum 'e past the instrument on a carrier should be accompanied by form CMP-4-b for prices for wholesale and retail sales of dry bat­ ■astead of inspection for X-ray photo- any additional steel needed and by form WPB- teries have been established, based on those -Jsphs cf each casting in three differ- 3820 (manpower clearance form). prevailing in March, 1942. They cover the fol­ ™ Positions. This fluoroscope will lowing four general types: Flashlight, radio, L O R D E R S hearing-aid, and those classified as miscellane­ ^toinate the necessity for employing ous. Batteries are covered in the new regula­ ,ra> specialists for inspection and will LAWN MOWERS: Exemption clause in or­ tion by a detailed list of those offered for sale save thousands of feet of critical der L-67, permitting manufacturers to fill orders by each manufacturer, including the model of certain government agencies for gang lawn number, description and applicable maximum ,a> film a year. It also will speed up mowers, has bfcen broadened to cover all types price. (No. 576)

^'firuary 26. 1945 61 LABOR RECRUITING

Intensive Promotion Program Helps St(

Prospective workers see National Tube products, talk to company personnel, see pictures of workers on job in “downtown” employment office located in one of McKeesport’s largest food stores, above. At right, Col. R. C. Downie, district chief, Pittsburgh Ordnance district, talks to prospects outside of employment office

PROPER sales approach and a con­ municipalities are small cities and in store the company leased space and in­ tinuing campaign can obtain manpower each the plants of National Tube Co. stalled an employment office. This was even from areas where the most severe are important factors in community life. no ordinary employment office. It fea­ shortages exist, one large steel producer A study showed that in a large ma­ tured a puppet show, exhibits of the has demonstrated in recent months. jority of instances, wage rates paid by bombs and shells which were being Using the same overall technique it the company were at least equal to and made by McKeesport people. Attend­ used in peacetime to sell tubular goods sometimes higher than most wage levels ants wore large buttons inviting Ass to consuming industries, U. S. Steel’s in the area. The largest available me about a job.” A representative from National Tube Co., Pittsburgh, has suc­ source of labor was women, and for the United States Employment Service ceeded in keeping its established plants that reason, particularly in the Christy was on hand to supply proper referrals manned and, in addition, has recruited Park plant, which was reactivated to on the spot. a large working force for a new plant produce bombs, shells and other muni­ The plan worked. In ten weeks the exclusively engaged in war production. tion components, intensive campaigns two plants had gained 447 workers from Early in the war National Tube were launched to bring in women work­ this source alone. In addition to the found itself in the position of all other ers. By the early months of 1944 it be­ downtown employment office, nearly 200 employers in that its best men were be­ came apparent that employment levels workers were recruited by means ot ing siphoned away by Selective Service at the Christy Park works and at the coupon plan whereby any worker m and there were few if any replacement National works, both in McKeesport, the company’s plants who filled out a workers presenting themselves at plant could not be maintained by methods of coupon with his own name and the gates for hire. The usual sources of recruiting workers then being used, so name of a potential worker w o u ld e classified advertising and employment plans were made for an intensive cam­ paid a bonus of $3 if that potent« agencies were used without much suc­ paign to recruit new employes. worker were hired and stayed throug cess. It became apparent that the work­ After considerable behind-the-scenes two pay periods or 30 days. If the ne" ers just weren’t to be had by ordinary planning and preparations, the first pub­ worker stayed 60 days, the bonus ".is ■means. lic evidence of the new plan broke on upped to $5. The company operates plants in Mc­ July 19, 1944. At the principal inter­ However, this program re a c h e d its Keesport and Ellwood City, Pa., in Gar}', section in McKeesport there is a large saturation point in September and was Ind., and in Lorain, O. Most of these supermarket-type food store. In this dropped in favor of a new idea " 11C

■m ./ T E E L LABOR RECRUITING roducer Keep War Plants Manned

National Tube Co. aggressively seeks prospective workers. Opens employ­ ment offices— with entertainment— in shopping centers within reasonable transportation distances of plants. Solicits farmers for temporary employ­ ment by direct mail. Newspapers and radio carry appeal to potential fimn/nvp?

"'ould expand the territory from Mc­ tire worker to die job.” chief of police, and other public figures Keesport proper and its immediate vi­ USES offices in four counties around and explained the need for workers at cinity to the only other labor market die plants were contacted. The first National Tube, and the advantages of available, that of the surrounding terri­ step was to send out a staff of research working there. tory within commuting distance of the men to all towns and villages in the area Following the promotion men, came Plants. Since the entire area was listed to verify the number of available work­ recruiting crews who rang door bells, ' a a shortage district by WMC and ers and survey the transportation prob­ set up employment offices of National since industrial demand for workers lem. For this job men familiar with Tube and branch offices of USES in ad resulted in constant appeals from the local territory in which they worked every hamlet. They traveled through “1 types of manufacturing, it appeared were used. After these men had laid the countryside in automobiles and e best bet for obtaining new workers the groundwork, promodon crews were brought in potential workers to make it "as to attract those people whose nor- sent out. In connection with the pro­ as easy as possible to sign up for a job. jn« occupations were seasonal in that motion work, advertising was placed in The next step after recruiting these «1 and winter months represented an weekly and daily newspapers in the ter­ workers was to arrange for transporta­ '' Peak period. The new program was ritory to be covered by the promotion tion to the plant. To do this eight bus ■I'Hied at these people, including farm- crew. All radio stations in the area lines were established covering the four- ers’ bricklayers, carpenters, and other carried one-minute commercials in as county area like spokes in a giant wheel. "orkers whose normal activities were many spots as were available during Operating on the “school bus” system, outdoor, good weather occupations. the day. Placards were put in store these lines picked up workers, brought At about the same time new govern­ windows, barber shops and offices them to the plant at every change of ment munitions buying programs result- throughout the territory and the pro­ shift, and took the preceding shift’s in a sudden need for a thousand new motion crews would set up shop at workers back home again. "orkers at the Christy Park plant and some central point and make advance Another activity which, was highly, increase at National works which dates for the recruiting crews which important during the fall months was supplied steel for the shell, bomb and were to follow. In some cases volun­ contact with the Granges. Through the 'ocket programs. Housing conditions in teer fire department stations were used USES, arrangements were made for rep­ ■ okeesport were such that it was im­ as headquarters, but drug stores, police resentatives of National Tube Co. to at­ possible^ to persuade workers to move stations, physicians’ offices, and in fact tend Grange meetings and show films on ° IcKeesport to be near their jobs, any rural meeting place which might be the war, as well as on war production e employment people decided to take available were used. at the National Tube plants. Since the j.i°b to the prospect. “We literally The promotion people dropped in at farmers at that time had completed ,, fake our employment office with the local hotel and talked to the room their harvest, they were attending Grange ’ sa-’s one member of the employ- clerk; they talked to the bartender, the meetings regularly and attendance was enf staff, "and we also had to bring doctor and dentist; they called on the (Concluded on Page 162)

Kcbru;arV 26, 1945 Close control possible with molybdenum additions to cast steel means narrower physical property variations from heat to heat.

CLIMAX FURNISHES AUTHORITATIVE ENGINEERING MOLYBDIC OXIDE, BRIQUETTED OR CANNED* DATA ON MOLYBDENUM APPLICATIONS. FERROMOLYBDENUM «"CALCIUM MOLYBDATE"

o m p a n Y rkX ü City ; ÿ

64 /TEEL MIRRORS of MOTORDOM New discoveries in diesel engines continue; now burn oil, g aso ­ preliminary ten days of activity by in­ vestigators taking testimony on the matter line or natural gas. Automotive Council for War Production of manpower utilization. An attempt to blames inefficiency in manpower utilization to interference of review concisely the case for industry was made by the Manpower Division of labor unions and government agencies the Automotive Council for War Produc­ tion, and a special statement was for­ warded to the committee, the gist of DETROIT diesel fuel to natural gas (Steel, Feb. 19, which was that most automotive workers AS INTERNAL combustion engine re­ pp. 92, 126, 127), retaining the 35 per cannot answer the question, “Who is search plods along its way, som« strange cent thermal efficiency of the oil-burning boss?” Because of the confusion, they do togs are being discovered in the field diesel when it is operating on natural not know whether they are responsible of diesels. Less than a year ago General gas, or well beyond the efficiency of for their work and plant activities to Motors diesel specialists found they could natural gas engines with spark ignition. take one of their conventional compres- management, union representatives or Basically, what engineers here believe sion-ignition units and switch die fuel government representatives. was done was to take a standard 6- from oil to gasoline with no impairment Strikes and work stoppages in tire cylinder 9-inch bore stationary diesel of operation and with comparable econ­ motor industry are five times as numerous and mount a 1%-inch pipe directly under omy on a per-gallon basis. It has been as in prewar years, and whereas before and tire full length of the air intake mani­ reasoned that the diesel, with its 16 to tire war few strikes and work stoppages fold on one side of the engine. From this 1 compression ratio against 6 to 1 for involved cases of discipline or individual line, opposite each cylinder head, were the spark ignition gasoline engine, would worker, job or plant productivity, today run smaller, say %-inch, pipes, up into pre-ignite the fuel and generally mess these are the principal causes of such in­ the air manifold, with probably an elbow up its operating cycle, but the reverse terruptions. Union policy continues as be­ and extension inside the manifold to was found to be true— gasoline ignition fore the war, to prosecute any grievance, effect a sort of jet centrally located in look place more slowly than when diesel manufactured or otherwise, and govern­ fuel was injected. the air intake for each cylinder. Natural ment policy supports the unions with the gas at normal line pressure of around 8 A couple of experimental tanks pow­ result some workers and union repre­ ounces was fed into the lki-inch mani­ sentatives have developed the attitude ered by diesel units were fitted with fold line and thence to the cylinders, double fuel reservoirs, one containing “labor can do no wrong.” They are whereupon the engine, operating at full supported in this malicious attitude by gasoline and the other diesel fuel, ar­ load on oil, started to increase in speed. ranged so that one or the other could be government agencies which as a rule will At this point, the governor naturally cut not back the application of sound man­ cut in at will. Test runs showed economy back on the oil supply and thus allowed of 14 miles to the gallon with the diesel agerial practices that might involve the the natural gas to “take over,” with just application of disciplinary measures ob­ engine using gasoline, against 16 miles enough oil still admitted to fire the' gas. P« gallon on straight diesel fuel, and jected to by unions. Result: Manage­ Mean effective pressure increased and 10 miles per gallon with a spark ignition ment has been forced to be far too leni­ of course the engine pulled an addi­ engine and gasoline fuel. ent in application of sound policies and tional load. practices. Ordnance Officials Rejected Diesels This week the plenary sessions of the For each case of actual strike or Mead War Investigating Committee of recorded work stoppage, there are liter­ These tests seemed to point the way the Senate will be under way, after a ally hundreds of other instances where to more widespread use of diesels in hrrks and other ordnance' vehicles, since if they could operate on either fuel the Problems of supply in the field would be ruucli simplified. In addition, the diesel permitted greater range of operation with we same volume of fuel, and was be­ lieved to present less of a fire hazard in combat. However, it was ruled other­ wise by ordnance officials, and the special cord V-8 and V-12 gasoline engines be­ come standard equipment for tanks. There is much popular misconception nature of diesel fuel. It is not, as many think, comparable to thick lub­ ricating oil but rather is a distillate of “>e color and consistency of kerosene. Anything thicker would quickly plug up ■njector units which have microbored 0 es 011 the order of several ten thous­ andths of an inch in diameter. In fact, * mechanic aboard one of the large railroad passenger engine diesel units in '• 6 East told this writer the fuel was rated at around 50 octane, and is filtered f;''fral times before it is admitted to the 'gh Pressure injectors. In view of this, 1 does not appear too surprising gasoline can be substituted for the conventional wesel fuel. SUPPLYING PACIFIC FRONTS: Outstanding cargo-carrying combination in the campaign to win back the Philippines is the LST landing ship and Now comes the Cooper-Bessemer Corp. military trucks. This photo from Leyte island shows the magnitude of the 1 the announcement it has developed ? method for switching a conventional job. Photo from General Motors age-size stationary diesel engine from (Material in this department is protected by copyright and its use in any form without permission is prohibited )

Februarv 26. 1945 65 MIRRORS of MOTORDOM

2. Problems relating to morals due tc the employment of a larger number ol women. 3. Irresponsibility of employes aboul to be inducted into the services. 4. Independent attitudes caused bj the abundance of jobs available. 5. Inability of management to oflei a consistent reward through promotion: for merit, by reason of rigid seniority rules. Complaints of the motoring public over excessive knocking in engines pro­ duced by lowering of octane rating ol gasoline, do not appear borne out by analyses made by the Bureau of Mines in various areas last summer. Survey of 21 districts shows a decline of 4.1 in octane rating of premium grades, from 79.1 tc 75.0 in a year’s time, and a drop of only 0.9, or from 72.0 to 71.1 in octane rating of regular grades. While the figures appear authoritative, they certainly do not confirm the experience of the average driver. K. T. Keller, president of Chrysler, FIRE FIGHTER: Bell Aircraft Corp.'s new 24-ton airport fire truck subdues told a Boston press conference his com­ a raging fire caused by the lighting of 300 gallons of contaminated pany had no plans regarding possible gasoline and 100 gallons of unsalvagable oil in 55 seconds at a demon­ postwar activities in the aviation field, stration near the company's Niagara Falls, N. Y., plant. The truck, manu­ adding "We want to see what is done factured by Cardox Corp., Chicago, can discharge its entire extinguishing by jet-propelled airplanes in the postwar load of 6000 pounds of low-pressure liquid carbon dioxide and 500 period.” gallons of foam in approximately one minute. Several hundred are being To meet complaints over the ill effects used by the Army Air Forces of fumes arising from special coolants used on grinders handling aircraft engine parts, one of the local automotive plants has installed Westinghouse precipitrons, production is affected adversely or where ing from disciplinary actions— a total of one for each two grinding machines, the safety or welfare of other employes 57, or over half of all stoppages. Of these which appear to have removed harmful is endangered by irresponsible action, 12, or 11 per cent, resulted from refusal particles from the atmosphere around the disregard of shop rules and "horsey” con­ to meet production standards. machines, thereby having a soothing ef­ fect on operators’ nasal and bronchial duct. Too, there are many cases involv­ The UAW-CIO lost no time in replying ing infractions of plant rules and regu­ to the council’s statement but could membranes. lations, such as excessive time spent in only resort to the same old tactics of washrooms, smoking, loafing, gambling, claiming the statement another attempt German and Jap Metals reporting to work late, leaving the job to “smear” labor. The union is making before the shift ends, “fraternizing” with a number of proposals to the Mead Discussed in N e w Booklet women employes, etc. Committee, including (1 ) a request for It is probably true the majority of an effective checkup by the WMC on Germany is pinched for copper, nickel, employes in most plants are not guilty labor hoarding and labor utilization; molybdenum, vanadium, tungsten, chro­ of such infractions and really want to (2) a system of voluntary transfers with­ mium, and manganese, in about that order produce, but the actions of a few hot­ out loss of seniority or income so that the while Japan appears to have substantial heads can disrupt normal shop discipline right man or woman may be placed on stockpiles of alloying elements, according to the point where it becomes a joke to the right job within the area at the to a survey by J. R. Cady, H. W. Gillett, the entire working force, and the manage­ right time; (3 ) no further placement of and L. H. Grenell, Battelle Memorial In­ ment is powerless to take corrective steps. men on jobs that unemployed women stitute, Columbus, for the War Metallurgy The industry cites as one of the most are able to handle; (4) equitable wage Committee, and presented in a booklet dangerous illusions in the country today, adjustments to assure that wage inequali­ by the American Society for Metals, often accepted in high government ranks, ties will not interfere with the flow of Cleveland. the idea that union representatives can labor to critical war jobs. The report is based on studies of cap­ assist management in the maintenance of The union also dragged out the old tured materiel to determine proper de­ good managerial practices, particularly red herring of labor hoarding on cost- fense and to learn any useful kinks in de­ those involving discipline. There have plus contracts, which is utterly ridiculous sign, methods of manufacture or mate­ been a few exceptional cases, but almost because there is practically none of rials used, that might be applicable to invariably they have resulted in partisan this type contract now in force, nearly all improving quality or increasing produc­ efforts to replace these exceptional and being fixed-price contracts. Say what it tion of Allied weapons. responsible union representatives who will, the UAW cannot erase its record have co-operated with management. of strikes and work stoppages. Integral Bus Production A tabulation of work stoppages of one There are five contributory causes for large automobile company over the past the lack of proper control and full utili­ Quotas Cut to 9413 Units six years shows a total of 354 separate zation of manpower, about which little stoppages, 109 of them last year. They has been said and to correct which little Quotas for production of integral involved a total of over 6,000,000 man- apparently can be done. They are: buses during 1945 have been re“lif hours lost and nearly $6,500,000 in wages. 1. Necessity' of employing workers of by 979 units to a total of 9413. T ® Striking feature of the tabulation is the a lower quality both physically and reduction will occur in the last sis high number of stoppages last year result­ mentally. months of the year.

66 /TEEL SHORT CUTS! — MACHINING P R O B L E M S SIMPLIFIED WITH ZINC ALLOY DIE CASTINGS

Zinc alloy die castings are often produced so close to and thus, in just three operations— casting, trimming finished dimensions that little or no machining is re­ and drilling— the vitally needed shell fuse castings quired. When machining is called for, however, the are rapidly produced. It is the combination of high hee-cutting zinc alloys insure easy, rapid metal removal speed production and excellent physical characteristics -with long tool life. which have made die castings of zinc alloy the most This short-cut factor is illustrated in the high speed widely used. Every die casting company is equipped to production of a shell fuse casting (see inset in photo­ make zinc alloy die castings, and will be glad to discuss graph directly above.) 20 of these fuse parts are cast on their advantages with you—or write to The New Jersey a c‘rcular gate in one shot—and this gate has hooks cast Zinc Company, 160 Front Street, New York 7, N. Y. on its outer edge for ease of conveying from the casting machine. Two locating pins are also cast on the under- s'de of the gate for accurate and rapid positioning in a 'rimming die (right) where, in one punch, the 20 in­ dividual fuse castings are removed. The remaining gate ■s remelted and reused. The free-cutting quality of zinc alloys facilitates the subsequent drilling of a hole (see inset) in each casting ZINCFOR DIE CASTING ALLOYS

Rejearch w a s done, the A llo y s w e re d e v e lo p e d , a n d m ost Die C a stin g s a re specified w ith HORSE HEAD SPECIAL (u„”;r:„X) ZINC

^bru;iary 26, 1945 ...... -...... W...... I I MEN of INDUSTRY______

ROBERT FRANKLIN MEHL E. C H E ST E R W R IG H T CARL GUSTAVE HOGBERG WILLIAM MARSH BALDWIN JR.

American Institute of Mining and Public Sendee Co. of Colorado, Denver; Corp., and Mr. Ferguson is a vice presi­ Metallurgical Engineers has announced Pacific district, F. F. Evenson, consulting dent of Bendix Aviation and general the following as recipients of 1945 engineer, San Diego, Calif.; Canada dis­ manager of the Bendix Products Division, awards: Robert Franklin Mehl, director trict, F. L. Lawton, assistant chief engi­ South Bend. of metals research laboratory and head neer, Aluminum Co. of Canada, Mon­ of tire department of metallurgical engi­ treal; national treasurer, W. I. Slichter, A. E. Snyder, formerly general sales neering, Carnegie Institute of Tech­ professor emeritus of electrical engineer­ manager of the Lamp Division, Wesl- nology, Pittsburgh, sixteenth James ing, Columbia University, New York, and inghouse Electric & Mfg. Co., East Douglas Gold Medal in recognition of for directors, John M. Flanigen, distribu­ Pittsburgh, Pa., has been elected presi­ “distinguished achievement in physics tion engineer, plant accounting, Georgia dent of Polorized Products Corp., whol­ and physical metallurgy”; E. Chester Power Co., Atlanta, Ga.; J. R. North, ly-owned subsidiary of Noma Electric Wright, chief metallurgist and assistant asistant electrical engineer, Common­ Corp., New York. to the president, National Tube Co., wealth & Southern Corp., Jackson, Mich., Pittsburgh, Robert Hunt Silver Medal and and W. C. Smith, Pacific district engi­ Capt. Marcel F. de Muller, recently Certificate for the improvement in the neer, General Electric Co., San Fran­ reverted to inactive status after 32 success of making bessemer steel as cisco. months of service in the United States described in the paper, “The Manufac­ Army, has been appointed divisional sales ture and Properties of Killed Bessemer B. A. Gillies has been appointed assist­manager of Willys-Export Corp., subsid­ Steel,”; Carl Gustave Hogberg, assistant ant to Claude Ryan, president, Ryan iary of Willys-Overland Motors Inc., to the chairman of tire blast furnace com­ Aeronautical Co., San Diego, Calif. Mr. Toledo, O. mittee, United States Steel Corp., Pitts­ Gillies has been vice president of Grum­ burgh, L. E. Johnson Jr. Award “for his man Aircraft Engineering Corp., Beth- William F. Clark, formerly lubricating contributions to the science and art of page, N. Y., for tire past ten years. and hydraulic engineer, United Engi­ smelting iron ores in the blast furnace”, neering & Foundry Co., Pittsburgh, has and William Marsh Baldwin Jr., chief joined Weinman Pump & Supply Co., Charles Eisler, owner and director, metallurgist, Chase Brass & Copper Co., Pittsburgh, as chief engineer. Mr. Clark Eisler Engineering Co., Newark, N. J., Euclid, O., Institute of Metals Division succeeds M. C. Wemplc, who has re­ has been elected president of the Re­ 1945 Award for research work leading signed to enter business on the Y'est sistance Welder Manufacturers’ Associa­ to the improvement of methods of mak­ Coast. tion, succeeding Floyd E. Taylor, presi­ ing brass cartridge cases. dent, Swift Electric Welder Co., De­ Walter Hull Aldridge, president, Texas Rupert P. Esser has been made assist­ troit. Co-vice presidents are David Gulf Sulphur Co. Inc., New York, and ant general manager and chief engineer, Sciaky, Sciaky Bros., Chicago, and PI. V. Walter Curran Mendenhall, retired di­ Gerotor May Corp., Logansport, Ind. Beronius, Welding Machines Mfg. Co., rector of the United States Geological Formerly Mr. Esser was chief engineer, Detroit. Survey, have been named honorary mem­ Logansport Machine Co., same city. bers of the Institute. Arthur B. Sonnebom has been ap­ R. G. Pauley has been appointed dis­ pointed district manager in charge of Allen Robinson has been appointed trict manager in Pittsburgh for tire Mf- Miehigan-Ohio sales and service, Na­ head electrical engineer, American Steel chanical Goods Division, Goodyear Tire tional Electric Welding Machines Co., & Wire Co., Cleveland, and Clare L. & Rubber Co., Akron, O. Becker has been named assistant electri­ Bay City, Mich., with headquarters in Detroit. Also on the Detroit office staff cal engineer. W. E. Olds has joined American Car will be C. H. Armstrong, Richard V. An­ & Foundry Co., New York, as sales derson and Frank H. Holland. Nominees for the offices of American agent, with headquarters in the com­ Institute of Electrical Engineers becom­ pany's Chicago office. Until recently Mr. ing vacant Aug. 1 are: President, W. E. Frederick E. Burnham has resigned as Olds has served as western manager, Wickenden, president, Case School of general accountant for United Aircraft Railway Division, Elastic Stop Nut Corp., Applied Science, Cleveland; vice presi­ Corp., New York. Union, N. J. dents, middle eastern district, Ernest S. Fields, vice president, Cincinnati Gas & Ernest Kanzler of Detroit and M. P. Richard J. Flickinger has been apj Electric Co., Cincinnati; southern district, Ferguson of South Bend, Ind., have been pointed purchasing agent, Kenname j- Herman B, Wolf, superintendent of main­ elected to the board of Bendix Aviation Inc., Latrobe, Pa. tenance, Duke Power Co., Charlotte, Corp., South Bend. Mr. Kanzler is N. C.; north central district, L. M. Rob­ chairman of Universal C. I. T. Credit William L. Wilson has been ertson, transmission and station engineer, Corp. and president of Universal Credit

68 ,/TE EL MEN of INDUSTRY

Upper Darby, Pa. He has been assistant to the president since 1943, and prior to the war was in charge of public relations activities. —o— H. 0. Bates Jr. has been appointed general manager, Caterpillar Tractor Co.'s San Leandro, Calif., plant. Previ­ ously he was vice president, Caterpillar Military Engine Co., Decatur, 111.

William H. Welsh, assistant traffic manager, Youngstown Sheet 6c Tube Co., Youngstown, O., retired Dec. 31 after 56 years of continuous service with the company.

Philip E. Furlong has retired as head of the production department, Texrope Division, Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., Mil­ ELLIS E. DOHERTY DONAID PRICE waukee. regional industrial adviser, United States neers, research men and market John W, Thomas, chairman, Firestone Maritime Commission, Oakland, Calif. analysts. Walter Drey has joined the Tire & Rubber Co., Akron, O., has been organization as associate director in named recipient of the Gold Medal of Ellis E. Doherty has been appointed charge of public relations, promotion and the American Institute of Chemists for director of purchasing and expediting, his work in rubber research and in the Marion Electrical Instrument Co., Man­ development and production of synthetic chester, N. H. Dr. Donald Price has been appointed rubber. —o— technical director, Oakite Products Inc., Harry E. Dunham has been appointed New York. John G. MacKenty, vice president and manager of the patent department, Gen­ —o— general manager, Radiomarine Corp. of eral Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. H. H. Jaynes, since 1931 associated America, has been appointed managing Harry R. Mayers succeeds Mr. Dunham with the Boston office of Jenkins Bros., director of the new R.C.A. International as assistant manager of the department. New York, has been made assistant man­ Division, Radio Corp. of America, New Responsibility for media in the adver­ ager of the Boston branch. fork. tising of General Electric’s apparatus — o— department products lias been assigned Ray P. Tenncs lias been elected presi­ Jack Gardner, formerly associated with to G. W. N. Riddle. Lawrence Jennings dent of Shafer Bearing Corp., Chicago; F. Goodrich Co., Akron, O., and has been named assistant to E. O. Slireve, J. F. Ditzell is executive vice president Horace II. Silliman, formerly European vice president in charge of customer re­ and general manager; M. J. Tenncs Jr. manager of A. C. Gilbert Co., New lations. becomes vice president; A. II. Williams Haven, Conn., have been appointed dis­ 0--- is vice president in charge of engineering; trict managers of Bendix Radio Division, T. W. Pettus has been appointed presi­ I. B. Lipson, secretary; A. L. Gray, assis­ hendix Aviation Corp., South Bend, Ind. dent of National Bearing Division, tant secretary and treasurer, and E. H. 0----- American Brake Shoe Co., New York. Ferguson, assistant treasurer. The fol­ Paul R. Davis has been appointed — o--- lowing have been elected directors: general sales manager, Studebaker Corp., Order of Merit has been bestowed up­ Ray P. Tennes, J. F. Ditzell, W. P. with Bend, Ind.; William H. Stevens on the following employes of the Sharon Cagney, J. F. Griswold, and J. F. Tennes. becomes regional manager in Atlanta, Transformer Division, Westinghouse —o— Da., succeeding Mr. Stevens, and R. B. Electric 6c Mfg. Co.: Franklin Lloyd Robert P. Smith lias been appointed bender has been named acting regional Snyder, engineer, Ordnance Division; general farm sales manager, Westing­ manager at Cleveland. John Hunter Chiles Jr., engineer, Instru­ house Electric Supply Co., New York, ment and Regulator Division, and James and Eric Hall has been named New James F. Peclder has been named ad- J. Neil, general foreman of the tool de­ Jersey Division manager with offices in leriising manager, Frigidaire Division, partment, Sharon, Pa., plant. Newark, N. J. Two new managers in General Motors Corp., Dayton, O., and the North Pacific district are Earl W. Hsworth Gilbert has been appointed Herbert Hampson has been elected McBratncy, sales promotion manager, sales promotion manager. vice president, Standard Cap 6c Seal and Arthur F. Sheean, lamp manager. Corp., Chicago. o---- Joseph C. Jones and Leonard A. Yoder Dr. Herluf P. Nielsen, previously chief ead the firm of Jones 6c Yoder which Major M. Poole, since 1940 director metallurgist, Kinney Aluminum Co., Los is been organized as engineering and of purchases and member of the board, Angeles, has joined the staff of Battelle ■aes representatives of machinery man- E. C. Atkins 6c Co., Indianapolis, has Memorial Institute, Columbus, O., and aeturers, with offices in Cleveland, completed his 45tli year of continuous is assigned to its division of nonferrous • ew York and Philadelphia. employment with the company. metallurgy.

J- L. Barrett has been appointed direc- George A. Highberg, vice president, Henry T. Chandler, formerly assistant ?r ^le Trade Association Division, Cushman Chuck Co., Hartford, Conn., to president, has been elected a vice e Committee for Economic Develop­ has been elected chairman of the Hart­ president of Vanadium Corp. of America, ment. ford chapter, American Society of Tool New York. Benton H. Grant, also for­ Engineers. mer assistant to president, has been ap­ Courtleigh W. Eliason has been named pointed assistant vice president. sistant to George Romney, managing Robert Wallach has been appointed Automotive Council for War executive director, Associated Engineer­ William Wagner has been named New uction, Detroit. For the past two ing & Research Companies, New York, York district sales manager, Rsading- 0ne-half years Mr. Eliason has been an organization of inventors, engi- Pratt 6c Cady Division, American Chain

arv 26, 1945 69 MEN of INDUSTRY

& Cable Co. Inc., Bridgeport, Conn., his duties as district manager of the which is the agent for R. K. LeBlond succeeding E. Coit Magens, who be­ Transportation Division, and H. M. Bar­ Machine Tool Co., Cincinnati, in the comes manager of the Valve Division, din has been named manager of sales, District of Columbia, Delaware, Mary­ Export Department. federal and marine section, which has land, southern New Jersey and eastern —o— been transferred from the Transportation Pennsylvania. to the Industrial Division. R. B. Ran­ Organizational changes within the som has become manager of the New New York district of General Electric Robert Santini has been appointed dis­ Haven, Conn., office, and J. J. Pascher Co., Schenectady, N. Y., are announced trict manager of the new office opened manages the Hartford, Conn., office. as follows: G. H. Reid is assistant dis­ by Sciaky Bros., Chicago, at 1775 Broad­ trict manager. W. E. Brown has relin­ way, New York. quished his position as manager, Cen­ Harold N. Blount, formerly associated tral Station Division, but will remain with Curtiss-Wright Corp., Buffalo, has Muriel Arbus, formerly head of the to handle special assignments. H. H. joined the staff of Buffalo Bolt Co., North Machine Tool Unit, War Production Sliter becomes district manager of the Tonawanda, N. Y., and is in charge of Board in New York, has opened an office Central Station Division, and R. M. Dar­ market and product research. at 55 West Forty-second street, that rin, assistant district manager. Horace — o— city, to locate machine tools and equip­ Zimmer has been appointed district man­ Nick Koppi has been appointed mana­ ment for war and essential civilian man­ ager, Industrial Division, in addition to ger, Calco Machinery Co., Philadelphia, ufacturing plants.

OBITUARIES . . . of which he had been president in 1908. Feb. 17. He was a former president of In 1942 he received the society’s Edward the Association of Iron and Steel Elec­ Frederick C. Chandler, 71, one of the Goodrich Acheson Medal and $1000 trical Engineers. great executives of the automobile indus­ prize. Dr. Burgess resigned as presi­ 0--- try in its first 25 years of production, dent of Burgess Laboratories in 1935 William R. Martin, 63, since 1905 and president of Chandler Products to become board chairman. president, W. R. Martin Machine Co., Corp., Cleveland, died Feb. 18 in that Louisville, Ky., died Feb. 8 in that city. cfty. Mr. Chandler was one of the Horatio Heame Adams, 73, for 25 founders of Chandler Motor Car Co. in years Washington representative of Gen­ Karl C. Krebser, 57, vice president, 1913, and six years later he formed eral Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y., Kingston Products Corp., Kokomo, Ind., Cleveland Automobile Co. Some time died Feb. 13 in Washington. died recently in Ann Arbor, Mich. later the two companies merged to be­ James Joseph Wilson, owner of the come Chandler-Cleveland Motors Corp., William Clifford Young, 67, a mem­ operating under this name until bought Wilson Pipe & Wire Rope Co., Los An­ ber of the rolls sales staff of Lewis Foun­ by Hupmobile in 1928. Following the geles, died recently. dry & Machine Division, Blaw-Knox reorganization of Chandler-Cleveland Co., Pittsburgh, died Feb. 5 in Youngs­ Paul C. Meyer, 52, personnel manager, Motors under Mr. Hupp, Mr. Chandler town, O. turned his interest toward his son’s Universal Foundry Co., Oshkosh, Wis., company, Chandler Products, and upon died Feb. 16 in that city. the younger Mr. Chandler’s death in Frank J. Fahey, an organizer and for­ 1942 the father became head of the mer executive officer of the Gillette Horatio G. Shumway, 79,- president, company, Safety Razor Co., Boston, died Feb. 19 C. W. Shumway & Sons, Batavia, 111., —o— in Brookline, Mass. died Feb. 15 in Geneva, 111. He was a Russell Vincent Banta, 56, vice presi­ past president of the Chicago Foundry- dent and chief engineer, Lockwood David Nye McBrier, 88, president of men’s Association. Greene Engines Inc., New York, died Erie Steam Shovel Co., Erie, Pa., prior Feb. 18 in Mt. Vernon, N. Y. Mr. to its merger with Bucyrus-Erie Co., died John Robert Hagemann, 44, manager Banta was a specialist in the engineer­ recently in Erie. of engineering in the steam turbine de­ ing problems involved in the design of — o— partment, Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., Mil­ buildings to house huge presses. Edward Hamilton Caterson, 50, sales waukee, died there Feb. 15. agent in the New York district for Van Huffel Tube Corp., Warren, O., and Charles Gordon Adams, 43, operations Charles S. Thomas, 76, pioneer in the Elliott Bros. Steel Co., New Castle, Pa., manager, Basic Refractories Inc., Cleve­ Mahoning Valley steel industry who or­ and agent in New England for Michigan land, died Feb. 12 in Tiffin, O. ganized Empire Iron & Steel Co. and DeForest Sheet & Tin Plate Co., died re­ Seamless Tube Co., South Lyon, Mich., died Feb. 17 in New York. Iver O. Mossberg, 50, president, 0. F. cently in Youngstown, O. Mossberg & Sons Inc., New Haven, Conn., died Feb. 18. Dr. Charles Frederick Burgess, 72, Lyle H. Dayhoff, 59, founder and founder, C. F. Burgess Laboratories Inc., chairman, Republic Coal & Coke Co., Chester W. Thordarson, 88, founder, and Burgess Battery Co., Madison, Wis., Chicago, and president, Mariah Hill Su­ Thordarson Electric Mfg. Co., Chicago, died Feb. 13 in Chicago. He invented the per Block Coal Co., Mariah Hill, Ind., died Feb. 6 in that city. process for electrolytic purification of died Feb. 16 in Miami Beach, Fla. iron. His paper on “Electrolytic Iron” was — o— Harold F. Browne, 55, secretary and presented in 1904 and brought him a | James C. Patterson, 63, a member of director of tire Research Management Carnegie grant of $10,000 to continue jj the rails section, Steel Division, War Division, National Industrial Conference his work. Holder of more than 400 pat- ! Production Board, Washington, and for­ Board, New York, died drere Feb. 15. ents on various processes and inventions, merly chief engineer of maintenance of Dr. Burgess received the Octave Chanute way, Erie railroad, died Feb. 18 in Wilbert G. WisC~president of the Medal of the Western Society of Engi- < Orange, N. J. Wise Furnace Co., Akron, O., died there neers in 1911, and die Perkin Medal of Feb. 5. the American Section, Society of Chem­ Frank D. Egan, 61, superintendent, ical Industry, in 1932. In the same year electrical department, Bethlehem Steel Carroll B. Mershon has been appointed he was awarded an honorary life mem­ Co.’s Lackawanna, N. Y., plant for 20 assistant to the president, Pennsylvania bership in the Electrochemical Society, years prior to his retirement in 1943, died Industrial Engineers, Pittsburgh.

70 /TEEL WEST COAST Promising Future Seen for Western Diesel Industry Engineering schools to co­ operate in training techni­ cians. M a n y inquiries being received from foreign nations

SAN FRANCISCO “FUTURE of the diesel engine manu- factoring industry in the West, 98 per cent of which is located in the San Francisco bay area, is extremely bright," F. B. Scott, sales manager of the Enter­ prise Engine & Foundry Co., told a group of 25 professors from western colleges and university schools of engi­ neering here recently. “We receive inquiries every month from Central and South American countries, Australia and New Zealand,” •Mr. Scott said, adding that stationary diesels will be more important in the West’s postwar period than the marine type engine now being manufactured by Enterprise for the Army, Navy and Maritime Commission. As a climax to a four-month nation­ wide symposium series conducted by the Diesel Engine Manufacturers Association PROPELLER FROM SCRAP SHELLS: Reclaimed shell cases form the basis to bring about greater co-operation be­ for manganese-bronze ingots from which this 23-ton Liberty ship propeller tween the industry and engineering col­ was cast at Doran Co. foundry in Seattle. Photo shows worker finish leges, the professors toured the plants of grinding the prop. NEA photo the $50 million bay area industry. Pre­ vious groups went through the Worthing­ ton Pump & Machinery Corp. plant at Buffalo; the Nordberg Mfg. Co. plant at nicians after the war, they pointed out. ing plant to producing essentials of 100- Milwaukee; and the Baldwin Locomotive "Colleges should co-operate with the octanc aviation gasoline at its Avon» Works at Philadelphia. Meetings were diesel industry, especially for research,” Calif., refinery'. also held at New York, Chicago and Roy Hundley, chief engineer, Enterprise Raleigh, N. C., under the direction of Engine Co., yrroposed. Manufacturers Harvey T. Hill, DEMA’s executive direc­ urged the college professors to sponsor Employment in Shipyards tor, and Prof. Robert B. Rice, director of an advanced diesel engineering graduate To Drop Sharply This Year diesel engineering at the North Carolina school in this area and to seize this State College at Raleigh. opportunity of equipping laboratories PORTLAND, OREG.- with surplus diesel engines to be sold by Manpower officials state of the 112,-' Fuel Availability Aids West the government after the war. 000 workers in the Portland, Oreg., area Application of diesel engines in the Dean M. P. O’Brien, University of shipyards, only 25,000 will be retained ^est is greatly' enhanced by fuel avail­ California, revealed graduate research in by the end of the year. Director L. C. ability, F. H, Kilberry, president of Atlas diesel engineering would be expanded on Stoll added that unless new contracts- Imperial Diesel Engine Co., Oakland, the Berkley campus. The department is develop, employment will drop to 100,- said at the DEMA tour luncheon. A building another unit which will double 000 by August and taper off 20,000 Pent-up business has accumulated during space, he said, and wants to arrange with monthly during the fall. This forecast the war for fishing boat engines, in agri­ manufacturers for students and instruc­ is based on a survey of ship production culture for pumps, irrigation machinery, tors to spend one term out of three schedules of procurement agencies. uactors and lighting plants, in highway working in factories. On the Los Angeles Mr. Stoll added shipyard repair work construction, in logging operations and campus, plans are being formed to in­ at Portland will require only 10,000 ? | yachting, automotive and railroad stitute a strong diesel engineering ex­ workers, as much of this will be divert­ fields, he said. tension sendee to exchange research in­ ed to other Pacific ports. The Albina Stressing that college engineering formation and practical, techniques be­ shipyard which employed 4359 last De­ students should receive a broad engineer- tween industry and the. university. cember will be reduced to 615 hands by mg background before specialization in August. Many of the released workers lesels, the industry representatives sug­ will find employment at Puget Sound gested students spend part of their edu­ High-Octane Gas Plant navy yard and at the Todd-Pacific yards cational period working in a factory or Dedicated in California in Tacoma and Seattle. Others will be °undry for practical experience. Sales, sent to Honolulu where much repair maintenance and engineering departments Tide Water Associated Oil Co. recently work is being handled and skilled me­ especially, will need college-trained tech­ dedicated its huge fluid catalytic crack­ chanics are needed.

February 26, 1945 71 WING TIPS______

Advances in design of electrical equipment for aircraft reviewed and presented some sample standards for consideration. at AIEE meeting. Recommendations for further improvements Pointing out that 50,000-foot service through co-operation and establishment of new standards ad­ ceilings are just around the corner, Mr. Hottenroth proposed that altitude as vanced by GE engineers standard for designing purposes. He said that the greatest effect of altitude ADVANCES in design of electric Development of new insulating mate­ on electric control devices is upon the equipment for aircraft were reviewed rials or new cable or connector construc­ electrical rating of their contacts, due and recommendations for further progress tions can be accelerated through simu- to the increased difficulty of extinguishing through co-operation and establishment lated-altitude testing, according to the an arc at the low pressures encountered of standards were advanced at the winter authors. However, they cautioned that at high altitudes. technical meeting of the American Insti­ it should not be regarded as a substitute “Devices should operate satisfactorily tute of Electrical Engineers in New York for acceptance or manufacturing control, under any conditions of vibration en­ recently. but rather as an adjunct to them. Its most countered on air airplane,” Mr. Hotten­ roth said. “But there is still no definite Results of an investigation of the fail­ valuable function is to give information figure to express accurately the maximum ure of aircraft ignition cables and con­ on newly designed assemblies in advance vibration conditions actually encountered nectors at high altitudes, along with of actual engine tests, they said. on all types of planes.” several means by which the life of the An improved terminal construction Balanced construction is the key to the ignition system may be extended appreci­ which materially reduces the number of vibration problem according to Mr. ably, were presented in a paper by H. H. arc-over failures was described as an­ Hottenroth. He said tests have demon­ Race, General Electric Co. research engi­ other result of the investigation. The strated the importance of equal masses neer of Schenectady, and A. M. Ross Jr., terminal is designed for 5-millimeter on each side of the pivot and rigid yet chemist in the company’s Bridgeport cables, with its neoprene adaptor boot, light parts. works laboratory. grommet, and mycalex terminal sleeve Temperatures encountered by aircraft molded integrally. A copper ring washer The authors described a simulated- require designing for a total range of molded into the grommet provides good altitude test equipment devised especi­ 265 degrees, from —65 Fahr. to 200 electrical contact for radio shielding and ally for the investigation, declaring that Fahr., Mr. Hottenroth pointed out. He relieves the neoprene of abuse caused by it exposed weaknesses not so readily stressed the importance of proper choice cycling of temperature or inspection and understood or remedied otherwise. Su­ of materials for correct operation over servicing. periority of neoprene-sheathed over this wide range. lacquered-braid cables was conclusively Design standards for aircraft devices demonstrated by the tests. The authors were emphasized as an imperative need Must Avoid Variations in Operation attributed the superiority to three major by F. W. Hottenroth, of General Electric’s “The kinds of material used should be factors: First, elimination of the cotton industrial control division. Discussing air­ chosen carefully to avoid variations in braid common to lacquered-braid cables; craft control specifically, Mr. Hottenroth operation,” he said. “For example, a second, inherent heat and ozone resist­ proposed that standards covering such one-inch long piece of aluminum wifi ance of neoprene; and third, construction equipment be established by AIEE and shrink two thousandths of an inch more of the neoprene-sheathed cable is better National Electrical Manufacturers Associ­ than a one-inch long piece of iron i:i suited to proper sealing of the spark plug ation. He described design features going from 200 Fahr. to “ 65 Fahr. Tests oifering advantages for aircraft operation, well, a necessity revealed by the tests. on pressure switches with rubber dia­ phragms showed differentials 20 to 30 times greater at low temperatures than at normal.” Discussing the 200-hour salt spray test commonly accepted as standard, Mr. Hottenroth recommended that it should be permissible to clean the salt from the device before checking its operation. He said cleaning appeared justified in vie" of the fact that the primary purpose of the salt spray test was to prove that the device will not corrode and become inoperable for that reason. The speakers listed three major con­ siderations in designing devices for satis­ factory operation in corrosive atmosphere and high humidity: First, when dissimilar metals are used close together they must be properly chosen; second, steel parts, unless stainless, must be plated with a eorrosion-resisting plating; and third, care must be exercised in the use of m o ld ed parts wherever dimensional stability is q I L A. Zahorsky of the GE fractional horsepower motor engineering division LIGHTWEIGHT: Bell Aircraft Corp., Buffalo, has produced a small, light, presented a paper devoted to the amph- dyne generator for speed-controlled elec­ all-wood fighter plane, XP-77, which is 22 feet 10% inches long and has tric gun turrets. According to - 1 a wing span of 27% feet. Shown at top in photo, it is contrasted with the Zahorsky, the purpose of the paper P-39 Airacobra, the P-63 Kingcobra and the P-59 Airacomet, first jet- “to explain the action of a particular typ® propelled plane. The all-wood body is not intended for use in combat of amplidyne generator in terms ot 1' p lanes relationship to the turret performance and attempt to separate its characteristics

.72 /TE M R M i .v ' . : •' i ■

ANGLE BRACKET AND SPEED NUT COMBINED

If your product requires brackets for assembly, why that permanently prevents vibration loosening. They not use brackets with self-locking nuts built right in reduce weight, speed up assembly, and strengthen iJiem? Why fumble around with separate lock washers the structure. And since they are produced on high and threaded nuts and use a wrench besides to keep speed automatic machines, these self-locking brackets them from turning? Why handle 9 parts (bracket, are not expensive. screws, 2 lock washers, 2 nuts, screw driver, Hundreds of manufacturers have improved both their and wrench), when 4 parts will do a better job? products and assembly (SPEED NUT, 2 screws, and screw driver.) Think of methods by changing the savings in manhours and material this could mean over to Tinnerman in your plant! angle brackets. Write These SPEED NUTS lock with a firm spring tension for samples. TINNERMAN PRODUCTS, INC. 2039 Fulton Road, Cleveland 13, Ohio In Canada: W allace Barnes Co., Ltd., Hamilton, Ontario In England: Simmonds Aerocessories, Ltd., London

T H E BASIC PRINCIPLE

* Trade Mark Reg» U. S. Pol. Off. of Spring-Tension Lock is STENINGS Embodied in all Speed Nut Designs

February 26. 1945 W ING TIPS

chopping through a foot of ice, and then proceeding to “dunk” a couple oi technicians, garbed in the new suit, in the freezing water. For an hour, encased in the protective cloth of the suit which covers everything but the face, two officers of the laboratory’s clothing branch lay in the water. Thermocouples attached to the suits recorded the temperatures of the two officers during the test, throughout which no point of their anatomy was registered lower than a few degrees of normal. The anti-exposure suit is made of nylon coated with a substance rendering it both water-tight and air-tight, it is claimed. The suit is not so bulky as to prevent the ditched airman from climbing into his life-raft, as was demonstrated during the test. Following an hour in the water, the two officers climbed into a life raft and remained there for an additional two hours while the test continued.

N e w A ir Position Indicator

FIGHTER-BOMBER COMMENDED: After completing TOO missions against Guides Planes Raiding Japan the Japanese, Corsair 122, a fighter-bomber plane, was commended in A revolutionary air position indicator ceremonies at Chance Vought Aircraft, Stratford, Conn., before more has been helping chart the sky route of than 21,000 employes and their families. Shown above, left to right: B-29 Superfortresses making raids on Maj. Gen. Field Harris, director of Marine Corps Aviation; Rex B. Beisel, Japan. general manager of Chance Vought; and Col. T. B. Millard, USMC, The air position indicator gives continu­ Bureau of Aeronautics representative at Vought ous readings of latitude and longitude and was developed by Bendix Aviation Corp., Detroit, in its Eclipse-Pioneer di­ vision in co-operation with the Army and from those of the turret.” He explained from direct current, the motor alternator Navy air forces. that heretofore it has been expedient to offered the most advantages for aircraft The air position indicator automatically define the characteristics of the turret application. They displayed a widely performs all of its computing, calculating control system only as a whole; knowledge used inverter of this type, pointing out and indicating functions within a single of the requirements of the amplidyne that addition of frequency control with self-contained device. generator, developed concurrently with a suitable driving motor would make the the war, was incomplete. As a result, device conform to future requirements. difficulties were encountered in applying They conceded that for future applica­ ATSC Develops Light the amplidyne to other systems. Ability tions on aircraft with a-c power supplies, Aluminum Gas Drum to define the amplidyne characteristics it may still be necessary to isolate “fussy” independently now overcomes this prob­ loads from the main system. As result of a joint project between the lem, he said. A method of calculating the effect of Air Technical Service Command and the The amplidyne was described as part altitude on temperature rise of various Air Transport Command, the Army Air of a motor-generator set driven from the designs of aircraft transformers was pre­ Forces has obtained a new light weight electrical system of the airplane. It sented by V. M. Montsinger of General aluminum 55-gallon gasoline drum which makes available readily controlled power Electric’s transformer engineering divi­ is 31 pounds lighter than the usual steel to operate the turret motor. By varying sion. According to Mr. Montsinger, the drum. the adjustment of certain potentiometers effect of altitude on temperature rise of connected in the control field circuit of a simple piece of apparatus like a self­ American Propeller Corp. the amplidyne, its output, and hence the cooled transformer can vary as much as performance of the turret, can be con­ 2.5:1 depending on the per cent of loss Receives New Contracts trolled by the gunner. Most turrets using of heat by radiation and by convection. amplidynes are powered in both elevation Only the loss by convection is affected by American Propeller Corp., Toledo, 0., and azimuth by means of two separate altitude, which is the reason no two has received contracts for additional hol­ control systems, each consisting of a types of apparatus are affected alike by low steel propeller blades for army and turret motor, an amplidyne, and a control altitude, he said. navy planes, insuring operation of the circuit. plant well into 1946. A paper by C. P. Hayes and L. L. Ray, One contract covers blades for the of the GE fractional horsepower motor Anti-Exposure Suit Bell P-63 Kingcobra fighter, and volunje engineering division, outlined some of For Airmen Developed production was scheduled to start Feb. the problems in the design of suitable 15. The other contract involves blades inverters for 400-cycle aircraft electrical Working on the problem of forced for use on two of the Navy’s latest systems and offered suggestions for im­ landings at sea, technicians of the Per­ designs— a new fighter and a Curtiss provement by careful co-ordination among sonal Equipment laboratory at the Air scout plane. designers of planes, auxiliary equipment, Technical Service Cojnmand headquar­ Immediate stepping up of plant per' and auxiliary power supplies. The authors ters, Wright Field, O., have come up sonnel is necessary, and employes affected stated that of the many types of inverters with a new “anti-exposure” suit. by a recent layoff are being called back available for obtaining alternating current They gave it a severe test recently, to work.

74 ,/TEEL On this Ex-Cell-O special- purpose machine, aircraft crankcase sub-assembly of aluminum alloy is p r e c is io n machined automatically ex­ cept for loading and unload­ ing. Part is loaded from top over center post to assure OUTPUT AT rigidity "Start Cycle" button is pressed, and machine drills, reams, spot-faces and cham­ fers 1 6 stud holes in each of 1 4 LOWER COST deck pads (total of 224 holes, two operations per hole), then stops, ready for operator to unload and repeat the cycle. There is no substi­ This part was formerly ma­ chined one bank at a time. Now, with Increased pro­ tute for Ex'CelPO’s this Ex-Cell-O machine, handling and duction attained operation time is exactly one-half in precision ma­ wide experience what it was.- error between banks of chining Phis a ir­ holes, radially and vertically (due to- craft crankcase in designing and reloading of part), is eliminated,- also, o n Ex-Cell-O by one machine only now being re­ building special special-purpose quired for the ¡ob, floor space is saved. machines! m achine.

OU have a substantial back­ Y ground of experience to draw from when you bring to Ex-Ceil-O your problem in the precision machin­ ing of metal parts on a high produc­ tion basis. The more economical production of accurate metal parts necessitates single-purpose machines of improved efficiency, capable of giving greater output and reducing unit cost. For years Ex-Cell-O has been an acknowledged leader in the field of special-purpose machines ... precision machines with exclusive features that represent the utmost in accuracy, production, operating ease, rigidity, and durability. Every special Ex-Cell-O precision four-way drilling machine made by Ex-Cell-O is de­ and reaming machine with automatic signed to give the most practical seven-station index fixture. results on the job for which it is built “ improvement in work quality,direct savings in time and money, and maxi­ mum service in the machine itself. This is why you should utilize Ex-Cell-O’s experienced engineer­ ing and manufacturing facilities. Ex-Cell-O has representatives in all .■.SPECIAL principal manufacturing centers. Con­ MAC HIKES sult the one nearest you, or write E X - C E L L - O for P R E C IS IO N Ex-Cel 1-0 Head Office in Detroit.

If you do not now receive Ex-Celf-O EX-CELL-O T O O L TIPS, devoted to precision and speed In production, send your name, company, address and posi­ CORPORATION tion to Ex-Cell-0 Corporation, 1200 DETROIT 6, MICHIGAN Oakman Boulevard, Detroit 6,

EX-CELL-O n u z J z & l Special Multiple Way-Type Precision Boring Machines • Special Multiple Precision Drilling Machines • Precision Thread Grinding, Boring and Lapping Machines Broaches and Broach Sharpening Machines • Hydraulic Power Units • Grinding Spindles • Drill Jig Bushings • Continental Cutting Tools • Tool Grinders • Fuel Injection Equipment • R. R. Pins and Bushings • Pure-Pak Paper Milk Bottle Machines • Aircraft and Miscellaneous Production Parts

February 26, 1945 ACTIVITIES

jury in Trenton last November. The in­ American Can Co. Output Steel Companies dictment charging the antitrust law vio­ lations alleged that the conspiracy began Establishes All-Time Record in 1934 and involved use of German Assessed Fines patents for chrome nickel steel acquired Increasingly important service to the from the alien property custodian after country and a new high in production World War I. of military, lend-lease and essential con­ In Stainless Case Those fined are: Republic Steel Corp., Cleve­ sumer goods by American Can Co., New land, and Martin H. Schmid, sales manager of York, during the past year are revealed 78 firms and six individuals its Alloy Sales Division; Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp., Brackenridge, Pa., and Russell M. Allen, in tlie firm’s report covering 1944 opera­ enter pleas of "no contest" on Pittsburgh, vice president; Camegie-Illinois Steel tions. Com., Pittsburgh, and Paul F. Voight Jr., mana­ Despite shifting requirements, scarc­ charges of fixing prices; civil ger of Stainless Steel Division; Carpenter Steel ity of conventional materials, short labor Co., Reading, Pa., and J. Heber Parker, presi­ suit pending dent; Crucible Steel Co. of America, New York, supply, increased costs and displacement and R. E. Christie, vice president; Eastern of normal distribution of work between Stainless Steel Corp., Baltimore, and T. F. the company’s various plants, total sales TWENTY - FOUR defendants have McLaughlin, president; Rustless Iron & Steel Com., Baltimore. of the products of the can factories and been fined $10,000 each in U. S. District American Rolling Mill Co., Middletown, O.; machine shops amounted to $227,528,- Court, Trenton, N. J., on charges of Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa.; Sharon 760, compared with $191,086,606 in unlawfully fixing non-competitive prices Steel Corp., Sharon, Pa.; Firth Sterling Steel 1943, D. W. Figgis, president, said. for stainless steel. Co., McKeesport, Pa.; Jessop Steel Co., Wash­ ington, Pa.; Latrobe Electric Steel Co., Latrobe, This total of sales has been exceeded The fines were imposed 011 18 com­ Pa.; Superior Steel Corp., Camegie, Pa.; Timken only once in the company’s history, in panies and six individuals after Judge Roller Bearing Co., Canton, O.; Universal- 1941, the last full year of unrestricted Philip Forman had accepted pleas of Cyclops Steel Corp., Bridgeville, Pa.; Midvalo Co., Philadelphia, and Pittsburgh Steel Co., use of metals for manufacture of civilian ‘no contest” from all of the defendants. Pittsburgh. goods. Total production in 1944, he A spokesman for counsel for all of the The 18 companies involved also have pointed out, was the highest ever, since defendants said acceptance of the pleas been charged with conspiring to restrain the term “sales” does not include ship­ by the court eliminates a lengthy trial trade and fix prices in the stainless steel ments of the special wartime subsid­ and permits defendants to continue with­ industry in a civil antitrust complaint iaries manufacturing torpedoes and fiber out interruption production of vital war filed in Trenton in January by the Depart­ artillery ammunition containers. materials. A trial, it was said, probably ment of Justice. Mr. Storms said that Analyzing the year’s income, Mr. would have lasted four months. the firms have requested an extension cf Figgis said the higher volume resulted A. W. Storms, special assistant to time to file an answer to the civil com­ from a number of factors, chief of Attorney General Francis Biddle, said the plaint which said that in 1942 gross sales which were the greater number of cans government urged acceptance of the of stainless steel finished products in the required for the year’s large packs of pleas and recommended that each of the United States approximated $175 million many types of foods, much of which defendants be given the maximum fine and that the corporations named in the went to meet heavy requirements of the of $5000 on each of two counts listed in complaint produced and sold more than armed forces and lend-lease, and in­ an indictment returned by a federal grand 90 per cent of that amount. creased production of special containers and other Army and Navy equipment. “Indications are,” Mr. Figgis said, “that return to metal cans of goods now packaged in substitute containers and the normal growth of many of the com­ pany’s newer lines, arrested by the war, will call not only for capacity produc­ tion in all of its present plants, but for additional manufacturing facilities and expansion of personnel."

Tool Company Observes Twentieth Anniversary Snyder Tool & Engineering Co., Detroit, observed recently the twentieth anniversary of its founding. The occasion was marked by a dinner and entertainment for personnel and pres^ entation of service emblems by Clarence Snyder, founder and president.

Railroads Making Progress In Restoring Norm al Service Continuation of favorable weather will RUSSIAN VISITORS: Shown inspecting equipment at the Bailey Meter help railroads make further rapid prog­ Co. plant, Cleveland, are two Russian technical experts. In the fore­ ress toward normal operating conditions, ground, left to right, are L. A. Charikhov, open hearth expert, and V. V. G. Metzman, chairman of the Eastern Vorobei, instrument engineer. In the background are R. R. Swain, Bailey Railroad Presidents Conference, an­ nounced. The accumulation of freight sponsor engineer for the steel industry, and E. H. Wright, Bailey product cars in snow and iceboxmd yards is fast engineer for oxygen and combustibles recorders. They are observing the being reduced and traffic disrupted by company's oxygen-combustibles analyzer the emergency restored to normal chan­ nels, he said. 6 /TEEL ACTIVITIES

$1,500,000 chemical plant at Natrium, W. Va., to manufacture a wide variety of new rubberlike plastics.

Rust Engineering Co., Pittsburgh, has been awarded War Department contract to expand the Kentucky Ordnance Works, Paducah, Ky., and the Weldon Springs, Mo., Ordnance Works.

Copper and Brass Research Associ­ ation, New York, has canceled its annual meeting scheduled for May 17 to comply with the federal wartime ban on con­ ventions.

Mead Specialties Co., Chicago, now is occupying its new, streamlined factory at 4114 North Knox avenue, Chicago.

Buffalo Arms Corp., Buffalo, which has stopped machine gun production, has re­ ceived permission from the Army’s Ord­ nance Department to utilize part of the plant for manufacture of ordnance parts.

Virginia Bridge Co.’s plant at Birming­ ham, Ala., operated 1,156,296 man hours ALUMINUM BOX CAR: First of 30 specially built aluminum box cars con­ in 1944 with only 16 lost time injuries, structed by Mt. Vernon Car Mfg. Co., Mt. Vernon, 111., division of H. K. no fatalities, and no injury sufficient to Porter Co. Inc., is shown above. Cars were built in conjunction with cause permanent disability. Reynolds Metals Co. for use by the Rock Island railroad, Minneapolis & St. Paul railway and the Alton railroad Hoffman Supply, with offices at Albu­ querque, N. Mex., and Abilene, Tex., has been appointed representative for the Standard Transformer Co., Warren, O. — o . BRIEFS .... Barber-Colman Co., Rockford, 111., has appointed Garrett Supply Co., Los Paragraph mentions of developments of interest and Angeles, as distributor of hobs, milling cutters, and reamers. Barber-Colman significance within the metalworking industry also has opened a divisional machine tool engineering and sales office in Los National Bearing Metals Corp., St. a new warehouse, is starting operations Angeles. Louis, has been merged into the Amer­ with $4 million in Douglas Aircraft Corp. ican Brake Shoe Co., New York, and will surplus stock. Day-Washburne Tool Co., Chicago, is be known as the National Bearing Divi­ now known as the Day Co., following sion of the parent company. Perfect Circle Co., Hagerstown, Ind., dissolution of a limited partnership. announced its employes have received The Cooper-Bessemer Corp., Mt. Ver­ approximately $104,000 in group insur­ Fall Creek Ordnance Plant, Indian­ non, O., has appointed Simson-Maxwell ance benefits during the first six months apolis, is to be equipped for production Ltd., Vancouver, B. C., as British Colum­ of the present policy year. ' of 155-millimeter artillery shells. bia representative. —o— Grapho Products Inc., and L-C Prod­ Aerovox Corp., New Bedford, Mass., Advance Pressure Castings Inc., ucts Co., both of Indianapolis, have com­ lias been sold to a group of industrial­ Brooklyn, N. Y., has purchased a build­ pletely separated. The Grapho company ists headed by W. Myron Owen, vice ing adjoining its present plant and will had sold its ordnance plant to L-C Prod­ president, Detroit Harvester Co., De­ use it to meet increasing demands of ucts and assisted the latter firm during troit. ihe armed forces for castings. the first II months of operations of the —o— plant. American Foundry Equipment Co., Gar Wood Industries Inc., Detroit, Mishawaka, Ind., has issued a revised as formed a veterans’ department and U. S. Maritime Commission reports bulletin incorporating new developments on a scientific basis will place veterans 14 Great Lakes shipyards in the period in metal washing machines. in jobs that they can best perform. May, 1942 to Feb. 1, 1945 produced 184 vessels and 200 knocked-down San Francisco Chamber of Commerce, American Can Co., New York, reports barges valued at $241,122,132. Industrial Development Committee, has 'is production of Navy bomb, fuse con­ formed an iron and steel section, with tainers will be more than doubled in Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp., Brack- Edward L. Soule, president, Soule Steel 1945. enridge, Pa., has issued new catalogs on Co., chairman. mill treated, high-speed steel, tool holder —o— Trico Products Corp., Buffalo, has pur­ bits; Carmet carbide tipped tools; and M. V. M. Co., 109 West Twenty- chased the old Ford Motor Co. plant carbon and high-speed steel drill rods sixth street, New York, is now conduct­ there and will use it in postwar produc­ and cold-drawn tool steels. ing the business of the former Heyman tion. Co. Operators of M. V. M. Co. are Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., Akron, A, Miller, H. Vallen, and H. Milstcin, Industrial Materials Co., Los Angeles, O., soon will start construction of a who previously were with Heyman Co.

February 26, 1945 77 THE BUSINESS TREND______

durable goods plants, such as railroad and farm equip* Industrial Production ment, also will be adjusted downward due to the inability to obtain needed steel requirements. However, WPB continues to work on a blueprint to guide reconversion Scores Slight Increase when military demands slacken. It is said to provide for giving advance notice to management and labor on cut­ INDUSTRIAL production has turned slightly upward, backs in military contracts, and to give local area com­ recovering from recent declines due to weather and trans­ mittees a larger voice in deciding which plants will first portation tie-ups. However, manpower shortages in the return to civilian production. The closer we get to V-E steel and nonferrous metal industries continue to retard Day, the grimmer become reports about the prospect for the output of vitally needed raw materials and indirectly civilian goods output between then and the ending of prevent many war plants from meeting projected muni­ the war in tire Far East. The fact the Pacific war is far tions production schedules. ahead of schedule and the decision to produce in this The national steel rate has gained about five points country most of tire war goods required to finish the during the past two weeks, from the low point reached military job in the Pacific, are major reasons for lower esti­ early in February. However, steel industry officials state mates of the probable cutbacks in war contracts following that if projected second quarter steel requirements are the end of the European war. These estimates now range to be met an additional 100,000 employes must be re­ between 10 and 17 per cent. cruited. Encouraging gains during the latest pe­ 1942 1943 1944 riod were recorded in bituminous coal i ! 1 i 1 { 1 1 i 1 1 i i I i i 1 n - 1 i i 550 production, engineering)construction 5 0 0 1 500 awards, and revenue freight carloadings. M c x u i ^ a o L ’4/ieAA! I b u M i t " 450 450

MANUFACTURERS’ INVENTORIES— 400 A 400 Gradual liquidation of manufacturers’ in­ 350 A/ b/\ . A /■ * ventories continued in December. Manu­ 350 t- * facturers’ stocks on Dec. 31 last were esti­ 5 3 oo 1 300 Ö ca mated at $16.7 billion, a decline of 2 per I £ 250 250* cent from the November level. It is note­ worthy that raw material inventories, 200 200

which declined steadily most of last year, 150 1 j U were stabilized in the last quarter and ORDERS m — — m December registered a slight gain. On 100 100 SHIPMENTS h m m the other hand, goods in process and fin­ 50 50 SOURCE- DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE /TEEL 0 ished goods were reduced 4 and 2 per J -l I 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i i 1 i i 1 i i 1 i i 0 cent, respectively, during December. Daily average shipments for all the dur­ Index of Manufacturers’ Durable Goods able goods industries, except stone, clay (Mo. Avc. 1939 = 100) and glass products, increased during De­ O rders------— Shipiments— ----- Invei dories-— cember. The most notable shipment gains 1944 1943 1944 1943 1944 1943 Jan u ary . 331.5 293.5 365 2 08 212.0 211.3 in the durable group were those of the F ebruary 294.4 326.6 384 33 7 208.6 209.6 iron and steel, electrical machinery and M arch 309.7 349.2 369 330 207.2 210.7 automotive industries. April . . . 325.0 329.8 387 338 204.9 213.5 M ay .... 3 51.6 313.0 369 338 204.9 213.5 June 358.9 392.7 378 343 203.6 212.5 RECONVERSION—There is a strong pos­ July .... 3 92.7 33 8 .7 375 346 201.9 211.4 366.9 319.4 368 354 200.9 213.4 sibility that nondurable civilian goods pro­ 350.0 339.5 370 356 198.S 214.9 duction will be curtailed still further be­ 366.9 339.5 381 382 197.1 214.0 cause of the growing manpower and raw 371.8 316.1 376 376 194.6 213.3 D ecem ber 377.4 324.2 191.7 212.8 material shortages. It is possible that pro­ 592 393 duction schedules in a number of essential 349.7 332.3 376 342 202.1 212.7

FIGURES THIS WEEK Prior Month Year INDUSTRY Period0 Week Ago Ago Steel Ingot Output (per cent of capacity)...... 93 89.5 93.5 98.5 Electric Power Distributed (million kilowatt hours)...... 4,472 4,505 4,588 4,512 Bituminous Coal Production (daily av.—4000 tons)...... 2,025 1,893 2,008 2,158 Petroleum Production (daily av.— 1000 bbls.)...... 4,730f 4,729 4,734 4,385 Construction Volume (ENR— unit 81,000,000)...... $43.9 $20.6 $27.7 $37.0 Automobile and Truck Output (Ward’s—number units)...... 20,010 20,960 20,720 19,610 0 Dates on request.

TRADE Freight Carloadings (unit— 1000 cars)...... 760f 755 777 776 Busmess Failures (Dun & Bradstreet, number)...... 23 14 16 25 Money in Circulation (in millions of dollars)!...... 825,533 $25,411 $25,209 $20,610 Department Store Sales (change from like week a year ago)! + 11% + 17% + 2% + 2 % f Preliminary. J Federal Reserve Board.

78 /TEEL THE BUSINESS TREND

1 i I i ‘ i i i i i i i i i j I I I i I Foreign Trade Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce It. (Unit Value— $1,000,000) -E xports- Im ports- 1944 1943 1942 1944 1943 1942 Jan. 1,192 730 481 300 228 254 Feb. 1,086 719 480 313 234 254 Mar. 1,158 988 628 359 249 272 Apr. 1,182 980 717 359 258 235 May 1,419 1,085 535 386 281 191 June 1,271 1,002 648 330 295 215 July 1,198 1,262 650 293 300 213 Aug. 1,207 1,204 703 302 315 186 Sept. 1,199 1,235 732 280 285 196 IMPORTS 4 0 0 Oct. K / 1,140 1,195 802 327 329 200 3 0 0 Nov. 1,185 1,074 787 322 317 168 Dec 948 1,244 873 336 281 358 COPVUlGWT 1944 200 ------/ T E E L ------/crv 100 _!_J— !—L 1 1 1—L. 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 I 1 I t i 1 I 1 Total 14,185 12,716 8,035 3,907 3,369 2,742 0 1 9 4 2 1943 1 9 4 4

10 . .1943 1944 I 1945 i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i I i i— m — i 1 i i i i i i 9 Iron, Steel Production (Net tons— 000 omitted) Steel Ingots------Pig Iro n ----- 1945 1944 1943 1944 1943 Jan. . . 7,178 7,587 7,425 5 ,276 5,194 F eb. . 7,188 6,825 5,083 4,766 M ar. . 7,820 7,675 5 ,434 5,314 A pr. . 7,588 7,374 5 ,243 5,035 M ay . 7,697 7,550 5,343 5,173 Juné . 7,229 7,039 5 ,057 4,836 July . 7,493 7,408 5,157 5,023 A ug. . 7,493 7 ,586 5,210 5,316 Sept. . 7,230 7,514 4,988 5,226 Oct. . 7,616 7,814 5,200 5,324 Nov. . 7,274 7,374 4 ,904 5,096 D ec. . 7,361 7,266 4,999 5 ,213

Total . 89,576 88,873 61,894 61,777

1 9 4 2 I 1943I 1944| 1945 Finished Steel Shipments u i i i i i I I I I I I i 'I I I [ 1 I I I I I II11 1 I I I i II I II I I I I I I I' I I 2100 Net Tons 2 0 5 0 1015 1944 1943 1942 Ą ie iiilte A Ste e l Ian. 1,569,115 1,730,787 1,658,992 1,738,893 2000 ...... 1,755,772 1,691,592 1,616,587 Mar...... 1,874,795 1,772,397 1,780,938 1 9 5 0 Apr...... 1,756,797 1,630,828 1,758,894, “'ay ...... 1,776,934 1,706,543 1,834,127 1 9 0 0 lane ...... 1,737,769 1,552,663 1,774,068 Inly ...... 1,754,525 1,660,762 1,765,749 1 8 5 0 Ang...... 1,743,485 1,704,289 1,788,650 Sept...... 1,733,602 1,664,577 1,703,570 1 8 0 0 2 « ...... 1,774,969 1,794,968 1,787,501 N°v...... 1,743,753 1,660,594 1,665,545 1 7 5 0 De«...... 1,767,600 1,719,624 1,849,635 1 7 0 0 Total ...... 21,150,788 20,244,830 21,064,157 Adjust­ 1 6 5 0 ment ...... »97,214 »449,020 Tota' ...... 20,147,616 20,615,137 1 6 0 0

“Decrease. 1 5 5 0 V (SOURCE: U. S. STEEL CORP.) i i I i I I i i I i i i i I i i I i i I i i I i i I i i I i i I i i • 0

Latest Prior Month Year FINANCE Period0 Week Ago Ago Bank Clearings (Dun & Bradstreet- $9,450 $11,016 $11,371 $9,268 Federal Gross Debt ( billions)...... $234.2 $233.9 $233.1 $185.5 Bond Volume, NYSE (millions) . . . $46.6 $48.5 $68.7 $80.4 Stocks Sales, NYSF, (thousands). . . 8,320 8,112 9,124 4,336 $59.0 $59.2 $59.6 $53.3 $44,219 $44,257 $44,138 $38,902 IMember banks, Federal Reserve System. prices STEEL’s composite finished steel price $57.55 • $57.55 $57.55 $56.73 All Commodities! ...... 104.9 104.7 104.7 103.1 Industrial Raw Materials!...... 116.0 115.3 115.6 112.4 Manufactured Products! ...... 101.6 101.6 101.4 100.6 fBureau of Labor’s Index, 1926= 100.

February 26 1945 ..Jí/ 79 WHEREVER a small but dependable engine is needed, there you will usually find a single-cylinder 4-cycle air-cooled unit built by Briggs & Stratton Corp., /N D l/C T /O N Milwaukee, said to be (he world’s largest maker of such equipment. And the plant which in 1908 consist­ ed of a few feet of floor space in a ma­ .... does important processing work at Briggs & Stratton; chine shop now fills several large multi- storied buildings at two different loca­ cuts heat-treating cycles from hours to seconds; enables heat tions. There (he visitor sees the latest treating to be done right at production line by girls who require types of modern metalworking machines as well as advanced production methods. no special training for the work; combines heat treating with In fact, certain improved techniques shrink fitting on certain assemblies that are regarded as innovations by some manufacturers are fully accepted and already employed on a broad scale By G. W. BIRDSALL alternately. In fact, the standard Tocco here. Perhaps typical of these advances Associate Editor, STEEL induction hardening machine used here is heating by electric induction. Not is equipped with three work stations so long ago, induction heating was consid­ work can be going through all three if de­ ered too specialized a field to have enclosed by the connecting rod bear­ sired. The automatic controls are so ar­ much general use but for some time it ing, ranges in size from % to 1 inch ranged that current is drawn by only one has been employed at Briggs & Strat­ in diameter and from Vs to lVs inches station at a time. Thus the power equip­ ton in the regular production heat treat­ in length. All sizes are hardened by ment need be no larger than required by ment of crankshafts and other parts. Re­ electric induction heating to a depth a single station; and using two or three sults of experimental work indicate sev­ of 3/32-inch as will be described. stations in rapid sequence puts a higher eral advantageous brazing and shrink Important Advantages: Induction load factor on the equipment and thus fitting applications also will soon be in hardening has a number of important makes for more efficient overall opera­ regular production. advantages that have proved valuable tion where enough work is available. Many Applications: Some 30 or more here. Not only is it fast and subject No Scaling: This great speed is im­ applications have already been developed to precise control but only the particular portant from another angle. Because tire by Briggs & Stratton engineers and more surfaces where the hardness is wanted work is at heat for only a matter of a than 20 are in use at the present time. need be treated. And this means econ­ few seconds, it has no time to form scale Most of these are for developing high omy in heating. Too, it means that since production of scale depends on surface hardness on certain portions of (he operators can handle the work in oxidizing the surface, a chemical reac­ the crankshaft to resist wear. Oihers and out of the machine without using tion that requires a much longer period include hardening of gear teeth, cams tongs or asbestos gloves. of time than a few seconds. and similar parts while one application High Production: Induction harden­ No Decarburization: The extremely combines induction hardening with ing is truly a high production operation shrink fitting. short heating cycle also precludes any for the work goes through a complete possibility of decarburizing the work, Fig. 1 indicates some of the applica­ cycle in a matter of seconds, instead of for this too is a chemical reaction that tions of induction heating here. The hours as in usual furnace treatment. A requires a comparatively long period of most important use is in hardening the typical cycle involves a total of 5 sec­ time. Thus work comes from the in­ wearing surface of the crankpin on all onds, 2 for heating, 3 for quenching. duction heating operation with the sur­ sizes of crankshafts, from the small crank­ This 5-second cycle is so fast an op­ face in the original chemical condition. shaft for 2/3-horsepower engine at C, erator is kept busy unloading and re­ Localized Heating: In induction Fig. 1, to the large crankshaft for the loading a single fixture. But where hardening, the treatment is confined to 6-horsepower engine at B, Fig. 1. The somewhat longer cycles are used, one those surfaces it is desired to harden be­ crankpin, that portion of the crankshaft operator unloads and reloads two fixtures cause induction heating is a localized 80 /TEEL ¥ m r m s

operation. Only that jrortion of the the work is positioned within this field, work immediately adjacent to the elec­ it is magnetized in one direction, im­ trical inductors and in the magnetic field mediately demagnetized and remagne­ they produce is heated. The inductors tized in the opposite direction. But this can be designed to heat any particular continual and rapid change of the mag­ portion of tire work desired. This high­ netic state of the steel involves a cer­ ly localized heat pattern makes it possi­ tain amount of “friction” in rearranging ble to preserve the original physical the magnetic elements within the steel, properties of the adjoining sections. so that heat is produced. This effect is No Distortion: Equally important, dis­ called heating by “hysteresis” losses. tortion effects are greatly minimized. As soon as the temperature of the This follows from the fact that only a steel rises above the critical point, or portion of the work is heated and that when handling nonmagnetic materials, this portion is not heated throughout its none of the heating comes from the entire cross section but only at the sur­ above phenomenon but here heating is face. Thus the unheated core is always caused solely by another effect. there to retain the original shape. The rapidly changing electromagnetic How It Works: A brief explanation field induces electric currents in the of the principle of electric induction work. But since the metal part is a con­ heating will help to understand these ductor of electricity, these currents are Points. By placing around the work short-circuited within the part itself, re­ to be heated an electrical conductor car- sulting in rapid heating from these “eddy tying a large alternating current, a pow­ current” losses, as they are called. This erful magnetic field is created. Since (Please turn to Page 112)

Nig. 1— These typical parts are induction hardened at Briggs Ik Stratton: A crankshaft for 6-horsepower engine, with extra helical gear on near end for power take-off; B standard crankshaft; C crankshaft for 2. 3-horsepower unit; D, E, F and G are gears used at various points

N ig - 2 — Overall view of Tocco 50-kilovolt-ampere electric induction heating unit equipped with automatic timers for control of heating and quenching cycles. Photos by Birdsall Nig. 3—Closeup of simple single-turn inductor block with built-in water jets for quenching. This type of inductor block is used to induction harden integral gears as at A, B and C in Fig. 1, as well as separate gears

N 'g . 4 —Hinged type of inductor block and work fixtures, required jor harden- mg crankpins. Pulling down handle sivings upper half of inductor out of way tn permit unloading and reloading fixture. Contact faces of separable inductor block are silver plated to assure minimum resistance to current flow

February 28, 1945 81?

Suppliers of sieels graded quarterly to reduce trouble in processing and expedite production. Classifications arrived at by evaluating actual performance, receiv­ ing department tests and laboratory reports. Vitamin A plays part

By R. F. BISBEE Manager, Quality Control Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co.

QUALITY CONTROL of any product 2 consecutive months is placed on the the current year. In this manner, the is carried on for two purposes: (1) To unapproved list of suppliers. It then is purchasing department has all tire facts maintain the quality and thus protect necessary for that company to send a sat­ which enable them to purchase (based on the customer, and (2) to reduce the cost isfactory sample shipment before it again quality performance) steel that will give by reducing the amount of defective is placed on the approved list. the best quality performance. workmanship. Control of quality works Accurate steel performance records are Details of Steel Control as the customer’s representative and man­ very important for maintaining adequate The most important checks are sur­ agement’s guardian, but it should be re­ control over enameling steel as well as face and gage, drawing qualities, bond membered that quality cannot be in­ giving important information to sup­ adhesion, and sag test. spected into the product, it must be built pliers. We keep accurate monthly rec­ As the steel is received, enough sheets into it. ords which are given to suppliers during are checked to determine if they are Adequate control of the quality of ma­ their monthly visits. They cover: Aver­ free from damage — that is, dings, terials bought outside assures a product age gage; per cent scrap (both punch and scratches, etc. At the same time, the that will give maximum life free from enamel shops); sag performance; and sheets are checked for gage. A record trouble. It also reduces trouble in pro­ enameling performance. Each quarter showing average gage, weights and esti­ cessing and expedites production. the committee submits a complete report mated weight of each shipment is kept. Every 3 months, each supplier of to the purchasing agent, based on the Representative samples then are selected enamel steels is graded. This grading is monthly performance of each supplier. and sent to our control laboratories for arrived at by evaluating actual perform­ Benefits: The benefits gained are, first, testing. ance, receiving department tests and re­ reduced manufacturing costs which are On all difficult drawing jobs, sam­ ports and laboratory results. A commit­ based on the actual quality performance ples are tested before acceptance for tee, composed of die superintendent of of recommended suppliers; second, spe­ three physical properties. Tests include the enamel division and the manager of cialized processes made possible by rec­ the cup test on testing machine to deter­ quality control, grades the suppliers and ommending certain suppliers for definite mine ductility, rockwell hardness tests to sends a report to the purchasing depart­ applications; and third, uninterrupted determine surface hardness, and elonga­ ment together with a performance chart. production and increased quality provid­ tion on test machine to determine elas­ The chart grading is based on the follow­ ing No. 1 and No. 2 recommendations ticity. Over the years, limits have been ing symbols: are carried out. determined from the results of these AA—Very satisfactory (above com­ In addition to detailed information on three tests that tell, without setting the mercial) each supplier, plus our recommendation dies, whether or not the material "’ill A— Satisfactory (commercial) of certain suppliers for definite applica­ do the job for which it was purchased. B—Satisfactory, but not as good tions, we attach charts which show last While suppliers are kept informed of the ! as A year’s average performance of sag and physical limits of our tests, we instruct F — Failure enameling performance for each supplier them to make steel for the application. A supplier falling into the F class for as well as the quarterly performance of In any case, where tests indicate the steel

82 ✓ TEE1- Left, below—A typical sag test set-up, used to compare various steel samples. Results are used in grading suppliers \ Directly below— The bio-photometer determines if men responsible for checking color are deficient in vitamin.. A, a condition which prevents accurate visual analysis of color variation

Left Numerous tests are performed cm finished samples. (1 ) Enamel hardness test for vitreous finishes; (2 ) Impact resistivity test for vitreous enamel; (3) Cross bend test for vitreous enamel; (4 ) Test for adhesion of enamel to steel

are removed and allowed to cool to room temperature. Sag from horizontal is then measured. The results obtained are of a comparison type and are used in grad­ ing our suppliers. j5 questionable, it is not rejected until pound weight varies according to the In general, the regular feeder section nrst set our dies and actually try out thickness of the steel. inspection is the foreman’s responsibility. “te material. Sag tests are conducted in line with In the machine shop an inspector with Follovving the regular physical test, a tentative specifications established a toolmaker’s training checks the first ®iple is sent to the laboratory where through the Porcelain Enameling Insti­ and last piece; that is, when the die set­ 1 ls given a thickness controlled ground tute. The samples tested are 1 x 12 ter sets the die in the press and runs the “at of enamel. It is then tested in a inches, placed on a nickel chromium rack first piece, he obtains the release before eSular impact tester, after which the %-inch in diameter with 10-inch centers. operating the press. The last piece is Percentage of steel with enamel still ad- The entire unit is placed in the center also checked against the first piece and enng is determined. Limits can be of a furnace which has been heated to if found defective, it is the responsibility S0 decisions can be made 1600 degrees (plus or minus 5 degrees) of the foreman and the operator to in­ Iil er the steel is satisfactory for bond Fahr. The samples remain in this tem­ spect the entire lot in detail. This puts "esion. The height of drop of a 5- perature for 10 minutes, after which they ( Please turn to Page 118)

^bruary 26, 1945 ^ hom 2500 p o u n d ,

..... - - ' i / j Steel in transit from strip mill to tube plant is prevented from shifting oy j . N. UUHANNON by careful banding and packing. Compensation for variations in skelp Plant Manager thickness, analysis and condition is effected by changing speed of strip Spicer Mfg. Corp. Pottstown, Pa. going through mill rather than altering pressure of oxygen and acetylene, a n d electronic control widely employed. Looping system provides for joining F. JÜDELSOHN of coil ends without interrupting welding operation Engineering Supervisor Air Reduction Soles Co. Philadelphia HARD-PRESSED to meet urgent Ar- days a week, finished propeller shafts date features of welded tubing manu­ my-Navy demands for high-quality roll off the production line. welded power-transmission tubing for air­ facture everywhere—including several Welded tubing is especially suited to new company developments. craft, tanks, trucks, and other mobile use in parts which must rotate at high units, Spicer Mfg. Corp., Pottstown, Pa., The building is large enough to house speeds without whipping, and support all of the forming, welding, and testing tamed to the unprecedented expedient heavy loads without buckling. For auto­ machinery without crowding and still of planning and building an entire plant motive shafts and similar uses, high (or production of such tubing. Already leave sufficient storage space and room speeds require accurate balancing in the for expansion—46,125 square feet of in operation for over a year, the brand- tubing; out-of-balance creates whipping. new streamlined tube mill—probably the floor space in all, enough for three Therefore welded tubing which utilizes times present production. A high ceiling wodd’s first plant annex erected exclu­ flat strip in which uniform thickness is sively for tube welding—is turning out and special ventilating features guarantee maintained, is generally desirable, espe­ proper ventilation without any sort of many miles of badly needed tubing on cially for high-speed drives. draft. The entire building is as nearly two large continuous units and one small The new plant is designed to incor­ unit. Twenty-four hours a day, seven moisture-proof as possible to prevent rust- porate the most advantageous and up-to- ( Please turn to Page 102)

Fig. 1—Engineering and produc­ Fig. 3—Strip from compensator tion personnel who planned the table and is then trimmed for system is guided into first vertical butt-welding welding mill; seated left to right: breakdown rolls which impart a C. M. Shaner, production super­ shallow U-shape Fig. 5— Control house for oxygen intendent; J. N. Bohannon, plant and acetylene. Both gases are manager; C. H. Burdan, foreman Fig. 4— Coil in the guide stand is piped to regulators alongside indi­ tubing department; R. Hoel, chief supported on leather-faced rollers. vidual welding and forming units ins/rector. Standing left to right: Strip passes over the straightening B. M. Smith, machine and tool en­ gineer; M. P. Allen, production manager; R. Teitlebaum, metallur­ gist; C. Bracewell, chief draftsman; . H. Walker, time study engineer

Fig. 2—Juxtaposed ends of strip are clamped together and butt- welded to provide two coil lengths for the mill

ekruary 26. 1945 SINCE the most acceptable substitutes servation of tin in solders can be made, for tin-lead solders, particularly those of course, by eliminating the tin entirely. containing cadmium, have been on the Lead alone is being used successfully in scarce or critical list, the development coating steel parts by hot dipping! ¿ter and use of low-tin solders and lead-base thorough cleaning and fluxing; but, with solders containing no tin was necessary. the exception of a very few applications, To some extent, the change in properties it does not have the requisite wetting caused by the low tin contents has been tendency, flowability, or strength for a offset by additions of minor amounts of successful solder. By adding a little antimony, bismuth, arsenic, and silver; silver, however, solderability is markedly but changes in soldering technique have increased and the melting range is low­ been far more effective in compensating ered somewhat. This forms the basis for the lower tin content. for a series of tin-free solders which has Solders: Before World War II, soft gained wide usage, solders in this country were of rather A 2.5 per cent silver addition gives the simple composition, consisting mainly of eutectic or lowest melting point of this lead and tin with occasional additions of group, and this composition is much used antimony in amounts of 2 per cent or for general soldering. Addition of 0.25 less. Cadmium-base solders and tin- per cent copper is optional. It is thought antimony solders were used for special to give better wetting, a slightly stronger applications. Since war started, however, joint, and higher creep resistance in many variations have been developed. electrical work. The silver content is Present low-tin solders generally have sometimes raised to 5 per cent for higher melting points and longer freezing greater assurance of solderability, but for ranges, requiring a different technique the sake of economy the tendency has in use than with the high tin-lead solders. been to drop silver to 2 per cent, or even Whereas, for example, a 50-50 tin-lead 1 perjt.Cehty if tests showed such change solder is completely melted at 421 de­ to produce the desired joint properties. grees Fahr. and has a freezing range of Probably the most important commer­ 50 degrees Fahr., a 20 per cent tin solder cial substitution of silver-lead for high containing one per cent of antimony and tin-lead solder has been in the soldering 0.5 per cent silver is not completely of side seams on tin cans, although re­ melted until 511 degrees Fahr. and has cently the trend has been to reduce the a freezing range of 155 degrees Fahr. silver content to only 1 per cent or so, This means that a higher temperature is or eliminate it entirely and depend upon necessary in the use of the latter solder a very low tin-lead solder for this appli­ and the joint must be held rigid through cation. Since a small amount of tin is a longer period. Although a higher tem­ picked up by the action of the solder perature is required, it is just as import­ bath on the tin-plate container, a com­ ant not to overheat; hence, closer control position of about 2 per cent silver, 3 to is needed. 5 per cent tin, balance lead, is soon Extensive use of solders The compositions and freezing ranges established in the bath when starting of some of the more common solders are with a plain 2 to 2% per cent silver-lead for joining has necessi­ given in Table I. Emergency specifica­ solder. The tin gives improved resistance tions of the American Society for Testing to tarnishing; in fact, addition of only tated the development Materials covering this general field are 1 per cent of tin improves the brightness given in Table IV. Just as the normal of the soldered joint. With higher than of substitutes to meet the tin-lead solders have different properties 5 or 6 per cent tin content, the effect suiting them for various applications, so of tin on the melting range becomes critical shortage of tin. also do the low-tin and tin-free emer­ marked, and “hot breaks” or fractures gency solders have specific properties that in the joint may occur from cooling Physical properties, lim­ fit them for particular uses. strains while the solder is not entirely Lead-Silver Solders: The greatest con­ itations and modes of solidified. The aid silver has given to application of alternate types worked out for the Precautions To Be Taken in Using Low-Tin Solders War Metallurgy Com­ 1. Use a tin-lead solder free from antimony. Avoid any antimony-containing mittee are presented solder when soldering zinc or galvanized iron. 2. Use a flux high in ammonium chloride, such as one of 28 parts by weight ammonium chloride, 72 parts zinc chloride, and 400 parts water. In case zinc coating is dull, as on old used material, add a little free hy­ drochloric acid to flux in item 2 to insure removal of zinc carbonate. Do not heat parts to be soldered too hot. Temperature just hot e n o u g h By to flow solder is all that is needed. (High temperatures oxidize the gal­ C. A. REICHELDERFER vanized surface forming oxychlorides which cause solder to “ball up” and or fail to wet the sheet. Low-tin solders, however, require higher tem­ B. W . G O N S E R peratures than high-tin solders). As in the soldering of any metal, pos­ Batfelle Memorial Institute sibility of using different heating methods should be considered. M etals Columbus, O. heated rapidly to soldering temperatures have less time to oxidize and therefore solder more easily. W ash finished joints thoroughly with water or very dilute hydrochloric acid, followed by water to remove excess flux.

86 1 /TEEL TA B LE I COMPOSITION AND FREEZING RANGE OF SOME TA B LE II TIN-LEAD AND MODIFIED LEAD-BASE SOLDERS HIGH BISMUTH SOLDERS Temperature, Degrees Fahr. Composition, Per C ent Melting Rang© F reezin g Bism uth Tin L ead D egrees F ah r. fa L ead A ntim ony Silver C opper Solidus L iquidus R ange 67 17 16 300-2 0 3 . . . 85 15...... 437 543 106 56 22 22 2 2 0-203 . . . SO £0...... 361 523 162 52.5 15.5 32 203 (eutectic) SO...... 70 33.3 361 486 125 33.3 33.4 290-203 ...... 60 14 361 453 92 43 43 3 2 5 -2 9 0 50...... 50 361 421 60 W...... 4 0 361 372 11 3 ...... 37 361 361 0 M odified Solders0 TA B LE III . . . 99 SUBSTITUTE SOLDERS COMMONLY USED 1 5 7 9 604 25 . . . 97.25 IN THE ELECTRICAL 2.5 0.25 576 590 14 . . . 97.5 INDUSTRY 2.5 579 579 0 US ...... 95.25 2.0 0.25 4 5 7 577 120 Softening F lu id i ...... 94 1.00 561 572 11 Point, 19 ...... 80 1.0 P oint, 365 N om m ai 1 0 ' ...... 79.58 523 158 D egrees D egrees 0.42 352 10 ...... 79.25 523 171 Composition Fah r. F ah r. 0.75 351 SO ...... 78.5 523 172 1. 97.5 Pb, 2.50 Ag 51 9 1.5 350 579 SO ...... 78.57 5 17 167 2. 90.0 Pb, 10 Sn 527 1.0 0.43 356 566 SO ...... 77.50 511 155 3. 84 Pb, 15 Sn, 1 Ag 2.0 0.5 363 SO ...... 77.25 505 142 4. 77.75 Pb, 20 Sn,\ 3 5 2 1.5 1.25 354 5 0 3 504 150 1.25 Ag, 1.50 Sbf 5. °D. L. Colwell and W. C. Lang, Conservation of Tin in Soft Solders, Preprint 35 ASTM, 1943. 66.75 Pb, 30 Sn, \ 2 Sb, 1.25 Ag f

tic solderability of lead has encouraged TA B LE IV SOFT SOLDERS, ASTM EMERGENCY SP E C IF IC ATIO N S ° tie addition of small amounts to 20 per •Nominal Composition, Per Cent- T in | cent tin-lead solders, as shown in Table A ntim ony L ead Bismuth Silver "F. »C. "F. 'C. 30 0 to 0.4 1, but there is some divergence of opinion R em ainder 361 183 494 257 28 1.5 to 2.0 concerning the advantage of silver with R em ainder 361 183 484 251 25 0 to 0.4 R em ainder 361 183 511 266 tin contents of 20 per cent or more. 25 1.25 to 1.75 R em ainder 361 183 502 261 20 0 to 0.4 In general, the silver-lead spiders are R em ainder 361 183 525 274 20 1.25 to 1.75 R em ainder 361 183 518 270 cl for applications where a relatively 15 0 to 0.4 R em ainder 361 183 543 284 I'gh temperature of application is not 15 0.4 to 2.75 R em ainder 361 183 5 3 2 -5 4 1 2 7 8 -2 8 3 20 to 0.5 s serious handicap, and where strong acid R em ainder 0 to 0.75 1.25 356 180 518 270 (20 to 0.5 fluxes can be used. With tinned surfaces, R em ainder 5 f 1.25 333 167 486 2 52) 15 to 0.5 R em ainder 0 to 0.75 1.25 358 181 532 278 noncorrosive fluxes can be used. The (15 to 0.5 R em ainder Sf 1.25 333 167 503 2 6 2 ) snort freezing range is an advantage in 10 to 0.5 R em ainder 0 to 0.75 1.50 352 178 554 29 0 to 0.5 R em ainder mny applications. The silver-lead solders 2.50 579 304 579 304 0.65 to 0.85 to 0.5 R em ainder a class are slightly stronger, particu- 0.25 579 304 608 320 ®ly at elevated temperatures, than tin- lead solders. SaAEeHSandbeoo,fE 3 6’ A « 1 *

Resistance of this solder to outdoor list P6r °ent b“mUth’ E‘°2 3nd E-°4’ haVe been from th. 'feathering and underground corrosion Ms not been fully determined as yet. «cessive formation of basic lead car­ TA B LE V FL U X E S bonate at the joint has been reported2 Flux !!1 one instance where solder-coated steel Characteristics U se Rosin cocers were soldered to antimonial-lead Noncorrosive, nonconducting, E lectrical nonhygroscopic !ases‘ In another application where lead Tallow Very mildly corrosive £ Lead, brass, clean copper P a r ts were joined to lead, complete dis­ Olive oil or Gallipoli oil Very mildly corrosive J Pewter, block tin integration of the solder occurred within Stearic acid - years2. Caution, therefore, should be Mildly corrosive, almost non- Electrical, lead observed in using this solder for perma­ conductive Aniline phosphate or [ Mildly corrosive E lectrical nent installation underground or when Aniline chloride j Almost nonconductive uu- exPosec^ to outdoor corrosion. Lactic acid Phthalic acid Mildly corrosive ■Mention of a few per cent of tin should Phosphoric acid Slightly conductive E lectrical be helpful in retarding corrosion. Zinc chloride Mixed with tallow, rosin, etc. Antimony Additions: Antimony has fre­ Corrosive Iron, steel zinc, copper, brass, quently been added to tin-lead solders bronze, teme, and lead plate Zinc chloride and HC1 ni the past for increased strength and for Corrosive Stainless steel, nickel, and ■eonomy. One per cent antimony is con- Mon el Zinc chloride plus HF “ ered to replace 2 per cent tin, but Corrosive Brasses and bronzes contain­ ing aluminum, silicon, and ere is a limit to the extent of such m anganese iu ^Ration. About 6 per cent antimony Numerous proprietary pastes Corrosive usually containing zinc chlor­ » soluble in tin; hence, antimony to the ide stent of 6 per cent of the tin content Zinc chloride and ammonium Corrosive Iron, zinc, copper, brass, bmains in solution and gives no particu- chloride bronze f t™uble. Above this amount, crystals Dilute hydrochloric acid Corrosive Dirty zinc Fused salts of zinc chloride Corrosive On dip pots a high-melting antimony-tin compound and ammonium chloride formed, which not only embrittle the 1 hut make it sluggish and rough. mull amounts of antimony, with or with- range, give a stronger solder, and aid harmful when soldering zinc or galvan­ ut silver additions, are consequently resistance to creep or slow movement ized parts and Nightingale3 has found , ‘n some of the modified solders under continued pressure. antimony deleterious in low-tin solders °"n in Table 1 to lower the melting The addition’ of antimony is definitely for use in soldering steel because of

^ruary 26, 1945 87 The high cost of indium lias discouraged its use. Preparation of Work The formation of a good joint by solder­ ing depends fundamentally on the wet­ ting of the surfaces to be joined by the soldering alloy. Most metals are wet only with difficulty by lead, but are wet easily by tin. High-tin alloys, therefore, have been preferred for ease of wetting. With careful preparation and attention to soldering technique, however, satis­ factory joints also can be obtained with low-tin alloys in most cases. Metals to be soldered must be clean and free from scale. Dirt, grease, oxide, and other foreign material must be re­ moved either mechanically or chemically. Files, scrapers, emery' paper, steel wool, sand blasting, or other mechanical means can be used. Commercial solvents and pickle liquors at times are more economi­ cal and more efficient than mechanical methods. Tinplate and Tin-Coated Metals: Tin, because of its resistance to oxidation in the atmosphere and the ease with which it alloys with lead, is one of the easiest metals to wet with tin-lead solders. Tin­ BLACK LIGHT FOR BOMBERS: Emitting invisible rays which illuminate plate and tin-coated metals can be joined fluorescent instrument dials, charts, and other treated equipment, these West- readily by soldering and little, if any, mghouse 4-watt bulbs maintain dark-adapted pilot vision. Machine inserts preparation is needed other than fluxing. cathode and anode and bulb is sealed by gas flame at top For this reason, metals to be soldered frequently are tinned. Tinplate is usually coated with a film of palm oil, which not only protects the decreased joint strength. Experience in ailoymg, and fluxing is more difficult surface, keeping the metal bright, but the soldering of steel in this country does the strength of joints made with these also lias fluxing properties that aid in not substantiate this contention, however, solders, consequently, is apt to be low. soldering. Occasionally', however, oil, since additions of up to 5 per cent In general, bismuth in a solder is like lacquer, or other materials which seri­ frequently have been found advantage­ lead and, except for lowering the melting ously interfere with soldering are used ous. For example, the joint strength of point, is more a substitute for lead than on tinplate. Almost any of the com­ a 5-tin, o-antimony solder has been found for tin. mercial solvents such as trichloroethylene, to be fully equal to that of a plain 10 In some applications, the use of inter­ benzene, carbon tetrachloride, etc., will per cent tin-lead solder.* Antimony is mediate bismuth solders with low tin serve to remove these coatings, leaving a particularly useful addition where in­ has been satisfactory. The long solidifi­ a clean surface for soldering. creased resistance to creep at elevated cation range of the low tin solders, which Copper and Copper Alloys: Copper room temperature is needed. may be amplified in this case by produc­ when clean also soldered easily, and A lead-base high-antimony solder con­ ing a small amount of a very low melting frequently is applied by electroplating taining zero to 5 per cent tin and 4 lo ternary eutectic, gives a weak joint or one or displacement coating to prepare other 8 per cent antimony lias been sug­ that is “hot short” throughout a large rnetals for soldering. Oxidized copper, gested.'. s At first this high antimony portion of the cooling time. Frequently on tile other hand, is difficult to solder content seems excessive since in high tin the increased cost and care needed to and must be cleaned. Mechanical clean­ solders an effort lias always been made prevent strain during the cooling period ing can be used, but often pickling is to keep a low ratio between antimony do not compensate for the lowered solder­ more practical. Immersion for 5 to 15 and tin, but since the tin content is ing temperature. Scarcity of bismuth is minutes in 10 to 15 per cent sulphuric low (well within the solid solution limits), also a factor. Additions of up to 1 per acid at about 150 degrees Fahr., followed it is probable that objectionable anti- cent are frequently and advantageously by a water rinse, is usually sufficient for raony-tin compound crystals would not made, however, because of their effect copper and such copper-base alloys as form. This solder has been tried success­ in lowering the soldering temperature. bronzes and brasses. A 10 to 15 per fully in several applications. cent nitric acid solution frequently is Miscellaneous Solders: Some of the used, especially when trouble is en­ Bismuth-Containing Alloys: Bismuth cadmium-containing solders are excellent, countered in soldering after the sulphuric greatly lowers the melting range of the but must be disregarded because of the acid pickle. tin-lead solders and was a natural selec­ need for using cadmium in other appli­ Iron, Steel, and Galvanized Iron: Black tion when additions for substitute solders cations. A 90 lead, 8 cadmium, 2 zinc plate, cast iron, galvanized iron, and were first suggested. The high bismuth- alloy' is probably the most promising sub­ other steel parts are much more difficult containing solders are used for special stitute because of the relatively small to solder than copper and tin and re­ applications where a low melting point amount of cadmium used. It is particu­ quire more careful preparation. Again, is essential and where the increased cost larly useful in soldering zinc and galvan­ abrasion will often produce a clean, or poor availability' is not too important. ized parts. The melting range of about solderable surface. Ordinary steels can Such high bismuth alloys expand during 410-530 degrees Fahr. is but slightly more be cleaned from oxide and scale by and after solidification, which can be than the melting range for low tin-lead a disadvantage in some joints and an solders. pickling in 5 to 15 per cent sulphuric or advantage in giving a tighter fit in others. muriatic acid at 150 degrees Fahr. Tin­ Indium lias been said’-' to give improved ning previous to soldering is the solution Since the temperature of soldering is solderability to silver-lead solders when so low for these alloys, there is much less to some difficult soldering problems. added in amounts of 1 or 2 per cent. Cast iron, because of flake graphite and

/TEEL COPPER ON ITS WAY TO PERFECTION . . . BY REVERE

This picture shows coils of copper awaiting final it is so easily cut, formed, worked and soldered; processing in a Revere plant. It comes glistening because of its high heat and electrical con­ from between the finishing rolls true to gauge. ductivity, its resistance to corrosion and the It is delivered to you in the form of sheet, strip or readiness w ith w hich it may be plated and tinned. roll in the correct temper and finish as specified In most applications it is so long-lasting as to and in accurate dim ensions. W e have been rolling be permanent. copper for 144 years, and being the oldest metal­ working firm in the country, know how to do When the day of reconversion comes, Revere it right. will have few problems in its copper mills. We and Revere distributors in all parts of the country Today, Revere copper goes to war. It is a vital will supply you freely. metal, available from Revere or its distributors on authorized C.M.P. orders.

Some day it will go to you freely for civilian metal work, for radiators, heat exchangers, stamped and spun parts, ducts, kettles and a thousand and COPPER AND BRASS INCORPORATED one products. Copper is preferred for plant and Founded by Paul Revere in 1801 home equipment and consumer goods because Executive Offices: 230 Park Ave., New York 17, N. Y.

February 26, 1945 89 silicon, requires special preparation. and alloy more slowly than those of pre­ orates and leaves a deposit of fine crystals Mechanical means of removing the cast­ war type, stronger fluxes or better prep­ ing skin by shot blasting, grinding, filing, aration of the joints are usually necessary. chloride. As tllese crystals melt oxide films are dissolved and the work is •etc., usually are insufficient preparation When acid fluxes or fused salt baths can because of the graphite present. Coating protected from further oxidation. How­ be used, there has been much less diffi­ ever, since the melting point of these such cleaned parts with pure iron, or culty in changing to low-tin solders. with a relatively heavy coating of copper crystals is 500 degrees Fahr. (262 de­ Corrosive or Acid Fluxes: Most of the by electrodeposition is effective, but re­ grees Cent.), and the final solidifying quires considerable time, equipment, and corrosive or acid fluxes contain zinc chlor- temperature of solders containing over specialized attention. A more practical 20 per cent of tin is 361 degrees Fahr method is to remove tile surface graphite (183 degrees Cent.), flux particles are by dipping the parts to be joined in a apt to be entrapped, preventing the hot molten bath of equal parts sodium Planer Attachment solder from adhering to the base metal nitrate and potassium nitrate. This must and thus weakening the joint. be followed by washing and by a brief Airplane propeller blades now Ammonium chloride (sal ammoniac) pickling treatment, as in a cold 5 per cent can be machined faster through added to zinc chloride in the ratio of hydrofluoric acid solution, however, to use of a product known as the Tur- one part of ammonium chloride to three remove the oxidized film produced. chan Hydraulic Follower Attach­ parts of zinc chloride form a low-melting Alternately, a second fused salt bath ment, made by Turchan Follower eutectic that is molten above 356 degrees may be used7. A proprietary flux8 is also Machine Co., Detroit, making it Fahr. (180 degrees Cent.) Better results .satisfactory for this second treatment. possible to step up wartime pro­ are obtained, however, by using nine duction. Formerly machining of Clean galvanized iron and zinc need parts of zinc chloride to one part of no preparation, but can be soldered by propeller blades was a hand job, ammonium chloride. The eutectic formed similar to large and complex die using an active flux such as zinc chloride- by mixing nine parts of zine chloride sinking, involving three slow oper­ -ammonium chloride, preferably contain­ with two parts of sodium chloride also ations—milling, rough grinding and ing free hydrochloric acid. Dirty or oxi­ forms an active low-melting flux which hand finishing. This new attach­ dized zinc, however, should be cleaned is said to have properties superior to ment is said to have converted the with a solution of hydrochloric acid and certain respects to the zinc chloride- process into a simple machine job washed with water before an attempt is ammonium chloride mixtures, especially made to apply solder. for use in dip soldering or as a fused salt As with tinplate, copper, and steel, flux. These same salts are the basis for other metals can be prepared for solder­ many proprietary fluxes which are sold ing by removing surface films mechanic­ under various trade names. Paste fluxes ally by degreasing and suitable pickling. usually contain zinc chloride or other Thus stainless steel and high-chromium active flux in vaseline. steels are best cleaned with hydrochloric acid. Lead and lead alloy are readily Difficult Soldering scraped clean. Malleable iron may be Some metals such as nickel, Monel, treated like cast iron if simpler cleaning stainless steel, and dirty galvanized iron operations are ineffective. Nickel and its are difficult to solder even with the zinc alloys may be best cleaned with nitric chloride-base fluxes. The addition of up acid. to 50 per cent of hydrochloric acid aids Fluxes in fluxing these metals. Alloys containing readily-oxidized ele­ It is not sufficient merely to clean of duplicating blade contours with ments that form light, coherent films a surface to be soldered, for that surface a planer, performing the operation (such as aluminum and silicon) present must be kept clean and free from oxide in 1/20 the time. a special problem. The zinc chloride- until it is coated with the solder. All The attachment, shown in the hydrochloric acid fluxes will not dissolve •common metals on contact with air form accompanying illustration, is plan­ aluminum oxide or silicon oxide films. a thin oxide film which, if not removed ing the irregular contours on a However, the addition of up to 5 per would prevent the perfect metal-to-metal forged member of a 2-piece brazed propeller blade, finishing it to a cent of hydrofluoric acid forms a flux that contact needed for adhesion or alloying. removes the oxide film and makes solder­ This oxide coating must be removed and tolerance of close limits. On this ing these alloys possible. precautions taken to prevent its reform­ operation the tolerance require­ ing. Fluxes, therefore, must perform two ments are within 0.008-inch per Another interesting development in •operations: (1) Remove light oxide films, inch measured transversely against fluxes is the use of “wetting agents.” and (2) prevent them from reforming a master template from a cut made Fluxes, to serve their purpose, must until the solder has come into intimate in 4340 SAE steel at a speed of 40 reach the surfaces to be soldered, but •contact with the base metal. feet per minute. On other similar often, because of grease or oil, the solu­ operations, such as planing turbine tion will not wet the metal and will not In addition to these two requirements, blades and cams of irregular penetrate joints. The addition of a small fluxes must (1) have a melting point shapes, lower tolerances may be amount of a wetting agent frequent!)' below that of the solder so that inclusions held. overcomes this condition. Since alcohol will not be entrapped in the solder or is itself a wetting agent, such additives between the solder and the surface being are not needed in alcoholic solutions. soldered; (2 ) be capable of withstanding Inhibitors sometimes are added to acid the heat without breaking down at solder­ ide. The one most commonly used for fluxes, also to decrease corrosion, but ing temperatures, or evaporating too they are not always effective in practice. rapidly, charring, or decomposing to leave ordinary work is normally prepared by a residue; and (3 ) aid the solder in the plumber or tinsmith bv adding an Residual acid flux should be rem oved wetting and flowing over the surface, excess of zinc to hydrochloric (muriatic) from the joint after soldering by thorough and cover the surface until completely acid. Because of the unpleasant and irri­ washing. Since insoluble zinc oxychloride displaced by the solder. tating fumes, and the unpredictable is readily formed by the action of water strength of flux prepared in this manner alone on zinc chloride, a preliminary A number of substances possess these it is preferable to dissolve an ounce of wash with a dilute (1 or 2 per cent) properties in varying degrees. They may zinc chloride in the form of flakes or muriatic acid solution is desirable before be divided into two groups, corrosive and sticks in 4 ounces of water. This is an flushing freely with water. relatively noncorrosive. Since tin-free active and efficient flux which, on appli­ and low-tin solders are higher melting Relatively Noncorrosive Fluxes: Fluxes cation to the work being heated, evap­ are commonly' classed as corrosive or non- ■90 /TEEL 1 Style 1000 2 Style 2000 that time and you need carbide tools rushed to the 3 Style 3000 (R.H.) Style 4000 (L.H.) ¡same dak or sa m e H O U R -keep a stock of STANDARD Carboloy (Clearance Formed) anks in youfl tool crib. Leading plants following this practice are ready at a 4 V-Series Blank rom^iS n0tlT t0 braze Carbol°y Blanks on special tools or cutters and 5 Reamer Blank romptly meet temergency demands. 6 Scraper Blank Adaptable tolpractically all styles and sizes of tools and cutters-including y vital tools for ammunition production —STANDARD Carboloy s Provide flexibility, economy and convenience. Stocked in grades for cut- ; CnSt irr ’ non-ferrous metals, Carboloy “Standards” cover from 60% w/o oi all maéhining requirements. Carboloy tool Specialists will be glad to assist you in making a selection of Carboldy Blanks for greatest “universal” use in voui-mlaBt^gnHT^T"' *talog GT-175Ri yüui-^nrr^ena tor

s t a n d a r d

b la n k s trADe MARK 'A G n ^ '|, INC., 1 1 1 4 1 E. 8 Mile Avenue, Detroit 32, Michigan • CLEVELAND . HOUSTON . LOS ANGELES . MILWAUKEE . NEWARK . PHILADELPHIA . PITTSBURGH . THOMASTON Also sold by leading M ill Supply Distributors

maW 26, 1945 means of heating should be considered corrosive, depending on the action at greatest strength when the solder film when using the low-tin solders. room temperature of the residue left is between. 0.003-inch and 0.005-inch in after soldering. To be of value as a flux, thickness. More space between the parts Solders are used in such diverse appli­ however, a substance must be capable of to be joined not only decreases the cations that it is impractical to cover even exerting some positive oxide dissolving strength, but also wastes solder. On the the important uses. From the general action at soldering temperatures. other hand, joints must allow sufficient characteristics of the solders, fluxes and space so that the solder can flow between means of soldering which have been dis­ The fluxes just discussed are corrosive the surfaces. Heavy fillets add little cussed, the choice of materials for a given at room temperatures and leave residues application should not be loo difticult. that are corrosive, hygroscopic, and con­ strength and waste solder. Some industries have converted quickly ductive. They are unsuitable, therefore, Since solder is almost always weaker and effectively to substitute solders, as for most electrical work and other appli­ exemplified in the use of silver-lead solder cations where residues cannot be removed by the canmaking industry. Others have by washing, and corrosive action cannot had difficulties. be tolerated. 7 r Rosin or rosin in alcohol has long been Industrial Practice accepted as the only noncorrosive flux suitable for use in the electrical industry. As examples of industrial applications, The corrosive action of the residues left practice in the electrical industry has from soldering with rosin flux is very been selected because of its importance slow, and long periods of time are re­ and of the different conditions which quired for any attack to be noticeable. must be met. The soldering of galvanized Residues are nonlwgroscopic and non­ material is briefly discussed because it conducting. In general, rosin also is the represents a widely scattered application least destructive of all soldering fluxes where poor practice in' using low-tin at soldering temperatures. For this reason, solder and substitution carried too far it is preferred for the soldering of fine can do more harm than good. Surveys copper wires and other intricate work. have been made recently of soldering practice in these industries. Much effort has been expended in the search for a flux that would be non- Electrical Industry: The amount of soft corrosive, nonconductive, and noahygro- solder used in the various divisions of the scopic, and yet have better fluxing action electrical industry is not large for each than rosin. As a result, many mixtures application, but the. number of applica­ have been developed that are not so tions is so great that the total amount of corrosive as the zinc chloride-base fluxes solder used is quite important. Fortu­ and approach the desirable properties or nately for purposes of consumption con­ rosin. Tnese include stearic acid, naph­ trol, most of the electrical equipment thalene tetrachloride, aniline, and other manufacture is in the hands of companies nitrogenous compounds (sometimes in sufficiently large to support well-organ­ combination with hydrochloric acid) and ized technical staffs which can supervise lactic acid, phthahc acid, or phosphoric adoption of lower-tin solders wherever acid, alone or mixed with tallow, rosin, such usage is practical. Thus, industry or petroleum jelly. Various amines and noticeably felt the effect of first tin con­ servation order, but a recent restriction amides also have been proposed. to 20 per cent tin in solder for general Such materials as Gallipoli oil, olive use seemed less drastic as steps already oil, tallow, and some modified mineral- had been taken by largest companies base oils also are in this general classifi­ TONGS: Demands for greater pro­ to use minimum tin content solder. cation. These substances are satisfactory duction of S-inch, 250-pound shells for soldering lead, pewter, tin, and some­ have resulted in mass production by" The chief function of solder in the times clean copper-base alloys. They are Heppenstall Co., Pittsburgh of special electrical industry is to furnish a metal- to-metal contact for current-carrying ap­ relatively noncorrosive and have mild automatic tongs designed to serve as fluxing action. Unfortunately, many of plications which will not be loosened or assembly tools. Their adoption has affected by vibration, and which will these less corrosive fluxes decompose too solved production difficulties such as rapidly at the temperatures needed where prevent formation of oxide films or cor­ inverting and repositioning the shell using 'ow-tin solders, or their action is rosion films that cause poor contact. too mild; hence, as a class, they are less for shot-blasting. A variety of sizes Secondary functions are to form mechani­ important under present conditions than is made, largest of which has lifting cal joints and to form a protective layer inorganic acid or salt fluxes. When using capacity of 60,000 pounds on some metal surfaces. readily solderable materials such as tin­ Electrical Manufacturing: In the past, plate," even the mild fluxes are effective pure tin, 60 tin-40 lead, and 40 tin-60 lead with low-tin solder, however. solders have been widely used. Recently these have been largely replaced by Salt Baths: Fused salt baths have come than the metals being joined, it is advis­ solders similar to those listed in Table II ■ into use recently for-* the ’ preparation or able, whenever possible, to design joints such metals as cast iron, malleable iron, with lock seams or rolled joints, or to Solder No. 1, appearing in this table, and others that are difficult to tin or tack braze, spot weld, rivet, or use the is recommended chiefly for application solder. These usually consist of zinc special type of screws designed for join­ where high rupture strength is require chloride to which has been added one ing sheet metal. Solder then can be at elevated temperatures. This solder or more salts such as sodium, potassium used to seal the joint, and frequently, does not flow or wet so well as pure tin , and ammonium chloride in amounts up since strength is not required from solder, but can be used effectively with corrosno to 10 per cent each. an appreciable saving is realized. fluxes. If surfaces to be soldered are pre tinned or cadmium plated, rosin ru It must be remembered that the low- Design of Joints can be used. A major use is in so cr tin and tin-free solders require a mark­ ing rotor binding bands. A small a m o u n A full discussion of joint design would edly higher heat than the formerly used of copper, as 0.25 per cent, is s o m e tim e require far more space than can be tin-lead solders. This demands much added, but it is not essential. more of soldering irons, both in wear and allotted here, but a few fundamentals Solder No. 2 is used for pretinning or warrant mention. It has been demon­ in frequency of reheating. Although this strated repeatedly that joints have the means of soldering is still effective, other ( Please turn to Page 132)

E.E 92 fi 1 INSPECTING 'iH GH PRECISION COLLET HOLDERS he manufacturer of these collet holders reports “a time saving of eight/ percent (80%) over the method formerly used - - - ", when a Jones & Lamson Pedestal Optical Comparator was installed. The angles are held to limits of ± 15 minutes of arc, and the straight diameter to ± .001". Through a highly precise lens system, a magnified shadow of the part is projected upon the screen of the Comparator and compared with a master outline drawn upon the glass. It's as simple as that, and the results are accurate beyond a shadow of a doubt. Form tools, gages and other products with complex or multiform contours can be checked and measured in all dimensions by means of the standard meas­ uring attachments of Jones & Lamson Optical Comparators. For the method best suited to your own needs, consult a Jones & Lamson inspection engineer. There is one near you, and he is backed by an organi­ zation with over 20 years experience in the optical inspection field.

This book "Beyond o Shadow of a Doubt" will tell you more about our Optical Comparators and what they are doing.

Manufacturer of: Universal Turret Lathes - Fay }0 NTES & LAMSON Automatic Lathes • Automatic Double-End Milling MACHINE COMPANY and Centering Machines • Automatic Thread Grinders • Optical Comparators • Automatic Springfield, Vermont, U.S.A. Opening Threading Dies and Chasers.

Notary 26, 1945 93 EVER SO OFTEN, all of us are MASTS and KINGPOSTS brought up short with astonishment at the modem speeds of production. Recent­ ly, I had been reading about the diffi­ quirements of four to five ships weekly, blocks, top mast and radio mast and culties of finding and preparing masts for and have been doing so for nearly two other rigging are finally assembled. South­ the ships of the Clipper days of American years. west prefabricates as much as possible, history; particularly of one Hezekiah When the U. S. Maritime decentralized and tire outfitting is by other contractors. Daniels, a shipbuilder at New Bruns­ its purchasing early in the war, it began The maximum single unit in this mast wick, who spent two years hunting the to take Pacific Coast bids for structural and kingpost fabrication involves a 20- forest for a tree of the girth and size appurtenances for the AP2, AP3, and ton steel section, 51 inches outside diam­ and straightness, plus waiting a year for APS type ships; these being of the Vic­ eter by 61 feet long, made from single it to cure properly to withstand the riot­ tory and Attack transport classifications. plates I 1/?, inches thick by 13 feet long ous storms of the Atlantic. Southwest Welding received a contract and of various widths. The masts, by That prompted me to visit Southwest for a large number of shipsworth, the the way, are anchored two decks down Welding & Mfg. Co. at Alhambra, Calif., total eventually nearing 1000 masts and when installed. They are of telescope type construction, consisting of courses or prominent producers of masts and king­ kingposts. posts for the U. S. Maritime, to ascertain A mast for the Victory ship is really sections which are lapped or butt welded how long such fabrication took them. quite complicated when cross trees, boom to lighter plate and smaller diameters And I found that they produce the re- steps, light brackets, tackle eyes and as the assembly proceeds toward the small or top end. The masts are 1 inches ABS hull steel plate at the base or butt end, and about 1-inch plate at the top course, being 61 feet tall. The kingposts are made from 1 5/lb- inch plate at the base and 1 3 / 16-inc

Fig. 1— Flame planer squares up plate edges and bevels them in single operation. This is first step in making masts and kingposts since no previous layout is re q u ire d

Fig. 2—Southwark press brake crimps edges of VA-inch plate to proper radius before rolling. Bev­ eled plate is stacked at the left as this is second station in the processing line George was a salesman for your industrial past, George knows sources of supply—he Supply Distributor. Today he’s one of the knows how to get materials to you on reasons the Allies are on top, thanks to his schedule—he knows how to anticipate your guts and intelligence and ability. It’s a big needs. His specialized knowledge means job that he’s helping to wind up. lower production costs for you.

But the job is no bigger, really, than the These will be George’s contributions to job of licking the problems of peacetime Industry in the postwar world. In the mean­ that are coming. And that’s a job where time, please continue to work with your George is admirably qualified to do his industrial Supply Distributor. You'll find part. As he demonstrated so well in the it pays to

Telephone yo

TW IST DRILL COMPANY 1242 EAST 49'-l‘STREET C L E V E LA N D THAOC MARK RCO. U. S. RAT OKR AND TOKCICN COUNTRIES 20 THOMAS ST. NEW YORK 9 NORTH JEFFERSON ST. CHICACO 650 HOWARD ST. SAN FRANCISCO 651 5 SECOND BLVD.. DETROIT BRUNEL ROAD. OLD OAK COM M ON LANE.ACTON. LONDON W .3. ENGLAND

hbru;ary 26, 1945 m b m b

Fig. 3— At extreme right is 30-foot roll with liold-down yoke which rolls heaviest courses without heat­ ing. A t extreme left is one of the automatic welding setups. Note overhead rails for carrying the automatic head Fig. 4— This 300-ton horizontal Southwark press forces together the telescoping sections. This fitup is so tight that feather edge must be chipped off sections before they can be joined Fig. 5— This setup for automat­ ically welding circumferential joint in a telescoped assembly. The spe­ cial positioners accommodate masts and kingposts varying widely in diameter Fig. 6— Special boom carries auto­ matic welding head inside long sections to make girth seams. Mounted on mobile car, boom is easily positioned to allow head to work at any point

plate at the top, being 50 feet high. ABS hull steel has higher tensile strength than ordinary structural plate. The masts, rather than being tapered in a contin­ uous flow as formerly, are now fabricat­ ed in three or more telescoped sections with the smaller diameters naturally at the top. There are intermediate butt welds of sections having uniform diam­ eter between the telescoped lap welds of the courses in the construction. Southwest Welding & Mfg. Co. has given considerable attention to the im­ provement of fabrication technique ana several special setups for handling this heavy plate have been developed. The company is widely known for its produc­ tion of heavy gage welded steel vessels, particularly in the oil refining, chem­ ical and marine fields. It also manufac­ tures a line of construction equipmen , such as bulldozers, earthmovers, 4-whee scrapers, power winches, rippers, roc'

96 . / T E E I En d M ills Free C utting —Lo n g -Lived

Design features of Brown & Sharpe End Mills help keep machine output high — and milling costs low. These Features Mea The hollow face and rake angle reduce power consumption — increase Higher Efficiency number of pieces per sharpening. The proper number of teeth increases —Longer Life the cutting efficiency — strong teeth with ample chip space. The double angle land gives proper clearance. These advantages are available in 1 Strong Teeth Brown & Sharpe End Mills in a wide range of styles and sizes. 2 Hollow Faces 3 Double Angle Lands t Complete listing in Small Tools Catalog No. 34. See your dealer — 4 Efficient Helix and today. Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co., Providence 1, R. I., U. S. A. Rake Angles

, , * 'ft/e unye fiuyttiy.

t& 'uxua/l t&e 'D t4tni6ctf

The reasons are two: (1) the struc­ tures developed make ELECTRO Grinding Wheels cut faster; and (2) the ty p e o f a b r a s iv e g r a in used is selected for fast cutting while retaining durability.

These two factors enable the operators to reach a higher unit hours of production.

ELECTRO Engineers are ready to pre­ sent proof in your plant as well as to help accomplish both volume and quality gains on your production. RUGGEDLY Just phone Buffalo, N. Y., WAshing- CONSTRUCTED ton 5259...or, write or wire. and HEAT RESISTANT

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crushers, tampers, sprinkler tanks, spe­ sizes and thicknesses involved in a ships- cial bodies, brush cutters and tractor worth of masts and kingposts, there be­ cranes in its 30-year peace time activity. ing from two to three masts and four Mast and kingpost steel is received by kingposts per ship, with a variety of Southwest from Kaiser Inc., Iron & Steel lapped courses and intermediate butt Division, Fontana, Calif., and from U. S. welds. This variety of plates is stock­ Steel Corp., Gary, Ind. It is stored in piled by size and thickness between the piles adjacent to a spur track at plant planers and the brake. site. It then proceeds to the multiple tip The second general operation in the flame planers. These, Fig. 1, have spe­ routing is the crimping of the longitudinal cial Southwest fixtures using Linde heads. edges to the proper curvature in prepa­ The setup is noteworthy because of the ration for rolling to the form of a cylin­ traveling bridges. The planers flame cut der in the plate roll. This crimping of both long sides simultaneously, produc­ the edge is accomplished on a 150-ton ing parallel edges for butt welding with­ Southwark vertical press shown in Fig. out requiring tedious layout or any 2. This press was incapable of cold squaring of the plate. braking material over 1-inch in thick­ A secondary bridge carries a traveling ness until Southwest devised a “pressure cutting head which prepares the double- intensifier” to step up press capacity. bevel on each end of the plate. The ca­ Since then no difficulty of any kind has pacity of these flame planers is 12 x 40 been encountered in cold braking Vh- feet. They are capable of neatly han­ inch plate thicknesses. dling all plate sizes involved in mast The next work proceeds to the 30-foot fabrication. plate roll of the drop housing type shown There are a considerable number of (Please turn to Page 128)

February 26, 1945 99 Operator inserting immer­ sion head into bath of stain­ less steel where it remained for 4 5 seconds to record tem­ peratures ranging from 2200 to 3 3 0 0 degrees Fahr.

METALLURGICAL engineers of the tion, which is automatically recorded, variables in the manufacture of steel. Rustless Iron & Steel Corp., Baltimore, takes about 45 seconds. The practicability of the device, work­ have devised a platinum thermocouple The instrument by which the meas­ ing as it does at temperature so high pyrometer which measures the tempera­ ured temperature is recorded is equipped that most materials are either softened ture of a steel bath before the heat is with a large pointer and dial calibrated or completely destroyed, lies in the speed tapped from the melting furnace, the in degrees Fahr. The recording device is with which the equipment measures and reading being recorded by an electronic mounted conveniently near the furnace records the molten steel temperature. instrument. where it is easily visible to the melter re­ The electronic instrument responds so The pyrometer consists of two inter­ sponsible for the manufacture of the steel quickly to the temperature of the ther­ changeable ports, an immersion head (a and to the man operating the thermo­ mocouple that it is possible to immerse platinum and platinum-rhodium thermo­ couple. the unit into the molten steel, at tem­ couple encased in a fused silica tube Hitherto, the measurement of the tem­ peratures as great as 3200 degrees Fahr., mounted in a block of graphite) and a perature of molten steel has depended obtain a reading of the temperature and handle which is a 12-foot insulated pipe almost entirely upon the experienced eye remove the equipment from the melting containing wires leading to an electronic of the melter judging the appearance furnace before tire device is destroyed recorder. of a small sample of the molten metal or melted by the intense heat. The operator simply manipulates the withdrawn from the melting furnace. Although platinum wire, an expensive immersion head, mounted on the pipe One of the first requirements of the material, is used, it has been found that handle, through the door of the electric control of any technical operation such an individual reading costs little more furnace and dips it into the steel bath. as modem steelmaking is the measure­ than $ 1 . The design of the eq u ip m en t The exposed tip of the silica tube, which ment of the variables of the process. and its operation is such that the plati­ contains the platinum thermocouple The Rustless thermocouple, making num wire and the other materials used wires, is immersed in the bath and the possible the accurate measurement of in its construction are not destroyed. graphite block is in contact with the steel temperature, today provides the The thermocouple was developed by metal, the slag layer and tire hot atmos­ steel melter with the means of accurate L. F. Weitzenkom and G. C. Klingel, phere of the furnace. The whole opera­ control of one of the most important metallurgical engineers at Rustless.

Bulletin Illustrates truck frames and other weldments. Copy austenizing and quenching, are inter­ of the bulletin may be obtained from nally heated by closely spaced electrodes, Railroad Specialties Lukens Steel Co., Coatesville, Pa. an exclusive design principle of the Ajax Electric Co. Inc., Frankford at Dela­ Railroad specialties produced by Deep Salt Baths ware, Philadelphia 23. Large baths Lukens Steel Co., By-Products Steel of this kind are made practical only by Corp. and Lukenweld Inc. are illustrated Have Internal Heating internal heating, as localized overheat­ in a bulletin which pictures applications Two electric salt bath furnaces, re­ ing and premature pot failures are elimi­ of boiler and firebox steel plates in car­ cently installed in a large midwestem nated. Electromagnetic forces are de­ bon steels, alloy steels and Lukens nickel- plant for isothermal heat treatment of veloped by close electrode spacing, creat­ clad steel; steel plates sheared to sketch, special ordnance parts, are claimed to ing a vigorous stirring action which re­ steel plate pressings; punched, blanked, represent the deepest salt baths con­ sults in immediate circulation of heat and bent, flame-cut and pressed parts made structed to date. These furnaces have a holds temperature variations throughout from steel plate; welded steel bolsters, salt depth of 7 feet. Both furnaces, the bath to a maximum of 5 degrees.

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PITTSBURGH 30, PENNSYLVANIA

February 26, 1945 '

Gas Welded Tubing ling, easier storage, etc. Taking all into consideration the Spicer company (Continued from Page 85) has continually urged upon supplier steel mills the importance of producing larger ing and discoloration of tubing. Ade­ and still larger coils. In this they have quate space is provided for the admission been pioneers and, in response to their of two spur tracks into tbe building; request suppliers have rolled larger coils loading and unloading facilities are at than ever before, even going to the extent proper floor height. In this way both in­ of installing new machinery to cope with coming steel and outgoing products are this unprecedented demand. Coils weigh­ spared the chilling and dampness which ing up to 2500 pounds now roll onto the accompany outdoor loadings. receiving platform regularly. Ultimate One other significant feature of the goal of the company is 7500-pound coils. new building is the large component of glass empiloyed in wall and ceiling con­ For the most part No. 1025 steel is used struction, affording maximum natural for transmissions and No. 1015 CRS with light both for actual operations and for high copper content for rust-resisting showing up defects' which may be present products. The coils of strip steel range in steel received. from 3-7/16 inches wide by 0.062-inch An effective solution to the problem of thick for 1-1/8-inch diameter tubing, shipping heavy coils has been evolved to approximately 11 inches by 0.095-inch between the Spicer plant and principal thick for 3%-inch diameter tubing. Each Fig. 6— Coils are transferred from suppliers. It was soon discovered that coil and heat is catalogued with an in­ coils of stripj packed loosely in freight dividual numbering system and sample, storage to the unit by a special cars sometimes broke through the floors which is sent to the laboratory for testing handling truck and walls, occasionally doing serious for hardness, physicals, width, thickness, damage and always causing expensive de­ and camber. lays. To prevent this the coils are bound As machine gas welding was the meth­ are still in excellent condition, the smaller together securely in rows in such a way od selected for closing the seam in the being used in the main to turn out that individual coils cannot rock or sway tubing, ample storage space had to be smaller diameter tubing, which is re­ in transit; and only cars in excellent con­ provided for large quantities of oxygen quired in smaller quantities. The new dition are used for transporting them. and acetylene. This was accomplished unit is one of the most-up-to-date in the It was also found necessary to pack the by erecting a separate control house country and embodies certain features coils in such a way that there is no (Fig. 5) apart from the main building which, to our knowledge, have never be­ possibility of their rubbing against each and divided into two rooms separated by fore been used. other— or against anything else— and mar­ a fireproof wall. The larger of the two Coils' are moved directly to the feed ring smooth-finished edges. Coils, steel- rooms contains two 500-pound double­ at the head of the unit by a special elec­ banded to prevent unraveling, are lined rated acetylene generators. In the tric coil-handling truck (Fig. 6) of 6000 up transversely in rows running length smaller room a large-capacity oxygen pounds capacity. There is no need of of the car, which is loaded to capacity. regulator moderates the flow of oxygen removing the oil coating on the strip as Since coil weight no longer constitutes from high-pressure trailers. From here it will burn free under the welding head. a shipping problem, there is virtually no the oxygen and acetylene are piped into The mill ( unit) is powered by a vari- limit on coil size short of practical limita­ the building to regulator panels standing able-speed electric motor with an excep­ tions imposed by car size, etc. Larger beside each welding and forming unit. tionally great range, permitting strip- coils mean more efficient production and The bulk of the work—most of the travel speeds from 5 to 25 feet per minute higher output as, every time a new coil is larger-diameter tubing—is produced on without gear change and up to 65 feet run through a forming and welding unit, one ultra-modern unit developed especial­ with simple gear changes. The operating the buttweld joining it to the coil ahead ly for the mill after the latter had been speed range is at present 12 feet per must be scrapped and, with it, several built. Two other units parallel to it rep­ minute for 0.109-inch wall thickness to feet of finished tubing. In addition resent intermediate stages in the develop­ 35 feet per minute for 0.065-inch wall larger coils mean considerably less hand­ ment of high-speed tube welding. Both thickness. This is especially important inasmuch as variations in welding condi­ tions to compensate for variations in skelp thickness, analysis, and condition, are effected, not by corresponding changes in oxygen and acetylene pressures, but, in­ stead, by changes in speed of strip travel through the mill. Pojver is transmitted to the strip through the driven vertical breakdown and finishing rolls spaced fairly evenly along the path of ship progress. Whenever the mill is shut down, a partially finished coil-length is left in it in order to eliminate the neces­ sity for laborious and time-consuming rethreading of a new coil through all the machinery preceding the first driven rot! encountered on line of strip travel. Incorporated in the mill are several spectacular automatic control devices

Fig. 7—Strip passes between two sets of spool rolls and is b ro u g h t to near-cylindrical form between No. 1 finishing rolls. Guide roll, extreme right, has slender center fin which parts seam and holds edges in alignment for welding

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F4ruary 26, 1945 y r ^ r r r

Alloy and Special Steels

u l p h i t e -t r e a t e d alloy and special steels, which w e Shave produced for a number of years, have solved many problems for steel users. They have been most satisfac­ torily applied where machinability is of first importance. G rea'et Sulphite treatment can be applied to most types of S peed steel. It has been used successfully in the production of **, l o n g er shells, crankshafts, camshafts, axles, and gears. If you believe that your company may have an appli­ Re\eC* cation for sulphite-treated steels, our sales and metal­ lurgical staffs are at your service. We have accomplished

,« o erd es satisfactory results for others and are ready to serve you in the same way. WISCONSIN STEEL COMPANY Affiliate of International Harvester Company General Offices: 180 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago 1, Illinois

/ teei which stop the machine immediately der an electric-powered shear operated down rolls just to the right of the last whenever optimum welding conditions by a foot treadle, which squares ends of pulley in Fig. 3. Here it is given a shallow are impaired by failure of oxygen or each coil-length of strip for buttwelding. U-shape as the first step in its gradual acetylene pressure, by failure of the water This is accomplished (Fig. 2) by shaping into cylindrical form. From pressure in the torch-cooling system, or by means of clamps operated by compressed here on, the transition from flat to round unsatisfactory performance of the rotary air which hold the juxtaposed strip ends is accomplished in easy stages in order cut-off at the end of the mill. The effect in place while a quick manual buttweld to prevent any stretching of the metal of these devices in improving the safety is made without the use of a filler rod. and consequent bowing of the tubing. factor of mill operation is too obvious to The joint here need only be strong Second pair of breakdown rolls, dimly require more than passing mention here. enough to hold the two coil-lengths to­ discernible behind first, follows closely Torches, regulators, water cooling system, gether during passage through the mill. after pair of conductor rolls not shown etc. are all co-ordinated by electronic It is cut out later and scrapped. in photo. control. In order to prevent this necessary halt Proceeding next (Fig. 7) through a In the guide stand at the head of the in coil feed from interrupting the con­ novel set of three conductor rolls (two unit (Fig. 4) the coils, supported on tinuous progress of strip through the small horizontal and one large vertical) 10-inch diameter roller-bearings leather­ mill, the strip is run up over a large and two sets of horizontally positioned faced to prevent slipping, unwind smooth­ compensator loop system consisting of spool rolls, the strip is brought to near- ly and evenly. Six-inch guide rolls, also two series of pulleys, suspended between cylindrical form between the first pair of leather-faced, are located on either side which is a 160-foot slack loop controlled finish rolls. The set of guide rolls on of the coil to prevent the strip from un­ by the set of valves next to the operator the far right prepares the tubing for its winding and entering the mill askew. It in Fig. 2. This provides over 300 feet tour under the welding head. A slender is extremely important, also, that the of slack for the continuation of welding fin in the center of the upper roll parts strip be centered properly before begin­ and forming opereations. The strip then the seam and holds the edges in proper ning its progress through the mill, be­ passes up over two elevator pulleys, out alignment for welding. cause maintaining alignment at strip to a trolley-mounted pulley, back down There is some danger here that the edges is essential for a perfect weld. over two more pulleys, and is on its way seam may be prematurely closed at the Passing through two sets of horizontal­ again through the mill. When coil feed is leading edge of each coil length where ly positioned guide rolls which eliminate halted the mill draws on the strip strung it is expanded by buttwelding to the one camber and remove the effects of coil­ over the long compensator loop. This pull, directly preceding it. This would cause ing, the strip travels across a straightening instead of tightening the strip, simply fouling of the strip at this point with the table where the edges may be flattened draws the trolley-mounted pulley toward center fin. To prevent that, the operator if there is any bend in them. Next, pass­ the front end of the compensator system. at the head of the mill trims the corners ing through right and left squaring guides After leaving the compensator system of each leading edge with a pair of hand adjusted by a hand-turned screw, pinion the strip goes through horizontal guides shears before the coil is fed into mill. and gear arrangement, the strip runs un­ on a table to the first vertical break­ (Continued in next week’s issue) Broaching Sizing — Gaging Square Tubular Steel Frame Members

NEW method of sizing and removing removing the burrs and in sizing the which, in turn, is controlled by a foot- burrs on the inside of square tubular tube, the operations being rather slow treadle-operated valve. steel frame members is said to do a bet­ and expensive. In the new method of Another set of V-blocks mounted on ter job much faster than any previous processing these frame members, de­ the table positions the frame member method. The frame members have out­ vised at General Electric Co.’s Schenec­ for sliding over a gage (also mounted on side dimensions of approximately %- tady Works, V-blocks, in which the part tire table) which checks the size of the inch, and walls 1/32-inch thick. They is placed, are mounted on a steel table. open end of the piece. A third set of V- are cut in 19-inch lengths, then drilled These position the piece in such a way blocks accommodates the part for siz­ in several places. The drill causes a as to facilitate sliding the open end over ing if found undersize. The sizing de­ burr at each break-through point on a broach (also mounted on the table) vice is a cam-type expansion device op­ the inside of the tube. which is approximately 1 /16-inch smaller erated by a hand lever which, when fully One end of the frame member must than the opening. The piece is held depressed, will cause this tool to ex­ accommodate a steel shank which fits firmly in place by a hand-operated lever pand to the required inside dimensions snugly into the opening, and at a point which, when depressed brings pressure of the frame member. The piece is po­ where a burr has been set up by drill- to bear against the frame member from sitioned over this tool in the same man­ mg. Consequently, this burr, which is above (where the burr is located), wedg­ ner as it is placed over the above-men­ located approximately %-inch from the ing that portion of the piece against the tioned broach and gage. This method °Pen end of the frame members, must broach. has resulted in more uniform quality as be removed. Also, the opening must The broach then is withdrawn rapid­ well as faster and better operation. Accompanying illustration is rear-view be properly sized since square tubular ly from the piece, its cutting edge shear­ stock has a tendency to vary slightly. ing off the burr as it passes over them. close-up of broaching, gaging and siz­ Considerable difficulty was experi­ The broach is powered by air, regu­ ing apparatus showing frame member enced with the former method both in lated by a two-way pneumatic cylinder over sizing fixture.

February 26. 1945 By GUY HUBBARD Machine Tool Editor. STEEL

a SAE MEETING

While engineering emphasis throughout 1945 annual conven­ tion in Detroit was almost entirely on problems involved in tunity for a switch in materials. Steel purveyors on the whole have been ton­ winning war on land, on the sea and in the air, many of these nage-minded and not design-minded. things have deep significance as far as the future of transpor­ They should give more serious consid­ eration to the redesign approach. Yes­ tation is concerned terday’s material selections are liable nowadays to be revoked as the result of a call by some progressive purveyor A MEETING of such great size and papers, sisal mats, and organic and fiber- of some other kind of material.” broad scope as the recent annual conven­ glas fabrics. Fuselages, fairings and a In discussing the future of SAE auto­ tion of the Society of Automotive En­ host of other light weight functional air­ mobile standards, J. H. Hunt, director, gineers at Detroit (S t e e l , Jan. 15, 1945. plane parts are being made today by the New Devices Section, General Motors pp. 46 and 47) can well be said to be Vidal method, as well as by various Corp., likewise intimated that in this in­ “all things to all men.” Therefore, this other low pressure molding techniques." dustry “no tiling is permanent but brief engineering roundup represents On die other hand, E. P. Strothman, change." only what it was to the writer, who engineering consultant, A. O. Smith “In the American automobile industry', naturally is more at ease in sessions de­ Corp., forecast a bright future for steel a$ in American industry in general,” he voted to metalworking problems than in in die aircraft industry, documenting his said, “most standards are used volun­ those concerned with the thermody­ case with such details as the B-29 bomb­ tarily, simply to obtain economic advan­ namics involved with high octane fuels er nose frame, the C-47 cargo plane tages. Whenever any change in condi­ or the theory underlying helicopter per­ landing gear truss and the B-29 landing tions makes it advantageous to change formances. It is a tribute to the manage­ gear trunnion. My impression is that the standard, the old one immediately ment of SAE that the program was so skillful “tooling up” for the mass pro­ will become obsolete.” diversified that it satisfied the intellectual duction of diese items by welding shares Arthur Nutt, director of engineering, appetites and mental digestive ability of honors with better steels and improved Aircraft Engine Division, Packard Mo­ 3000 of us diversified listeners, all day welding technique in die economic and tor Car Co., said practically the same and every day for six days. engineering success of these steel ele­ thing in regard- to the future of stand­ Several people have asked me what ments. Here is one more field in which ardization in the aeronautical industry. I heard of the “dream car of the future” die tool engineering profession is win­ He put it this way: “No standard pro­ at the Detroit meeting. That vehicle ning deserved recognition by mechaniz­ mulgated by SAE is compulsory. In was conspicuous by its absence— possibly ing the gripping, positioning and ma­ fact, so-called ‘mandatory standards’ for because the dream was punctured like a nipulation of work-in-process and in the most part do not work. Voluntary bubble at the meeting a year ago. It many cases the guidance and control of standards dictated by practical and eco­ is true that at the 1945 meeting several the flame or arc which is the “working nomic conditions are the only real automotive editors of nationally known tool.” standards in the final analysis. Any newspapers presented results of surveys standard which is attempted but which Design Factors Recognized of what their readers want in postwar is not based on all the important as­ automobiles (See “Mirrors of Motordom,” In his conclusion, Mr. Strodiman said: pects involved is doomed to early death S t e e l , Jan. 15, 1945). However, those “Our partiality for any one material or if it ever lives at all.” reports are about as down-to-earth and process may influence our selection, but The foregoing testimony is presented sensible as are Harold Johnson’s findings it still should not alter recognition of with the deliberate intention of jolting as to what General Motors wants in post­ design facts. Charles F. Kettering s.tated the complacency of anyone who has war machine tools. his belief diat he would see the all- the idea that his material or technique Morris Sanders, industrial consultant, steel airplane in common use before the or type of design or manufacturing did hint at tire possibilities of popmetal- advent of the all-aluminum automobile. equipment or whatnot, has any arti­ lic materials in body construction when I am convinced that diis was based on ficial lease on life as far as die postwar he said: “Many of you are following his faidi in engineers and in their un­ future is concerned. To live on in that the growing use of low pressure molding derstanding that each material and proc­ era, “it’s got to be good”, mighty good. in the aircraft field. You have noted ess has its proper application and fur­ And make no mistake about this, your the development of new and improved thermore that when coupled with in­ competition is going to turn up with thermosetting resins. You have seen genuity in design, low alloy steel pro­ some thmgs which will surprise you. pressures required in their processing" vides many favorable characteristics One of the things which is meeting drop from thousands of pounds, to hun­ which should arouse increased interest in with considerable skepticism among dreds of pounds, to pounds, and finally that material. conservative bui.aers of machine tools to mere contact. “Some of the competitive practices and other heavy machinery is elec­ "You also have noticed the low cost employed in marketing premium priced tronic control. The idea of mixing in of molds required, and the simplicity and materials should serve as a lesson for “radio tubes” with the sort of rugged almost unlimited size of the low pres­ the steel industry. Selection of such ma­ mechanisms with which they are con­ sure molded products. To wood veneer, terials often follows reconsideration and cerned doesn’t appeal- to them as being the pioneer filler material in this field, reconception of design, a condition of practical. It wasn’t so many years ago there have been added high strength things which affords an excellent oppor­ that these same people were skeptical .

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FeWary 26, 1945 107 132

of other forms of electrification which chaise”, the war has proved that the suggestions and to satisfy the demands now are taken for granted. builders had— by the time civilian pro­ of the automobile industry, make sure I believe that I heard something at duction ceased early in 1942—prog­ that you are not doing what the auto­ the SAE meeting in Detroit which these ressed much further in that direction mobile industry did in this case, that is, people should think over in connection than anyone had realized. Had that not introducing new difficulties by correct­ with their own business. Lieut. R. J. been the case, tire wartime transportation ing old ones. Something of that kind Colin, Jr., Equipment Laboratory En­ crisis today would be far worse than happened in Biblical times, when one gineering Division, Air Technical Serv­ it is. devil was cast out, only to have seven ice Command, was the speaker to whom Taking cognizance of the fact that worse than the original one move in. I have reference. His paper was on most of the newest cars now are in Charles F. Kettering, who heads up electronic controls in aircraft. their fifth year {very few 1942 models the research activities of General Mo­ He mentioned first that while most of were produced), John Oswald present­ tors Corp., invariably can be counted the feats we now hear of are those in­ ed a resume of the difficulties which upon to evaluate conditions and signs volving electronic tubes in radio and have developed as a result of this un­ and portents in a few well-chosen words. radar equipment, these tubes have made precedented long-time ownership of one He did so at the recent SAE meeting several years of successful history in in­ automobile by the average motorist, in the following statement: dustrial applications. He went on to under conditions of unusual severity in “The combustion chamber is the place mention their industrial use in detection many respects. where fuel and engine meet. The of pin holes in strip steel; in counting; mechanism of what occurs there is in grading according to size, shape, Bodies Show Deterioration what we are striving to utilize to the hardness, color, smoothness, elasticitv. As far as engine, clutch, brakes, best advantage. Future development conductivity, and manufacturing tol­ chassis, steering mechanism and even of automobile, aircraft and diesel en­ gines will depend upon how well those erances; in maintaining exact tension in the much over-loaded electrical system people in positions of management—as winding operations; in precise spiraling are concerned, he has found tire record well as engineers and chemists—under­ of telephone cable pairs; in induction, to be remarkably good. As far as stand the fundamentals of the relation­ high-frequency, dielectric heating; and bodies are concerned, however, he finds ship between fuels arid engines. in welding control.-. ' • • ...... the record not so good. Here, in brief, Electronic Tubes In Service are his conclusions. Field Is Opening “Deterioration caused by corrosion al­ “I believe that we have only just be­ Now as far as aircraft are concerned, ways has existed in automobiles and gun to open up this field within the he pointed out that electronic tubes are other metal products exposed to the last few years. I believe that we have in active service in connection with (1) elements. In tire case of automobiles, yet a long way to go both in engine automatic pilots, (2) turbo supercharger Irowever, these difficulties have in­ design and in the manufacture of good regulators, (3) radio compass loops, (4) creased in the last few years, especially fuels at low cost. We at General Mo­ alternating current power svstem con­ in certain areas. This is true of all tors are studying fuels from the stand­ trol, (5) fuel level gages, (6) ice indi­ makes of cars without exception. point of the engine builder—not as cators, {7) special gun controls, (8) other “Some of the places which have special weapon controls, and {9) engine proved most vulnerable to corrosion are: fuel producers. detonation indicators. Body sills or rocker panels; lower edges “We also are carrying on similar in­ “Critics of electronic controls,” said of door panels; fender-to-body joint vestigations in metallurgy, in fabrics, in Lieutenant Colin, “question their reli­ areas; window wells; drip moldings; rubber, and in many other materials ability more than anything else. They around the edges of luggage compart­ which we use in the automobile busi­ seem to think that any vacuum tube is ments; and on tire sheet metal below ness. We are conducting such investi­ a thing not to be depended upon—a tire radiator grills. Other points sus­ gations so that we may know their prac­ temperamental and mysterious device, ceptible to deterioration by corrosion tical limitations, and so will not ask if you please. are: Around the edges of fender park­ our suppliers to do things which are “Fortunately, we of the Air Service ing lamps; around tail lamps; and be­ outside the bounds of technical and now have sufficient field experience, hind applied moldings, especially along commercial practicability. particularly that in the European war the lower edges of bodies and fenders. “This program also helps us to deter­ theatre, to enable us to answer such “A. number of theories have been mine the road which our future re­ criticism. Reports emanating from Europe advanced to account for this excessive search should take, because what may show conclusively that electronic con­ corrosion, the general opinion being be technically and commercially im­ trols in aircraft have proved to be both that the major reason is retention of practical today, may easily be made an practical and reliable. Development moisture at the areas affected. When everyday product in the not too distant now is going forward on use of elec­ this moisture is combined with salt or future.” tronic means of manipulating flight con­ calcium chloride, the corroding action trol surfaces and other functions of pri­ is correspondingly increased. mary importance. “As a matter of fact, rusting away of Fasteners Combine “I believe that it should be empha­ body sills and lower edges of door Lock Washer and Screw sized that the types of vacuum tubes panels is due largely to inadequate thus far used in our applications are drainage and insufficient ventilation. It A new bulletin describes Sems iastener of ordinary commercial receiving tube is significant that these conditions were units, pre-assembled lock washer and grade. Since it is possible for tubes brought about by the correction of an­ screw, manufactured by Shakeproot like those designed for home radio re­ other fault. Car manufacturers plugged Inc., 2501 North Keeler, Chicago 39, ceivers to turn in such satisfactory per­ all holes and sealed all joints in their As lock washer is on screw, it cannot formance records, tubes specially de­ efforts to keep dust out of car interiors come off. Both fastenings are delivered signed and built for control service — the better to please their customers. as a single unit; therefore, no time is should have great possibilities.” They did such a good sealing job that wasted putting lock washer and screw Testing to destruction long has been the moisture which inevitably collects, together. Fasteners permit easier han­ a method followed in the automobile in­ is retained and so corrosion has gained. dling and faster driving and facilitate dustry as a means of discovering weak Very seldom does the automobile in­ fastening hard-to-reach parts. They are features of design. One by one these dustry get into difficulty trying to please said to increase production efficiency weak features have been eliminated car owners—but in this instance such and to provide tight, strong fastenings throughout the years. While the indus­ was the case.” that resist extreme vibration. Accord­ try never claimed, that , it . was aiming at Machine tool, builders, please note. ing to the company, these fasteners may achieving the durability of Dr. Oliver In your current efforts to change the be used wherever screws or lock washers Wendell Holmes’ famous “one-hoss design of your machines to meet the are specified.

108 /T E E l CJHUL_WJS_»a.

Some machines, of necessity, are designed with critical sheaves. And many of these machines are put to rough-going. It is on such jobs that American Cable TRU-LAY preform ed really shows

its superiority. Thanks to the preforming process, T R U - L A Y can tak e the torture of small sheaves—resists squirming or rotating in the grooves. The preforming process also makes T R U - l a y resist kink­ ing or snarling; broken outer wires lie flat and in place, thus making it safer and easier to handle. For your next wire rope, specify American Cable tru-lay preformed.

ÄCCO Wilkes-Bcrre, Pa., Atlanta, Chicago, Denver, Detroit, Houston, Los Angeles, New Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Portland, San Francisco, Tacoma AMERICAN CABLE DIVISION

AMERICAN CHAIN & CABLE . bBRIDGEPORT

February 26, 1945 INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT______

Drilling and Reaming Unit it pulls trailer cars, which may be loaded If a part passes the go rolls, the lead, by means of the crane. The crane may thread angle and pitch diameter are A small two-way machine which can be made available for heavy lifting at shown to be within maximum tolerance be used in a wide variety of drilling points where there are no overhead limits, and the part will assemble. The and reaming operations is offered by cranes. This model has a capacity of indication of the pitch diameter when Snyder Tool & Engineering Co., 3400 6000 pounds on the platform, 200 pounds the part is presented to the no go rolls East Lafayette, Detroit 7. The machine on the hook at 42-inch radius and 1000 separates the check of pitch diameter slides are way-type and individually fed pounds on the hook at 84-inch radius. from the check of the lead. If the pitch by hydraulic cylinders. A single-spin­ It will travel at 6 miles per hour with no diameter is correct, then it is known that load and 5 miles per hour with full load the lead is correct. Correctness of the under normal conditions. The platform is deeply flanged to insure rigidity and has three point positive support for load stability at all times.

Automatic Tube Former

For squaring, burring, flaring and beading ferrous and nonferrous tubing, sizes % to 3 inches outside diameter, Leonard Precision Products Co., Garden Grove, Calif., offers a new completely automatic Tube Master. The operator places the tube in position and presses

dle drill head and drive motor are in­ stalled on a dove-tail sub-slide which is provided to permit adjustment of tools and the exchange of tools. The hydrau­ lic feed on the unit is approximately 4 inches. The fixture on the machine is quick-acting, air-clamping type. The base is welded steel and contains the form or angle can be checked visually as hydraulic equipment for operating the the work is passed through the full slides. thread form ribs of the go roll. When On parts running into high produc­ the part is rotated in contact with the tion, where the operation is not com­ no go rolls, the indicator shows any out- plicated, this machine can be equipped of-round condition. Tire instrument can with hopper or magazine to feed the be placed in the standard thread roll- parts into the fixture. The spindle head snap stand and used at the bench. on each unit can take up to six spindles.

Power Brush Combination Crane Truck A new power brush for removing The new model L-11C combination burrs, preparing metal surfaces, work crane truck announced by Elwell-Parker on rubber parts and other applications Electric Co., 4205 St. Clair avenue, is announced by Osborn Mfg. Co., 5401 Cleveland 14, has improved operating the control button. It automatically com­ Hamilton avenue, Cleveland. Designated pletes the cycle of squaring and burring, as monitor brush No. 1409-S-22, it is flaring or beading ferrous or nonferrous a 12-inch monitor section filled with tubing. Uniformity of finish can be maintained indefinitely to exact predeter­ mined specifications.

Gaging Instrument

Known as Thredchek, Sheffield Corp., Dayton, O., offers a new instrument for a more complete check of threaded parts which incorporates the scientific prin­ ciples of the indicator snap and thread 0.005-inch power brush wire and has roll-snap gage. It has a standard bal­ 1%-inch arbor hole. It is specially suited anced type large indicator graduated in to aluminum, brass and other ductile characteristics due to the addition of a 0.0001-inch mounted on it. The in­ metals for removing burrs without dam­ separate motor for raising and lowering strument employs the same "go” and aging adjacent surfaces of the part and the boom. “no go” rolls as a thread roll-snap gage. also wall find extensive application on It is a four way truck, serving as a However the top no go roll is not fixed hardened and unhardened steel parts. lift-truck, a load carrier, crane and and its movement is registered on the Uniform cutting ability is maintained tractor. It loads itself either by picking indicator, showing how low or high is throughout the life of the brush which up skid loads with the lift platform, or the pitch diameter. A free rotating back­ makes it suitable for rubber parts and by lifting heavy parts and placing them stop enables the part to be properly lo­ similar applications where there is con­ on a platform for transport. As a tractor cated when presented to the no go rolls. siderable resistance to the fill-wire. ( A ll claim s are those of the manufacturer of the equipment being described.)

110 r TEEL They used to fire torpedoes one at a time. This war changed that. They now fire tin-fish in squads of two, three, four and even five, blanketing enemy vessels. To train those multiple torpedo tubes, gears have to operate with the smoothness of watch mechanisms yet be able to swing the heavy loaded torpedo turrets rapidly into line. There must be no measurable backlash to spoil the aim. We are proud that many of these training mechanisms are powered with 60 to 80 P. D. Cone- Drive gears and of the job they did in helping our Navy obtain mastery of the seas—East and West. That kind of service should enable Cone-Drive gear­ ing to do a real job tomorrow in im­ proving the design of many peace-time products such as heavy mining ma­ chinery, boom hoists, mine hoists, and large indexing drives. What is more, Cone-Drive gearing saves space and weight. Cone-Drives weigh only 1/3 as much, require only 2/3 the room of conventional gearing of the same load capacity.

Ask for the following manuals: CW-41B (for Executives) CW-41A (for Design Engineers) CONE-DRIVE DIVISION MICHIGAN TOOL COMPANY 7171 E. M cN ichols R d ., D etro it 12, U .S .A .

OFFICIAL U. S. NAVY PHOTOGRAPH

February 26. 1945 Induction Heating (Continued from Page 81) effect has been likened to a transformer where the inductor is the primary and the work the secondary. The heating re­ sults from the I2R losses from the in­ duced currents flowing through the work itself. “Dual” Hardening: In order to im­ prove tire physical properties of the crankshaft, Briggs & Stratton subject it to a through hardening treatment and a subsequent draw before surface harden­ ing the crankpin. This preliminary heat_ treatment of the entire shaft, however, does not influence the process of surface hardening, nor does the surface hardening affect die physical properties of the heat treated crankshaft anywhere but at the crankpin surface. With heating periods established, pre­ cise automatic controls on the machine take over the job and the operator only needs to push the “Start” button when he has positioned the work in the fixture. Timers then apply power to the inductor till the desired temperature is reached, at which point it is cut off automatically and the quench sprays actuated and in .BY JURY turn shut off. Typical Jobs: Fig. 1 shows typical parts that are induction hardened at Briggs & Stratton. A is a chankshaft for a 6-horsepower unit, having an ex­ tra helical gear on the near end of the It’s the courtroom drama . . . exhibit draulic drives... to more efficient trans­ shaft for a power take-off. Both die crankpin and this extra gear are induc­ "A”. .. the woman in black or red or mission and control of power. tion hardened. B is a standard crank­ green... that gets the banner headlines. Thanks to this painstaking prepara­ shaft without the take-off gear. Only the crankpin is induction hardened here. But it’s the dreary, backstage drudg­ tion, Twin Disc Clutches and Hydrau­ The timing gear next to the balance weights is not induction hardened on ery . . . the endless sifting of every lic Drives have "won the verdict” of a either of these units. shred of evidence... that wins the case. jury that numbers its members in the At C, is a crankshaft for the small 2/3-horsepower unit. On this unit, the It’s pretty much the same story with thousands...a jury that includes both timing gear next to the balance weights modem power links, too. Endless in­ is induction hardened because it also manufacturers and users of virtually all runs an extra power train. Note, too, vestigation and research into design, types of powered industrial equipment. that this gear is considerably wider in proportion than the timing gears on A manufacture, application and service If your product involves a problem and B. Looking closely, one can see must precede production. of power transmission and control, why the heat marks where heat has “run back into the adjoining material of the For more than 26 years now, Twin not take it to Twin Disc engineers? balance weight. D, E, F, and G are gears used at Disc engineers have been digging out They may have the clue that will solve various points in the engines and their the facts . .. probing every possibility the case. T win D isc Clutch Com­ speed reducers. Induction heating is used to harden every tooth through its entire that stands the remotest chance of con­ pany, Racine, Wisconsin (Hydraulic cross section and also a small portion tributing to better clutches and hy­ Division, Rockford, Illinois). of the base. These gears range from 114 inches in diameter for E to 4 inches for D. Face widths vary from % to %- inch. The 50-kilovolt-ampere Tocco induc­ Hydraulic tion heating equipment, Fig. 2, was Torque Converter Machine Tool originally purchased from Ohio Crank­ Clutch shaft Co., Cleveland, for the purpose of hardening teeth, a job which it did well. In addition to the crankshafts and gears CLUTCHES ANDjjYDRÂUUC DRIVES shown in Fig. 1, the machine is also used ■w RCC. U.S. "AT. orr. on various other parts, more than 30 fix­ tures having been developed for various SPECIALISTS IN INDUSTRIAL CLUTCHES SINCE 1918 applications. Experimental work is now being done on hardening crankshaft journals and integral cams. Also the possi-

/T E E l V EFFICIENCY 1 Tram rail rack carriers Rack loads of handle up to 72 armatures per armatures are dipped into the load through the varnish dip tank, varnish tank with the tramrail bake oven and cooling chamber« AND CLEANLINESS drop section.

The installation of a simple Cleveland Tram­ INTRODUCED IN rail system in the varnish insulating department of D. W. Onan & Sons, Minneapolis, large manu­ facturers of electric generating plants, has made VARNISH INSULATING this one of the most compact and efficient de­ partments of its kind. Complete insulation appli­ cations are given to the large production of \ department a armatures, stators and field, coils in a space only 18 by 30 feet. Prior to installation of the tramrail system, work in this department was hot, sticky and un­ pleasant. Workers had to wear long heavy gloves and protective aprons. After a time the floor racks, then used, would become coated with varnish several inches thick. Today the department is spic and span. The work is clean and easy. No hand handling is required until the varnish treatment is complete and the parts dry. RACK LOACINO A RCA, The tramrail system has eliminated a tre­ mendous amount of rehandling and thereby saved time, speeded production and cut costs.

The rack carriers can be transferred by meant of the double-girder transfer bridge to any of M s w the si* runways shown. TWE. CVEVE.V.VHT> CV.A.HÏ, & CO,

1125 tKsi î6iwo Si, 'Wicv.uïiE, Oh io . GET THIS BOOK! BOOKLET No. 2008. Packed with valuable information. Profusely illustrated. Write for free copy. t.lH“ !»"°i ClEVELRfc® \MTM M M L OVERHEAD MATERIALS HANDLING EQUIPMENT

FeWary 26, 1945 bilities of brass and copper brazing are being investigated. Some applications promise to allow combination operations such as simultaneous brazing and hard­ ening. Simultaneous Heat Treat, Shrink Fit; One of the rather unusual jobs of this type now in successful production is the making of a shrink fit at the same time the part is hardened. E in Fig. 1 has a gear pressed over the shaft. It was suggested that a fixture could be made to insert the shaft in the gear after it had been heated by electric induction and before the quench had been applied. This was tried and found to work well. Now the shaft is inserted in the gear after it has been heated, then the quench is applied and the gear shrunk onto the shaft at the same time the teeth are hardened. Work Fixtures: Figs. 3 and 4 are closeup views of two types of fixtures used by Briggs & Stratton. Fig. 3 is the type used in hardening the integral take­ off gear shown next to the balance weight at C in Fig. 1. The work is positioned in the fixture by inserting it with the gear end down into the lower support which locates it centrally with­ in the single-turn inductor. Power is fed this inductor at a fre­ quency of 9600 cycles per second from a special motor-generator set built in the lower portion of the machine. Air ducts to and from this housing assure a supply of clean cool air. One of these ducts appears at the operator’s left in Fig. 2. The inductor is fed through a trans­ former which provides a current of sev­ eral thousand amperes, setting up the powerful magnetic field that does the heating. Quenching is done by water which is sprayed through a large number of small openings in the inductor ring. Hose connections to and from the quenching circuit can be seen in Fig. 3. Another water circuit cools the inductor itself. The collector hood of an exhaust system is also visible in Fig. 3 just above the work where it takes away the steam pro­ duced as the sprays strike the hot metal. Since the upper portion of the crank­ shaft does not become heated, the op­ erator can unload and reload the fixture without use of tongs or asbestos gloves, facilitating production. In Fig. 4 is. shown the hinged type of fixture required for hardening the crankpins. Due to the offset location of the crankpin, the fixture here must be split so it can be opened for inser­ tion of the work. The lower half of t'e fixture is stationary and is bolted to the faceplate on the machine work station. To load this fixture, the operator grasps the handle seen extending vertically a top of fixture and swings it t o w a r d her. This action lifts off the upper half o the inductor block and swings it out o the way so the crankshaft can be po­ sitioned between locating blocks wni have hardened inserted contact faces 0 prevent wear. Then the operator closes

114 ,yTE E L _ - c ï(|S t© f ’ V i e O o e s t . u \.ess " E'b° * * “ t e . a v »

RED IW IO NO S TAN

h a v e t e e t h S|N»0 N*>S

Chips roll easily off the teeth of Simonds Files, just as they do from the bits of machine tools ... long, spiral chips that mean smooth, easy cutting in­ stead of scraping that leads to quick fatigue. And Simonds Red Tang File teeth are not only fast-cutting . . . they’re long-lived as well, because they’re designed and shaped like the teeth of Simonds Metal-Cutting Saws. So you can bank on Red Tang Files to cut more metal with each stroke . .'. and to stay sharp longer. These files are made in only one quality, A-l. Order them from your Industrial Supply Distributor, or from the nearest Simonds office:

BRA N CH O FFIC E S: 1350 Columbia Road, Boston—27, Mass.; 127 S. Green St., Chicago— 7, 111.; 228 First Ave., San Francisco—5, Calif.; 311 S. W. First Ave., Portland— 4, O re.; 4 l6 West 8th St., Los Angeles—14, Calif.; 31 W. Trent Ave., Spokane—8, Wash.

SHORTIN THE WAR ... BUY BONDS

PfcODUcfíOM ToToiLS FOR CUTTING METAL. WOOD, PAPER, PLASTIC!

February -26, 1945 the fixture, pushes the “start” button, and the machine takes the work through the hardening cycle automatically. The contacting faces of the separable inductor block are covered with silver to assure low electrical resistance to the heavy current employed. Built-in sprays handle the quenching as in Fig. 3 and the inductor blocks are also wa­ ter cooled. Each of the three stations on the ma­ chine has an individual set of timers and precisely calibrated controls which facilitate resetting. A full complement of electrical meters is also helpful. Once the desired conditions have been deter­ mined for a particular job, they can he re-established at will, assuring accurate duplication of previous work. This feature is an important point in increasing (he flexibility of the machine, for once the fixtures have been devel­ oped and the adjustments determined, any hardening job can be put back in production on short notice. Company officials state that the possibilities of the equipment have barely been touched. Much expansion in the near future is in­ dicated.

Research Projected on Electrolytic Corrosion To combat ravages of electrolytic cor­ rosion on insulating materials in the tropics, tests were conducted by Gen­ eral Electric Co.. Schenectady. Many failures caused by moisture in apparatus containing fine wire are said to be due to electrolytic corrosion. Destructive effect occurs when moisture absorption produces leakage currents which electro- lytically decompose the conductor and result in open rather than in shorted windings. No class of materials has been found which is completetly noncorrosive, ac­ cording to the company. Also, corrosive nature of various insulating materials differs widely, and in some cases a sin­ H & S HERRINGBONES QUIET W gle class of materials may possess a wide range of corrosion-inducing charac­ teristics. SMOOTH RUNNING at '%i9A SfiaxU Even in temperate climates moisture condensation may occur on apparatus Accurate Sykes type gears with their continuous, double helical chilled during aircraft flight at high altitudes. This water may even be teeth give increased bearing surface and greater resistance to wear. forced into electrical windings by pres­ sure changes resulting from subsequent These and many other features make H & S Herringbone gears eco­ changes in altitude. Serious damage may occur if this absorbed water freezes and nomical, smooth and quiet for transmitting power between parallel cracks the insulation. Three types of tests made were a shafts. visual test, a corrosion current test, and a water extract test. A large refrigerator box was tipped back so that it would hold water in the bottom and at the same time Send note on Company Letterhead for 488-Page Catalog 41 permit condensed water to run off the ceiling surface without dripping. Box was located in a room held at 25 plus * degree Cent., and sufficient heat was ap­ THE HORSBURGH & SCOTT CO. plied at a constant rate to the water to GEARS AND SPEED REDUCERS maintain an air temperature of 35 degrees Cent. Laboratory condition adopted for 5112 HAMILTON AVENUE • CLEVELAND, OHIO, U. S. A. tests was 100 per cent relative humiditys plus a dew point of 35 degrees Cent. (Sk> degrees Fahr.).

/ TEEl Cutaway view of B&W Type B Pulverizer

Substantial savings in installation, op­ production. These savings begin at the erating, and maintenance costs over heart of the system—the B&W Type B other methods of firing metallurgical Pulverizer. Fuel distribution and ca­ furnaces are made possible by the B&W pacity of the system, whether for single Direct-Firing Pulverized-Coal Circulating or multiple furnace operations, is System. A single pipe looped overhead assured because the Type B Pulverizer and around several furnaces supplies is built to stay on the ¡ob and to pul­ air-borne pulverized coal of proper fine­ verize its rated capacity in coal to the ness to as many burners as are required fineness necessary for the specific re­ for the service. Automatic control pro­ quirements of each installation. This vides the same flexibility as obtained pulverizer is of the same type as that with pil or gas. With this method of widely used for firing boilers and cement firing, only ONE pulverizer is needed. kilns, where sustained fineness and It can be set where convenient; saving capacity of product and continuous low- floor space and eliminating interference cost operation are governing factors. with product handling at the furnaces. They assure the same dependable ser­ With this system you save fuel, re­ vice in this simplified method of firing duce heating cycle time, and increase metallurgical furnaces. BABCOCK & WILCOX _ THE BABCOCK & WILCOX CO. LIBERTY STREET, NEW YORK 6, N. Y,

February 26. 1945 Enameling Steel (Continued from Page 83) the responsibility directly on the foreman and operator. Enameling Quality Control Main points of interest in the enamel­ ing quality control procedure are lab­ oratory control, enamel standards, de­ tails of inspection, and color matching. I Laboratory Control: Daily samples of production pieces are taken to the qual­ ity control laboratory and checked. In certain tests where production pieces cannot be used, special test panels are made duplicating as nearly as possible the actual conditions. A REDISTRIBUTION Test Panels: Test panels are made from 4x12- inch, 20-gage (0.0375) enameling SERVICE stock. The edges of the pieces are brushed back ys-inch and a kkx6-inch strip is brushed down T HE Commodity Clearance Company is a the center. Enamel Weights: private undertaking organized to provide a Dry weight per square foot. Ground coat — 18-20 grams per permanent redistribution-service for private in­ square foot (one side). dustry. We are prepared to list surplus inventories One coat white—55-40 grams per square foot. of such material as steel, aluminum, copper and Two coats white—(first coat) 28-33 grams per square foot and (sec- _ copper-base alloys, in mill form; chemicals; tex­ ond coat) 20-25 grams per square foot. tiles; machine tools and other equipment, both Procedure of Tests new and used. Thermal Shock: Place panels in oven at 550 degrees Fahr. and drop water Representative items of all surplus materials and from suitable apparatus at rate of 2o drops per minute for 12 minutes. Rub equipment recorded with us are published in the ink or lamp black on surface—presence of lines indicates failure. CCC MARKETER, a semi-monthly publication Impacts: Beginning at height of 1 inch, drop steel weight,- weighing 135 grams, similar in format to the former WPB Redistribu­ on face of test piece firmly supported. In­ tor. The CCC MARKETER is available without crease height 1 inch for each succeeding drop. Continue to drop weight until charge to any responsible user of such surpluses. ground coat is exposed. Record height in inches necessary to cause failure. Com­ pare results to standards established for Full information regarding our service will be each application. forwarded, without obligation, to reliable con­ Cross Bend: Place three test pieces in cross bend machine and make zero read­ cerns interested in locating or disposing of ing when each piece is tight. Bend un­ til fracture occurs across entire width of surplus inventories. piece and record dial reading necessary to cause failure. Move two divisions' every 2 minutes for the first 10 minutes, then one division every minute for re­ mainder of test. Results are compared © to established standards. Adhesion: Drop a 5-pound weight on test piece from height of 13 inches. COMMODITY CLEARANCE Weight is arranged to strike a plunger, which in turn1 strikes steel ball %-inch in COMPANY diameter. Allow test pieces to stand for at least 1 day before recording results. 212-222 Rose Building To test cover coat adhesion, strike on ground coat side of panel; to test ground CLEVELAND 15, O H IO coat adhesion, strike on cover coat side. Results are compared to established Telephone MAin 1956 standards. Cold Test: Heat panels in oven to 550 degrees Fahr. When hot, remove and place immediately in ice water for 1 minute. Rub ink or lamp black on sur­ face to show failure. Scratch Hardness Test: Test panel is

118 ./TEEL ■plienge We re , : s w '. ' " ! - illlii r K a n e & R o a c h Manufacturers since 1887 of Straightening Rolls... Bending Rolls... Edging R olls... Gang Slitters ...C o ld Roll Forming Machines... Crimping M achines.. ,Wa r Materials — Sub-Contracting

Our skilled workers . . . our unique plant facilities . . . our knowledge of fine m ach in in g . . . w hich since 1887 have contributed much to the Amer­ ican Steel Industry—all have long since been called to arms. We have surpassed all our previous records... No. BBH, 24-Roll and are now doing our utmost to per­ Combination Vertical a n d Horizontal form the biggest job in K&R history, Straightening Ma­ that of answering our nation’s chine with Coil Pull- Off Unit and No. 3 challenge for more, and then some iVo. 6VS Vertical Flying Shear. MORE , material for our armed forces. Shaft Two-Pass Straightening Machine.

No. 5 Leveler and Cut-Off.

No. 2AH, 24-Roll Combination Hori­ zontal and Vertical Straightening clamped to motor-driven platform. Each of four corners of panel is scratched seven or eight times using constant-hard- ness victrola needle. New needle is used UNIFORM RESULTS for each corner of test sample. Pressure on needle is varied by sliding 227-gram weight along lever arm. When enamel is not scratched by 227 gram weight, at IN HEAT TREAT PRODUCTION farthest distance from fulcrum, addi­ tional weight of 200 grams is added, making total of 427 grams. A predeter­ U. S. Patent Re-issue No. 22,533 mined scratch, plainly visible when rubbed with carbon paper, is used as standard. When scratch is made, it is evaluated by multiplying weight in grams by distance of weight from ful­ crum in inches. Result is expressed in gram inches. Minimum limits are de­ termined on basis of ultimate use and type of enamel used {regular enamel— 1400 gram inches; acid resisting enamel — 1800 gram inches). Acid Resistance: Place five drops of 5 per cent acetic acid and five drops of 10 per cent citric acid at number of places on surface to be tested. Test areas should be spaced to give a representative test, and distributed at different points over all significant surfaces of part. Small pools of acid must be covered immedi­ ately with 1-inch inverted watch glass. After 15 minutes of treatment, acid is rinsed from surface. Surface is dried and checked for appearance. Rate as fol­ lows, according to Porcelain Enameling Institute: Class AA . . . No visib’e stain, and pass dry-rubbing test. © The NIAGARA Aero HEAT EXCHANGER Class A . . . Pass bl-irring-highlight test, and pass wet-rnbhi-g test. constantly maintains correct quench temperature, Class B . . . Pass blnrrng-highlight cooling or heating, as determined by the rate of test, and fail wet-rubbing lest. Class C . . . Fail blurring-highlight heat input or load fluctuations. This is accom­ p;iss disappearing-high- plished by the Niagara patented “Balanced W et light test. Foregoing controls have been found Bulb” control which automatically uses the cor­ very essential in evaluating new enamel­ rect mixture of fresh outdoor air with air re­ ing materials. circulated. Enamel Standards Standards exemplifying each type of The NIAGARA Aero HEAT EXCHANGER em­ maximum passable enameling defects are placed in a glass enclosed ease. T he case ploys the evaporative principle of cooling, elim­ is kept before the inspector at all times. inating costly water bills and protecting the user A duplicate set is placed on the assembly line at the inspection station. Ibis pro­ from the risk of interrupted water supply. Its direct cedure not only eliminates guessing, but savings quickly repay for its installation. W rite precludes the chance of passim: ware at one station and rejecting it at another. for Bulletins 90 and 96. These standards are set, based on com­ petition in the same price class. We stretch to the maximum limit our stand­ NIAGARA BLOWER COMPANY ards on slight finish imperfections be­ fore rejecting the ware because it means Over 30 Years of Service in Industrial Air Engineering adding another coat of enamel if the DEPT. S- 2 5, 6 E. 4 5 th St. N E W Y O R K 17, N . Y. ware is rejected. How important this is will be shown. Field Engineering Offices in Principal Cities Thickness vs. Chippage: We made sev­ eral thousand tests of enameled pieces on 0.037-inch thick steel, with enamel of various thicknesses to determine the critical point of enamel thickness versus chippage. These tests proved beyond doubt that losses (on enamel parts caused from chippage) with thickness over , 0.022-inch are nearly six times greater than with thickness below 0.022-inch. As a result of this check, our m a n a g e m e n t

,/TEEl Cylinder life that is multiplied by 5 is the face. These pores and channels serve as reser­ experience of a large city bus company who voirs which hold lubricating oil and feed it made the comparison between Porus-Krome hack to the cylinder surface as needed. Better cylinders and ordinary cylinders in the same lubrication, plus the fact that chromium is so engines. much harder than iron or steel, reduces wear The reason that cylinders last longer when to a minimum. Field tests have shown that

they have been treated with P orus-Krome, P orus-Krome multiplies cylinder life from applied by the Van der Horst process, is that four to twenty times .. . depending on the size it resists wear and corrosion better than any and type of engine. other known cylinder material. If you are a builder or a user of engines . . .

P orus-Krome is pure, hard chromium gasoline or Diesel. . . you will profit by speci­

which has been processed so that there are fying P orus-Krome. Write for complete myriads of tiny pores and channels in its sur­ information today.

O. S. PATENTS 2,048,878 ANO 2,344,604

OLEAN • NEW YORK rAN DER HORST CORPORATION OF AMERICA CLEVELAND 11 • OHIO AN AFFILIATE OF DRESSER INDUSTRIES ebruary 26, 1945 set up our inspection to gage thickness of every piece of vitreous enamel pro­ duced and to scrap any pieces where tire enamel was over 0.022-inch. Many pieces perfect in appearance are scrapped if over gage limit. It is far better to ac­ cept a minute defect in surface finish rather than to apply another coat which greatly increases chippage hazard both in transportation and actual service. Details of Inspection: All finish coat ware, when ready for inspection, is run through our tunnel of light inspection booth where it is checked as follows: Quality of enamel finish based on com­ mercial standards. Thickness of enamel. (Any pieces ex­ ceeding the maximum limits are scrapped). Color matched and stamped with one of three color classifications. Color Matching We have gradually built up color matching facilities to improve the effi­ ciency, quality, and lower cost of color matching white finish ior ranges, re­ frigerators and laundry equipment. In the early days, the method used by the industry was crude. As a result, many complaints were received because there was too much difference in the shades of white used on the same product. Along with improvement in color matching, rapid improvements have been made in enameling frits and processes. This has made it possible to do a better color matching job because of fewer variables in the materials and processes. Our research department was one of the first to experiment with photoelectric color matchers. Considerable experi­ Expert Euclid hoist design, plus an efficient clam shell bucket, make this a very compact and useful unit for loading, un­ menting was carried on using the reflecto- loading and conveying coal, ashes and other materials. meter in the hope that a satisfactory method could be found that would elim­ This trolley is built to handle a single line bucket and inate the personal equation. To date, travels along the overhead beam during each cycle of opera­ we have found they are not satisfactory tions. The photo shows the trip line in front of operator. inasmuch as this method only checks A pull on this line opens the bucket. opacity or reflectance and not shade of Euclid convenience of control and facility of operation color. Inasmuch as different enamels and contribute greatly to its high efficiency and comparatively types of enamels vary somewhat in the low cost of operation. shade of white, this method was not de­ In addition to the building of cranes and hoists Euclid pendable. Another reason is that even experience embraces the designing of equipment to handle though it would give dependable re­ various types of related equipment, grabs, sults, the instrument checks only a small slings, etc., for handling unusual kinds and area. Reflectometer is valuable in check­ shapes of material. ing test panels and batches of frits in laboratory. THE EUCLID CRANE & HOIST CO. The next problem was to work out the most efficient shadowless lighting for 1365 C H A R D O N R D . E U C L ID , O H IO enamel inspection. It was found that op­ tical illusion, caused by shadows of poor lighting, was one of the greatest ene­ mies in attempting to match a white enamel. Our engineers finally introduced a new system of artificial lighting which eliminated all uncertainty. Visible tion from the most exacting standards are magnified by unadulterated daylignfi artificially produced and constantly nJa'“' tained. This light tunnel has no shad­ ows to conceal imperfections and distor­ tions. The light intensity was increase to 50 times the average light found m schoolrooms, 25 times average hgh found in stores and offices, and ten times average light found in industrial inspec­ tion. Lighting is a mixture of mercury va-

I T E E L THIS NEW "SLIDE RULE" IS YOURS FOR THE ASKING

M a il Coupon at Once — T h e S u p p l y I s h i m i t e d

T HIS new thread "slide rule” will save you time N . A. W oodworth Co., in determining all dimensions of AMERICAN 1300 East Nine Mile Rd., Detroit 20, Mich. STANDARD THREADS, PIPE THREADS and Gentlemen: Forward me my "slide rule.” WOODRUFF KEYS, also gives decimal equivalents Thank you. and other data. N am e____

The "slide rule” is invaluable to tool supervisors, T itle _____ tool designers, master mechanics, inspectors and Com pany_ process engineers. Mail the coupon for your "slide Address__ hile” today. C ity______Zone State_ WOODWORTH N. A. WOODWORTH CO., SALES DIVISION, 1300 E. NINE MILE ROAD * DETROIT 20, MICHIGAN

PRECISION GAGES • PRECISION MACHINED PARTS • PRECISION TOOIS

February 26, 1945 123 por and incandescent lamps placed in a color-matching tunnel, the interior of which has been finished in egg-shell white. Color Matching System: In color matching we have three classifications. The inspector places standard panels on ware to be matched and checks are made as follows: Classification 1. (Use Panels No. 1 and No. 2)— Minimum for the dark­ est shade of enamel acceptable on one product. If the color is darker than No. 1, the piece is rejected. If the ware is between Nos. 1 and 2, it is stamped No. 1. Classification 2. (Use Panels No. 2 and Minimum No. 3)—Minimum for the medium shade of enamel accep­ table on one product. If the color is whiter than No. 2 and is darker than minimum No. 3, it is stamped No. 2. Classification 3 (Use Panels Minimum No. 3 and Maximum No. 3)—Mini­ mum and maximum shade of enamel acceptable on one product. If the color is between the minimum and maximum No. 3, it is stamped No. 3. If it is beyond the maximum No. 3 on the yellow side, it is rejected. In most cases, it will be found enamel over No. 3 will also be re­ jected as being too heavy. All ware is color matched in the tun­ nel of light booth, stamped according to T HE art of manufacturing uniform cemented procedure described, and is sent to stock carbides requires the same "exceeding Typical KENNAMETAL Products ready for assembly. Tire assembly line care" exercised by the talented research men who established the fundamental principles assembles the same color-nunrber enamel and practices of this highly specialized branch ware on tire same appliance. of metallurgical science. That is why Kenna- Preparation of Matching Panels: Color metal is subjected to precise control through­ standards for each color classification are out every stage of its manufacture, by means on file in the laboratory, along with such of scientific instruments in the hands of skilled technicians. The objective of the pertinent information as type of enamel chemical and metallurgical checks of pro­ applied, weight of application, thickness cessing is three-fold: of coating, and green, blue and amber First, to produce cemented carbides that reflectonreter readings. Periodically, it will exactly suit predetermined require­ becomes necessary to make up new sets ments oi differing character. of color matching plates for inspectors Second, to assure that the desired char­ to replace those damaged due to contin­ acteristics of finished products are uni­ ued use. Experience has shown that in or­ formly maintained. der to duplicate the standard color plates, Third, fo form the basis for continued re­ the same type of enamel must be used as search looking to still further improve­ that on the color standards. Different ment in the properties and applicability of Kennametal. enamels, while giving the same opacit) or reflectance readings when using the 9 The invention and development of Kenna­ metal— a scientific achievement—has led to green filter, often vary considerably from corresponding useful arts. Kennametal's abili­ the standard when comparing with blue ty to cut hard metals with sustained accuracy, and amber reflectances. In order to re­ at greatly increased speed, has made major move as many variables as possible, a> contribution to the technique of high produc­ color plates are fired in the continuous tion machining and milling. Its unique wear- production furnace along with regular resistant properties have created opportunity production. The following table shows which many manufacturers have seized upon to give their products greater serviceability. approximate thickness and reflectance The technological advancements that ac­ reading for the various test color mate company the use of Kennametal serve to ing panels: suggest the tremendous potential benefits to Panel No. 1— Thickness of enamel— society that are always inherent in a system 0.011-inch (approximate). under which inventive genius is granted the Reflectance— Amber—68.5 rights, and given the means, to encourage full utilization of its talent. Blue—71.7 Green— 69.3 Panel No. 2— Thickness of enam el— 0.014-inch (approximate). ^KÈNNAMETAL Reflectance— Amber—74.0 Blue—76.0 ______SUPERIOR CEMENTED CARBIDES I U H H U I »10 Green—74.6 . Panel No. 3— Minimum thickness ot KENNAMETAL &<*.., utdobe.pa,

124 /TEEt What to do about Rust?

Immerse any rusty nail in a small quantity of Cities Service Remove nail and wipe dry with cloth Rust Remover. If badly rusted, allow or tissue. Note the complete absence to remain for several minutes. You can of rust and the way the original surface actually see the rust dissolve. reappears.

CITIES SERVICE RUST REMOVER has and harmless to handle by those not allergic to been tested for four years throughout a small, specific chem icals. It is fast-acting, and, although highly industrialized area in the East, where it heating somewhat accelerates results, general has earned a unique reputation for performance. application is recommended at normal temper­ RUST REM OVER is a clean, clear liquid, prac­ ature (60 °-90 °F.). RU ST REM OVER is effective tically odorless, non-inflam m able, easily applied, on chromium, copper, aluminum, steel and iron.

See a Free 'Demonstration of Rust S M Remover on Your Own Equipment. f - ^ Available only in Cities Service marketing i "jJjvV territory East of the Rockies. ) m Î È k c MAIL THIS COUPON TODAY! ^

CITIES SERVICE OIL COMPANY Room 206 Sixty Wall Tower, New York 5, New York

Gentlemen: I’d like to test RUST Remover on my own equipment FREE OF CHARGE. Send me details.

Name.

Company.

Address

CITIES SERVICE OIL COMPANY CHICAGO

ARKANSAS FUEL OIL COMPANY SHREVEPORT, tA. enamel — 0.017-inch (approxi­ mate). Reflectance—Amber— 79.3 Blue—80.0 Green— 79.4 Panel No. 3—Maximum thickness of enamel — 0.020-inch (approxi­ mate). Reflectance—Amber—82.8 Blue— 82.7 Green—83.0 Vitamin A As An Aid In Color Match­ ing: Completion of the most modern and efficient improvements of shadow- less lighting resulted in reducing rejects on tire assembly line from an average of over 3 per cent to an average of 1.7 per cent. Feeling tire rejects could be fur­ ther reduced, we made another review in 1937. As our equipment was as modem as any in the industry, it became evident

ELECTRIC RANGE ENAMEL PERFORMANCE 1930 1941 Per C ent Per Cent Enamel chippage in the field 18 Less than 1 OfF-color com plaints ...... 10 0 Enamel shop losses, per sq. ft. . $0.02 $0,002 (scrap including fabrication costs)

that the personal equation played a vital EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURERS and part in the problem. The company doc­ tor and a local oculist specialist were consulted. They started an immediate investigation which led first to the Cleve­ PAINT MAKERS CAN AGREE ON land Clinic and then to the American Medical Association, where valuable data and recommendations were obtained. Studies disclosed that color matchers were all young men, chosen with great care and checked periodically for visual defects and color blindness. It became evident that some were suffering front eye fatigue that could not be detected in No longer is "passing-the-buck" a game the regular eye tests. An instrument " to be played by paint men versus equip­ known as the bio-photometer was rec­ ommended to us to determine if our ment men. No longer is the "buyer" in the color matchers were deficient in vitamin A' middle as to whether paint or equipment The bio-photometer measures the abil­ is responsible for unsatisfactory results. ity to see light and response of a patient not only to dark adaptation but to adap­ Penetray’s exclusive ceramic coating tation to light. Even mild vitamin A de­ ficiency affects the light thresholds under improves wavelength, producing more intensive color, various conditions of light and darkness. thorough curing and superior polymerization on metals. The bio-photometer is an especially de­ signed instrument which measures the In addition, insect attraction is minimum because glare rate and regeneration of visual purple by means of obtaining light thresholds is reduced and improved uniformity of energy distribu­ under standard conditions. If this rate tion results. Prove these points. Make your own tests of regeneration of visual purple (a con­ jugated protein stored in the retina) is for color and gloss; for corrosion and abrasives. below normal, the use of vitamin therapy in almost every instance will bring this SALES ENGINEERS WILL CALL or DETAILS on REQUEST up to a normal or higher than norma level. A large percentage of our color m atch­ ers were brought up to optimum level (above normal) by vitamin therapy, or bj a balanced diet. After recovery, rejects on the assembly line reduced from an average of 1.7 per cent to an average o 0.3 of 1 per cent over a 4-year period. It has been the means of increasing the

126 /TE Et- A Kidde portable extin­ guisher quickly smothers fire in a motor-generator set, without danger of shock or damage to insulation.

k id d e e q u ip m e n t h it s th e h o t s p o t s to put tough tires out!

Even a small blaze in electrical guish every flicker of flame. Dry equipment — or flammable liquids and inert, the gas does not damage — may quickly flare into a serious the equipment or rot the insulation. M G S e t s fire...unless the r ig h t extinguisher W hen liq u id s catch fire, a cloud Process Rooms gets to work fast. of carbon dioxide gas from the O v e n s Ordinary water-type extinguishers Kidde nozzle forms a thick blanket S p r e a d e r s cannot stop these tough Class C and that smothers the flames ... then M o t o r s Class B fires. But a Kidde portable evaporates to leave valuable Storage Rooms —approved by both Underwriters’ materials uncontaminated. M ix e r s and Factory M utual Laboratories— Safe, clean, fast — Kidde extin­ C o a te rs chokes them off quickly and safely. guishing equipment is ready to take Transformers If a blaze breaks o u t in e le c tric a l on the job of guarding every tough- D ip T a n k s e q u ip m e n t, non-conduct­ fire area in your plant. A g it a t o r s ing carbon dioxide keeps Check the accompanying W ashing Trays the operator safe from the list of hazardous locations danger of shock, while it —then ask a Kidde repre­ swirls around corners and sentative to show you how penetrates crevices to extin­ best to protect them.

Walter Kidde & Company, Inc. - • 1 4 0 Cedar Street, New York 6 , N.

February 26. 1945 quality of Westinghouse products and almost eliminating customer complaints of nonunifoim color. Tangible savings of over $6000 a year were made on ranges alone. This savings was made by reducing the number of off-color parts it was necessary to change on the ranges after assembly. In conclusion, while some of our con­ trols might seem unusual, in the final analysis, we are only interested in ulti­ mate results. A good example of this is the performance record of one product, the electric range, tabulated elsewhere in this article.

Masts and Kingposts (Continued from Page 99) at extreme right, Fig. S. To roll 1Y4 and UA-inch plate, the plate rolling machine had to be stiffened. This was accom­ plished by an ingenious yoke which es­ sentially divides the roll into two 15-foot sections. Yoke is fitted with a number of rollers to contact the top roll. It is held against the roll by a hydraulic cylin­ der. This stiffens the top roll so that it is easily capable of cold rolling tire max­ imum thicknesses of plate involved. STEEL SPRING WASHERS After rolling the individual sections into complete cylinders, they proceed di­ made with rectly by conveyor to a special clamping jig designed by company engineers. Here the longitudinal seam is aligned and tack welded by manual arc welding. The cylinders, thus prepared, proceed to automatic welding of the longitudinal seam, done on either General Electric or Linde Unionmelt machines. The work is interchangeable on these and the rig­ ging is again special. Inside and outside longitudinal passes are here automat­ ically arc welded, Southwest having de­ signed much special fixturing to accomp­ Steel in spring washers is subjected to ex­ lish all of the welding automatically. treme pressure. Here sustained resiliency, These welders are seen at extreme left in toughness and “bite” under terrific force Fig. 3. Note extensive framework sup­ are “musts”. Special Keystone heat- porting automatic welding head and a treated high carbon steel wire supplies seat for the operator so he can ride along these qualities in good measure . . . as with the machine as it travels the length proved by the satisfactory performance of the cylindrical section. TIGHT—the Kantlink Steel After this longitudinal welding has Spring Washer exerts constant of Kantlink steel spring washers in a pressure . . . keeps nut from been completed, the production line splits loosening. wide variety of applications. Kantlink into two phases: (1) Those sections to steel spring washers are more widely used become adjacent parts of a telescoped than any other kind . . . evidence of their and lapped joint proceed to the hydraulic sterling ability to “stand the gaff”. presses for assembly and then on to the automatic girth welding setup, (2) the Regardless of the performance demanded remaining cylinder, composing the sec­ in wire products, Keystone has been able tions of the kingpost or mast of uniform diameters, go directly to the automatic to supply the materials that meet the weld setup made for girth butt joints. most exacting engineering requirements. In this fabrication, a difficult prob­ STILL TIGHT. Though the nut never turned, the other parts lem was encountered in the develop­ wore and stretched. Kantlink's ment of means for pushing the telescop­ expanding spring action contin­ KEYSTONE STEEL & WIRE GO ing courses together. This is accomp­ ues to hold nut securely in place. Peoria , Illinois lished on a 300-ton Southwark hori­ 7 zontal hydraulic press, Fig. 4, where the *The National Lock Washer Company, Milwaukee, Wisconsin right press fit necessary for the telescoped joint is accomplished by forcing the in­ ner cylinder into the larger for a dis­ lecial Analysis Wire Coppered, Tinned, tance of 8 inches. for All Industrial Annealed, The lap joint of these telescoped courses employs both outside and inside Uses Galvanized fillet welds made automatically on a Unionmelt machine. Outside weld is be-

/TEEL What will it cost to machine these gear blanks?

1HE gear blanks shown above were cast with a peripheral runner. This foundry practice resulted in serious internal shrinkage in the web as shown in the radiograph at the right (note enlarged inset). Fourteen per cent of 50,000 castings in this lot were scrapped and sent back to the foundry when irregu­ larities were uncovered during machining.

X-ray shows change is needed Study of the radiograph by the foundry showed what caused the shrinkage. Various systems of gates and risers were tried and radiographed for analysis. As a result, a greatly improved casting technic was developed—the shrinkage disappeared. The final procedure, as shown in the radiograph below, was approved and a second run of castings was released. Rejects cut from 14% to 1.2 % After production got under way on the second lot, of 75,000 castings, it was found that rejects from machining were cut to the remarkably low level of 1.2%. With the help of x-ray the foundry had improved an important product . . . simpli­ fied its casting practice . . . paved the way for substantial savings in machining costs, increased productive machine time, and lengthened cutting tool life.

There’s a place for X-ray In your business MORE and more the metals industry is relying upon radiography to analyze, inspect, correct, and improve. X-ray inspection of castings, welded assemblies, fabricated parts and similar products, is the quick, sure, non-destructive method for proving soundness or unsoundness. Even more important is the rvay radiography points out ways to simplify design, improve production practices. Often, careful study of radiographs indicates changes in manufacturing technic that eliminate the possible occurrence of defects due to inefficient pro­ duction methods. Again, this same sort of study permits the de­ signer to reduce wall thicknesses safely, trim down, streamline, re­ fine, make important savings in man-hours and materials. All these factors will make radiography increasingly important and valuable in postwar, competitive markets. Eastman Kodak Company, X-ray Division, Rochester 4, N. Y.

Kodak Makes Industrial X-ray Films to Meet Every Industrial Requirement

RADIOGRAPHY.. .one of photography’s aids to industry Analyzes... Instructs... Corrects... Improves fest

ing made in Fig. 5; inside weld is not as easy to make. Here Southwest has developed a very clever portable boom that supports the welding head while making the inner weld, as shown in Fig. 6. Fig. 8 shows the multi-pass weld made on such a joint. The butt weld between sections of same diameter is either on a GE or Unionmelt unit, as conditions warrant. The work is turned on rolls to accomp­ lish the girth weld automatically. Fig. 7 shows this work in progress. Finally, the telescoped and straight courses are all welded and the mast or kingpost stands assembled. It receives an ABS inspection for straightness (tol­ erance is 0.01-inch per foot) and round- ness (tolerance is 3/16-inch). In cases where the fit-up and welding result in deviation from tolerances, the tubes are WHAT'S PAR? straightened by flame heating and quenching. What would happen on a golf course that did not have any After inspection, the masts and king­ par? Each .player would probably set one of his own. posts are transferred outdoors to the very large storage yard and. are placed on Without a “par”, can you imagine what kind of golf skids for spray painting. This station, Fig. 10, is adjacent to one of the spur would be played? Yet that’s just about what’s happening tracks where, after spraying and drying, these days in a good many of the Nation’s plants. the work is loaded onto flat cars for ship­ ment. We buy steel by the ton, tubing by the foot, power by A number of noteworthy lifting de­ the kilowatt. We use rules, micrometers, calipers, scales— vices and slings have been developed for lifting these tubes weighing up to 21 but have no factual measure of the time it should take to tons when complete. One consists of a perform each manufacturing operation. single clamp and cable. Another shown in Fig. 9, is simply slipped over end of Standards in the factory can and should be set on the the tube, the design allowing clearance of the tube supports to permit position­ basis of reasonable performance, by the average worker. They ing the clamp at any point on the tube serve as a measure of the efficiency of operations. without lifting it olf the roller supports. Of course the clamp, being rigid (welded Failure to meet standards requires investigation of equip­ steel plate construction) can be used only on a narrow diameter ranve. But a ment, tooling, material availability, training—in fact all number of clamps easily handle the sev­ management functions. Until all operating conditions con­ eral diameters of sections. Production involves from five to seven form to those upon which the standard (par) is set, the tubes per ship, and since from four to worker cannot be blamed for falling down. five shipsworth are produced per week, the total output is around 400 tons per This is simply another way of staling what I have said week. There are no hot forming opera­ many times during the last 30 years—“Labor is ju st as tions of any kind in this fabrication. Perhaps the most newsworthy of all efficient as management plans for it and gives it the tools ivith Southwest developments involved is a which to work.'"’ complete new fixture designed and built to facilitate both inside and outside course weldments and longitudinal seams. This accommodates Unionmelt heads. Ere- viously, two operating positions were re­ President quired. This new automatic welding fixture has universal application for it can accomplish inside and outside welds in both longitudinal and girth seams of any diameter or'length.

THE TRUNDLE ENGINEERING COMPANY Spin Test Machine Brings to Industry and Business A spin test machine which simulates action of a projectile in flight is being 2 6 t y c a n à of management engineering experience used in primer and fuse division ot Willys-Overland Motors to determine GENERAL OFFICES • CLEVELAND • BULKLEY BUILDING whether the fuse is “arming” at th® CHICAGO NEW Y O RK proper moment. Since installation of this City National Bank Bldg., 208 S. La Salle St. Graybar Bldg., 420 Lexington Ave. machine, inspection approvals on the intricate precision fuses are said to be running as high as 97 per cent.

130 f TEEL Palletized Loads

2 . Electric Trucks

Exide Batteries

nu tin

innmf

ísSÉi

The time-and-cost cutting trio S x iö e frondaö jypÇ'MEHii "Car loading time cut from 20 man-hours to IV2 hours” . . . löOOAKIH*«« "unloading costs cut from $1.37 to $0.113 per ton” . . . "128 man-hours per day saved in unloading and storing!” Such are the time-and-cost cutting reports that tell of the economies resulting from palletization and battery-powered electric In­ dustrial trucks. Exide Batteries are in use throughout the country, powering thousands of the electric trucks engaged in handling materials by this modern method. Exides have ample reserves to meet every power need, and to keep trucks moving at sustained speeds throughout the day. You can always count on Exides for dependability, long-life and ease of maintenance. Write us for a FREE copy of the bulletin "Unit Loads,” pre­ pared by The Electric Industrial Truck Association. It tells how to cut handling costs up to 50% . . . covers latest develop­ ments in materials handling... and includes actual case histories.

THE ELECTRIC STORAGE BATTERY CO., Philadelphia 32 Exide Batteries of Canada, Limited, Toronto

Febi'tuary 26, 1945 . 131 Tin-Free Solders

(Continued from Page 9 2 ) dip soldering in solder pots. Corrosive zinc-chloride type fluxes and careful washing to remove the flux after solder­ ing are recommended. In a few applications, particularly where higher temperatures are involved and more corrosive fluxes are not objec­ tionable, solder No. 3 can be used, but only where there is no danger of burning insulation, and softening of copper is not critical. For a general all-purpose solder to re­ place 40 to 50 per cent tin solders, the No. 4 solder is recommended. It can be used with noncorrosive fluxes, such as rosin or aniline phosphate, on bare or precoated copper, but a corrosive flux is usually required for bare steel. Rup­ ture strength at elevated temperatures was found to be better than for 40 to NOW 50 per cent tin-lead solders. This solder can be used in wire form, rosin cored, A PROVEN or solid, for the majority of electrical connections which formerly were made WHEEL with the 40-60 to 60-40 tin-lead solders. "YARDSTICK" Since the 20 per cent tin solder melts at a temperature about 35 degrees Cent, FOR SURFACE higher than the 40 per cent tin solder, it has been found necessary to use hotter GRINDING soldering iron; that is, a 100-watt iron is needed where an 80-watt iron formerly sufficed. This higher temperature in­ Do you have a surfacing job that you are nof now satisfied with? creases the oxidation of the copper, but Does the wheel you are using tend to burn the work and fill up too is offset to some extent by the slower quickly? .Remove metal too slowly? Or does if wear too fast? Or erosion or alloying of the copper with leave a finish below your requirements? the tin in the low-tin solders. This solder If so, why not do what so many have done to find the best wheel is also used in larger soldering pots in for the job? Use the 846 K -l-V Dayton as your surface qrindinq place of 40-60 solder for soldering arma­ “yardstick.” tures. Recently, the composition of this snider has been changed slightly, and It cuts cool and fast. Gives an- excellent finish. Wears at just about specifications now require 19.5 to 20.5 the right rate for topmost efficiency. Indeed, it’s an even bet you will tin, 1.15 to 1.35 silver, 1.25 to 1.75 want to standardize on this 846 K -l-V Dayton. Short of that, it antimony, 0.75 maximum bismuth, 0.005 provides such a close measure of the important performance factors maximum aluminum, 0.005 m axim um that repeated guesswork in wheel selection is usually eliminated. zinc, and balance lead. The 846 K-l-V Dayton is made in a wide range of sizes— with Solder No. 5 is used for wiped joints. trial wheels shipped from stock. Write, wire or phone. It handles well, but is more susceptible to porosity than 40 tin-60 lead solder. SIMONDS WORDEN WHITE CO. Much progress has been made with 714NEGLET PLACE, DAYTON, OHIO brazed joints, particularly for commu­ tator riser joints and armature winding joints using copper-silver-phosphorous or copper-phosphorous alloy. This develop­ THE DAYTON WHEEL LINE ment, of course, eliminates the use or DAYTON all tin for such joints. Unfortunately, SURFACING however, not all commutator joints can CENTERLESS CENTERLESS be brazed because of space limitations WHEELS CYLINDRICAL and inability, with the present develop­ INTERNAL ment of brazing tongs, to satisfactorily SNAGGING heat the joint. Using Other Combinations

Tin-base solders containing 6 0 per cent tin are used in the making of lock and lap seams. The 2 0 per cent maximum solders have been tried, but results have not been too satisfactory because leaks are apt to form in the seams, and on capaci­ tor cans, one small leak is enough to change characteristics and spoil the capacitor. A 6 0 - 4 0 solder is being used on this job, but work on other coni-

132 /■TEEL SAVED FROM THE SCRAP PILE

Breaking a large crankshaft can be a serious m atter Use Thermit welding to save broken crankshafts, these days—butTherm it welding can make it much housings, axles and other heavy parts—and for less serious. fabrication of very heavy units. Thermit welding Instead of weeks of “down time,” while waiting may be done on your own premises or at one of for a new shaft, only 48 hours or less may be re­ our plants at Jersey City, Chicago, Pittsburgh or quired to make the repair with Thermit welding. South San Francisco. Send for new booklet, Thermit welded repairs are strong and durable— “Thermit Welding” which explains the process in strong as a forging of the same cross-section. Ma­ detail. Metal &Thermit Corporation, 120 Broadway, chining is seldom required in preparation for weld­ New York 5, N. Y., Albany, Chicago, Pittsburgh, ing and subsequent stress-relieving is unnecessary. South San Francisco, Toronto. positions in combination with special processes, such as high-frequency heat­ ing, is in progress. In some cases where porcelain is involved, the eutectic solder is desirable. Both 40-60 and 60-40 solders are used in the production of transformer cans. Again, 20 per cent tin solder has been tried, but close production schedules do not leave sufficient time to sweat 20 per cent tin solder into seams or joints. Solder containing 40 to 60 per cent tin still is being used by makers of small instruments, but work is very fine, joints are pin-point size, and only very small amounts of solder are used. It would be impractical, if not impossible, to use low- tin solders on such applications. The soldering of zinc-coated articles requires corrosive fluxes regardless of tin content in the solder. Sometime ago it was requested that cadmium-plated parts be zinc printed in order to relieve the situation on cadmium, but corrosive fluxes could not be used and therefore cadmium is being used where plating is necessary. It has been found that cad­ mium-plated parts can be satisfactorily soldered with low-tin solder using rosin flux provided the parts are not stored for THIS long periods. NEW AJAX COUPLING CATALOG High-tin solder (38 per cent tin) is still used for wiping the ends of oil- and gas-filled cables. Tin conservation fa a t t&e is accomplished by using wipes requiring much less material than formerly, but the 38 tin solder is deemed necessary to Every man who designs, builds, sells, operates, or eliminate any possibility of defective cables, since one small leak could ruin maintains direct-connected machinery is invited the entire cable. Some companies are to get a personal copy of this new catalog covering using successfully solders containing only 32 per cent tin for wiping certain types Ajax Flexible Couplings. of cables.

It gives latest working data on all types in­ Work on Solderless Joints cluding Standard, Mill Motor (taper bore), Aside from the effort put forth in the Shear Pin, Bolt-on, Brake Drum and field of soldering, the possibilities of re­ Detachable Hub Couplings. design, conipletey eliminating the use of solder should not be overlooked. One Phone your nearest Ajax Flex­ idea which has been actively developed by one company is the use of a drawn ible Coupling representative or metal container with a mechanically write direct to double seamed cover, similar to that used in the food packing industry, for a capacitor casing. All solder used in build­ ing the usual can would thus be elimi­ nated. While it is difficult to introduce radical changes in manufacturing pro­ cedures during times when the major objective is to deliver finished apparatus, it has been possible, slowly but diligently, to prosecute the development of a double seamed type of capracitor container which might be the forerunner to subsequent changes in the design and manufacture of capacitors. Another example is develop­ ment of a solderless type joint for elec­ Patents Make Jobs trical connections. Redesigning in many cases might result not only in saving of solder, but also in a better product. Soldering Galvanized or Zinc-Coated AJAX FLEXIBLE'pCOUPUNC CO. inc. Material: The soldering of zinc-coated material is much more difficult than the soldering of such metals as copper and Incorporated 1920 WESTFIELD, N. Y. iron. However, with sufficient care and attention to soldering technique, even low-

fX E E I a O G t X J C J L

\ \ f i r X r : - - - - ■■■■ A H- A : ti

H A L L P R O L- *G S O L V E D THE PROBLEM PROBLEM: With space at a premium, the job demanded enough flexibility in various heating cycles to permit the proper finishing of light as well as heavy gage materials. Production on some parts called for 3500 finished TJF-CAUSE heating, drying and baking are vitally important in the production pieces per hour. ANSWER: The automatic spraying operation was made finishing of most war materiel—it is not surprising that infra-red with its an in-line part of the overall oven layout. The materials numerous advantages has received industrywide acceptance and approval. handling system was designed to permit work to pass directly from spray booth into oven for three passes Vet, infra-red is not a cure-all. Like any other production process, it has under infra-red radiant heating lamps. its limitations. Maximum tinie-and-ntoney-saving advantages can only be obtained ADVANTAGES: Faster drying, finishing and prolonged curing cycles that answered every flexibility demand. by its correct use in every application. Because Hall RADI AIR Ovens are engi­ Variable control of lamp banks and conveyor speeds neered on this basic principle the User invariably benefits through new and gives a wide range of work time in the oven extending, from 3 to 7 minutes. BECAUSE OF THIS LONGER shorter heating cycles—improved methods of material handling—greater WORK CYCLE IN OVEN-OPERATING COSTS operating flexibility. The end point is always higher production at less cost. ARE HELD AT ROCK BOTTOM. AFTER THE WAR, w ithout alteration, this s a m e For example, not long ago a war producer was faced with the job of drying unit will be paying dividends in the efficient, low and baking large quantities of miscellaneous parts ranging from plastic, cost enam el baking of sealed-beam headlam p hous­ ings, headlam p shells, doors and other sheet m etal rubber-coated rocket rings, to “ windshields” for 105 mm and 7 5 mm shells. s ta m p in g s . It was thought at first that a simple automatic spray operation, plus a run Learn what a Productioneered Hall RADIAXR Oven can save you in valuable finishing TIME— through any low temperature oven would answer the problem. But, there was wartim e m inutes today—peacetim e minutes 3 catch! The entire operation has to be handled in a space not much larger to m o rro w . than an average good sized living room, with provisions made for a 3500 piece per hour capacity. These requirements made the problem one for the book. Read to the right just how a H a ll Prodnctioneered application of infra-red solved the problem. ■ hen remember to CA LL IN H A LL on your next drying, baking, preheating or dehydrating nmKlpm

1005 EAST HANCOCK ST. DETROIT 7, MICHIGAN

February 26, 1945 135 tin solders can be used successfully, l.mits its use in solders in this country. soldering iron or torch is not to melt although more time is required. Precautions with Low-tin and Tin-free the solder, but to heat the work until Wherever joints must be leakproof, Soft Solders: The successful use of low- the solder will flow when applied to solder containing 40 pier cent or more tin solders, or for that matter any solder, the work. tin is much more reliable. Nevertheless, has been found to depend on close atten­ 3. Keep the soldering iron clean. Design it must be remembered that high tin tion to technique. Tile following points the tip to fit actually against tne alone will not insure good joints. Anti­ have been stressed3 as of the utmost work to get the quickest possible heat mony in- any solder brings disaster when importance in effecting a change to a transfer from the iron to the work. zinc-coated materials are being soldered. low-tin or tinless solder because greater 4. Investigate different methods avail­ Such joints made with antimony-contain­ care is needed to obtain satisfactory able for doing the work, i. e., hotter ing solder are brittle, have no resistance results with them: electric iron, gas-operated irons, high to shock and very little resistance to 1. Keep the work clean. Varnish, grease, frequency, and carbon resistance sold­ stress. oil, dirt, rust, or corrosion products ering tools. Some of the substitute solders such as cannot be too carefully guarded 5. Design joints to have 0.003- to 0.005- a lead-base alloy containing 8 per cent against. Any of these will prevent the inch solder thickness, and so that the cadmium and 2 per cent zinc are being flux from acting and will prevent solder two parts overlap each other. Lap- or used successfully on zinc, especially in from alloying with parent metal. seam-type joints are better than butt- Germany, but the shortage of cadmium 2. Keep in mind that the purpose of the type joints. Have the solder fill the seam completely. Heavy fillets add little strength to the joints and are a waste of solder. 6. Don’t hand a substitute solder, a flux, and a soldering job to a workman and expect a perfect job the first time. Give him a chance to get the feel of the new material. Don’t give up a substitute solder after one unsuccessful trial—chances are your technique is not what it should be for that particu­ lar solder. It is important to remember that the object of using low-tin solders is to save tin. If so much low-tin solder is used for a given joint that the actual tin content is greater than that of a higher tin solder for the same application, obviously, no saving is made. If, after thorough trial, calculations show that no saving of tin is being made, or a loss results, the substi­ tute solder should be discarded. Soldering technique improves with experience, how­ ever, and if early results indicate that the use of a low-tin solder actually does not require more tin, the chances are good that a marked economy will develop with continued use. In all industries there are a few com­ panies with research organizations or en­ terprising individuals who will try out new ideas or methods or materials. Those who have worked with the low-tin and tin-free solders and have made tlrem '¿mvuXe BACKLASH,FRICTION, work are almost always glad to share their knowledge. Where trouble in solder­ WEAR AND CROSS-PULL ing with substitute solders is encoun­ tered, it is an excellent plan to do some the four destructive evils of other types experimental work first to find the diffi­ and makes of couplings that prevent culties and advantages, then discuss the work with someone who is successfully a permanent care-free installation. doing a similar soldering job.

REFERENCES The Thomas All-Metal Coupling has 1W. Yonkman: New Lead Coating Process Eliminates Use of Zinc Alloy. Product Fn»1' No Chains, No Gears, No Rubber. neering, May 1943, pp. 282-283. No Lubrication Required 2 Western Electric Co. 3 S. J. Nightingale and O. F. Hudson: Tin Solders, Second Edition. British Nonferrous Metals Research Association, London, 19-*-' HIGH Smt> HEAVY DUTV FLOATING SHAFT TVPC FLEXIBLE COUPLING p. 73. 4 Private communication from A. J. Phillip5* American Smelting and Refining Co. WRITE FOR COMPLETE 5 W. R. Lewis: Tin and Antimony in Lead Allovs. Tin and Its Uses, March 1944, PP- ENGINEERING CATALOG 13-14. c In d iu m N ews, V olum e 1, No. 1, Indi«01 Corp. of America. 1942. .. T Kolene Corp., 315 Boulevard Bldg., Detron- THOMAS FLEXIBLE COUPLING CO. s “D-W ” flux, National Lead Co., Ill Broad­ way, New York. Met­ W A R REN, PENNSYLVANIA J Bulletin of the General Committee on allurgy, Vol. 3, No. 6. (General Electric Co.)

/TEE1 t > » 'v tt'i i h -S

Congratulations...

ON BOTH YOUR FINE WORK

And f o r e s i g h t o n t h e p a y r o l l s a v i n g s p l a n :

INI your wholehearted support of the tional advantages and old age comforts 1 Payroll Savings Plan, you are doing far You and your employees, through mutual more than backing the most valid system cooperation in this forward-looking plan, of war financing—and building a power­ are gaining a new and closer understand­ ful dam against the onrush of dangerous ing—the cornerstone of a firmer, mutually inflationary dollars. profitable relationship Î By encouraging the all-out participation of your employees in this greatest of all National benefits, too, follow the “All savings plans, you are helping to create a Out” effort you are making! The pros­ sound economy for post war days. perity of our United States rests on the With this same plan, you are assisting economic stability of both management working America to build a mainstay and labor. Your Payroll Savings Plan is against the inroads of unemployment working constructively toward the assur­ and want — to save for homes, educa­ ance of both !

The Treasury Department acknowledges with appreciation the publication of this message by

S T E E L

This is an official U. S. Treasury advertisement prepared under the auspices of Treasury Department and W ar Advertising Council

February 26. 1945 137 CUTTING CORROSION BY REMOVING H2S To protect _ millions of dollars worth of steel-making and magnesium-smelting equipment from corrosion, this Koppers Thylox plant was built to remove hydrogen sulfide from coke-oven gas and to recover sulfur which may be used as a base for fungicides and for sulfite paper manufacture. The coke-oven gas contained 250 grains of hydrogen sulfide per 100 cubic feet, 97% of which was removed by the system.

RECIRCULATINGVAPORS WOOD HURDLES

DEPHEMOUIEO AMH. LIQUOR FRESH CAUSTIC -VENT TO STILL SPRINGING TANK STEEL LATH£~ TVRMlMCS BUTTERFLY VALVE

BLOWERVAPOR /SODACAUSTIC AMMONIALIQUOR FROM STILL

FILTER 'STEAM SODIUM — PHENOLATE CARBONATE\SOOIUM

RECOVERING PHENOL FROM AMMONIA LIQUORS The Koppers Yapor-recirculation Dephenolization Process has enabled coke-plant operators to remove phenols from ammonia liquors and recover them at a profit. The system removes 95% phenol and recovers 90% of it as sodium phenolate. Koppers is building benzol-process dephenoliza- tion equipment for treating the effluent from a plant car­ bonizing 8,000 net tons of coal per day. - KOPPERS ( the industry that serves all industry APPLYING ROOFING OVER STEEL DECKS Koppers Roofing Specification Book, just distributed to roofers BUT WAR BONDS . . . AND KEEP THEM! and architects, contains four specifications for applying built-up coal tar pitch roofing with insulation over steel decks. It also has 26 specifications for various types of roofs over other kinds of decks and complete waterproofing and dampproofing in- KOPPERS COMPANY, INC., PITTSBURGH 19, PA. formation. We will be glad to send you a copy.

138 f~i E E L i '.V M 1 I f S

u r e

1. Flooring & Stair Treads 7. G a ge s & Therm om eters 14. W e ld in g Electrodes National Machine & Foundry Co.—8-page Jas. P. Marsh Corp.—56-page illustrated illustrated bulletin on Presto-Weld open floor­ P. R. Mallory & Co.— 32-pagc illustrated catalog 75GT contains complete data on gages, catalog No. M-400 contains engineering data ing» grating and stair treads describes various thermometers and industrial instruments which types and sizes. Features include maximum on complete line of resistance welding elec­ are designed for industrial, process, laboratory trodes and alloys. Data are given on spot strength at minimum weight, maximum open and other similar uses. area, complete safety, adaptability and main­ welding tips, electrode materials, seam welding tenance economy. Standard panel widths are 8. G e ar Finisher wheels, projection welding dies and other 24, 36 and 48 inches. equipm ent. Michigan Tool Co.— 4-page illustrated bul­ 2. Protective Coatings letin No. 860-B describes improved Model 15. Carbon & G raphite 860-B gear finishing machines which operate Wailes Dove-Hermiston Corp.— 4-page il­ National Carbon Co.—20-page illustrated on cross-axis gear shaving principle. Gears up catalog section No. M-8000-A gives complete lustrated bulletin No. 844 describes charac­ to 5 inches in width and with splines as small teristics and suggested applications of Bitu- data on National and Karbate carbon and as 1 inch in outside diameter can be handled graphite products for application in chemical, mastic Hi-Heat Gray industrial protective on three sizes of this machine. coating which resists corrosion and withstands metallurgical, mechanical and electrical equip­ heat ranging up to 1200 degrees Fahr. This 9. Precision G a ge s ment. Typical uses are shown and physical material may be used on stacks, boilers, fur­ properties of available types of carbon and naces, stills and heat exchangers. Metrical Laboratories — 4-page illustrated graphite materials are given. bulletin on external indicating gages explains 3. Alloy Castings design and application of indicating rings, 16. T ap s & Thread M ills thickness cages and slot gages which are in­ Monarch Aluminum Mfg. Co.— 16-page il­ Muxchey Machine & Tool Co.—Nine illus­ tended to he used with Metricator pneumatic trated bulletins contain complete data and lustrated bulletin shows aluminum die castings, column type gaging machines. aluminum permanent mold castings, aluminum descriptions on roller pipe cutters, collapsible sand castings and zinc die castings produced 10. M etallizing machine taps, collapsible pipe taps, adjustable by company. Technical data includes tables taps, self-opening die heads, heavy duty die of properties of aluminum and zinc alloys with Metallizing Co. of America— 4-page illus­ heads, tangential chaser die heads and thread their numbers. Various processes of casting trated bulletin No. 16 explains step-by-step milling machines. and their application are described. procedure employed in repairing cracked cyl­ inder blocks with Mogul electric bonder. De­ 17. Se al & Pipe C o v e rin g 4. Way Grinder scription of this electric welding machine is in­ J. W. Mortell Co.—Two illustrated bulle­ cluded. Mattison Machine Works— 6-page illustrated tins contain data on NoDrip condensate pre­ bulletin on the “Mattison Precision Vertical- 11. Protective Coatings venting pipe coating and Mortite plastic seal­ Spindle Way Grinder” shows construction fea­ ing tape. Uses, application data and advan­ Roxalin Flexible Finishes Corp.— 44-page il­ tages of these products are described. tures and explains operation of this machine lustrated plastic-bound bulletin entitled “20 tool which is designed to accurately grind Years of Plastic Surfacing” gives characteristics 18. Y-Belt Drives tables, slides, saddles, heads, turrets and other of various plastic materials which are utilized parts having angular machined ways or sur­ for surface protection of all types of materials. Multiple V-Belt Drive Association— 16-page faces. Data are given on coatings for metal, fabric, illustrated booklet entitled “19 Reasons Why” wood, electric cable, plastics and other types explains advantages of multiple V-belt drives 5. Industrial Truck Data of materials. for all types of power transmission applica­ Industrial Truck Statistical Association— 16- tions. Each advantage is clearly shown. page illustrated guide book entitled "Unit 12. Lim it Sw itches Loads—Their Handling— Shipment—Storage” Micro Switch Div. — 100-page illustrated 19. M achine Tools contains information on the practice of han­ catalog No. 71 describes over 500 heavy duty Monarch Machine Tool Co. — Illustrated dling materials in unit loads of 2 to 5 tons type Micro switches and auxiliary devices for bulletins No. 192 and 193 contain complete on skids, pallets or other means with power electrical controls in aircraft, automotive, ma­ data and specifications on Monarch lathes and industrial trucks. Types of trucks, load ar­ rine, railway and heavy machinery. Electrical Monarch special cost-cutting machines. Con­ rangement, training of operators and case his­ data, electric ratings, check list, characteristics struction and operating features of these ma­ tories are covered. and other information to aid in application of chine tools are clearly shown. these switches are included. 6. Abrasive Beit Finishing 20. Fluorescent Fixtures 13. Steel Bars Minnesota Mining & Mfg. Co.—Four illus­ Mitchell Mfg. Co.— 12-page illustrated cata­ trated bulletins show advantages, typical opera­ Monarch Steel Co.—24-page illustrated bul­ log No. 281 gives complete data and informa­ tions and production methods employing swing letin on “Speed Case and Speed Treat Cold tion on two lamp, 40-watt; three lamp, 40- belt grinders, abrasive belt machines, hack­ Finished Steel Bars” shows typical applications watt and two lamp, 100-watt Mitchelite steel stand idlers and face contact wheels and other of these materials to various parts and gives industrial fluorescent fixtures. These units are similar units which speed production and sim­ advantages and properties of materials which available with open or closed reflectors with plify grinding and finishing operations. lend themselves to specific applications. accessories for any required mounting method.

/ TEEL Readers' Service Dept. FIRST CLASS PERMIT No. 36 1213 West Third St., Cleveland 13, Ohio (Scc.5I0P.L.&R.) 2-19-45 Cleveland, Ohio to me.

1 2 3 4 5 8 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 18 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 38 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 BUSINESS REPLY CARD No Postage Stamp Necessary if Mailed in the United States Name 4 c POSTAGE WILL BE PAID BY — Company Products Manufactured /TEEL Address Penton Building

City CLEVELAND 13, OHIO S tate 21. Precision G a g e s 29. Industrial Cars 36. Cleaning Materials Pratt & Whitney Div., Niles-Bement-Pond Pressed Steel Car Co.— 12-page illustrated Oakite Products, Inc.— 12-page bulletin en­ Co.— 12-page illustrated circular No. 479 covers catalog No. 72-G describes complete line of titled "Production Cleaning of Die Castings" use of Air-O-Limit internal type, air operated Steelcar self-discharge cars which are available is digest on cleaning materials and methods for comparator gages. These units provide pro­ in wide range of sizes and capacities for opera­ surface preparation of die castings before ap­ duction means for checking internal diameters tion on standard or special gage tracks. Ca­ plication of chemical, organic or electro-plated to practically any tolerance required. Scale pacities range from 38 cubic feet up to rail­ finishes. divisions as low as .00005 inch can be fur­ road hopper cars rated at 70 tons or ore cars nished. holding 80 tons. 37. Clutch Control 22. Surface Gage 30. Heat Resistant Coatings Pesco Products Co., Automotive Div.— 4-page Physicists Research Co.— 20-page illustrated illustrated bulletin No. 6 describes Hydrolease “Profilometer" catalog lists specifications and Preferred Utilities Mfg. Corp.— 2-page illus­ hydraulic clutch actuator for trucks, buses, heavy duty motor vehicles and industrial power prices of this instrument and its accessories for trated bulletin No. 925 outlines advantages, measuring surface roughness. Nature of sur­ applications and protection afforded by White clutches. This unit reduces pedal pressures as face roughness and operation of equipment in Hot and Pyro-Chrome heat resistant coatings much as 50 per cent and reduces shock to various industrial applications are covered. which may be used in temperatures of 2840 clutch parts. and '4000 degrees Fahr., respectively. These 23. Mobile Cranes coatings protect finishes against corrosion, oxi­ 38. Production Facilities dation and heat. Orton Crane & Shovel Co.— 16-page illus­ Oiljak Mfg. Co.—4-page illustrated bulletin trated catalog No. 73 bn Orton One-Man Aero describes machining, stamping, welding, assem­ cranes explains features which include opera­ 31. Alloy Castings bling and finishing facilities of this company tion, steering and traveling controlled from op­ Meehanite Research Institute of America, which are available for production of wide erator’s seat. These cranes are available in sev­ Inc.— 12-page illustrated bulletin No. 15 is en­ range of mechanical and electrical parts and eral sizes and may be used with hooks or titled “Meehanite Castings in War Work.” equipm ent. clamshell buckets. Properties of various types of Meehanite metals are tabulated and typical applications of this 39. C u ttin g T ools 24. X -R a y Equipm ent material in manufacture of aircraft, guns, shell, Putnam Tool Co.—92-page illustrated cata­ Picker X-Ray Corp.— 16-page illustrated bul­ machine tools, radio equipment and other ord­ log No. 44 lists full specifications, prices and letin No. 2544 is descriptive of Picker X-Ray nance equipment are shown. other data on 1023 items in line which in­ production inspection equipment. In addition cludes end mills, chucking reamers, continuous to showing features of these machines, catalog 32. X-Ray Diffraction pilot counterbores, holders and other standard listings are included on various units. and special tools. Engineering data are in­ North American Philips Co.— 12-page illus­ cluded for cutting tool users. 25. Degreasing Material trated bulletin on “Norelco X-Ray Diffraction Apparatus" describes equipment for identify­ Penctone Co.— 4-page illustrated bulletin ing, comparing and analyzing materials. Dia­ 40. Counting Devices describes non-toxic, non-inflammable and safe grams, typical diffraction films and several tab­ Production Instrument Co.—4-page illus­ Penetone cleaning materials which may be used ulations are included. Interpretation of dif­ trated bulletin No. 50 describes stroke and for degreasing, cleaning floors, plant mainten­ fraction films is explained. revolution counters, high speed coil winding ance, hand cleaning and for washing machin­ counters, electric counters and actuating ery. This water soluble concentrate emulsifies 33. Speed Reducers switches, timing and recording devices, and oil and grease easily. pre-determined electric counters. Suggested Philadelphia Gear Works, Inc.— 56-page il­ applications for these devices are included.. 26. Industrial Timer lustrated bulletin No. 200 contains descriptions Paragon Electric Co. — 4-page illustrated and covers design features, lubrication, selec­ 41. Splicing & Banding bulletin No. 4492 describes manually preset tion, load characteristics, service factors, ar­ Punch-Lok Co.— 6-page illustrated bulletin industrial interval timer which has single-pole, rangement of shafts and rotations, horsepower No. 108 outlines electrical applications of double-throw 1000-watt switch; self-starting ratings and other data on complete line of Punch-Lok method for making flexible cable synchronous motor drive; adjustable time spiral bevel speed reducers for all types of line taps, solid wire line taps, clamping of guy ranges from 0 to 15 seconds through 0 to 20 power transmission applications. hours. wire guards and anchors, splicing electric 34. Induction Heating welding cable, repairing splits in cross-arms, 27. Electric Hand Tool reclaiming ladders and similar uses. Ohio Crankshaft Co., Tocco Div.—20-page Precise Products Co.— 4-page illustrated bul­ illustrated bulletin No. 17 is entitled “Research 42. Annealing Equipment letin entitled “More Power To You” shows de­ for Results with Induction Heating.’’ Typical Pressed Steel Co.— 4-page illustrated bulle­ sign and operating features of Precise 35 elec­ parts processed by induction heating are shown tin “Annealing Equipment to Your Specifica­ tric hand tool which delivers 1/6 horsepower at and machines which axe available for induc­ tions” describes covers and tubes available for speeds of 35,000 revolutions per minute. Col­ tion heat treating are described. making new installations or for replacement let capacity is i4-inch and mounted wheels or milling cutters may be used. units. Also described are welded alloy retorts 35. A rc W e ld in g and other annealing equipment. 28. O il Burners C. II. Phillips & Co.—16-page illustrated handbook of engineering data is entitled “Are 43. W ir e Rope Peabody Engineering Corp.— 4-page illus­ Welding in the Maintenance and Construction Preformed Wire Rope Infonnation Bureau—• trated bulletin No. 802 covers available types of Tools and Dies.” Such subjects as deposit 32-page illustrated book “Speaking of Pre­ of mechanical atomizing and steam atomizing characteristics, heat treatment, physical prop­ formed in Mechanized Warfare" shows im­ oil burners which are built for natural or forced erties and application procedures are given on portant role preformed wire rope has played in draft operation in industrial power plants, ma­ Crucible Arc electrodes which are specifically combat service. Army and Navy photographs rine equipment, public utilities and refineries. designed for welding tool and die steels. show actual battle scenes on various fronts.

f T E E L Readers' Service Dept. FIR S T CLASS 213 W est Third St., C leveland 13, Ohio PE R M IT No. 86 (Sec.510P.L.&R.) 2-19-45 C leveland, Ohio 'lease have literature circled below sent to m me. e. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 5 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 7 28 29 .30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 9 40 41 42 43 BUSINESS REPLY CARD famc______Title No Postage Stamp Necessary if Mailed in the United States

■ompany______4 c POSTAGE WILL BE PAID BY — roducts Manufactured ______TEEL ddress Penlon Building

ity S tate CLEVELAND 13, OHIO THE WAR... YOUR ELEVATORS... AND YOUR EYES

-■ V . . ■ it irr A Ky. '■, .’kUlA.' ^ \ .>: ‘ f. <■

&4fßi

» On flat-tops, battleships, and cruisers, Otis precision-built elevators have been and are today serving the United States Navy on the & » Today, therefore, when planning the mod­ seven seas. From our experience in providing ernization of your present equipment, give this equipment have come marked improve­ particular consideration to Otis Elevators. This ments in design, new manufacturing tech­ company, with 244 offices throughout the niques, and a store of knowledge destined to United States, is in a position now to co­ provide still further improvements in Otis operate with you in the preparation of plans Elevators after the war. and surveys.

So’ keep your eyes on Otis. In the days ahead, this company, through the continued use of advanced methods and new skills, will, as in the past, be ready to assure you of the last word in efficient and economical vertical transportation.

OFFICES IN ALL PRINCIPAL CITIES BRASSERT SELF-CLEANING

WATER STRAINER

• Automatic

o Self-Clean in g

• 3 to 30" Pipe Sizes

• Stainless Steel Fine Mesh Cone Screens

• Porcelain Strainer D iscs

• Installed capacity now cleaning over 2 million gallons per minute

S . P . K I N N E Y Engineers 2 3 3 OLIVER AVENUE PITTSBURGH 2 2 , • PENNSYLVANIA MARKET SUMMARY

Steel War Needs Surpass DISTRICT STEEL RATES Percentage of Ingot Capacity Engaged in Mill Ability To Produce Leading Districts W eek E n d ed Sam e W eek Closer control of directives to reduce confusion in Feb. 24 Change 1944 1943 98.5 schedules. . . CMP tonnage being crowded far Pittsburgh . . . . 88 + 4 92 Chicago 99.5 None 102 101.5 back. . . Operations advance Eastern Pa. .. . . 91 None 94 95 Youngstown . . . 92 + 3 95 97 Wheeling . . . 97.5 None 93 83.5 Cleveland . . . 90.5 + 4 93.5 93.5 Buffalo ...... 90.5 None 90.5 93 WITH steel mills booked far ahead with orders for essential Birm ingham . . 95 None 95 100 New England . . 90 None 89 95 material for war purposes there still is heavy pressure to place Cincinnati . . 87 — 9 92 , 91 tonnage on books for nearby and second quarter rolling, St. Louis . . . 80 None 82 91 D etroit ...... 88 None 86 91 Directives have been issued for so much tonnage that a great Estimated national deal of Controlled Materials Plan steel has been pushed far r a t e ...... 96 + 3 “97.5 “ 99.5 back in rolling schedules, much of it also essential. Great “Based on steelmaking capacities as of these confusion has prevailed as a result of this procedure and use dates. of directives is being reduced by Washington to lessen the dis­ order. Directives now are being issued only after severest scrutiny as to need for the tonnage for which special action is sought. Pittsburgh increased activity 4 points, to 88 per cent, Cleve­ Under greatest pressure is steel for guns and ammunition, land 4 points to 90% per cent and Youngstown 3 points to 92. for rockets in particular. Signal Corps equipment, involving Cincinnati showed the only decline, 9 points, to 87 per cent, various types of sheets and wire, also is being pushed insistently. because of repair on two open hearths. Rates were unchanged Mobile gun mounts and combat tanks call for high priority as follows: New England 90; Chicago 99%; St, Louis 80; also. However, the ship program appears to be approaching Buffalo 90%; Wheeling 97%; Birmingham 95; eastern Pennsyl­ its peak, with probability that March production of plates will vania 91; Detroit 88. be heaviest in several months. April and entire second quar­ Pig iron supply is much improved over the past few weeks ter should witness high plate production, with the trend slightly as transportation approaches normal and delayed material is downward, notwithstanding increasing requirements from loco­ reaching destination. Many melters are close to the bottom motive builders, now beginning to place tonnage for export of their supply and in some cases melt has been curtailed. In orders recently booked. Some platemakers can give delivery most cases inventory is much below the 30-day supply allowed in May but most are booked into June for entire production. by WPB. Books will be opened soon for second quarter and Claimant agencies are asking over 17 million tons of carbon indications are buying will be about the same as for first quar­ steel for second quarter needs, while production possibilities ter. No action has been taken on proposed relighting of idle are estimated at not more than about 14 million tons. Effort stacks, manpower lack being a deterrent, although the recent will be made by WPB to reduce the requests by close screening, advance of $1 per ton for iron would have made this possible to match with possible output. Manpower is a large factor in in some cases. holding production down. Scrap is still tight as a result of slow movement during the Steelworks operations last week made further gain from the period of heavy snows, which prevented collection, preparation recent low point, advancing 3 points to 96 per cent of capacity. and shipment. During this period reserves were reduced and some tonnage still is be­ JAN. FEB. ing taken from stocks, but the situation is >. 105 MAR. APR. MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. 1 1 i i i ; 'Ill i i i 1 1 1 i : : Tl 1 n i 1 ; 105 > h* 1 i 1 l 1 1 1 ł—1 improving. Enlargement of the shell pro­ G S''EEL'VORTCS OPEERAT ONS - 194 5 U gram is causing a larger offering of turnings, 2 loo loo 2 which are weaker in price but are being con­ 5 . ’\ "‘..4 ' " s . 5 sumed at a fair rate. LL r ü. £ 95 ... y ¡.S' v \ Consumption of Lake Superior iron ore in %95 £ 5 * 2 January was below average, as had been in­ O UJ dicated by lower pig iron production. The 6UJ 90 \J 90 a a ▼ LU total was 6,982,619 gross tons, compared 1945- <* a 1944- with 7,481,653 tons in the corresponding i r i ! 1 1 1 m i ro 1 I 1 1 .1 1 II mtltjTTTt Y-r " r"î i t..i n r "TT1rH-V i - i i‘ month last year. Stocks at furnaces and £ 8 40N1'HLY INGOr PRODUCTION 8 m Lake Erie ports Feb. 1 were 30,888,619 tons, compared with 36,059,302 tons at the same i—e ; 7 H V- date in 1944. This is sufficient for needs 2 6 6 lu u_ 2 until the 1945 season opens. O' 5 UL (n 5C o Average composite prices of steel and C /5 iron products show no change from levels O 4 4 g of the past few weeks, held steady by ceil­ J 3 3 d ings. Finished steel composite is $57.55, semifinished steel $36, steelmaking pig iron 0 * 194 ;5 is M . 1945 $24.05, steelmaking scrap $19.17.

February 26, 1945 143 MARKET PRICES COMPOSITE MARKET AVERAGES One Three One Five Month Ago Months Ago Year Ago Years Ago Feb. 24 Feb. 17 Feb. 10 Jan., 1945 Nov., 1944 Feb., 1944 Feb., 1940 Finished Steel ...... §57.55 $57.5.5 $57.55 $57.22 $56.73 $56.73 $56.73 Semifinished Steel .... 36.00 36.00 36.00 36.00 36.00 36.00 36.00 Steelmakin" Pis Iron . . 24.05 23.05 23.05 23.05 23.05 23.05 22.05 Steelxnaking Scrap .... 19.17 19.17 19.17 19.17 19.17 19.17 17.10 Finished Steel Composite:—Average of industry-wide prices on sheets, strips, bars, plates, shapes, wire nails, tin plate, standard and line pipe. Semifinished Steel Composite:— Average of industry-wide prices on billets, slabs, sheet bars skelp and wire rods. Steelmaking Pig Iron Composite:— Average of basic pig iron prices at Bethlehem, Birmingham, Buffalo, Chicago, Cleveland, Neville Island, Granite City and Youngs- town. Steelworks Scrap Composite:—Average of No. 1 heavy melting steel prices at Pittsburgh, Chicago and eastern Pennsylvania. Finished steel, net tons; others, gross tons. COMPARISON OF PRICES Representative Market Figures for Current Week; Average for Last Month, Three Months and One Year Ago Jan., O ct., Jan., P ig Iron F eb . 24, D ec., Oct., Finished Material Fe,oil4>1945 Poi? 1944 1944 1944 1945 1944 1944 1944 Steel bars, Pittsburgh ...... 2.15c 2.15c 2.15c 2.15c $26.19 $25.19 $25,19 $25.19 Steel bars, Chicago ...... 2.15 2.15 2.15 2.15 24.50 23.50 23.50 23.50 Steel bars, Philadelphia ...... 2.47 2.47 2.47 2.47 26.34 25.34 25.34 25.34 Shapes, Pittsburgh ...... 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 No. 2 fdry., del. Pitts., N.&S S id es. . 25.69 24.69 24.69 24.69 Shapes, Philadelphia ...... 2.215 2.215 2.215 2.215 No. 2 foundry, Chicago . . . . 25.00 24.00 24.00 24.00 Shapes, Chicago ...... 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 21.38 20.38 20.38 20.38 Plates, Pittsburgh ...... 2.20 2.15 2.10 2.10 25.30 24.30 24.30 24.30 Plates, Philadelphia ...... 2.25 2.225 2.15 2.15 No. 2 fdry., del. 26.34 25.84 25.84 25.84 Plates, Chicago ...... 2.20 2.15 2.10 2.10 25.00 24.00 24.00 24.00 Sheets, hot-rolled, Pittsburgh ...... 2.20 2.15 2.10 2.10 Malleable, Chicago ...... 25.00 24.00 24.00 24.00 Sheets, cold-rolled, Pittsburgh ...... 3.05 3.05 3.05 3.05 Lake Sup., charcoal, del. Chicago. . . 37.34 37.34 37.34 37.34 Sheets, No. 24 galv., Pittsburgh 3.65 3.60 3.50 3.50 Gray forge, del. Pittsburgh ...... 25.19 24.19 24.19 24.19 Sheets, hot-rolled, G ary ...... 2.20 2.15 2.10 2.10 Ferromanganese, del. Pittsburgh. . . . 140.33 140.33 140.33 140.33 Sheets, cold-rolled, Gary ...... 3.05 3.05 3.05 3.05 Sheets, No. 24 galv., Gary ...... 3.65 3.60 3.50 3.50 Scrap Bright bess., basic wire, Pittsburgh . 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.60 $20.00 $20.00 $17.15 $20.00 Tin plate, per base box, Pittsburgh. . $5.00 $5.00 $5.00 $5.00 15.50 18.75 Wire nails, Pittsburgh ...... 2.80 2.70 Heavy melt, steel, No. 2, E. Pa. 18.75 18.75 2.55 2.55 Heavy melting steel, Chicago . . 18.75 18.75 16.70 18.75 22.25 22.25 22.25 22.25 20.00 Semifinished Material 20.00 20.00 20.00 Sheet bars, Pittsburgh, Chicago $34.00 $34.00 $34.00 C oke Slabs, Pittsburgh, Chicago ...... 34.00 34.00 34.00 Connellsville, furnace, ovens $7.00 $7.00 $7.00 $7.00 Rerolling billets, Pittsburgh ...... 34.00 34.00 34.00 Connellsville, foundry ovens 7.75 7.75 7.75 7.75 Wire rods, No. 5 to A-inch, Pitts. . . 2.00 2 00 2.00 Chicago, by-product fdry., dc 13.35 13.35 13.35 13.35 STEEL, IRON RAW MATERIAL, FUEL AND METALS PRICES Following are maximum prices established by OPA Schedule No. 6 issued April 16, 1941, revised June 20. 1941 and Feb. 4, 1942. The schedule covers all iron or steel ingots, all semifinished iron or steel products, all finished hot-rolled, cold-rolled iron or steel products and any iron or steel product which is further finished by galvanizing, plating, coating, drawing, extruding, etc., although only principal established basing points for selected products are named specifically. Seconds and off-grade products are also covered. Exceptions applying to individual companies are noted in the table. Finished steel quoted in cents per pound. Semifinished Steel Wire Bods: Pittsburgh, Chicago, Cleveland, tlves at 2.65c, Mansfield, Mass., plus freight Birmingham, No. 5—A ln- Inclusive, per 10O on hot-rolled bars from Buffalo to Mansfield.) Gross ton basis except wire rods, skelp. lbs., $2. Do., over —JJ-ln., Inch, $2.15; Cold-Flnlshed Alloy Bars: Pittsburgh, Chicago, Carbon Steel Ingots: F.o.b. mill base, rerolling Galveston, base, 2.25c and 2.40c, respectively. Gary, Cleveland, Buffalo, base 3.35c; Detroit, qua!.. stand, analysis, $31.00. Worcester add $0.10; Pacific Ports $0.50. (Pitts­ del. 3.45c; Eastern Mich. 3.50c. (Empire Sheet & Tin Plate Co., Mansfield, O., burgh Steel Co., $0.20 higher.) Reinforcing Bars (New Billet): Pittsburgh, may quote carbon steel Ingots at $33 gross Chicago, Gary, Cleveland, Birmingham, Spar­ ton, f.o.b. mill. Kaiser Co. Inc. $43, f.o.b. Bars rows Point, Buffalo, Youngstown, base 2.15c; Pacific ports.) Finished steel quoted in cents per pound. Detroit del. 2.25c; Eastern Mich, and Toledo Alloy steel Ingots: Pittsburgh, Chicago, Buffa­ Hot-Roiled Carbon Bars and Bar-SIze Shapes 2.30c; Gulf ports, dock 2.50c; Pacific ports, lo, Bethlehem, Canton, Massillon; uncrop., $45. under 3": Pittsburgh, Chicago, Gary, Cleve­ dock 2 55c Rerolling Billets, Blooms, Slabs: Pittsburgh, land, Buffalo, Birmingham, base 20 tons one Reinforcing Bars (Rail Steel): Pittsburgh, Chi­ Chicago, Gary, Cleveland, Buffalo, Sparrows size, 2.15c; Duluth, base 2.25c; Mahoning Val­ cago, Gary, Cleveland, Birmingham, Youngs­ Point, Birmingham, Youngstown, $34; Detroit, ley 2.22%c; Detroit, del. 2.25c; Eastern Mich. town, Buffalo base 2.15c; Detroit, del. 2.25c; del. $36; Duluth (bil) $36; Pac. Ports, (bll) 2.30c; New York del. 2.49c; Phlla. del. 2.47c; Eastern Mich, and Toledo 2.30c; Gulf ports, $46. (Andrews Steel Co., carbon slabs $41; Gulf Ports, dock 2.52c; Pac. ports, dock 2.80c. dock 2 50c Continental Steel Corp., billets $34, Kokomo, (Calumet Steel Division, Borg Warner Corp., (Sweet’s Steel Co., Williamsport, Pa., may to Acme Steel Co.; Northwestern Steel & W ire and Joslyn Mfg. & Supply Co. may quote 2.35c, quote ra il steel rein fo rcin g b ars 2.33c, f.o.D. Co., $41, Sterling, 111.; Laclede Steel Co. $34, Chicago base: Sheffield Steel Corp., 2.75c, m ill.) . , Alton or Madison, 111.; Wheeling Steel Corp. f.o.b. St. Louis.) Iron Bars: Single refined, Pitts. 4.40c; double $36 base, billets for lend-Iease, $34, Ports­ Ball Steel Bars: Same prices as for hot-rolled refined 5.40c; Pittsburgh, staybolt, 5.75c; Terre mouth, O., on slabs on WPB directives. Gran­ carbon bars except base Is 5 tons. Haute, single ref., 5.00c, double ref., 6.25c. ite City Steel Co. $47.50 gross ton slabs from (Sweet’s Steel Co., Williamsport, Pa., may D.P.C. mill. Geneva Steel Co., Kaiser Co. Inc., quote rail steel merchant bars 2.33c f.o.b. Sheets, Strip $53.64, Pac. Ports). m ill.) Hot-Boiled Sheets: Pittsburgh, Chicago, Gary, Forging Quality Blooms, Slabs, Billets: Pitts­ Hot-Rolled Alloy Bars: Pittsburgh, Chicago, Cleveland. Birmingham, Buffalo, Youngstown. burgh, Chicago, Gary, Cleveland, Buffalo, Canton, Massillon, Buffalo, Bethlehem, base 20 Sparrows Pt., Middletown, base 2.20c; Granite Birmingham, Youngstown, $40. Detroit, del. tons one size, 2.70c; Detroit, del.. 2.80c. City, base 2.30c; Detroit del. 2.30c; Eastern $42; Duluth, billets, $42; forg. bll. f.o.b. Pae. (Texas Steel Co. may use Chicago base price Mich. 2.35c; Phlla. del. 2.37e; New’ York del. Ports, $52. as maximum f.o.b. Fort Worth, Tex., price on 2.44c; Pacific ports 2.75c. , . (Andrews Steel Co. may quote carbon forging sales outside Texas, Oklahoma.) (Andrews Steel Co. may quote hot-rolled sheets billets $50 gross ton at established basing AISÏ (•Basic AISI (•Basic for shipment to Detroit and the Detroit area points; Follansbee Steel Corp., $49.50 f.o.b. Series O-H) Series O-H) on the Middletown, O. base.) Toronto, O. Geneva Steel Co., Kaiser Co. Inc., 1300 ....$0.10 4100 (.15-.25 Mo) 0.70 Cold-R«lled Sheets: Pittsburgh, Chicago, Cleve­ $64.64, Pacific ports.) (.20-,30 Mo) 0.75 land, Gary, Buffalo, Youngstown, Middletown. Open Hearth Shell Steel: Pittsburgh, Chicago, 2300...... 1.70 4300 ...... bJLM, 3.05c; Granite City, base 3.15c: D e«« Gary, Cleveland, Buffalo, Youngstown, Birm­ 2500...... 2.55 4600 ...... ___ 1.20 del. 3.15c: Eastern Mich. 3.20c; New York deL ingham, base 1000 tons one size and section; 3000...... 0.50 4800 ...... ___ 2.15 3.39c; Phlla. deL 3.37c; Pacific ports 3.AK- 3-12 In., $52; 12-1S In., excL, $54.00; 18 In. 3100...... 0.85 5 1 0 0 ...... 0.35 Galvanlzed Sheets, No. 24: Pittsburgh, Lin and over $56. Add $2.00 del. Detroit; S3.00 3200...... 1.35 5130 or 5152 . .... 0.45 cago, Gary, Birmingham, Buffalo, Youngstown. del. Eastern Mich. (Kaiser Co. Inc., $76.64, 3400...... ___ 3.20 6120 or 6152 . .... 0.95 Sparrows Point, Middletown, base 3.65c; Gr*n; f.o.b. Los Angeles.) 4000...... ___ 0.45-0.55 6145 or 6150 . .... 1.20 ite City, base 3.75c: New York deL 3-B*’ Alloy Billets, Slabs, Blooms: Pittsburgh, Chi­ Phila. del. 3.82c; Pacific ports 4.20c. cago, Buffalo, Bethlehem, Canton, Massillon, •Add 0.25 for acid open-hearth; 0.50 electric. (Andrews Steel Co. may quote galvanic“ $54; del. Detroit $56, Eastern Mich. $57. Cold-Flnlshed Carbon Bars: Pittsburgh, Chi­ sheets 3.75c at established basing Sheet Bars: Pittsburgh, Chicago, Cleveland, cago, Gary, Cleveland, Buffalo, base 20,000- C orrugated G alv. S h eets: P ittsb u rg h , Chicago. Buffalo, Canton, Sparrows Point, Youngstown. 39,999 lbs., 2.65c; Detroit 2.70c; Toledo 2.80c. Gary, Birmingham, 29 gage, per square ¿¡on $34. (Wheeling Steel Corp. $37 on lend-lease (Keystone Drawn Steel Co. may sell outside Culvert Sheets: Pittsburgh, Chicago, Gary. sheet bars, $38 Portsmouth, O., on WPB di­ its usual market area on Proc. Dlv., Treasury Birmingham, 16 gage, not corrugated, copy rectives; Empire Sheet & Tin Plate Co., Mans­ Dept, contracts at 2.65c, Spring City, Pa., plus alloy 3.60c; G ran ite C ity 3.70c; Pacific Port» field, O., carbon sheet bars, $39, f.o.b. mill.) freight on hot-rolled bars from Pittsburgh to 4.25c; copper Iron 3.90c, pure iron Skelp: Pittsburgh, Chicago, Sparrows Point, Spring City. New England Drawn Steel Co. coated, hot-dipped, heat-treated, No. 24, rr Youngstown. Coatesvtlle, lb., 1.90c. may sell outside New England on WPB dlrec- burgh, 4.25c. / TEEL 144 MARKET PRICES

Enameling Sheets: 10-gage; Pittsburgh, Chi- and coupled to consumers about $200 per net (1 ) except to the extent prevailing In third icago, Gary, Cleveland, Youngstown, Middle­ ton Base discounts on steel pipe Pittsburgh quarter ol 1940. ton, base, 2.75c; Granite City, base 2.85c; and Lorain. O.; Gary, Ind. 2 points less on Extras mean additions or deductions from ;Detroit, del. 2.85c; eastern, Mich. 2.90c; Pa- lap weld, 1 point less on butt weld. Pittsburgh base prices in effect April 16, 1941. . ale ports 3.■10c; 20-gage; Pittsburgh, Chicago, base only on wrought Iron pipe. Delivered prices applying to Detroit, Eastern .Gary, Cleveland, Youngstown, Middletown, B u tt Weld Michigan, Gull and Pacific Coast points are 'tase 3.35c; D etroit del. 3.45c; easte rn Mich. deemed basing points except in the case ot , 3.50c; Pacillc ports 4.00c. Steel Iron Electrical Sheets No. 24: In. B lk. Galv. In. Blk. Galv the latter two areas when water transporta­ %... 56 33 % ...... 24 3% tion is not available, in which case nearest Pittsburgh Pacific Granite 14 & : 59 40% basing point price, plus all-rail freight may be L.. , Base Ports City % ...... 30 10 63% 51 1-114. .. .. 34 16 charged. Field grade ...... 3.20c 3.95c 3.30c Armature ...... 3.55c 66%, 55 1 % ...... 38 18% Domestic Ceiling prices are the aggregate of 4.30c 3.65c (1 ) governing basing point price, (2 ) e x tra s Electrical ...... 4.05c Í-3 . . 68% 57% 2 ...... 37% 18 4.80c 4.15c L ap W eld and (3) transportation charges to the point Motor ...... 4.95c 5.70c 5.05c Steel Iron of delivery as customarily computed. Govern­ Dynamo 5.65c 6.40c 5.75c Transforme" In. Blk, Galv. In. Blk. Galv. ing basing point Is basing point nearest the 72 2...... 61 49% l V i ...... 23 3% consumer providing the lowest delivered price. ... 6.15c 6.90c Seconds, maximum prices: flat-rolled rejects 65 2 % - 3 ... , 64 52% 1 % ...... 28% 10 . .. 7.15c 7.90c ...... 3% .-6. . . 75% ol prime prices, wasters 75%, waste- 5S 7.65c 8.40c ... . • 88 2 ...... 30% 12 52 ■ 88 ¿2% 2% , 3% ■ ■ 31% 14% wasters 65% except plates, which take waster ...... 8.45c 9.20c ...... 9-19 .... prices: tin plate $2.80 per 10 0 lbs.; teme Hot-Rolled Strip; Pittsburgh, Chicago, Gary, . 64% 52 4 ...... 33% 18 11-12... , 63% 51 4% -8 . . . .. 32%, 17 plate $2.25; semifinished 85% of primes; other Cleveland, Birmingham, Youngstown, Middte- grades limited to new material ceilings. own, base 1 ton and over, 1 2 inches wide 9-12 281/, 12 Boiler Tubes: Net base prices p er 100 feet Export celling prices may be either the ag­ i u eosn~2-10c; Detroit del. 2.20c; Eastern gregate of (1 ) governing basing point or emer­ Jich. 2.2oc; Pacific ports 2.75c. (Joslyn Mfg. f.o.b. Pittsburgh in carload lots, minimum wall, cut lengths 4 to 24 feet, Inclusive. gency basing point (2) export extras (3) ex­ Co. may quote 2.30c, Chicago base.) port transportation charges provided they are Cold Rolled Strip: Pittsburgh, Cleveland, •Lap W eld— —Seam less— C h ar­ the f.a.s. seaboard quotations of the U. S. loungstovvn, 0.25 carbon and less 2.80c; Chi­ Steel Export Co. on April 16, 1941. cago, base 2.90c; Detroit, del. 2.90c; Eastern O.D. H ot Cold coal Mich. 2.95c; Worcester base 3.00c. Sizes B.W . G. Rolled Drawn Steel Iron Commodity C. R. Strip: Pittsburgh, Cleveland, 1". 13 $ 7.82 $ 9.01 Bolts, Nuts loungstown, b ase 3 tons an d over, 2.95c; l'A " .. .. . 13 9.26 10.67 F.o.b. Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Birmingham, . . . . 13 Chicago 3.05c; Detroit deL 3.05c; Eastern W,;- 10.23 11.72 $ 9.72 $23.71 Chicago. Discounts for carloads additional jMich. 3.10c; W orcester base 3.35c. i% "... . . 13 11.64 13.42 11.06 22.93 5%, full containers, add 10% Cold-Finished Spring Steel: Pittsburgh, Cleve­ 2". , . . . . 13 13.04 15.03 12.38 19.35 Carriage and Machine land bases, add 20c for Worcester; .26-.50 2 'A". . 13 14.54 16.76 13.79 21.63 Yj x 6 and sm aller ...... 65% off Carb., 2.80c; .51-.75 Carb., 4.30c; .76-1.00 2 % " ...... 12 16.01 18.45 15.16 Do., -ft an d % x 6-in. and shorter. ..63% off Carb., 6.15c; over 1.00 Carb., 8.35c. 2 % " ..,. . . . 12 17.54 20.21 16.58 26Í57 Do., % to l x 6-in. and shorter 61 off 2 % "...... 12 18.59 21.42 17.54 29.00 1% and larger, all lengths ...... 59 off Tin, Terne Plate 3" ,... 12 19.50 22.48 18.35 31.3S All diameters, over 6-in. long ...... 59 off Tin Plate: Pittsburgh, Chicago, Gary, 100-lb. 3 % " ...... 11 24.63 28.37 23.15 39.81 Tire bolts ...... 50 off tese box, $5.00; Granite City 53.10. 4" . . . 10 30.54 35.20 28.66 49.90 Step bolts ...... 56 off Electrolytic Tin Plate: Pittsburgh, Gary. 100- 4%”...... 10 37.35 43.04 35.22 Plow bolts ...... 65 off & base box, 0.50 lb. tin, $4.50; 0.75 lb. tin 5", ,. 9 46.87 54.01 44.25 7 ¿ 9 3 ■Stove B olts H.60.. 6". 7 71.96 82.93 68.14 In packages with nuts separate 71-10 off; with Iln Mill Riaek Plate: Pittsburgh, Chicago, nuts attached 71 off; bulk 80 off on 15,000 toy, base 29 gage and lighter, 3.05c; Granite Rails, Supplies of 3-inch and shorter, or 5000 over 3-in. uty, 3.15c; Pacific ports, boxed 4.05c. Standard rails, over 60-ib., i.o.b. mill, gross' N u ts wns Ternes: Pittsburgh, Chicago, Gary, No. ton, $43.00. Light rails (billet), Pittsburgh, Semifinished hex U.S.S. S.A.E. unassorted 3.80c; Pacific ports 4.55c. Chicago, Birmingham, gross ton, $43.00. ■&-Inch an d less ...... 62 64 ""“‘“during Ternes: (Special Coated) Pitts- «Relaying rails, 35 lbs. and over, f.o.b. rail­ % -1-inch ...... 59 60' Chicago, Gary, 100-base box 54.30' road and basing points, $31-$33. 1%-1%-inch ...... 57 58 Granite City $4.40. Supplies: Track bolts, 4.75c; heat treated, 1% and larger ...... 56 , Ternes: Pittsburgh base per pack- 5.00c. Tie plates, $43 net ton, base, Standard Hexagon Cap Screws ■ 20 x 28 in- coating I.e. 8-lb. spikes, 3.00c. Upset 1-in., smaller ...... 64 off igMO; 15-lb. $14.00; 20-lb. $15.00; 25-lb. $16; Milled 1-in., smaller ...... 60 off Mb. 517.25; 40-lb. $19.50. •Fixed by OPA Schedule No. 46, Dec. 15. Square Head Set Screws Plates 1941. Upset, 1-ln., smaller ...... 71 off Headless, %-in., larger ...... 60 off i!?0" „,SteeI P'ates: Pittsburgh, Chicago, No. 10, smaller ...... 70 off Cleveland, Birmingham, Youngstown, Tool Steels sparrows Point, Coatesvilie, aaym ont, 2.20c; Tool Steels: Pittsburgh, Bethlehem, Syracuse, Piling Mw York, del. 2.39c; P h ila., del. 2.25c; base, cents per lb.; Reg. carbon 14.00c; extra P ittsb u rg h , Chicago, B uffalo ...... 2.40c b*- Louis, 2.44c; Boston, del. 2.52-77c; Pacific carbon 18.00c; special carbon 22.00c; oil-hard- ! S 2'75c: Gult Ports, 2.55c. ening 24.00c; high car.-chr. 43.00c. Rivets, Washers branlte City Steel Co. m ay quote carbon Pitts, base F.o.b. Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Chicago, Nil 2;35c r.o.b. mill; 2.65c I.o.b. D.P.C. Tung Chr. Van. Moly. p er lb. B irm ingham X ,alser Co- Inc- 3.20c, I.o.b. Los Angeles. 18.00 4 1 67.00c Structural ...... 3.75c Wrai Iron & steel Co. 2.50c i.o.b. basing 1.5 4 1 ¿ 5 54.00c A-lnch and under ...... 65-5 off rants; Geneva Steel Co., Provo, Utah, 3.20c, 4 2 8 54.00c Wrought Washers, Pittsburgh, Chicago, Pac. ports.) ¿ 5 0 4 1.50 4 57.50c Philadelphia, to jobbers and large PaSn» P,atcs: Pittsburgh, Chicago, 3.35c; 5.50 4.50 4 4.50 70.00c nut, bolt manufacturers l.c.l $2.75-3.00 off «tide ports, 4.00c. S 'H“ rt,h Alt°y Plates: Pittsburgh. Chl- Stainless Steels Metallurgical Coke A SrtT Slk 3-5°C: GUlf P°rtS 3-95c; Base, Cents per lb.—r.o.b. Pittsburgh Price Per Net Ton Wrought Iron Plates: Pittsburgh, 3.80c. CHROMIUM NICKEL STEEL Beehive Ovens H. R C R Connellsvllle, furnace ...... *7.00 Shapes Type Bars Plates Sheets Strip Strip Connellsville, foundry ...... 7.50- 8.00 Pittsburgh, Chicago, Gary, 302. .. 24.00c 27.00c 34.00c 21.50c 28.00c Connellsvllle, prem . fd ry ...... 7.75- 8.10 ■nnlngham, Buffalo, Bethlehem, 2.10c; New 303... 26.00 29.00 36.00 27.00 33.00 New River, foundry ...... 8.50- 8.75 Wise county, foundry ...... 7.25- 7.75 ISrtJ; 2 75c 2701 phila- del- 2.215c; Pacific 304... 25.00 29.00 36.00 23.50 30.00 308... 29.00 34.00 41.00 28.50 35.00 Wise county, furnace ...... 6.75- 7.25 f e nl)c J ron Co” Phoenixvilie, Pa., may 309. .. 36.00 40.00 47.00 37.00 47.00 By-Product Foundry c.arbon steel shapes at 2.35c at estab- 310... 49.00 52.00 53.00 48.75 56.00 Kearney, N. J., ovens ...... 12.65 f.,™ basing points and 2.50c, Phoenixville, 312... 36.00 40.00 49.00 ...... Chicago, outside delivered ...... 12.60 w «port; Sheffield Steel Corp., 2.55c i.o.b •316... 40 00 44.00 48.00 40.00 48.00 Chicago, delivered ...... 13.35 feWW Geneva Steel Co.. 3.25c, Pac. ports); t321... 29.00 34.00 41.00 29.25 3S.00 Terre Haute, delivered ...... 13.10 it« Sh°‘ ’ 3.20c i.o.b. Los Angeles.) Í347. . 33.00 38.00 45.00 33.00 42.00 Milwaukee, ovens ...... 13.35 431... 19.00 22 00 29.00 17.50 22.50 New England, delivered ...... 14.25 bb, 2 40? Plllns:: Plttsbursh- Chicago, Buf- St. Louis, delivered ...... tl3 .3 5 STRAIGHT CHROMIUM STEEL Birmingham, delivered ...... 10.50 ^¡re Products, Nails 403. . 21.50 24.50 29.50 21.25 27.00 Indianapolis, delivered ...... 13.10 •IG Plt,tsb u rKh, Chicago, Cleveland, B irm - ••410. . 18.50 21.50 26.50 17.00 22.00 Cincinnati, delivered ...... 12.85 pnaai (except spring wire) to manurac- 416. . 19.00 22.00 27.00 18.25 23.50 tt420. . 24.00 28.50 33.50 23.75 36.50 Cleveland, delivered ...... 12.80 430. . 19.00 22.00 29.00 17.50 22.50 Buffalo, delivered ...... 13.00 DbIuth)arl0adS <3dd $2 f°r Worcester' 5 1 Detroit, delivered ...... 13.35 “1|ht basic, bessemer wire ...... 2 60c ÎÎ430F. 19.50 22.50 29.50 18.75 24.50 Philadelphia, delivered ...... 12.88 PiS1* wire ...... 3 O0c 440A. 24.00 28.50 33.50 23.75 36.50 Itr,,.'Pittsburgh Steel Co., 0.20c higher.) 442. . 22.50 25.50 32.50 24.00 32.00 •Operators of hand-drawn ovens using trucked e Products to the Trade: 443.. 22.50 25.50 32.50 24.00 32.00 coal may charge $7.75, effective Nov. 29, 1943. i ,„lard and Cement-coated wire nails, 446. . 27.50 30.50 36.50 35.00 52.00 1T3.85 from other than Ala., Mo., Tenn. i “ J staples, 100-lb. keg, Pittsburgh, 501. . 8.00 12.00 15.75 12.00 17.00 502. . 9.00 13.00 16.75 13.00 18.00 link8.0’ Birmingham, Cleveland, Du- Coke By-Products 5 “ $2.80; galvanized, $2.55; Pac. STAINLESS CLAD STEEL (20%) Spot, gal., freight allowed east of Omaha 1C L , V...... 53.3° and 53.05 304 ...... 5518.00 19.00 ...... Pure and 90% benzol ...... 15.00c •tneaied ience wire, 100-lb.. Pittsburgh, Toluol, two degree ...... 28.00c Q,7“ca8°. Cleveland ...... 3.05c •With 2-3% moly. tWith titanium. tWith Solvent naphtha ...... 27.00c fence wlre’ 100 lb- Pltts- columbium. »«Plus machining agent. ttHlgh Industrial xylol ...... 27.00c 1 Chicago, Cleveland ...... 3.4tic carbon. tIFree machining. 55Includes anneal­ Per lb. f.o.b. works fence, 15 14 gage and heavier, per ing and pickling. Phenol (car lots, returnable drums).... 12.50c «2 * column ...... ,^7c Basing Point Prices are (1) those announced Do., less than car lo ts ...... 13.25c t£Sr "ilre’ SO-rod spool. Pittsburgh, Chicago. by U. S. Steel Corp. subsidiaries lor first Do., tank cars ...... 11.50a iaS ' Birmingham, column 70; twiste-t quarter of 1941 or in effect April 16, 1941 at Eastern Plants, per lb. , bless wire, column 70. designated basing points or (2) those prices Naphthalene flakes, balls, bbls., to Job­ ubular G oods announced or customarily quoted by other pro­ bers ...... 8.00c ducers at the same designated points. Base Per ton, bulk, f.o.b. port Pipe: Base price in carloads, threaded ->ces under (2) cannot exceed those under Sulphate of ammonia ...... $29.20

febi 'ruin- 26, 1945 145 MARKET PRICES WAREHOUSE STEEL PRICES Base delivered price, cents per pound, for delivery within switching limits, subject to established extras.

0« o. -3 « « w 'Sl/t .a m « © -n rrt 00 A T)© S3 0) 4) © © _ •ÖV ©“ H a u I s « O a »-« O " 2 « 8S.S >g 2^.© © ■ t* e d O o2 « * £ 3 Wg w8 to m in I 2 «SJä łSr-< 68 6 2 Zoo 6.012» Boston ...... 4.044» 3.912» 3.912» 5.727» 3.774* 4.106* 5.106* 5.224** 4.744’* 4.144” 4.715 6.012** N ew York ...... - 3.853» 3.758» 3.768* 5.574» 3.590» 3.974* 3.974» 5.010»* 4.613»' 4.103» 4.774 Jersey City ...... 3.853» 3.747» 3.768» 5.574* 3.590* 3.974* 3.974» 5.010»* 4.613** 4.103» 4.774 5.860» Philadelphia ...... 3.822» 3.666» 3.605» 5.272» 3.518* 3.922» 4.272* 5.018*5 4.872» 4.072»» 4.772 5.816» Baltimore ...... 3.802» 3.759» 3.594» 5.252» 3.394» 3.902» 4.252» 4.894* 4.852» 4.052” Washington ...... 3.941» 3.930» 3.796» 5.341» 3.596» 4.041» 4.391’ 5 .1 9 6 ” 4.841» 4.041» Norfolk, Va...... 4.065» 4.002» 3.971* 5.465» 3.771» 4.165» 4.515» 5 .3 7 1 ” 4.965»* 4.165» Bethlehem, Pa.* ...... „ 3.45» Claymont, Del.* ...... 3Í45» i Coatesrille, Pa.* ...... 3.45» ------Buffalo (city) ...... 3.35* 3.40» 3.63» 5.26» 3.35* 3.819» 318Í9» 4 .7 5 « 4.40” 3.75» 4.669 5.60» 5Y5** Buffalo (country) ...... 3.25» 3.30* 3.30» 4.90» 3.25» 3.81» 3.50» 4.65** 4.30” 3.65» 4.35 5.60» 5.75“ P ittsburgh (city) ...... 3.35» 3.40* 3.40» 5.00» 3.35» 3.60» 3.60* 4.75** 4.40** 3.75» ...... Pittsburgh (country) ...... 3.25* 3.30* 3.30» 4.90» 3.25» 3.50» 3.50» 4.65** 4.30** 3.65» ...... C leveland (city) ...... 3.35* 3.588* 3.40» 5.188* 3.35» 3.60» 3.60» 4 .8 7 7 ’* 4.40=* 3.75» 4.45” 5.60” 5.65» Cleveland (country) ...... 3.25* . .. 3.30» ...... 3.25» 3.50» 3.50» 4.30»* 3.65» 4.35» D etroit ...... 3.450» 3.661* 3.609» 5.281» 3.450» 3.700» 3.700» 5 .0 m * 4.500»* 3.800» 4.659 5.93» 5.93» Omaha (city, delivered) ...... 4.115* 4.165» 4.165» 5.765* 3.865» 4.215* 4.215» 5 .6 0 8 “ 5.443» 4.443” ...... Omaha (country, base) ...... 4.015* 4.085* 4.065* 5.665» 3.765» 4.115* 4.115» 5.508” Cincinnati ...... 3.611* 6.391» 3.661* 5.291» 3.425* 3.675» 3.675* 4.825** 4.475» 4.01 i ” 4.711 6.10 6.20 Youngstown, O.* ...... 4.40»* Middletown, O.* ...... 3.25» 3.50» 3.50» 4.651S Chicago (city) ...... 3.50» 3.55* 3.55» 5.15* 3.25» 3.60» 3.60» 5.231” 4 .2 0 « 3 .7 5 ” 4.65 5.75» 5.85“ M ilw aukee ...... 3.637» 3.687» 3.687* 5.287» 3.387» 3.737» 3.737» 5 .2 7 2 « 4 .3 3 7 » 3.887” 4.787 5.987» 6.087“ Indianapolis ...... 3.58* 3.63» 3.63» 5.23» 3.518* 3.768» 3.768» 4.918« 4.568» 3.98” 4.78 6.08» 8.18» St. Paul ...... 3.76» 3.81* , 3.81* 5.41* 3.51* 3.86» 3.86* 5.257« 4 .4 6 » 4 .3 6 1 » 5.102 0.09» 6.19“ St. Louis ...... 3.647» 3.697» 3.697» 5.297» 3.397* 3.747» 3.747» 5 .1 7 2 « 4.347» 4.031” 4.931 6.131» 6.231» Memphis, Tenn ...... 4.015* 4.065“ 4 .0 6 5 s 5 .7 8 s 3.965* 4.215s 4.215s 5.265« 4.78** 4.33” ...... Birmingham ...... 3.50* 3.55* 3.55» 5.903* 3.45* 3.70» 3.70» 4.75« 4.852» 4.54 5.215 New Orleans (city) ...... 4.10* 3.90* 3.90* 5.85* 4.058* 4.20* 4.20* 5 .2 5 * 5.079« 4.60“ 5.429 Houston, Tex...... 3.75* 4.25s 4 .2 5 s 5.50» 3 .7 6 3 s 4.313* 4.313s 5.313* 4 .1 0 ” 3.65” Los Angeles ...... 4.40* 4.65* 4.95* 7.20* 5.00* 4.95* 6.75* 6.00** 7 .2 0 s 5.583* 5.613 5.85» 5.95s* San Francisco ...... 4.15» 4.35» 4.65* 6.35* 4.55* 4 .5 0 ’ 5.75* 6 .3 5 “ 7.30“ 5.333” 7.333 8.304» 8.404» Portland, Oreg...... 4.45»1 4 .4 5 » 4.75** 6.50** 4 .6 5 " 4.75** 6.30** 5 .7 5 « 6.6 0 ” 5.5 3 3 « ...... T acom a ...... 4.35s 4.45s 4 .7 5 s 6.50s 4 .6 5 s 4.25s 5.45s 5.95« 7 .6 0 ” 5 .7 8 3 ” 8.00** Seattle ...... 4.35s 4.45s 4 .7 5 s 6.50* 4 .6 5 s 4 .2 5 s 5 .4 5 s 5 .9 5 « 7.05« 5.783“ 8.00»

•Basing point cities with quotations representing mill prices, plus warehouse spread. NOTE—All prices fixed by Office of Price Administration in Amendments Nos. 10 to IS to Revised Pric« Scheduk No. -<9. Deliveries outside above cities computed in accordance with regulations.

BASE QUANTITIES to 1499 pounds; 18—one bundle to 1499 pounds; n— one to nine bundles; 1 400 to 1999 pounds; 2—400 to 14,999 pounds; 3—any quantity; 18—one to six bundles; 19— 100 to 749 pounds; 98—300 to 1999 pounds; 4— 300 to 1999 pounds; 8— 400 to 8999 pounds; 8—300 to 9999 pounds; 21— 1500 to 39,999 pounds; 32— 1500 to 1999 pounds; 23—1000 to T—400 to 39,999 pounds; 8—under 2000 pounds; 9— under 4000 pounds; 39,999 pounds; 24— 400 to 1499 pounds; 26— 1000 to 1999 pounds; 18—500 to 1499 pounds; 11—one bundle to 39,999 pounds; 12— 150 to 20—under 25 bundles. Cold-rolled strip, 2000 to 39,999 pounds, base; 2249 pounds; 13— 150 to 1499 pounds; 14—three to 24 bundles; 18— 450 27—300 to 4999 pounds.

Ores Indian and African R hodesian Provo, Utah, and Pueblo, Colo., 91.0c; prices include duty on im­ Lake Superior Iron Ore 48% 2 .8 :1 ...... $41.00 45% no ratio ...... 28.30 ported ore and are subject to pre­ Gross ton, 51% % ( N atural) 48% 3 :1 ...... 43.50 48% no ratio ...... 31.00 miums, penalties and other provi­ Lower Lake Ports 48% no ratio ...... 31.00 48% 3:1 lump ...... 43.50 sions of amended M.P.R. No. 248, Old range bessemer...... $4.75 Domestic (seller’s nearest rail) effective as of May 15. Price at Mesabi nonbessemer ...... South African (Transvaal) 48% 3 :1 ...... 52.80 4.45 basing points which are also points H igh phosphorus ...... less $7 freight allowance 4 .35 44% no ratio ...... $27.40 of discharge of imported manga­ Mesabi bessemer ...... 4.60 45% no ratio ...... 28.30 Manganese Ore nese ore is f.o.b. cars, shipside, at Old range nonbessemer .... 4.60 48% no ratio ...... 31.00 dock most favorable to the buyer. Eastern Local Ore 50% no ratio ...... 32.80 Sales prices of Metals Reserve Co., Cents, units, del. E. Pa. cents per gross ton unit, dry, 48%, M olybdenum Foundry and basic 56- Brazilian— nominal at New York, Philadelphia, Balti­ Sulphide conc., lb., Mo. cont., 63% contract ...... 13.00 44% 2.5:1 lum p ...... 33.65 more, Norfolk, Mobile and New Foreign Ore 48% 3:1 lump ...... 43.50 Orleans, 85.0c; Fontana, Calif., m ines ...... * Cents per unit, Atlantic ports Manganiferous ore, 45- 55% Fe., 6-10% Mang, Nom. NATIONAL EMERGENCY STEELS (Hot Rolled) N. African low phos. . . Nom. Spanish, No. African bas­ Basic open-hearth Electric furnace (Extras for alloy content) ic, 50 to 60% ...... Nom. Bars Bars Chemical Composition Limits, P Per er CCent ent — Billets Brazil iron ore, 68-69% per Billets per f.o.b. Rio de Janeiro. . 7.50-8.00 D esig­ 10 0 lb. per GT nation C arbon M n. Si. Cr. Ni. Mo. 10 0 lb. p er GT Tungsten Ore $13.00 *1.15 $23.00 Chinese wolframite, per N E 8 6 1 2 ____ ...... 10-.15 •70-.90 .20—35 .40—60 .40—70 .1 5 -2 5 $0.65 24.00 14.00 1.20 short ton unit, duty N E 8 7 2 0 ____ ...... 18-.23 .70-.90 .20-35 .40—60 .40—70 .2 0 -3 0 .70 25.00 15.00 1.25 ...... $24.00 N E 9 4 1 5 ____ ...... 13-.18 .80-1.10 .2 0 -3 5 .30—50 .30-.60 .0 8 -1 5 .75 25.00 15.00 1.25 C hrom e O re N E 9 4 2 5 ____ ...... 23-.28 ■S0-1.20 .20—35 .3 0 -5 0 .30-.60 .0 8 -1 5 .75 26.00 .80 16.00 1.30 N E 9 4 4 2 ____ ...... 40-.45 1 .00-1.30 .2 0 -3 5 •30-.50 .3 0 -6 0 .08-.15 23.00 (Equivalent OPA schedules): 13.00 1.15 N E 9 7 2 2 ____ ...... 20-.25 .5 0 -8 0 .20—35 .10-.25 .40—70 .1 5 -2 5 .65 36.00 Gross ton f.o.b. cars, New York, 26.00 1.80 N E 9 8 3 0 ____ ...... 2 8-,33 .7 0 -9 0 .2 0 -3 5 .7 0 -9 0 .85-1.15 .2 0 -3 0 1.30 31.00 Philadelphia, Baltimore, Charles­ 24.00 1.55 N E 9 9 1 2 ------...... 10-.15 .50—70 .20—35 .4 0 -6 0 1.00-1.30 .20—30 1.2 0 31.00 ton, S. C., Portland, Ore., or Ta­ 24.00 1.55 N E 9 9 2 0 ____ ...... 18-.23 .50—70 .20—35 .40—60 1.00-1.30 .2 0 -3 0 1.2 0 coma, Wash. ton co ( S/S paying for discharging; dry Extras are in addition to a base price of 2.70c, per pound on finished products and *54 per gross quoted basis; subject to penalties if guar­ semifinished steel major basing points and are in cents per pound and dollars per gross ton. No prices antees are not met.) on vanadium alloy. /T E E 1 146 High Silicon, Silvery resulting In the lowest delivered P ig Iron 5.00-6.50 per cent (base) $30.50 price for the consumer. 6.51-7.00. .$31.50 9.01- 9.50 . 36.50 Exceptions to Celling Prices: Prices (In gross tons) are maximums fixed by OPA Price Schedule No 7.01-7.50. . 32.50 9.51-10.00. 37.50 Struthers Iron & Steel Co. may 10, effective June 10, 1941, amended Feb. 14, 1945. Exceptions indicated 7.51-8.00. . 33.50 10.01-10.50 . 38.50 charge 50 cents a ton in excess of In footnotes. Base prices bold face, delivered light face. Federal tax on 8.01-8.50.. 34.50 10.51-11.00 . 39.50 basing point prices for No. 2 Found­ freight charges, effective Dec. 1, 1942, not included In following prices. 11.01-11.50 . 40.50 ry, Basic Bessemer and Malleable. M ai- 8.51-9.00.. 35.50 Mystic Iron Works, Everet, Mass., Bessem er leable F.o.b. Jackson county, O., per gross may exceed basing point prices by Foundry B asic ton, Buffalo base prices are $1.25 >25.50 $27.00 $26.50 $2 per ton, effective May 20, 1943. Bethlehem, Pa., base ...... $26.00 higher. Prices subject to additional Chester, Pa., furnace of Pittsburgh Newark, N. J., del...... 27.53 27.03 28.53 28.03 charge of 50 cents a ton for each 29.00 Coke & Iron Co. may exceed basing Brooklyn, N. Y., del...... 28.50 0.50% manganese In excess of point prices by $2.25 per ton, effec­ Birdsboro, Pa., base ...... 26.00 25.50 27.00 26.50 f 26.00 1.00%. tive July 27, 1942. E. & G. Brooke Birmingham, base ...... t21.38 20.00 Bessemer Ferroslllcon Co., Birdsboro, Pa., allowed $1 Baltimore, del...... 26.61 Prices same as for high silicon sil- above basing point. Boston, del...... 26.12 very iron, plus $ 1 per gross ton. Chicago, del...... 25.22 (For higher silicon irons a differ­ Cincinnati, del...... 25.06 23.68 Refractories 24.24 ential over and above the price 01 Cleveland, del...... 25.12 base grades is charged as well as Newark, N. J ., del...... 27.15 for the hard chilling Iron, Nos. 5 Per 1000 f.o.b. Works, Net Prices Philadelphia, del...... 26 .4 6 ' 25.96 24.24 an d 6.) Fire Clay Brick St. Louis, del...... 25.12 Super Quality Buffalo, base ...... 25.00 24.00 26.00 25.50 Charcoal Pig Iron 26.00 27.50 27.00 N o rth ern Pa., Mo., Ky. .... ■ • ■ ...... $66.55 Boston, del...... 26.50 First Quality Rochester, del...... 26.53 27.53 27.03 Lake Superior Furnace ...... 28.08 27.58 Chicago, del...... df.o* Pa., 111., Md„ Mo., Ky...... ¡g.85 Syracuse, del...... 27.08 Alabama, Georgia ...... &4.ao Chicago, b ase ...... 25.00 24.50 25.50 25.00 Southern Milwaukee, del...... 26.10 25.60 26.60 26.10 Semi-cold blast, high phos., New Jersey ...... “¿•'Y 28.19 Ohio ■ ■...... *6-35 Muskegon, Mich., del...... 28.19 fob. furnace, Lyles, Tenn. $28.50 Second Quality Cleveland, b ase ...... 25.00 24.50 25.50 25.00 Semi-cold blast, low phos., 25.89 26.89 26.39 Pa., 111., Md., Mo., Ky...... 47.90 Akron, Canton, O., del 26.39 f.o.b. furnace, Lyles, Tenn. 33.00 Alabama, Georgia ...... Detroit, base ...... 25.00 24.50 25.50 25.00 26.81 27.81 27.31 G ray F o rg e Saginaw, Mich., del...... 27.31 Neville Island, Pa ...... $24.50 Duluth, base ...... 25.50 25.00 26.00 25.50 o S o J f rsey 27.63 Valley base ...... Z4.hu ' Malleable Bung Brick St. Paul, del...... ^Z*K 27.13 28.13 Erie, P a., b ase ...... 25.00 24.50 26.00 25.50 Low Phosphorus A ll b ases ...... 6 1 6 5 Everett, Mass., b a se ...... 26.00 25.50 27.00 26.50 B asing points : Birdsboro, Pa., Silica Brick Boston, del...... 26.50 26.00 27.50 27.00 $30.50; Steelton, Pa., and Buffalo, Pennsylvania ...... Granite City, 111., base ...... 25.00 24.50 25.50 25.00 N Y , 330.50 base; $31.74, del., Joliet, E. Chicago ...... St. Louis, del...... 25.50 25.00 25.50 Philadelphia. Intermediate phos., Birmingham, Ala...... ° ' Hamilton, O., base ...... 25.00 24.50 25.00 Central Furnace, Cleveland, $27.50. Ladle Brick Cincinnati, del...... 25.44 25.61 26.11 Switching Charges: Basing point (Pa., O., W. Va., Mo.) 25.50 25.00 Neville Island, P a ., b ase ...... 25.00 24.50 prices are subject to an additional D ry press ...... LTqn § Pittsburgh, del. charge for delivery within the W ire c u t ...... ^ No. & So. sides ...... 2o-69 25.19 26.19 25.69 switching limits of the respective 22.50 M agnesite Provo, U tah, b ase ...... 23.00 d istricts. Domestic dead-burned grains, Sharpsvllle, Pa., b a se ...... 24.50 25! 50 25! 00 25.50 Silicon Differentials: Basing point net ton f.o.b. Chewelah, Sparrows Point, base ...... 26.00 prices are subject to an additional Wash., net ton, bulk jg-00 Baltimore, del...... 26.99 25.50 26.50 charge not to exceed 50 cents a ton net ton, bags ...... 28 00 Steel ton, p a ., b ase ...... 26.50 for each 0.25 silicon In excess of Swcdeland, Pa., base ...... 26.00 25.50 27.00 Basic Brick 26.34 27.34 base grade (1.75 to 2.25%). Net ton, f.o.b. Baltimore, Plymouth Philadelphia, del...... 26.84 25.00 Toledo, O., b a s e ...... 25.00 24.50 25.50 Phosphorus Differential: Basing Meeting, Chester, Pa. 24.50 25.50 25.00 point prices are subject to a reduc­ Chrome brick ...... Youngstown, O., base ...... 99 26.94 Mansfield, O., del...... 26.94 26.44 27.44 tion of 38 cents a ton for phos­ Chem. bonded chrome ...... 54.00 phorus content of 0.70% and over. Magnesite brick ...... ¿6.00 Manganese Differentials: Basing Chem. bonded magnesite ------65.UU Base grade, silicon 1.75-2.23%; add 50 cents for eachi additional 0 25% point prices subject to an additional silicon, or portion thereof; deduct 50 cents for silicon below 1.75% «n charge not to exceed 50 cents a ton foundry iron tFor phosphorus 0.70% or over deduct 38 cents. §For for each 0.50% manganese content Fluorspar McKees Rocks, Pa., add .55 to Neville Island base; Lawrenceville, Home- In excess of 1 .0 %. itead, McKeesport, Ambrldge, Monaca, Allquippa, .84; Monessen Monon- Ceiling Prices are the aggregate of Metallurgical grade, f.o.b. 111., Ky., gahela City .97 (w ater); Oakmont, Verona 1.11; Brackenndge 1.24. (1 ) governing basing point (2 ) d if­ net ton, carloads CaF 1 content, Note; Add 50 cents per ton for each 0.50% manganese or portion ferentials (3) transportation charges 70% or more, $33; 65 but less than 70%, $32; 60 but less than 65% thereof over 1 .00%. from governing basing point to point of delivery as customarily computed. $31; less than 60%, $30.

Ferroalloy Prices 22.00c, eastern, freight allowed, per 11.25c, 11.75c and 12.50c, central; Ferromanganese (standard) 78-82% ferrochrome prices; all zones; low 13.25c and 13.75c, 14.50c and 15.00c, carbon eastern, bulk, c.l., max. pound contained chromium; 20.40c, c.l. gross ton, d u ty paid, eastern , 20.85c, 21.65c and 22.65c, central; western, spot up ,25c. central and western zones, $135; 0.06% carbon, 23c, 0.10% 22.50c, 0.15% 22c, 0.20% 21.50c, 0.50% 21.00c, 21.45c, 22.85c and 23.85c, Ferro-Boron: (Bor. 17.50% mln., add $6 for packed c.1., $ 10 fo r ton, western; spot up .25c. 513.50 less-ton; f.o.b. cars. New 21c, 1.00% 20.50c, 2.00% 19.50c; sil. 1.50% max., alum. 0.50% max. and car. 0.50% Max.) per lb. of Orleans, $1.70 fo r each 1 %, or frac­ 2000 lb. to c.l., 0.06% 24c, 0.10% SMZ Alloy: (Silicon 60-65%, Mang. tion contained m anganese over 82% 23.50c, 0.15% 23c, 0.20% 22.50c, 5-7%, zir. 5-7% and iron approx. alloy contract ton lots, $1 .20, less or under 78%; delivered Pittsburgh, 0.50% 22c, 1.00% 21.50c, 2.00% 20%) per lb. of alloy contract car­ ton lots $1.30, eastern, freight al­ $140.33. 20.50c; central, add .4c for bulk, lots 11.50c, ton lots 12.00c, less lowed; $1.2075 and $1.3075 central; c.l. and .65c for 2000 lb. to c.l.; 12.50c, eastern zone, freight al­ $1,229 and $1,329, western; spot Ferromanganese (Low and Medium western, add lc for bulk, c.l. and lowed; 12.00c. 12.85c and 13.35c add 5c. Carbon); per lb. contained man­ 1.85c fo r 2000 lb. to c.l.; carload central zone; 14.05c, 14.60c and Manganese-Boron: (Mang. 75% ap­ ganese; eastern zone, low carbon, packed differential .45c; f.o.b. ship­ 15.10c, western; spot up .25c. prox., boron 15-20%, Iron 5% max., bulk, c.l., 23c 2000 lb. to c.L, ping point, freight allowed. Prices Sllcaz Alloy: (Sil. 35-40%, cal. sil. 1.50% max. and carbon 3% 23.40c; m edium , 14.50c and 15.20c; per lb. contained Cr high nitrogen, 9-11%, alum. 6-8%, zir. 3-5%, tit. central, low carbon, bulk, c.l., max.), per lb. of alloy. Contract, low carbon ferrochrome; Add 2c to 9-11% and boron 0.55-0.75%), per ton lots, $1.89, less, $2 .0 1, east«™ , 23.30c; 2000 lb. to c.l., 24.40c; low carbon ferrochrome prices; all medium, 14.80c and 16.20c; w est­ lb. of alloy contract, carlots 25.00c, freight allowed; $1,903 and $2,023 zones. For higher nitrogen carbon ton lots 26.00c, less ton lots 27.00c, central, $1,935 and $Z055 western, ern, low carbon, bulk, c.l., 24.50c, add 2c for each .23% of nitrogen eastern, freight allowed; 25.50c, spot up 5c. 2000 lb. to c.l., 25.40c; medium. over 0.75%. 15.75c and 17.20c; f.o.b. shipping 26.75c and 27.75c, centrar; 27.50c, Nlckel-Boron: (Bor. 15-18%, alum. Mint, freight allowed. Special Foundry ferrochrome: 28.90c and 29.90c, western; spot up 1% max., sil. 1.50% max., car. Spiegelelsen: 19-21% carlots per (Chrom. 62-66%, car. approx. 5- 25c. 0.50% max., Iron 3% max., nickel, Sllvaz Alloy: (Sil. 35-40%, van. stoss ton, Palmerton, Pa. $36; 16- 7%) Contract, carload, bulk 13.50c, balance), per lb. of alloy. Contract, 19%, $35. packed 13.95c, ton lots 14.40c, less, 9-11%, alum. 5-7%, zir. 5-7%, tit. 5 tons or more, $1.90, 1 ton to 5 14 90c, eastern, freight allowed, per 9-11% and boron 0.55-0.75%), per tons, $2.00, less than ton $2 .10 , Electrolytic Manganese: 99.9% plus, lb. of alloy. Contract, carlots 58.00c, less ton lots, per lb. 37.6 cents. pound contained chromium; 13.90c, eastern, freight allowed; $1.9125, 14.35c, 15.05c and 15.55c central; ton lots 59.00c, less 60.00c, eastern, $2.0125 and $2.1125, central; Chromium Metal: 97% mln. chromi­ freight allowed; 58.50c, 59.75c and um, m ax. .50% carbon, easte rn 14.50c, 14.95c, 16.25c and 16.75c, $1.9445, $2.0445 and $2.1445, west­ western; spot up ,25c. 60.75c, central; 60.50c, 61.90c and ern; spot same as contract. jone, per lb. contained chrom ium 62.90c, western; spot up (4c. bulk, c.l., 79.50c, 2000 lb. to c.l. S.M. Ferrochrome, high carbon: CMSZ Alloy 4: (Chr. 45-49%, mang. Chromium-Copper: (Chrom. 8-11%, 30c; central, 81c and 82.50c; w est­ (Chrom. 60-65%, sil. 4-6%, mang. 4-6%, sil. 18-21%, zir. 1.25-1.75%, cu. 88-90%, iron 1 % m ax.. slL ern, 82.25c and 84.75c; f.o.b. ship­ 4-6% and carbon 4-6%.) Contract, and car. 3.00-4.50%). Contract, car­ 0.50% max.) contract, any quan­ ping point, freig h t allow ed. carlot, bulk, 14.00c, packed, 14.45c. lots, bulk, 11.00c and packed 11.50c; tity, 45c, eastern, Niagara FaUs, Ferrocolumblum: 50-60%, per lb. ton lots 14.90c, less 15.40c, eastern, ton lots 12.00c; less 12.50c, eastern, N. Y., basis, freight allowed to des­ contained columblum in gross ton freight allowed; 14.40c, 14.85c, freight allowed; 11.50c and 12.00c, tination, except to points taking lots, contract basis, R .R . freig h t 15.55c and 16.05c, central; 15.00c, 12 75c, 13.25c, central; 13.50c and rate in excess of St. Louis rate, to allowed, eastern zone, $2.25; less- 15.45c, 16.75c and 17.25c, western; 14.00c, 14.75c, 15.25c, western; spot which equivalent of St. Louis rata ton lots $2.30. Spot prices 10 cents spot up .25c; per pound contained up .25c. . will be allowed; spot, up 2c. Wr lb. higher. chrom ium . CMSZ Alloy 5: (Chr. 50-56%, mang. Vanadium Oxide: (Fused: Vana­ Ferrochrome: High carbon, eastern dium oxide 85-88%, sodium oxide, S.M. Ferrochrome, low carbon: 4-6%, sil. 13.50-16.00%, zir. .75- ®ne, bulk, c.l., 13c, 2000 lb. to 125%, car. 3.50-5.00%) per lb. of approx. 1 0 % and calcium oxide CL, 13.90c; central, add .40c and (Chrom. 62-66%, sil. 4-6%, mang. alloy. Contract, carlots, bulk. 10.75c, approx. 2%, or Red Cake: Vana­ ■®c; western, add lc and L85c— 4-6% and carbon 1.25% max.) Con­ packed 11.25c, ton lots 11.75c, less dium oxide 85% approx., sodium ox­ mgh nitrogen, high carbon ferro- tract, carlot, bulk, 20.00c, packed 12.25c, eastern, freight allowed; ide, approx. 9% and water approx. chrome: Add 5c to all high carbon 20.45c, ton lots 2 1 .00c, less ton lots 147 February 26, 1945 M A K N C I rKILCJ

2.5%) Contract, any quantity, $1.10 eastern, containing exactly 2 lb. to c.l., 13.10c; 50%, bulk, c.l., sippi River and North of Baltimore eastern, freight allowed, per pound manganese and approx. % lb. sili­ 7.25c, 2000 to c.l., 8.75c; f.o.b. ship­ and St. Louis, 6-8% carbon $142.50; vanadium oxide contained; contract, con, bulk, c.l., 5.80c, 2000 lbs. to ping point, freight allowed. Prices 3-5% carbon $157.50. carlots, $1.105, less carlots, $1.108, c.l., 6.30c; central, add .25c for per lb. contained silicon. Carbortam: Boron 0.90 to 1.15%, central; $1.118 and $1.133, western; c.l. and lc for 2000 lb. to c.l.; west­ Silicon Metal: Min. 97% silicon and net ton to carload, 8c lb. F.O.B. spot add 5c to contracts in all cases. ern, add .5c for c.l., and 2c for m ax. 1 % iron, eastern zone, bulk, Suspension Bridge, N. Y., frt. al­ 2000 lb. to c.l.; fcrrosilicon, east­ c.l., 12.90c, 2000 lb. to c.l., 13.45c; lowed same as high-carbon ferro- Calcium metal; cast: Contract, ton titan iu m . lots or more $1.80, less, $2.30, ern, approx. 5 lb., containing ex­ central, 13.20c and 13.90c; western, eastern zone, freight allowed, per a ctly 2 lb. silicon, or weighing ap­ 13.85c and 16.80c; mln. 96% silicon Bortam: Boron 1.5-1.9%, ton lots pound of metal; $1.809 and $2.309, prox. 2*/j lb. and containing exactly and m ax. 2 % iron, eastern, bulk, 45c lb., less ton lots 50c lb. Central, $1.849 and $2.349, west­ 1 lb. of silicon, bulk, c.l., 3.35c. c.l., 12.50c, 2000 lb. to c.l., 13.10c; Ferrovanadlum: 35-55%, contract ern; spot up 5c. 2000 lb. to c.l., 3.80c; central, add central, 12.80c and 13.55c; western, basis, per lb. contained vanadium, Calcium-Manganese-Sillcon: (Cal . 1.50c for c.l., and .40c for 2000 lb. 13.45c and 16.50c; f.o.b. shipping f.o.b. producers plant with usual 16-20%, mang. 14-18% and sil. to c.l.; western, add 3.0c for c.l. point, freight allowed. Prices per freight allowances; open-hearth 53-59%), per lb. of alloy. Contract, and .45c for 2000 to c.l.; f.o.b. ship­ Jb. contained silicon. grade $2.70; special grade $2.80; carlots, 15.50c, ton lots 16.50c and ping point, freight allowed. Manganese Metal: (96 to 98% man­ highly-special grade $2.90. less 17.00c, eastern, freight allowed; Ferromolybdenum: 55-75% per lb. ganese, max. 2 % iron), per lb. of Zirconium Alloys: 12-15%, per lb. 16.00c, 17.35c and 17.85c, central; contained molybdenum, f.o.b. Lan- metal, eastern zone, bulk, c.l., 36c, of alloy, eastern, contract, carlots, 18.05c, 19.10c and 19.60c western; geloth and Washington, Pa., fur­ 2000 lb. to c.l., 38c, central, 36.25c, bulk, 4.60c, packed 4.80c, ton lots spot up .25c. nace, any quantity 95.00c. and 39c; western, 36.55c and 41.05c; 4.80c, less tons 5c, carloads bulk, Calcium-SHicon: (Cal. 30-35%, sil. Fcrrophosphorus: 17-19%, based on 95 to 97% manganese, max. 2.50% per gross ton $102.50; packed 60-65% and iron 3.00% max.), per 18% phosphorus content, with unit- iron, eastern, bulk, c.l., 34c; 2000 $107.50; ton lots $108; less-ton lots lb. of alloy. Contract, carlot, lump age of $3 for each 1% of phos­ c.l., 35c; central, 34.25c and 36c; $112.50. Spot JAc per ton higher. 13.00c, ton lots 14.50c, less 15.50c, phorus above or below the base; western, 34.55c and 38.05c; f.o.b. Zirconium Alloy: 35-40%, Eastern, eastern, freight allowed; 13.50c, gross tons per carload f.o.b. sell­ shipping point, freight allowed. contract basis, carloads in bulk or 15.25c and 16.25c central; 15.55c, ers' works, with freight equalized Ferrotungsten: Carlots, per lb. con­ with Rockdale, Tenn.; contract package, per lb. of alloy 14.00c; 17.40c and 18.40c, western; spot tained tungsten, $1.90. gross ton lots 15.00c; less-ton lots up .25c. price $58.50, spot $62.25. Briquets, Ferromanganese: (Weight Ferroslllcon: Eastern zone, 90-95%, Tungsten Metal Powder: 98-99% 16.00c. Spot JA cent higher. approx. 3 lbs. and containing ex­ bulk, c.l., 11.05c, 2000 lb. to c.l., per lb. any quantity $2.55-2.65. Alslfer: (Approx. 20% aluminum, actly 2 lbs. mang.), per lb. of bri­ 12.30c; 80-90%, bulk c.l., 8.90c, Ferrotitanlum: 40-45%, R.R. freight 40% silicon, 40% iron) contract ba­ quets. Contract, carlots, bulk .0605c, 2000 lb. to c.l., 9.95c; 75%, bulk, allowed, per lb. contained titanium; sis f.o.b. Niagara Falls, N. Y., per packed .063c, tons .0655c, less .068c, c.l., 8.05c, 2000 lb. to c.l., 9.05c; ton lots $1.23; less-ton lots $1.25; lb. 5.75; ton lots 6.50c. Spot xc, eastern, freight allowed; .063c, 50%, bulk c.l., 6.65c and 2000 lb. eastern. Spot up 5 cents per lb. cent higher. .0655c, .0755c and .078c, central; to c.l., 7.85c; central 90-95%, bulk, Ferrotitanlum: 20-25%, 0.10 maxi­ Simanal: (Approx. 20% each Si., .066c, .0685c, .0855c and .088c. c.l., 1 1 .20c, 2000 lb. to c.l., 12.80c; mum carbon; per lb. contained ti­ Mn., Al.) Contract, frt. all. not over western; spot up .25c. 80-90%, bulk, c.l., 9.05c, 2000 to tanium; ton lots $1.35; less-ton lots St. Louis rate, per lb. alloy; car­ Briquets: Ferrochrome, containing c.L, 10.45c; 75%, bulk, c.l., 8.20c, $1.40; eastern. Spot 5 cents per lb. lots 8c; ton lots 8.75c; less ton lots ex actly 2 lb. cr., eastern zone, bulk, 2000 lb. to c.L, 9.65c; 50% bulk, higher. 9.25c. c.l., 8.25c per lb. of briquets, 2000 c.l., 7.10c, 2000 lb. to c.l., 9.70c; western, 90-95%, bulk, c.l., 11.65c, Illgh-Carbon Ferrotitanlum: 15-20% Borosil: 3 to 4% boron, 40 to 45% lb. to c.l., 8.75c; central, add .3c Si.. $6.25 lb. cont. Bo. f.o.b. Philo, for c.l. and .5c for 2000 lb. to c.l.; 2000 lb. to c.l., 15.60c; 80-90%, contract basis, per gross ton, f.o.b. western, add .70c for c.l., and .2c bulk, c.l., 9.55c, 2000 lb. to c.l.. Niagara Falls, N. Y., freight al­ O., freight not exceeding St. Louis lowed to destination east of Missis­ rate allowed. fo r 2000 lb. to c.l.; slilcomanganese, 13.50c; 75%, bulk, c.l., 8.75c, 2000 OPEN MARKET PRICES, IRON AND STEEL SCRAP Following prices are quotations developed by editors of Steel in the various centers. For complete OPA ceiling price schedule refer to page 150 of Sept. 4, 1944, issue of St e e l . Quotations are on gross tons. Machine Turnings .... 9.50-10.00 PHILADELPHIA: BOSTON: Solid Steel Axles . 24.00 (F.o.b. shipping points) Cupola Cast ...... 20.00 R erolling R ails ...... 21.00 19.00 Steel Car Axles ...... 21.50-22.00 (Delivered consumer’s plant) No. 1 Heavy Melt. Steel $14.06® Stove Plate ...... Long Turnings . .. 8.50- 9.00 Steel Rails, 3 ft...... 21.50 No. 1 Heavy Melt. Steel $18.75 No. 2 H eavy M elt. Steel 14.06® Steel Angle Bars ...... 21.00 No. 2 Heavy Melt. Steel 18.75 Cast Iron Borings. 8.50- 9.00 No. 1 Bundles ...... 14.06® Iron Car Wheels 16.50-17.00 Cast Iron Wheels .... 20.00 No. 1 Bundles ...... 18.75 No. 2 Bundles ...... 14.06® No. 1 Machinery Cast 20.00 No. 2 Bundles ...... 18.75 No. 1 Busheling ...... 14.06® Railroad Malleable.... 22.00 No. 3 Bundles ...... 16.75 Machine Shop Turnings 9.06 CHICAGO: (Delivered consumer’s plant) B reak ab le C a s t 16.50 Machine Shop Turnings 13.75 Mixed Borings, Turnings 9.06 Stove Plate ...... 19-00 Mixed Borings, Turnings 13.75 Short Shovel, Turnings 11.06® No. 1 R.R. Hvy. Melt. $19.75 Grate Bars ...... 15.25 Shoveling Turnings.... 15.75 Chemical Borings .... 13.06® No. 1 Heavy Melt. Steel 18.75 Brake Shoes ...... I 5-28 No. 2 Busheling 15.50 Low Phos. Clippings. . 16.56“ No. 2 Heavy Melt. Steel 18.75 (Cast grades f.o.b. shipping point) BlUet, Forge Crops.... 21.25 No. 1 Cast ...... 20.00 No. 1 Ind. Bundles.... 18.75 Stove P la te ...... 18-00 Bar Crops, Plate Scrap 21.25 Clean Auto Cast ...... 20.00 No. 2 Dir. Bundles.... 18.75 C ast S t e e l ...... 21.23 Stove P la te ...... 19.00 No. 3 Galv. Bundles. . 16.75 P u n c h in g s ...... 21.25 Heavy Breakable Cast 16.50 Mix. Borings, Sht. Turn. 9.50-10.00 CINCINNATI: Elee. Furnace Bundles. 19.75 “Inland base celling; Boston Machine Turnings .... 9.00- 9.50 (Delivered consumer’s plant) Heavy Turnings ...... 18.25 switching district price 99 cents Short Shovel Turnings 10.50-11.00 higher. Cast Iron Borings 9.50-10.00 No. 1 H eavy M elt. Steel $18.50 No. 2 Heavy Melt. Steel Caat Grades Scrap R alls ...... 20.25 PITTSBURGH: Cut Ralls, 3 feet ...... 22.25 No. 1 Comp. Bundles.. J8.50 (F.o.b. Shipping Point) Cut Rails, 18-Inch 23.50 No. 2 Comp. B u n d le s.. 18.50 (Delivered consumer's plant) Machine Turnings .... 7.50- 8.00 Heavy Breakable Cast 16.50 Angles, Splice Bars ... 22.25 Railroad Heavy Melting $21.00 Plate Scrap, Punchings 21.25 Shoveling T urnings . . . 9.50-10.00 Charging Box Cast ... 19.00 No. 1 Heavy Melt. Steel 20.00 Cast Iron Borings 9.50-10.00 Cupola C ast ...... 20.00 Railroad Specialties... 22.75 No. 2 Heavy Melt. Steel 20.00 No. 1 C a s t ...... 20.00 Mixed Borings, Turnings 8.50- 9.W Unstripped Motor Blocks 17.50 No. 1 Comp, Bundles... 20.00 No. 1 Cupola Cast .... 20.00 M alleable ...... 22.00 R.R. Malleable ...... 22.00 No. 2 Comp. Bundles .. 20.00 (Cast grades f.o.b. shipping point, Breakable Cast J 5.5U Chemical Borings ...... 16.51 Mach. Shop Turnings.. 14.00 railroad grades f.o.b. tracks) Low P h o s p h o ru s 21.00-21-50 Short Shovel, Turnings 16.00 S crap R alls ...... 22 'S " ? c 'sn Stove P la te ...... 16.00-16.50 Mixed Borings, Turnings 14.00 BUFFALO: N EW YO RK : No. 1 Cupola Cast .... 20.00 (Delivered consumer’s plant) (Dealers' buying prices.) Heavy Breakable Cast 16.50 LOS ANGELES: Cast Iron Borings .... 16.00 No. 1 Heavy Melt. Steel $19.25 No. 1 Heavy Melt. Steel $ 1 5 33 Billet, Bloom Crops .. 25.0 , No. 2 Heavy Melt. Steel 19.25 (Delivered consumer’s plant) No. 2 Heavy Melt. Steel 15.33 Sheet Bar Crops ...... 22.50 No. 1 Bundles ...... 19.25 No. 2 Hyd. Bundles... 15.33 No. 1 H eavy M elt. Steel $14.00 Plate Scrap, Punchings. 22.50 No. 2 Bundles ...... 19.25 N o. 2 H eavy M elt. Steel 13.00 No. 3 Hyd. Bundles... 13.33 Railroad Specialties ... 24.50 No. 1 Busheling 19.25 Chemical Borings ___ 14.33 Machine Turnings .... 14.25 No. 1, 2 D eal. Bundles 12-W Scrap Rail ...... 21.50 Machine Turnings .... ’ .00 Machine Turning ...... 10.33 Axles ...... 26.00 Short Shovel. Turnings 16.25 Mixed Borings, Turnings 10.33 Mixed Borings, Turn... 14.25 Mixed Borings, Turnings 4.uu Rail 3 ft. and under... 23.50 No. 1 C a s t ...... 2°-w No. 1 Cupola ...... 20.00 Railroad Malleable .... 21.00 Cast Iron Borings 13.25 Charging B ox ...... 19.00 Low P hos...... 21.75 Heavy Breakable ...... 16.50 VALLEY: SAN FRANCISCO: Unstrip Motor Blocks. 17.50 plant) (Delivered consumer’s plant) DETROIT: (Delivered consumer’s Stove P late ...... 19.00 (Dealers’ buying prices) $15.50 No. 1 R.R. Hvy. Melt. $21.00 Heavy Melting Steel. $17.32 No. 1 Heavy Melt. Steel 14.50 No. 1 Heavy Melt. Steel 20.00 No. 2 Heavy Melt. Steel CLEVELAND: No. 1 Busheling ...... 17.32 15.50 No. 1 Comp. Bundles.. 20.00 Hydraulic Bundles ___ 17.32 No. 1 Busheling ...... 13.50 (Delivered consumer's plant) Short Shovel Turnings 13.00 F lash in g s ...... 17.32 No. 1, No. 2 Bundles.. 9.00 No. 1 Heavy Melt. Steel $19.50 Cast Iron Borings .... 16.00 Machine Turnings 9.00- 9.50 No. 3 Bundles ...... 6.90 No. 2 Heavy Melt. Steel 19.50 Machine Shop Turnings 14.00-15,00 Cast Iron Borings 10.00-10.50 Machine Turnings .... 15.50 No. 1 Comp. Bundles., 19.50 Low Phos. Plate ...... 21.00-22.00 Short Turnings ...... 11.00-11.50 Billet, Forge Crops.... 15.50 No. 2 Comp. Bundles.. 19.50 Low Phos Plate ...... 19.82 Bar Crops, Plate ...... 15.50 No. 1 Busheling ...... 19.50 MANSFIELD, O.: No. 1 C ast ...... 20.00 Cast Steel ...... Mach, Shop Turnings.. 11.50-12.00 (Delivered consumer’s plant) Heavy Breakable Cast 13.50-14.00 Cut Structural, Plate, 18.00 Short Shovel Turnings 13.50-14.00 Machine Shop Turnings 11.00-12.00 1 ", u n d er ...... 7.50 Mixed Borings, Turnings 11.50-12.00 ST. LO U IS: Alloy-free Turnings... 14.50 No. 1 Cupola Cast.... 20.00 BIRMINGHAM: (Delivered consumer’s plant) Tin Can Bundles ...... 16.00 Heavy Breakable Cast 16.50 (Delivered consumer’s plant) Heavy Melting ...... $17.50 No. 2 Steel W heels.... 23.00 Cast Iron Borings .... 15.50 BlUet, Forge Crops.... $22.00 No. 1 Locomotive Tires 20.00 Iron, Steel Axles ...... 15.00 Billet, Bloom Crops... 24.50 Structural, Plate Scrap 19.00 Misc. Ralls ...... 19.00 No. 2 Cast Steel ...... 16.00 Sheet Bar Crops ...... 22.00 Scrap Ralls, Random.. 18.50 Railroad Springs ...... 22.00 Uncut Frogs, Switches 16.00 Plate Scrap. Punchings 22.00 Rerolling Rails ...... 20.50 Bundled Sheets ...... 17.50 Scrap Ralls ...... 16.00 Elec. Furnace Bundies 20.50 Angle, Splice Bars.... 20.50 Axle Turnings ...... 17.00 Locomotive Tires ...... /TEEL 148 MARKET PRICES NONFERROUS METAL PRICES

Copper: Electrolytic or Lake from producers in balls, discs and all other special or patented Nickel Chloride: 100-lb. kegs or 275-lb. bbls. carlots 12.00c, Del. Conn., less carlots 12.12V.C, shapes 95.00c lb. del. 18 .00c lb., del. refinery; dealers may add %c for 5000 lbs. to ■carload; 1000-4999 lbs. l c ; 500-999 l « ,c ; 0-499 Cobalt: 97-99%, 51.50 lb. for 550 lb. (bbl.): Tin Anodes: 1000 lbs. and over 58.50c, del.; 2c. Casting, 11.75c, refinery for 20,006 lbs., or 51.52 lb. for 100 lb. (case); 51.57 lb. under 500-999 59.00c; 200-499 59.50c; 100-199 61.00c. more, 12.00c less than 20,000 lbs. 100 lb. Tin Crystals: 400 lb. bbls. 39.00c f.o.b. Gras- Indium: 99.9%, 57.50 per troy ounce. Brass Ingot: Carlot prices, including 25 cents seili, N. J .; 100-lb. kegs 39.50c. per hundred freight allowance; add 14c for Gold: U. S. Treasury, 535 per ounce. less than 20 tons; 85-5-5-5 (No. 115) 13.00c- ' Sodium Stannate: 100 or 300-lb. drums 36.50c, 88-10-2 (No. 215) 16.50c; 80-10-10 (No. 305) Silver: Open market, N. Y. 44.75c per ounce. del.; ton lots 33.50c. 15.75c; Navy G (No. 225) 16.75c; Navy ¡VI Platinum: 535 per ounce. (No. 245) 14.75c; No. 1 yellow (No. 405) Zinc Cyanide: 100-lb. kegs or bbls. 33.00c, 10.00c; manganese bronze (No. 420) 12.75c. Iridium: 5165 per troy ounce. f.o.b. Niagara Falls. Zinc: Prime western 8.25c, select 8.35c, brass Palladium: 524 per troy ounce. special 8.50c, Intermediate 8.75c, E. St. Louis, for carlots. For 20,000 lbs. to carlots add Scrap Metals 0.15c; 10,000-20,000 0.25c; 2000-10,000 0.40c; Rolled, Drawn, Extruded Products under 2000 0.50c. Brass Mill Allowances: Prices for less than (Copper and brass product prices based on 15,000 lbs. f.o.b. shipping point. Add %c for Lead: Common 6.35c, chemical, 6.40c, corrod­ 12.00c, Conn., for copper. Freight prepaid on 15,000-40,000 lbs.; lc for 40,000 lbs. or more. ing, 6.45c, E. St. Louis for carloads; add 5 100 lbs. or more.) points for Chicago, Minneapolis-St. Paul, Mll- Clean Rod Clean waukee-Kenosha districts; add 15 points for Sheet: Copper 20.87c; yellow brass 19.48c; Heavy Ends Turnings Cleveland-Akron-Detrolt area, New Jersey, commercial bronze, 90% 21.07c, 95% 21.28c; Copper ...... 10.250 10.250 9.500 New York state, Texas, Pacific Coast, Rich­ red brass, 80% 20.15c, 85% 20.36c; phosphor mond, Indianapolis-Kokomo; add 20 points for Tinned Copper ...... 9.625 bronze, Grades A and B 5% 36.25c; Everdur, Yellow Brass ...... 8.625 8.375 7.875 Birmingham, Connecticut, Boston-Woreester- Herculoy, Duronze or equiv. 26.00c; naval Springlleld, New Hampshire, Rhode Island. Commercial bronze brass 24.50c; manganese bronze 28.00c; Muntz 90% 9.375 9.12d 8.625 metal 22.75c; nickel silver 5% 26.50c. Primary Aluminum: 99% plus, ingots 15.00c 95% 9.500 9.250 8.750 del., pigs 14.00c del.; metallurgical 94% min. Red Brass, 85% .... 9.125 8.875 8.375 Rods: Copper, hot-rolled 17.37c, cold-rolled Red Brass, 80% ----- 9.125 8.875 8.375 13.50c del. Base 10,000 lbs. and over; add %c 18.37c; yellow brass 15.01c; commercial bronze 2000-9999 lbs.; lc less than 2000 lbs. Muntz metal ...... 8.000 T.750 3'^^ 90% 21.32c, 95% 21.53c; red brass 80% Nickel Sil , 5% ...... 9.250 9.000 4.b • 20.40c, 85% 20.61c; phosphor bronze Grade Secondary Aluminum: All grades 12.50c per lb. Phosbr„A, B, 5%.. 11.000 10.750 9.750 A, B 5% 36.50c; Everdur, Herculoy, Duronze Herculoy, Everdur or except as follows: Low-grade piston alloy (No. or equiv. 25.50c; Naval brass 19.12c; manga­ 122 type) 10.50c; No. 12 foundry alloy (No. nese bronze 22.50c; Muntz metal 18.87c; nickel equivalent ...... 10.250 TO’SRS 2 grade) 10.50c; chemical warfare service N aval b rass ...... 8.250 8.000 7.oOO ingot <921*% plus) 10.00c; steel deoxidizers silver 5% 26.50c. Sang, bronze ...... 8.250 3.000 7.500 in notch bars, granulated or shot, Grade 1 Seamless Tubing: Copper 21.37c: yellow brass (95-97%%) 11.00c, Grade 2 (92-95%) 9.50c to Other than Brass Mill Scrap: Prices apply on 22.23c; commercial bronze 90% 23.47c; red material not meeting brass mill specifications 9.75c, G rade 3 (90-92% ) 8.50c to 8.75c, G rade brass 80% 22.80c, 85% 23.01c. 4 ( 85-90%) 7.50c to 8.00c; any other ingot and are f.o.b. shipping point; add %c for shipment of 60,000 lbs. of one group and %c containing over 1% iron, except PM 754 and Extruded Shapes: Copper 20.87c; architectural hardness, 12.00c. Above prices for 30,000 lb. for 20,000 lbs. of second group shipped in bronze 19.12c; manganese bronze 24.00c, same car. Typical prices follow; or more; add 14 c 10,000-30,000 lu.; %c 1000- Muniz metal 20.12c; Naval brass 20.37c. 10,000 lbs.; lc less than 1000 lbs. Prices in­ (Group 1) No. 1 heavy copper and wire. No. clude freight at carload rate up to 75 cents Angles and Channels: Yellow brass 27.98c; per hupdred. 1 tinned copper, copper borings 9.75c; No. 2 commercial bronze 90% 29.57c, 95% 29.78c; copper wire and mixed heavy copper, copper red brass 80% 28.65c, 85% 28.86c. Magnesium: Commercially pure (99.8%) stand­ tuyeres 8.75c. ard ingots (4-notch, 17 lbs.), 20.50c lb., add Copper Wire: Soft, f.o.b. Eastern mills, lc for special shapes and sizes. Alloy Ingots, carlots 15.3714c, less-carlots 15.87JAC; weather­ (Group 2) soft red brass and borings, alumi- incendiary bomb alloy, 23.40c: 50-50 mag- proof, f.o.b. Eastern mills, carlots 17.00c. num bronze 9.00c; copper-nickel and borings nesium-aluminum, 23.75c; A STM B93-41T, less-carlots 17.50c; magnet, delivered, carlots 9 25c- car boxes, cocks and faucets 7.75c, oeu Nos. 2, 3, 4, 12, 13, 14, 17, 23.00c; Nos. 4X, 17.50c, 15,000 lbs. or more 17.75c, less car­ m etal 1 5 .50c; babbit-lined brass bushings 11, 13X, 17X, 25.00c; ASTM B107-41T, or lots 18.25c. 13.00c. B-90-41T, No. 8X, 23.00c; No. 18, 23.50c; No. 18X, 25.00c. Selected magnesium crystals, Aluminum Sheets and Circles: 2s and 3s, fiat, (Group 3) zlncy bronze borings. Admiralty crowns, and muffs, including all packing mill finish, base 30,000 lbs. or more; del.; ¿ondenser tubes, brass pipe 7.50c; Muntz metal screening, barrelling, handling, and other sheet widths as indicated; circle diameters 9” condenser tubes 7.00c; yellow brass 6.25c, and larger: manganese bronze (lead 0.00%-0.40%) T.2oc, Preparation charges, 23.50c. Prices for 100 Circles lbs. or more; for 25-100 lbs., add 10c; for Gage Width Sheets (lead 0.41%-1.0%) 6.25c; manganese bronze less than 25 lbs., 20c. Incendiary bomb alloy, 249"-7 12"-48" 22.70c 25.20c borings (lead 0.00-0.40%) 6.50c, (lead 0.41- f.o.b, plant, any quantity; carload freight al­ 8-10 12"-48" 23.20c 25.70c 1.00%) 5.50c. lowed all other alloys lor 500 lbs. or more. 11-12 26"-48" 24.20c 27.00c 13-14 26"-48"26" 25.20c 28.50c Aluminum Scrap: Prices f.o.b. Point of ship­ ment respectively for lots of less than 1000 Tin: Prices ex-dock, New York in 5-ton lots. 30.40c Add 1 cent for 2240-11,199 lbs., l% c 1000-2239. 15-16 26"-48" 26.40c ms 'lOOO-^.OOO lbs. and 20,000 lbs. or more, 17-18 26”-48" 27.90c 32.90c plant scrap only. Segregated solids: : ypeal- 2%c 500-999, 3c under 500. Grade A, 99.8% 29.80c 35.30c or higher (includes Straits), 52.00c; Grade B, 19-20 24"-42" invc <98 as 17S. 18S, 24S, 32S, 52bJ y.uuc, 21-22 24"-42" 31.70c 37.20c 10.00c, 10.50c; All other high grade 99.8% or higher, not meeting specifications 25.60c 29.20c for Grade A, with 0.05 per cent maximum 23-24 3"-24" 8 50c 9 50c, 10 .00c; low grade alloys 8.00c, 9'.00c: 9.50c. Segregated borings_and[turnings: arsenic, 51.87%c; Grade C, 99.65-99.79% incl. Lead Products: Prices to jobbers; full sheets 51.62% c ; Grade D, 99.50-99.64% Incl., 51.50c; Wrought alloys (17S, 18S, 32S, o2S) 7.SOC, 9.50c; cut sheets 9.75c; pipe 8.15c, New York; 8.50c, 9.00c; all other high grade aUoys 7.00c, Grade E, 99-99.49% Incl. 51.12%c; Grade F, 8.25c, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Rochester and below 99% (for tin content), 51.00c. 8.00c, 8.50c; low grade alloys 6.50c, 7.50c, Buffalo; 8.75c, Chicago, Cleveland, Worcester, 8.00c. Mixed plant scrap, all solids 7.50c, Boston. Antimony; American, bulk carlots f.o.b. La­ 8.50c, 9.00c; borings and turnings 5.o0c, b.ouc, redo, Tex., 99.0% to 99.8% and 99.8% and Zinc Products: Sheet f.o.b. mill, 13.15c; 36,000 7.00c! over but not meeting specifications below, lbs and over deduct 7%. Ribbon and strip 12 25c, 3000-lb. lots deduct 1%, 6000 lbs. 2% Scrii»* Prices f.o.b. point of shiprnent. 14.50c; 99.8% and over (arsenic, 0.05%, max. For soft and hard lead, including cable lead, and other impurities, 0.1%, max.) 15.00c. On 9000 lbs. 3%. 18.000 lbs. 4%. carloads and producers’ sales add 14c for less than carload over 7%. Boiler plate (not over 12") 3 tons d educt 0.55c from basing point prices for re to 10,000 lb.; %c for 9999-224-lb.; and 2c for and over 11.00c; 1-3 tons 12.00c; 500-2000 lbs. fined metal. 223 lb. and less'; on sales by dealers, distribu­ 12 50c; 100-500 lbs. 13.00c; under 100 lbs. tors and jobbers add %c, lc, and 3c, respec­ 14.00c. Hull plate (over 12") add lc to boiler Zinc Scrap: New clippings, oW zinc 7-25cL a p ­ tively. point of shipment; add %-cent for 10,000.lbs. plate prices. or more- New die-cast scrap, radiator grilles 4 95c add V.c 20,000 or more. Unsweated zinc Nickel; Electrolytic cathodes, 99.5%, f.o.b. dross’, die cast slab 5.80c any quantity. refinery 3a.00c lb.; pig and shot produced from Plating Materials electrolytic cathodes 36.00c; “F” nickel shot Nickel Monel Scrap: Prices f.o.b. point of or ingot for additions to cast iron, 34.00c; Chromic Acid: 99.75%, flake, del., carloads shipment • add y,c for 2000 lbs. or more of Monel shot 28.00c. 16.25c; 5 tons and over 16.75c; 1-5 tons 17.25c; nickel or cupro-nickel shlpped at °ne ^ And 400 lbs. to 1 ton 17.75c; under 400 lbs. 18.25c. 20 000 lbs. or more of Monel. convene: s Mercury: OPA ceiling prices per 76-lb. flask f o.b. point of shipment or entry. Domestic Copper Anodes: Base 2000-5000 lbs., del.; oval (dealers) allowed 2c prem ium . 17.62c; untrimmed 18.12c; electro-deposited Produced in Calif., Oreg., Wash., Idaho, Nev., Nickel: 98% or more nickel Ariz., $191; produced in Texas, Ark. 5193. 17.37c. copper 26.00c; 90-98% nickel, 26.00c per lb. Foreign, produced in Mexico, duty paid, S193. Copper Carbonate: 52-54% metallic cu, 250 lb. Open market, spot, New York, nominal for 50 nickel contained. barrels 20.50c. to 100 flasks; 5170 to 5172 in smaller quantiies. Cupro-nickel: 90% or more combined nickel Copper Cyanide: 70-71% cu, 100-lb. kegs or Arsenic: Prime, white, 99%, carlots, 4.00c lb. and copper 26.00c per lb. contained nickel, bbls. 34.00c f.o.b. Niagara Falls. plus 8.00c per lb. contained copper I th5 £ Beryllium-Copper: 3.75-4.25% Be., 512 lb. con­ Sodium Cyanide: 96%, 200-ib. drums 15.00c; 90% combined nickel and copper 2b.00c tained Be. 10,000-lb. lots 13.00c f.o.b. Niagara Falls. contained nickel only. Cadmium: Bars, ingots, pencils, pigs, plates, Nickel Anodes: 500-2999 lb. lots; cast and rolled carbonized 47.00c; rolled, depolarized Monel: No. 1 castings, turnings 15.00c; new rods, slabs, sticks and all other “regular" clipping 20.00c; soldered sheet 18.00c. straight or flat forms 90.00c lb., del.; anodes, 48.00c.

149 February 26, 1945 Sheets, Strip . . . sion, there are fewer directives than no directive action will be taken by tire Sheet & Strip Prices, Page 144 previously noted, indicating that efforts War Production Board, certainly not on on the part of WPB to restrict the num- the full quantity specified. This ton­ Pressure for sheets and strip for war ber of these special orders are becoming nage is in addition to a list of items needs has been so heavy diat directives effective. For a period special direc­ which the French have specified for were issued in a volume that threat- tives issued in strip and sheets and other urgent need in connection with military ened chaos in mill schedules and WPB products as well, threatened to get out and rehabilitation activities. Billets and now apparently has recognized the sit­ of hand, in the opinion of some trade pig iron are among other items now uation and has lessened the number. interests. being sought. Most deliveries on current orders are in One large tonnage of drum stock (ap­ While mills are still able to make de­ third quarter, with an occasional excep­ proximately 100,000 tons) which came up liveries earlier than third quarter, most tion. Galvanized sheets may be ob­ for special attention for shipment to sellers have little to offer before Septem­ tained as early as September but most France, may not be the subject of a di­ ber in either hot-rolled or cold-rolled makers quote fourth quarter. rective, as recently proposed. The in­ sheets. In galvanized some tonnage New York — While approximately quiry was approved by the Petroleum is available in September, but most de­ 600 tons of cold-rolled sheets have re­ Administration for War and called for a liveries fall in fourth quarter and in cently been placed in this district under large percentage of cold-rolled sheets, as some cases beyond. Stainless steel directive for March delivery for work some especially light gages were in­ sheets are available in June and silicon required by the Chemical Warfare Divi- volved. However, it appears now that in late July and August. Boston — Enough new contracts for assembly of war products maintain a brisk demand for sheets, but buying is off some; fabricators have covered against most requirements for earlier placements. For the first time general purpose bombs will be made in this area, 500-pounders. Until now, only bomb components have been fabricated. Assembly, starting in two weeks, means steel delivery will be by directive. Relatively small ca­ pacity is open for hot and cold-rolled sheets in late third quarter and August schedules are about closed on narrow cold strip, demand for which has eased slightly. More tonnage is on order for ammunition containers; Vermont Marble Co., Proctor, Vt., 75-mm.; Albert & J. M. Anderson Co., Boston, 105-mm. cartridge cases and Heywood-Wakefield Co., Gardner, Mass., 75-mm. containers, have new or increased contracts. Nor­ mally making furniture and baby car­ riages, versatility of industry under war pressure is demonstrated by Heywood- Wakefield, now producing in addition to containers, 20-mm. shells, shell fuzes, bomb nose fuzes, dummy cartridges, ship fenders, navy ready-room chairs, truck bodies, wave guides and bomb- sight control boxes for aircraft and con­ fidential radar equipment. Other con­ S ftv u fo inERTS or niTROGEn by KEmP tracts not previously announced: im­ perial Knife Co., Providence, bayonet knives, and Fay & Scott, Dexter, Me., FOR PUREING-FOR BLANKETING-FOR PROCESSING grenade launchers. Cincinnati — Sheet mills are booked Kemp Inert Gas Producers and Kemp Nitrogen Generators are available in standard models with solidly on most grades into fourth capacities ranging from 1000 to 1 00,000 cubic feet per hour— larger sizes and special models built ter and despite extended delivery fabri­ t o o rd e r. cators seek coverage of distant needs, especially when these reflect contracts. Features on all models: Flexibility— gas production automatically responds to demand at any rate up Aggravated manpower conditions add to to 1 0 0 % of capacity, thus frequently eliminating need for gas-holders or accumulators to meet peak tightness as mill interests appear restive loads. Safety features include: electric ignition, safety-pilot, soft heads, and automatic shut-down in the lest tonnage not meet 1944 levels. event of (a) burner outage, (b) cooling water failure, (c) power failure, (d) fuel gas failure, and safety St. Louis — Sheets continue tight with purging of unit on shut-down or before starting. Units may be furnished for either semi- or fully-automatic hot-rolled deliveries extended to ¡>ep' o p e ra tio n . tember and later and cold-rolled to ¡No­ vember and beyond. Pent-up deman Safeguard against explosion hazards from flammable vapors or explosive dusts with low-cost Inerts is heavy and the shift of all av? !v or Nitrogen from Kemp Generators. Write for engineering data, recommendations and quotations. sheet capacity to plates has made tn outlook worse. The labor situation i Ask For Bulletin 901.3 likewise getting worse, with a manpowe deficit of at least 25 per c e n t reported. OTHER KEMP PRODUCTS Moreover there is slight hope for reue , since the St. Louis area is not rated a Nitrogen Generators ■ Inert Gas Producers critical. Atmos-Gas Producers ■ Immersion Heaters Cleveland — Delivery situation in Flame Arrestors for vapor lines, flares, etc. sheets is the tightest of any steel pro< - Address The C. M. The Industrial Carburetor for premixing gases uct, and at the rate directives contm Kemp Mfg. Co. 405 E. Submerged Combustion Burners to upset mill rolling schedules there Oliver St., Baltimore- little likelihood the situation will soon A complete line of Industrial Burners, and Fire Checks. 2, Maryland. improve, barring early termination the European war. Some steel P ducers report production schedules solidly through die balance of this y on galvanized sheets and into *o quarter on all other grades. One s A_ t _ ____ 11 — v,nf.t-ln!rs are tne MARKET NEWS

opinion here is that there will be few on cold-drawn bars, ranging from 1/16- largest for the war period to date, and inch and larger, are also running late the monthly carryover tonnage in sheets on the shell program, which provides the backbone of present bar mill opera­ in third quarter. Much of this tonnage is and bars is the greatest so far. going into rockets, fuzes and small Flood of directives forced upon mills tions. Deliveries are fairly well inte­ in recent weeks has badly disorganized grated on smaller bars and cold-dra^vn caliber shells. mill production schedules, and threatens items, but the delivery situation in large Boston — With most new contracts to force a breakdown in CMP procedure. rounds is bad and there will be a sub­ covered, frequently tied to directives, Many mill customers failed to receive stantial carryover into March, due prin­ placement of shell steel, carbon and alloy tonnage promised them in January, and a cipally to the weather, which through bars has slackened; pressure for tonnage few are still waiting. fuel shortages and freight troubles has is strong, notably from warehouses and Baltimore — Bids are being asked for cut operations well below capacity on forge shops. Bolt and nut makers have approximately 9000 tons of hot-rolled many bar mills. increased specifications; several Rhode pickled sheets and strip for an Orange, New York — Bar demand is fairly Island shops have taken on additional Va., company engaged in fabricating sustained and increasingly diversified. volume. Sharp upturn in alloy buying portable hospital unit's. Approximately Few outstanding lists are noted. Mean­ is maintained in slightly better ratio 2400 tons of light-gage angles also are while deliveries on carbon bars are mov­ than for carbon, strong demand for rifle required. A local fabricator of gun ing further into third quarter, with little blanks at Springfield armory being a mounts and similar equipment is in­ tonnage available in large, rounds before contributing factor, also aircraft and quiring for 5000 tons of plates and other late August or September. Deliveries anti-friction bearing plants. Delivery flat-rolled products. The material for Orange ranges from 12 to 24-gage with deliveries calling for shipments from April to October. It is understood that a directive has been obtained to insure the earlier shipments. Philadelphia — While the peak of the current buying movement in sheets ap­ pears over orders for most mills still are greater than shipments and delivery schedules continue to expand. Some plain hot-rolled sheets still are available in August and September but little hot- rolled pickled can be had before Octo­ ber, with some producers booked solid­ ly into November. Cold-rolled ship­ ments run into September and beyond, while those on galvanized range from late August to February. Stainless sheets are available in June and July and silicon sheets in July and August. Narrow hot strip deliveries cover a wide range, depending on mill and spe­ cification. One large producer quotes November on widths up to and including two inches, August on wider, up to and including 4Va inches, April, 1945, on wider sizes up to nine inches and for October, this year, on still wider. Chicago — Sheets are tightest of all steel products. Deliveries range into fourth quarter, and it is understood WPB has been unable to place some 140,000 tons needed in the war program. Under­ standing is that the ammunition con­ tainer program runs only through sec­ ond quarter, but indications are it will be carried on at the same level. Report has it that Army and Navy will require 100,000 tons of sheets for drums for WEBB plat* bending roll* are first half for fabrication in French drum modem, compact, high pro­ plants. Orders for this material, which involves 65 to 70 per cent cold-rolled, duction machines. Made in a complete range oi size* and have been placed under a series of direc­ tives. Domestic drum industry will be capacities, these rolls are being used on high quantity pro­ asked to return a portion of its first duction rolling in all types oi metal shops throughout the quarter allotments. United States. These rolls are made in both pyramid and Steel Bars . . . pinch types- Bar Prices, Page 144 SEND FOR CATALOS NO. H Indications are that bar buying has FOR FULL INFORMATION reached a practical peak and that bar PROMPT DELIVERY ON STANDARD SIZES mill backlogs will not increase from now °rr. The shell program is the cause of the present heavy load. On large rounds delivery is delayed and considerable tonnage scheduled for this month will be carried over into March. Deliveries We deferred to third quarter, with large rounds late in that period. Pittsburgh — Some sources here be­ lieve peak buying has again passed and backlogs are now as high as they will be for some months. Certainly there is jjttle possibility of any easing in the bw situation for the remainder of this year unless cancellations occur, and the

February 26, 1945 heavily into capacity output. Merchant ter on smaller specifications and in some -range on alloys is wide, from June to cases through to fourth quarter on larger ¿August, depending on grade and size. bars are in heavy demand but reinforc­ ing material is slack. rounds, which are in particular demand 'Excel Foundry & Machine Co., Fall for shells. One large seller is booked River, Mass., 81-mm. mortars, also anti­ St. Louis — Demand for merchant bftrs continues heavy, augmented by solidly into December on larger sizes. tank mine fuze parts, and Pantex Press­ A little electric alloy steel is available ing Machine Co., Central Falls, R. I., awarding of several new contracts for bomb racks. Reinforcement bars and in May but most producers quote June 20-mm. shot, have shell contracts in ad­ on electric and all are into July or Au­ dition to those previously announced. building products are easier. No relief Besides a 105-mm. shell contract, Unit­ is in sight for merchant bars, since de­ gust on open-hearth alloy steel. ed Shoe Machinery Corp., Beverly, mand stems from shell, tank and truck Chicago — WPB anticipates that de­ Mass., has one for spare parts, fuze set­ manufacturers. Shipbuilders also are mand for spring steel will increase. ter rammers. Others include: Keystone taking bars in large quantities. Manpower shortage is holding down Mfg. Co., Boston, fuze bomb noses; Baltimore — Approximately 6000 tons production currently, and tire overall Wright Machine Co., Worcester, adapter of 2-inch rounds are being sought for supply will be insufficient to meet com­ boosters; Automatic Machine Co., Attle­ delivery beginning April by a North bined military and civilian demand. Con­ boro, primers; American Watch Case Carolina manufacturer of shells and gun sequently, WPB is recommending main­ Co., Providence, bomb fuzes; Independ­ components. Substantial tonnages have tenance of present use of metal springs ent Lock Co., Fitchburg, adapter boos­ been placed recently by Baltimore man­ at the rate of 50 per cent by weight of ters and fuzes. ufacturers participating in the rocket 1941 use. Seattle — Bar producers are .trying program. Cleveland — Orders for shell billet to reduce order backlogs but are handi­ Philadelphia — Carbon bar producers steel are still increasing, with overall capped by labor shortage which cuts generally are booked through third quar- requirements for second quarter sched­ uled to increase 450,000 tons. Several shell steel producers are unable to give delivery dates until late fourth quarter. Forge shops and cold-rollers are partic­ ularly active, with order backlogs at the highest level in months. Demand foi alloy steel bars continues to increase: mill deliveries are extended into August

Steel Plates . . . Plate Fricis, Fage 145 Plate demand continues to shrink though mills are sold for several week: ahead. With shipbuilding requiring les: material as contracts are eomp'eted mis cellaneous demand fails to make up tin shrinkage. Steel formerly going ti plate mills now can be diverted to sheet: and other products. A leading plate maker recently ab’e to take orders fo April now quotes May on sheared plates PLATING while others can do no better than June Locomotive orders for export promise t< add considerable tonnage for plate mills New York — Plate specifications hav CLEANING tapered somewhat although jobbers, wh comprise one of the largest buyin groups, are still pressing for tonnage. In quiries are beginning to appear also fo plates and sheets for the 500 Russian Ic PICKLING comotives recently noted as being dis tributed equally between American Lt comotive Co. and Baldwin Lucomotiv Works. While inquiries have been is GALVANIZING sued for wheels, no lists have yet bee noted on the rolled material for th (electro-process) ^ French locomotives, and this is ascribe to the fact that not all details of desig have yet been settled. The mobile gu When you buy equipment for plating, buy mount irrogram is leading to some in quiry for standard plates, but majc with an eye on quick conversion to requirements are in other lines. peacetime decorative plating with nickel, One leading plate producer, recently i April, is now in May on sheared plate: chrome, copper, brass, etc. Meaker equipment con while offerings of most other producei fall in June. be changed over to the peacetime job in a St. Louis — Carbon steel plates ai ¡iffy. Fact, many of our customers right scheduled to July and August. Pressui c o n o m iz e s o n in c is still heavy, due to the new shipbuik E Z now are getting new equipment to hustle that ing program, despite transfer of consu Produces Uniform Thickness w ar job, and bustle that peace job, too, as erable sheet capacity to plates. Ho', ever, completion of that program, pro At All Points soon as we have finished the Axis. ably in May or June, is expected ease matters somewhat in June or Ju Boston — Plate inventories general The N ation’s Leading Practical Plating Engineers have been reduced and placement new tonnaee continues well below pea although directives still cover considi able ship volume. On the other har The M E Â K Ë R C o . warehouse stocks are better balanc than on most flat-rolled products, p< 1635 SOUTH 55 th AVENUE, CHICAGO mitting prompt delivery for fill-F mainly for repairs. Miscellaneous buyi for war equipment is not taking up t

/TE E 152 i— ——------sagaga» — -- MArkeT n ew s ------slack resulting iiom decline in ship re­ is no in d ica te, however, the services Carnegie-ilhnois Steel Corpv which has quirements, which is less apparent for will ease demand in the immediate fu­ been handicapped by lack of cars to naval vessels, destroyers or heavier. In­ ture. Carry-overs this month will be ship its product, finds some improve­ dustrial inquiry is fairly well sustained, heavy again and will include consider­ ments, but is still many cars short. but the last wave of new contracts in­ able CMP spring wire. Rods are tight St, Louis — Overall demand for tin volved less plates than sheets, strip and and one integrated Buffalo mill is try­ plate has been unchanged for some bars. Walsh-Kaiser six-way yard. Provi­ ing to buy semifinished. weeks. Moderate open tonnage in May dence, R. I., building combat-cargo ships, is reported but makers do not yet know continues on a higher schedule than most Tin Plate . . . second quarter allocations. Increased lend-lease calls reported imminent are privately operated yards, one building Tin Plate Prices, Page 145 navy vessels excepted, and, at the last expected to revise production schedules- launching, workers were warned they Chicago — No delivery changes in here. must maintain production. tin plate are observed, May being the No additional contracts are expected first month in which material can be sup­ Rails, Gars • « • for the South Portland, Me., yard; Mari­ plied in any quantity. WPB is anxious Track Material Prices, Page 145 time commission has awarded contracts to increase production, but is unable to for as many Victory, C-type and tanker arrange for it both because manpower New York — Car buying has slowed1 ships as can be completed this year is lacking and shortage of black plate. with little being figured here at the mo-- with turbine propulsion machinery avail­ able. Capacity at yards building the latter types is ample for new contracts. Betlilehsm-PIingham has 40 LST’s and APD’s to complete by late summer. Po­ litical pressure for continuance of op­ erations at both yards has developed and most official reaction has been of a noncommittal political nature. MODERN DESIGN Seattle — Several projects involving steel plates are pending or under consid­ eration in this area. Seattle opened bids Feb. 21 for a replacement project re­ quiring 1510 feet of 36-inch and 1530 feet of 24-inch steel pipe. Steel Tank & Pipe Co., Portland, Oreg., is low for 3660 feet of 30 and 58-inch steel pipe and specials and has a contract with Poit Townsend, Wash., for two miles of 30-inch steel pipe replacements.

Tubular Goods . . . EÁTTY MACHÍNE Tubular Goods Prices, Page 145 & MFC CO... . HAUUOND.MO USA Seattle — Cast iron pipe dealers are handicapped by slow deliveries. D e­ mand is fairly active and some important projects await priorities. Several Seat­ tle projects are pending, Crane Co. be­ ing low for supplying 6000 feet of 12- inch bell and spigot. Bonneville Power Administration will take bids Feb. 28 for 4000 feet of black wrought iron Pipe.

Wire . . . Wire Prices, Page 145 New York — Wire orders continue to pour into mills in excess of capacity and shipment for numerous products. There is only slight slackening in orders, due in part in some cases to the inabili­ ty of producers to take additional vol­ ume for delivery when wanted. With the heavy-duty tire production being great­ ly expanded, additional space is' sought for bead wire; mills have been asked to take on more of this volume. Con­ tinuing directives for rope and signal eorps wire are sustained. More volume, some urgent and highly rated, has been pushed out of schedule and into third quarter. Boston — Wire mills partially de­ pendent on Buffalo for rods, including one rope plant, are getting back to sched­ ule as delayed shipments arrive. Pro­ duction schedules are subject to constant revision, however, due to new and sup­ plemental directives. Bookings have eased only slightly and are well ahead of shipments with most mills. Substan­ tial part of backlogs is concentrated in relatively few large tonnage war items and any relaxation or cutbacks in these MACHINE & MFG. CO. "'ould soon be reflected in numerous im­ portant products, some CMP allocations, HAMMOND, INDIANA "hieh are now out of schedule. There

February 26, 1945 ■ MARKET NEWS ______

ment. Brazil Ministry of Transport and Public Works has placed three 4-8-4 type steam freight locomotives with Baldwin Locomotive Works, these being in addition to seven placed last fall. Chicago — An important car builder in this area predicts that 90 per cent of the 30,000 passenger cars in service today will have to be replaced as soon as the war is over, consequently plans to modernize its plants to handle the business. British competition for car wheel business has reappeared. A wheel maker in this area had an order for 200 wheels for the Canadian Car & Foundry Co. canceled because better deliveries could be obtained from Eng­ Polishing land. Chicago Rapid Transit Co. has given contracts to Pullman-Standard Car Mfg. Co., Worcester, Mass., and St. Louis Car Co., St. Louis, for two units each consisting of three-car articulated trains for the elevated lines. Wheels Structural Shapes . . . Structural Shape Prices, Page 145 New York — F. H. McGraw Co., gen­ set up with eral contractor, New York, has placed 3200 tons for a veterans’ hospital at Dearborn, Mich., with Bethlehem Steel Co. Contracts otherwise are light with relatively little being figured. New York City will figure in the $800 million postwar federal-state highway program to the extent of $60 million, it was revealed. Actual plans and con­ NUGLU struction will be done by the New York State Department of Public Works, ex­ cept in special cases which may require that the design be undertaken either by are dried in our the city or by private engineers. Seattle—Fabricators generally are en­ gaged in war work and there is no de­ Red Lamp mand of consequence from private sources. Most fabricating shops have contracts from shipyards and airplane plants and are operating to capacity. Philadelphia — Shape producers quote Conveyor Type June on standard sections, with one into July on wide flange. Ship and shell work continue major factors in the ex­ tended position of mills, although a little more building construction tonnage is Oven being booked than for sometime.

Reinforcing Bars . . . in 30 minutes... Reinforcing Bar Prices, Page 145 Pittsburgh — New projects are. vir- Ready for Polishing tually absent this week, and shipments against existing contracts are cutting into available stocks of new billet steel in One Hour held by distributors, with little immedi- hope of replenishment. Rail mills report new business is light, except for some export tonnage, which is building up backlogs. New York — While considerable re­ inforcing bar tonnage is pending for J. J. SIEFEN CO. export, with second quarter quota likely to be on a parity with that of first, do­ DETROIT 9 mestic activity in this district is light. Both orders and inquiry appear to be confined to carload lots or less. Experts in Polishing Pig Iron . . . Pig Iron Prices, Page 147 Improved transportation conditions have eased the pig iron situation in areas where snow had caused delivery delays ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ and melters are receiving more mate­ rial. Labor is the limiting factor in foundry operation and production is hampered. Many foundries have con- |

154 /TEEL siderably less inventory than the 30-day supply allowed by WPB. New York — As a result of improved transportation pig iron is now arriving at some plants faster than manpower is available for unloading. This is in sharp contrast with a fortnight or so ago. Re­ flecting the freer flow of iron, opera­ tions have picked up at several points, m e t a l s with labor the major limiting factor. Inquiry for iron is still brisk, however, All standard sizes and with the ratio of pig iron to scrap consumed as high as at any time in shapes of perforations months. This condition may change, as scrap also is beginning to flow some­ for different kinds and what more easily, but not, where cast thicknesses of metal as scrap is involved, in the same degree, because this grade of material is funda­ required for many uses mentally scarce and will likely continue so until the war emergency eases. and industries. Pittsburgh ■—- Supply situation re­ mains tight with shipping facilities bad minMSSUM and coke supplies weaker in many cases. INDUSTRIAL All ornamental perfora­ ORNAMENTAL Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp. reports ap­ tions of desirable pat­ proximately four days’ coal supply at the Clairton coke works, supplying all blast terns. Consult us on furnaces operated by die company as well as other United States Steel Corp. your specifications. subsidiaries here. Stocks of coke at furnaces are well below normal. Mer­ chant iron is becoming increasingly ANY METAL • ANY PERFORATION tight, and there is no apparent move yet to reactivate idle stacks here. The trouble seems to be manpower shortage rather than economic factors, because the $1 increase in iron prices has had no eifect on the furnace situation here. Boston — Although eased slightly, pig iron supply continues tight, with numer­ ous consumers having less than 30-day 5634 Fillmore St., Chicago 44, III, 114 Liberty St., New Yerit 6, N. Y. inventories. Melt in the New England area, estimated at around 23,500 tons a month, fluctuates only slightly, but de­ liveries diis month will be slightly high­ er, partly due to delayed January ship­ ments. Heavy influx of war orders has affected foundries to a less degree than other metalworking plants; with man­ power still short any substantial increase in melt would appear doubtful. Event­ ual lifting of war controls will actually result in much heavier consumption among larger users in textile and paper mill equipment shops. Since announce­ ment by a large textile machinery build­ ers diat war work, other than textile *QU1T GUESSING! mill equipment, would be completed in LOWER YOUR HOLDER about one month, the situation has changed somewhat, but in odier depart­ MAINTENANCE C0STS- ments more than in foundry divisions. Firm orders for new textile machin­ ery are not being taken because of un­ certainty in delivery and prices, but are tentatively booked in sequence. Pre­ paring, however, for a volume 50 per cent over good prewar years, several shops are increasing potential capacity for castings; Draper Corp., Hopedale, Mass., is installing additional automatic Heavy Duty Allison Electrode Holder—weight 19 oz.—300 molding equipment and has machinery on order to meet strong demand for tex­ to 500 Amperes. Tips for— ’/lé" to 14" and 14" to ?-8"Rods, tile mill equipment. St. Louis—Supplies are reported ade­ MODEL B quate currently with large users hav­ For Aircraft —automotive—and light sheet fabrication — ing little difficulty, although no surplus weight 614 ounces—200 Amperes. Rod capacity 5/32". exists. The manpower shortage is the greatest handicap. Demand continues nigh and some foundries have as little as Design and materials—reduces holder maintenance and allows one or two weeks’ reserve on hand. shorter burning of rod. Buffalo — While cars for pig iron shipment still are scarce conditions are SEE YOUR DISTRIBUTOR OR WRITE better and shipments en route are being delivered, easing shortages in New Eng­ land and the East. Some time will be T ^Z óá^Z -T O O L AND ENGINEERING CO needed for accumulation of the 30-day inventory allowed by WPB. Books for 4031 Whittier Blvd.; Los Angeles 23, California second quarter open next week with

February 26, 1945 m AK K I S T E I IN t W b

little- change expected in bookings. Cincinnati — Announcement of the $1 . increase in pig iron was taken in stride, melters apparently being concerned more with delivery. Shipments con­ tinue laggard. So far shutdowns have been avoided, but often supplies of pig iron are close to exhaustion before new tonnage arrives. Beehive coke is tight, partly on account of transportation diffi­ culties but by-product foundry coke ap­ pears adequate. Philadelphia — While pig iron is mov­ ing somewhat more freely at least three basic consumers in the Philadelphia dis­ trict are operating on virtually a day to day basis with question whether they will be able to maintain production at the current rate. Return to govern­ ment allocations appears unlikely. Cleveland — More moderate weather and lifting of the rail embargo has ma­ terially eased the coal supply situa­ tion at steel plants. With coke oven operations back to normal, the output of pig iron is again close to capacity, 12 out of 14 units pouring iron. Republic’s DPC furnace has been idle for some weeks now, but this is not due to lack of coking coal. Foundry operations SOLVED BY BELLEVUE have improved somewhat, reflecting freer WE MANUFACTURE movement of cast scrap and pig iron. • A difficult heat treating operation performed with a Bellevue High Heat Controlled Atmos­ a ll modern types of Continuous, Hardening Scrap . . . phere Furnace, Quench Tank and a Bellevue and Draw Furnaces Scrap Prices, Page 148 Controlled Atmosphère Direct Fired Recirculating Draw Furnace. Write Gei Generators for details of this application. Muffle Furnaces While some shortages exist in scrap Car Type Famocei supply, notably in cast grades, the sit­ Tool Room end Melting uation is better as railroad movement Fumeces BELLEVUE INDUSTRIAL FURNACE CO improves. As the shell program increases Send for Information more turnings are offered, further weak­ 23«* B E L L E V U E A V EN U E D E T R O IT 7, M IC H IG A N ening the price. Steelmakers continue to use material from reserves as deliv­ eries lag. Lack of labor in yards is a prime cause of scarcities, dealers in many cases having accumulations they cannot prepare promptly. Pittsburgh — Market continues steady except for turnings, which are actually nominal in many instances. An official quotation of $14 for machine shop turn­ ings and $16 for short shoveling turn­ ings does not portray the real picture, as these grades admittedly could be bought at almost any reasonable price. Some turnings are coming in on old or­ ders, however, at higher levels, which tends to give strength to the market where none really exists. Other grades are moving slowly. Yards have a fair quantity of material on hand, but it can­ not be moved because of labor shortage and bad weather. A recent survey of yards in this area and adjacent Ohio ter­ ritory reveals that almost every yard has MARKING SHEETS AT INDIANA HARBOR MILL a small tonnage available but no means of preparing and shipping it. MARKAL PAINTSTIKS are used through­ New York — Scrap is moving more out this important steel organization to freely as a result of improved weather identify, clearly and permanently, hot and transportation conditions. There is still a dearth of cast scrap, however, strip steel, coils, billets, plates, ingots— as little of this is being developed, due also for layout work, marking lines for to light demolition activities. Prices are torch cutting and shipping identification. generally unchanged at ceiling levels. A St. Louis — Demand remains ex­ MARKAL PAINTSTIKS are m ade for Sp e cific tremely high and supply low. A return all cold surfaces down to 0°F. and T y p e of bad weather, plus a greater labor for all hot surfaces up to 1800°F. M A R K A L shortage, brought on a tight situation, P A IN T S T IK although dealers look for an improve­ WRITE FOR SAMPLES! ment by April. Mill reserves were aid­ f o r E v e ry ed somewhat by the brief weather respite, State Your Marking Problems Fully Marking Job now averaging four to five weeks as com­ pared to the two-month stockpile most M A O l / ^ f 631 N. Western Ave. like to keep. Dealers claim they are i t V i / « Chicago 12, III. 25 to 35 per cent undermanned and “ Originator! of,Paint Sticks’’ ; . ‘j some have stopped shipping, with the result that broker pressure on the re-

/ T EEL ------MARKET NEWS ------

mainder is increasing. Cast grades are scarce. With the exception of machine turnings, all grades remain at ceiling. Boston — Unbalanced supply, cast and heavy melting grades scarce, with lighter industrial material ample, notably "KNOW machine shop and shoveling turnings, mark trends in scrap, contributing to softening in the latter. This further em­ phasizes increase in orders for ordnance, probably picking up momentum with HOW" development of the shell program. Need of cast and short steel scrap by some IS THE SOLUTION TO foundry consumers is acute, with pros­ pects of early relief uncertain. While YOUR PROBLEMS ON not as acute, volume of alloy-free heavy steel is limited. Shipyard scrap volume also tends downward gradually. Offered at the Boston navy yard Feb. 21 of SPECIAL WASHERS close to 1000 tons, including 500 tons un­ AND prepared heavy melting steel, 300 tons light iron and 150 tons steel flashings, has been awarded. SMALL STAMPINGS Cincinnati — Activity in iron and steel scrap is greater, on a reaction from se­ vere weather conditions, but work in yards has been slowed seriously. Supply of rails, which are in good demand, is Bring your troubles to us better in this district, at least temporarily. Melters are also avid for good low phos at Master Products. The and cast. Turnings continue weak. Mills experience gained in are taking tonnages freely on contracts but show little interest in new commit­ 2 5 years of solving ments. Special Washer and Small Seattle — Scrap supply is sufficient Stamping problems en­ for current needs and some material is being shipped to the East, particularly ables us to serve you well. from the Portland area. Seattle consum­ ers are receiving shipments from ship­ yards at Vancouver, B. C., and the local supply is ample. Buffalo — Although no sales have been reported of turnings below ceiling the market shows definite signs of weak­ O V E R 1 0 , 0 0 0 ness. Large offerings of this grade re­ flect increase in shell production and some rejections are being made because of high nickel content. Mills are draw­ SETS of TOOLS ing on reserve for solid material to bal­ ance turnings in the melt. Quality steel- at your disposal making grades continue scarce. Philadelphia — Interest in scrap still is centered on movement of material on order, with flow a little improved OTHERS but far from adequate. In heavy melt­ If these won’t give you ' TRO'fr ° ing steel this is ascribed to continued what you want, our Tool difficulty in getting cars and limited man­ power for preparation. Turnings, requir­ and Die Department will ing little preparation and which are com­ make up special designs ing out in increasing volume from shell lines, are moving best. Prices on turn­ for you at reasonable cost. ings continue at ceilings despite freer Just send us your blue­ flow and weakness in other districts. When melting steel becomes adequate prints or specifications. weakening in turnings is expected. Low phos scrap is in somewhat less demand. Also a full line of Standard Cleveland — Scrap supply has made substantial improvement the past ten Washers in kegs or cartons. days. Stocks at steelworks in this dis­ U. S. S. W ashers • S. A. E. Washers trict are down considerably from the turn of the year, but are not low enough Riveting Burrs • Square Washers to cause alarm. Considerable tonnage Expansion Plugs • Machinery Bushings of good open-hearth grades and turnings Aircraft Washers • Discs are still moving into the Youngstown START YOUR DESIGN FILE HOW! CDCf district from here. Cast scrap supply Light Steel W ashers • Copper Washers nltlal Mates Come fo You Absolutely lllLt remains scarce although some improve­ Brass Washers • Aluminum Washers ment has developed. Write for this outstanding design Stainless Steel Washers • Etc. service on your company letterhead. Chicago — Although mill receipts of scrap are somewhat heavier than re­ cently because of better weather, new HOBART buying continues low as principal con­ S im p lifie d sumers remain out of the market. Princi­ a r c w e l d e r s pal grades for open hearths and electric furnaces hold ceiling price level, but o»« o/lie IVe,Id's Largest Builders of Arc Welders turnings and borings, chiefly blast furnace grades, show new weakness.

February 26, 1945 Warehouse . . . most mills already are well booked for this category will have a carryover into Warehouse Prices, Page 146 that period. As for plates they will be March and with the exception of ingots unable to get tonnage under allotment and slabs at some points, all semifinished Chicago — Buying from warehouses before May and from only a few pro­ steel is in much the same situation. continues heavy and some sellers are ducers. Warehouse allotments on bars Skelp and wire rods are causing diffi­ forced to limit quantities. Some also and hot and cold-rolled sheets were re­ culties, particularly the latter, while non­ are doubtful that present volume can be stored a short time tgo. On the so- integrated sheet mills have been ham­ maintained because of shrinking inven­ called merchant products, such as gal­ pered by a declining supply of sheet tories. Effective April 1, load directives vanized sheet and wire, allotments had bars. Much of this difficulty can be are reinstated. Not only will this put continued in .effect. traced, as in other products, to the fuel a ceiling on material which can be Cleveland — Warehouse steel stocks shortage and the freight delays. taken in, but actual mill shipments will are moderately below a year ago and be insufficient to meet demand. there is a strong indication that a fur­ Nonferrous Metals . . . New York — Demand for steel from ther decline in distributors’ inventories Nonferrous Prices, Page 149 warehouse is heavy and unabated. An will occur over the next few months, increasing volume, including larger or­ as mill warehouse load directives are New York — Tightening controls on ders, is due to extended mill deliveries expected to be cut to make steel avail­ distribution and use of major nonferrous on most products. Inquiry for alloys able for expanding munitions programs. metals again bring zinc under allocation. has improved further; with some jobbers Both tire volume and size of orders Copper stockpile will be under 300,000 alloys are among the most active. Drain placed with distributors have been larger tons by April 1 after an expected peak on warehouse stocks is heavy and inven­ in recent weeks, as many steel consum­ demand next month, probably lowering tories are more unbalanced. This is em­ ers have been forced to rely on ware­ the reserve in that metal by close to 75,- phasized by lagging shipments to dis­ house stocks to tide them over until 000 tons during first quarter. Restric­ tributors who have more tonnage in their mill orders are shipped. tions imposed on lead recently to con­ mill carry-overs. Nails and sheets are Cincinnati — Sales volume of steel serve other than war use are having an among the tightest products. jobbers has been maintained this month effect in somewhat more even distri­ Los Angeles — Warehousemen believe at expense, in part, of their inventories. bution. Conservation measures applying that within 60 days their stocks will Mill shipments tend to less tonnage, not to tin have not been relaxed. Copper have reached the critical stage of deple­ meeting the demand, which is heavy and zinc deliveries will be heavy in tion. Mill orders are being delayed by and broad. Most warehouses are beset March. Domestic production has de­ as much as six months because of com­ by labor scarcity, and shipments, espe­ clined steadily and use of foreign copper petitive demand from consumers who, cially where preparation is necessary, has increased sharply since November. after exhausting current warehouse ma­ are slowed. An average shortage of 18,000 tons terials, are themselves ordering direct of zinc a month is indicated, a deficit from mills. Sudden changes in design Semifinished Steel . . . of near 208,000 tons for the year. Tin- on war materiel have brought unprece­ lead-zinc division estimates 1,078,000 dented need for sizes and shapes un­ Semifinished Prices, Page 144 tons of slab zinc will be required this foreseen even a few weeks ago. Pittsburgh — Rounds for seamless year with indicated production, includ­ Philadelphia — While warehouse al­ tubing, which must compete with shell ing imports, 870,000 tons. For galvan­ lotments on shapes and plates again are rounds and billets, as well as rail in izing 270,000 tons will be needed while being set up, effective April 1, ware­ some cases, for time on the primary brass mills want 480,000 tons. Ingot houses will not benefit much before the mills, are runninig behind delivery sched­ producers, die-casters and rolling mills end of second quarter on shapes as ules at the moment. All products in account for the balance. Production of zinc concentrates are also downward, 660.000 tons in terms of recoverable zinc being estimated this year against 715,- 000 tons, 1944. Available imports are 340.000 tons, but only half of this has been definitely tabbed. Demand for field wire has contributed to a suspension order which virtually bars copper wire in the civilian market. Under CMP, revised upward for this year, a deficit of 4000 tons of refined copper is indicated, and, unless more adequate labor is available to mines, mills, smelters and refiners, this estimate may be substantially increased. Indica­ tions are that copper will become in­ creasingly tight.

Iron Ore . . . Iron Ore Prices, Page 146 Consumption of Lake Superior iron ore in January totaled 6,982,619 gross tons, according to the Lake Superior fi.M .C. CONSTRUCTION Iron Ore Association, Cleveland. Tins has become the standard of high quality in resistance units, demanded by plant compares with 7,090,174 tons in De­ engineers who know and want the best. G.M.C. Resistances are built of helical cember and 7,481,653 tons in January, coils of alloy resistance wire, supported by an external frame for complete protec­ 1944. tion. Ohmic resistance and carrying capacity is clearly labeled on each unit so that Stocks at furnaces and on Lake Erie plant engineers may complete installation easily and efficiently to fit any require­ docks Feb. 1 were 30,888,956 tons, ments. Write today for complete information! compared with 37,823,876 tons on Jan. 1 and 36,059,302 tons Feb. 1, 1944. Fur­ FOR naces in blast Feb. 1 numbered 170 , the MOBILE UNITS, LOCOMOTIVES, BATTERY same as a month earlier. As of Feb. 1, CHARGERS, DC STATIONARY MOTORS AND 1944, active furnaces numbered 18-- During January two furnaces w®re SLIP RING MOTORS abandoned for dismantling, that of An­ trim Iron Co., Mancelona, Mich., idle since 1943, and that of Delta Chemical & Iron Co., Wells, Mich., idle since GUYAN MACHINERY CO. 1942. Iron ore production in the United LOGAN, W. VA. States in 1944 is estimated by the Bureau of Mines at 94,622,000 gross tons, com-

15* /TEEL FOR CUTTING o 3 /4 " Rods -— i3M x 1/4" Flat Bars

1-1/4" Wire Rope

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310 East 47th Street

MODEL UK-300-P DIRECT

READING BRINELL TEST­

ING MACHINE ......

ILLUMINATED PROJECTOR • Lessons learned in wartime manufacturing have made It Operator can rapidly de­ easier for us to tell you about Nlckelold Metals. One war­ tim e le s s o n was that costly basic metals could be eliminated termine results of test on and less expensive ones used if the surface were electro­ screen, which is gradu­ plated with a durable, corrosion-resistant coating such as ated in mms. Machine is chromium, nickel, copper or brass. Another wartime lesson fully mechanical, motor that proved our case was simplification of manufacturing procedure . . . eliminating operations, and thus reducing operated, and is cali­ costs while speeding production. Nlckelold Metals are tailor- brated for 500, 1000, made for high-speed, automatic fabrication. Production ex­ 1500, 2000, 2500 and perts recommend them. Write us for more information. 3000 Kg. loads. It is designed to make Brinell

tests without the use of NICKE10ID microscope or indicator. AMERICAN Details and prices fur­ P r e - P I a t e d METALS nished on request. NICKEL0ID

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8843 LIVERNOIS AVE

February 26. 1945 159 ------MARKET NEWS ______

pared with 101,247,835 tons in 1943. tins business will bs affected until fight­ Shipments from mines were 95,532,000 ing in Europe has ceased. and alloy bars. Car and locomotive tons, against 99,462,850 tons in 1943. Reports from the United, builders and farm equipment makers Stocks at mines at the year end were 4,* cheating an early risq

ALLOY METAL ABRASIVE COMPANY 311 W. HURON ST. ANN ARBOR. MICHIGAN

i m o n D MEANS

QUALITY GEARS COWLESROTARY SLITTING KNIVES Simonds can be of service by‘ meeting for Modern Requirements « your requirements in quality gears. We Highest Quality .... Long Service &Ai produce gears of almost any practical ma­ The Product of Many Years Specialisation terial. Spur gears up to 12 feet in diame­ MADE BY TOOLMAKERS ter! Meet production schedules by using. Simonds gears on your wartime orders. Also Manufacturers of 1 Distributors of Ramsey Silent Chain . MILLING CUTTERS AND Drives and Couplings. SPECIAL METAL CUTTING TOOLS

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 M o r f a a n " C0LD «■'plcohduit .„ to 8" inclusive. A Few Of Our More Than 12,000 Customers: Bureau of Ships* Wash., D. C.: Henry J. Kaiser Co., Calif .;Pacif ic Bridge Co.; Bethlehem-Hingham Ship­ yards; Hercules Powder Co.; Stone & Webster; E. I. Du Pont WRITE FOR PRINTED MATTER de Nemours & Co.; Crane Co.

February 26, 1945 161 PLATES representative of the company will call PLATES PLACED on him and explain the situation and answer any questions. This campaign Unstated, two miles 30-inch water pipe for was supported in local papers through­ Port Townsend, Wash., to Steel Tank & Pipe Co., Portland, Oreg. out the Lorain area. Although this cam­ paign is of recent origin, it has begun to PLATES PENDING show good results.

Unstated, 3660 feet 30 and 58-inch pipe and Both Lorain and National works are specials, Tacoma, Wash.; Steel Tank & Pipe primarily steel plants whose product ton­ Co., Portland, Oreg., low at $52,635. nage is fairly stable and depends on Unstated, 1510 feet 36-inch and 1530 feet die capacity of its equipment. Christy 24-inch water inpe for Seattle; bids Feb. 21. Park works, on the other hand, is a fab­ ricating plant producing bomb, shell p i p e . . . and rocket parts and its production is CAST IRON PIPE PENDING largely a function of manpower plus volume of orders. The pressure for Unstated, 6000 feet 12-inch class 150, for Seattle; Crane Co. low. new employes therefore is heaviest at Christy Park works, but the campaigns RAILS, CARS . . . have proved that it is possible to re­ cruit workers widiout having the glamour RAILS PENDING of a war material production line to 400 tons or more, Tacoma Belt Line extension; help pull them in. According to the Woodworth & McCarthy, Tacoma, low at National Tube people, die plan was a $37,165. success and will continue to be a suc­ LOCOMOTIVES PLACED cess because it makes it easy and con­ venient for a worker to get a job and Brazil Ministry of Transport and Public Works, to get to that job and home again. three 4-8-4 freight locomotives, to Baldwin Locomotive Works, Eddystone, Pa.; in ad­ dition to seven placed last fall. Steel Supply Situation Is Promotion Program Helps Reported Unusually Tight Keep Steel Plants Manned (Concluded from Page 53) (Concluded from Page 63) officials at a meeting in New York. high. During this period advertising The negative factors included the pros­ campaigns through the area continued, pect of a critical fuel shortage, par­ and although the intensive organization­ ticularly coal; possibility of heavy floods al work has now been completed, the in the Ohio river area in the spring; company maintains its advertising cam­ and loss of a substantial number of WRITE for THIS paigns and also maintains offices with men in the industry from 26 to 29 years representatives at central points, as well of age who will be taken in the new as floating representatives who regular­ draft. ly contact minor population centers in On the positive side are included the the area. recent placing of the entire steel indus­ ADECO The program works. There is no try on the National Production Urgency doubt of that. Figures on employment list as a must program, which gives steel show how well it works in that on Oct. producers an equal priority on labor re­ GUIDE-BOOK 1 National works had 6292 employes, cruitment with the very top military pro­ while by Feb. 1 the total had risen to grams. Each of the major steel com­ 6938. Christy Park works on Oct. 1 panies has placed personnel in the United had 5456, and by Feb. 1 had boosted States Employment Service offices to do its total to 6744. During the same pe­ a more effective job of recruiting. The riod National works lost 732 workers to entire industry is loaning operating facili­ the draft or through quits or transfers, ties to help work out the best pooling while Christy Park works lost 1159 of steel production facilities. workers for the same reasons, and these The basic factor behind the inability losses were made up by the program. of the steel industry to meet sharply in­ A similar campaign began at the creased steel requirements for the vari­ company’s Lorain, O., works about Dec. ous war programs is the gradual de­ 1, and in the first 60 days net employ­ cline in industry’s manpower since late ment gain in the plant was 379 workers 1943 dirough December last year. The from a total of 8982 to 9361. An in­ Bureau of Labor Statistics’ figures on em­ teresting feature of the campaign at Lo­ ployment show that in that one year rain works which is now in progress is the number employed in blast furnaces, a job of direct mail selling to the farm­ steelworks and rolling mills dropped ers in the territory. Folders are mailed from 524,000 to 474,000; in the steel to all rural box holders in the territory, castings industry, from 86,000 to 72,000; AIRCRAFT & DIESEL EQUIPMENT CORP. offering a job at the National Tube Co.’s wire products, from 37,300 to 32,000; Lorain works and featuring quotations steel forgings, from 41,000 to 35,000; 440S North Raveruwood Avenue from workers at the plant telling how gray iron and malleable castings, from they like their jobs and how important 104.000 to 98,000; and iron ore mining, Chicago 40, Illinois the work is. Complete procedure for from 30,000 to 25,000. Steel industry obtaining a job is outlined in the folder. officials state that if present war steel Tour Partners in Precision Also enclosed is a business reply card requirements are to be met an additional on which a prospect can list his name, 100.000 men must be employed in the address and telephone number, and a mills.

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384Î GRAND RIVER AVENUE DETROIT, MICHIGAN, U. S. A. the unusual

Does some part of the product you make present an unusual problem? You are under no obligation when you ask our consultant service for help. Our engineering thinking and our machines are both adapted to the unusual. And chances are that a cold-forged part will be more economical for you.

This Decimal Equiva­ lents wall chart is accu­ rate to four places and signalled in three colors. Yours at no cost or obli­ gation. Just send us your name, title and address. S e e o u r C atalog in Sweet’s File for Product D esig n ers. JOHN HASSALL, INC. Specialists in Cold-Forging Since 1850 Oakland and Clay Streets Brooklyn 22, N. Y.

tin York. PhtUiltlpM* CKET CO. 6°' CLEVELAND, OHIO

February 26, 1945 163 NEW BUSINESS

WARREN, O.— Reconstruction Finance Corp CONSTRUCTION AND ENTERPRISE Washington, has received WPB approval f< construction of three warehouse units i OHIO Wardwell yards for surplus machinery stoi for Aeronautics, Wasliington, has received age. to cost $231,000, expiring May 3] •AKRON, O.— Interstate Welding Service Inc., WPB authorization for installation of equip­ 1945. 914 Miami street, formerly operated by G. A. ment for the compressor and turbine research McLean, lias been incorporated with $150,000 wing and engine research building at Cleve­ WARREN, O.— Superior Metal Products Cc capital. land airport, to cost about $3,493,535 ex­ has been incorporated with $500 capital an piring Feb. 28, 1946. 250 shares no par value to manufactur AKRON, O.—Firestone Steel Products Co., sub­ m etal lath and other m etal building material sidiary of Firestone Tire & Rubber Co., will CLEVELAND—Acme Boiler Co., 3726 West by Arden O. Lea, agent, 331 Central park occupy part of the army engineers subdepot Seventy-third street, has been incorporated way, and associates. at Cambridge, O., where more than $4 mil­ with $20,000 capital and 250 shares no par value to operate the former Acme Boiler & lion will be spent for improvement and CONNECTICUT equipment, including boiler plant, cranes, Welding Co. as a corporation instead of etc. Plant will manufacture steel rims for partnership. Philip Novitch, 359 Leader WINSTED, CONN.—Hudson Wire Co., O. F building, is agent. army motorized equipment. Bitzer, general manager, will build a one CLEVELAND—Taylor Tractor Co., 222 East story brick factory 70 x 140 feet, costiru lIARBERFON, O.— G. I. Machine Co., 50 East about $40,000. Springfield road, has been incorporated with Sycamore street, Columbus, O., has sold its assets to a new partnership, Ohio Machinery 8.500 capital and 500 shares no par value NEW YORK to operate a general machine shop, by Jolm Co., composed of Harold N. Graves, Glenn C. Stuver, 2183 Twenty-fifth street, Akron, A. Bailey, Charles M. Daniels and Forrest BUFFALO— Public service commission has or­ J. Clemens, all formerly connected with O., and associates. dered reconstruction of the Babcock streel La Plant-Choate Mfg. Co. Present manufac­ bridge over Pennsylvania railroad tracks. Cosl CANTON, O.—Hoover Co., care M. R. Streeby, turing activities will be continued. will be about $200,000, railroad paying half will install equipment for manufacture of and city and county a quarter each. ordnance items at cost of about $97,000, CLEVELAND—Joseph J. Bauer Sheet Metal for which priorities have been granted. Co. has been formed by Joseph J. Bauer, president, to manufacture hotel and kitchen NEW JERSEY CLEVELAND—Electric Products Co., 1725 accessories and other sheet metal work. Plant Clarkstone road, will build a one-story addi­ will be located at 937 East Seventy-ninth PAULSBORO, N. J.— Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., tion 21 x 44 feet, costing about $9300. street. Capital is $500 and 250 shares no Paulsboro, has let contract to Skinner, Cook par value. Henry A. Pollack, 402 Engineers fc Babcock Inc., 60 East Forty-second street, CLEVELAND—National Refining Co., A. L. building, is agent. New York, for a one and two-story lubri­ List, president, Hanna building, care Louis cating oil pilot plant laboratory, to cost S. Pierce, vice president, will make additions SANDUSKY, O.— General Motors Corp., Fred­ about $75,000. F. G. Frost, 144 East Thir­ and improvements to its refinery at Findlay, erick G. Hughes, western division manager, tieth street, New York, is .architect. O., at cost of $180,000. 7-123 General Motors building, Detroit, will build a plant on a site of 142 acres for man­ C LEV ELA N D — J. & L. Steel Barrel Co., 860(1 ufacture of ball bearings, construction to be MICHIGAN Crane avenue, is having plans drawn for a as early as war conditions permit. new galvanizing plant, replacing its one- ANN ARBOR, M IC H .— King-Seeley Corp. has story 60 x 120-foot plant recently burned. WARREN, O.—Warren City Mfg. Co., 390 letwcontract to W. E. Wood Co., 4649 Hum­ Cost is estimated at $20,000. Griswold avenue, manufacturer of tank light­ boldt avenue, Detroit, for a press shop ad­ ers, diesel engines, etc., will install rails for dition estimated to cost $50,000. Giffels & CLEVELAND—National Advisory Committee eraneways at cost of $30,000. Vailet, 1000 Marquette building, Detroit, are engineers. CCLDWATER, MICH.— Graff Mfg. Co., 28 Ealfour drive, has been incorporated with $10,000 capital to manufacture metal prod­ ucts, by Henry Graff, same address. GRAND RAPIDS, MICH.—Smith Industries Inc., 4 Alten street NE, has been incorporated with $50,000 capital to manufacture metal and plastic moldings, by Harvey Smith, same address. HAMTRAMCK, MICH.— Champion Spark Plug Co., 8525 Butler street, Detroit, has let contract to Barton Malow Co., 2631 Wood­ ward avenue, for two fan houses estimated to cost about $45,000. Giffels & Vailet, 1000 Marquette building, Detroit, are engineers. General Purpose TEMPERANCE, MICH.—Allan Tube Bend­ ing & Mfg. Co. has been incorporated with Dredging and Hard 500 shares no par value to manufacture and D ig g in g fabricate tubing, by Rose H. Glimpse, 3549 Bowen road, Toledo, O. D rag lin e Material Handlers ILLINOIS Hook-on Type C H IC A G O — C learing M achine Corp., 6499 West Sixty-fifth street, will build a one- Ore Handling story 67 x 187-foot and 67 x 340-foot hy­ draulic press building addition, costing over Coal and Coke $40,000. 4 -R op e CHICAGO—Amco Mfg. Co., 2319 North Springfield avenue, has plans by S. Klefstad, B a rge Type architect, 3600 West Fullerton avenue, ^for a one-story 59 x 105-foot plant at 6549 Strayer Electric George street. CHICAGO— Illinois Gage Co., 7810 West A d ­ dison street, has plans by S. Klefstad, 3900 West Fullerton avenue, for a 100 x 150- foot plant addition.

Above types built in weights and capacitie ALABAMA to suit your crane and iob reauirement. BIRMINGHAM, ALA.— Rheem Mfg. Co., W. E. Curran, vice president in charge of produc­ tion, Birmingham, plans expenditure of $1>- 500,000 for opening a second plant and ex­ pansion of plant at North Birmingham. MISSOURI LEBANON, MO.—City, City Hall, plans a sewage disposal plant costing $25,000 to $30,000 and has applied for FWA funds.

164 /TEEL WITHOUT A SINGLE REJECTION, ' tiionks t© MICRO.-CHEK"

j g j v / ' V, ; . saysf \" -y- , |$ |v Lucas' Scr 'etv P f odncts, Inc. encircle the Globe!

Users of nearly 100 Trico MICRO-CHEKS, Lucas P ric e d Screw Products, Inc. of Rochester, N. Y., reports : from "We find them to be a »9.75 low-cost, economical way of controlling accuracy on high precision automatic screw machine produc­ tion. In numerous cases, we have reduced our gage cost from 50 to 75 per cent. They check close tolerances . . . eliminating fatigue and uncertainty upon the operator. Their simplicity enables us to use inex­ perienced help in final inspection. In one case we produced 10,000,000 pieces without a single rejection from the prime contractor.” Speed inspections in YOUR plant with TRICO MICRO- CHEK Comparator Gages, now in use in more than 3600 war plants . . . on machines, on inspection lines. Send for booklet which illustrates many applications L c J u j ^ A Í P fw -d'Á ceA ojy U fcjiksA Â MICRO-CHEK TRICO PRODUCTS CORP. W rought W asher M fg. Co. 2103 SOUTH BAY STREET 130 Trico Squore, Bu Halo 3, N. Y. MILW AUKEE 7, W IS C O N S IN

W e P ro d u c e h e a v y f o r g i n g s fro m G oz. to G to n s ! V any material Vany quantity Vany shape

Hubbard producos parts like those for application in thousands of products, accurately formed and shaped to perform definite func­ tions. Send us your specifications and prints or, describe the results you want to obtain. M. D. HUBBARD SPRING CO. 425 Central Ave., Pontiac 12, Mich.

PRESSED AND HAMMERED FORGINGS SHAFTS • SPINDLES • CYLINDERS • SMOOTH FORGED • ROUGH TURNED • HOLLOW BORED COMMERCIAL FORGINGS 3700 I. 91 STREET CLEVELAND, OHIO

February 26, 1945 Bums 6c McDonnell, 107 Linwood boulevard, 2451 East Twenty-third street, has building Kansas City, Mo., are consulting engineers. TORONTO, ONT.—Coulter Mfg. Co., 2356 permit for plant addition 27 x 95 feet, to Gerrard street East, has had plans prepared ST. LOUIS— Fruehauf Trailer Co., 2122 Chou­ cost $2500. for a plant addition here to cost about teau avenue, has bought a site 351 x 628 LOS ANGELES— Mechanical Development Co., $20,000. E. O. Ewing, 25 Parkwood avenue, feet for a trailer plant to cost about $250,000. 1000 North Orange drive, will build a ma­ is engineer. ST. LOUIS—Mallinckrodt Chemical Works, chine shop addition 30 x 147 feet, to cost TORONTO, ONT.—Watson Spring Co. Ltd., 3600 North Second street, has let contract to about $12,000. 191 Parliament street, has given general con­ Dickie Construction Co., Louderman build­ tract to James Bodie Construction Co. Ltd., ing, 317 North Eleventh street, for altera­ WASHINGTON 456 Pape avenue, for'a one-story building, tions and improvements at 3500 North Sec­ estimated to cost with equipment about ond street, to cost about $50,000. SEATTLE— Stemoff Metals & Iron Works will $35,000. build a boiler plant and machine shop at present plant, 6431 Airport Way. WESTON, ONT.— Moffatt’s Ltd., 23 Dennison WISCONSIN avenue, stoves, etc., has given general con­ tract to J. Robert Page, 18 Toronto street, PORT WASHINGTON, WIS.— Wisconsin Elec­ CANADA Toronto, for a plant addition here, estimated tric Power Co., 231 West Michigan street, to cost with equipment about $60,000. Milwaukee 3, has plans by F. Luber Jr., BRANTFORD, ONT.— Massey-Harris Co. Ltd., care owner, for a powerplant addition, third 915 King street West, Toronto, has given WINDSOR, ONT.— Auto Specialties Mfg. Co. unit, and 80,000-kw. generating unit, cost­ general contract to A. W. Robertson Ltd., (Canada) Ltd., 614 Tecumseh road East, ing about $7 million. 57 Bloor street West, Toronto, for addition has given general contract to Dinsmore- to its Market street plant here, to cost $600,- Mclntyre Ltd., Security building, and struc­ 000. Dominion Bridge Co. Ltd., 1139 Shaw tural steel contract to Canadian Bridge Co. CALIFORNIA street, Toronto, has structural steel contract Ltd., 1219 Walker road, for plant building and Dominion Structural Steel Ltd., 57 to cost about $20,000, equipment extra. ALHAMBRA, CALIF.—Wintroath Pumps Inc. Bloor street West, Toronto, will supply rein­ LACHINE, QUE.—Steel Co. of Canada Ltd., has plans by M. J. Gabrielson, structural en­ forcing steel. gineer, 6362 Hollywood boulevard, Holly­ 75 St. Joseph street, has received tenders wood, Calif., for a shop addition 25 x 80 feet. HAMILTON, ONT.—Perga Containers Ltd., and will let contracts immediately for de­ 1581 Main street West, has called bids for molishing No. 4 plant building here and GLENDALE, CALIF.— Psenner-Pauff Automo­ plant addition and installation of equipment new building to cost approximately $50,000. tive Parts Inc., 620 South Brand boulevard, to cost about $32,000. Prack & Prack, 36 MONTREAL, QUE.— City Wire & Iron Prod­ has let contract to Myers Bros., 307 San James street South, are architects. Fernando road, for a machine shop and parts ucts Co., 1590 Laurier avenue East, plans a building at 112 East Maple avenue, 75 x LONG BRANCH, ONT.— Sully Brass Foundry plant building to cost about $25,000. 155 feet, one and part two stories, to cost Ltd., 7 Wabash avenue, Toronto, will erect MONTREAL, QUE.— Canadian Industries Ltd., about $50,000. Plans by Adrian Wilson, foundry plant here, estimated to cost with 1135 Beaver Hall Hill, will call tenders soon architect, 607 Architects’ • building, Los An­ equipment about $50,000. E. I. Davidson, and plans to start work about April 1st on geles. Excelsior Life building, architect. a new plant building estimated to cost with LONG BEACH, CALIF.— City has let contract TORONTO, ONT.—Aro Cast Mfg. Co. Ltd., equipment about $110,000. 12 Queen street East, has started preliminary to Stacy Bros. Gas Construction Co., Cincin­ MONTREAL, QUE.— Dominion Lock Co. Ltd., nati, at $632,000, for five-million cubic foot work on a plant here, to cost about $30,000. 3830 St. Ambroise street, Sam Zion, presi­ telescopic gas storage holder. Clare C. Maclean, 85 Vaughan road, is ar­ dent, is having plans revised and new tend­ chitect. LOS ANGELES—Alcorn Fence Co., 3340 San ers will be called by architect Harold J. Fernando road, will build a shop and office TORONTO, ONT.—National Screw Products Doran, 4700 Cote des Neiges road, for building 30 x 105 feet, to cost $6500. Corp., 629 Northcliffe boulevard, is having plant estimated to cost about $40,000. plans prepared for a plant estimated to cost SUTTON, QUE.— Sutton Silk Mills Ltd., plans LOS ANGELES—Westland Drawn Steel Co., with equipment about $25,000. addition to silk plant here, to cost about $ 100,000.

DPC Authorizes Plant Expansion, Equipment Defense Plant Corp. has authorized the following expansions and equipment purchase^ (figures are approximate): Aviation Corp., New York, $600,000 to pro- vide equipment at a plant at Williamsport, Pa. General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y., $50,000 increase in contract to provide addi­ tional equipment at a plant at Bridgeport, Conn., making overall commitment $140,000. Cornelius Co., Minneapolis, $70,000 increase in contract, making overall commitment $265,- 000. Goodyear Aircraft Corp., Akron, O., $500,000 increase in contract, making overall commit­ ment $9,750,000. Recording Ingot Weights Hayden Chemical Corp., New York, $120,000 increase in contract to provide additional plant facilities at Princeton, N. J., making overall Accurately... Remotely commitment $2,800,000. Kellett Aircraft Corp., Philadelphia, $70,000 This illustration shows a type B re­ helps the operator to plan his work. increase in contract, making overall commitment corder automatically checking roll­ Streeter-Amet recorders are widely $500,000. ing mill production by printing the used in Blooming and Finishing Pacific Tire & Rubber Mfg. Co., Oakland, weight and heat number of each Mills. Write for a bulletin. Calif., $1,000,000 for material and equipment ingot as it revolves on a turntable. for expansion of plant facilities. Weighing requires no stopping of STREETER-AMET COMPANY Pharis Tire 6c Rubber Co., Newark, O., production. A complete heat can be $1,000,000 for expansion of a tire plant at 4103 NO. RAVENSWOOD AVENUE N ew ark. printed on one ticket. The machine C H I C A G O 1 3 automatically advances the ticket Red Star Yeast 6c Products Co., Milwaukee, lor each weight. A remote indicator $220,000 for additional machinery and equip­ m ent. in the Roller's Pulpit shows the Textile Rubber Co. Inc., Bowdon, Ga., $250,- weight simultaneously with its re­ 000 for material and equipment for plant ex­ cording by the parent machine. This pansion. Wright Aeronautical Corp., Paterson, N. J•> $2,500,000 increase in contract to provide fa­ cilities at Woodridge, N. J., making overall commitment $70,000,000.

166 ./TE E L «HENDRICK lib -....----- ^PERFORATED METALS Hendrick follows your instructions accurately, whether for a simple machine guard, or an intri­ cate small-hole punching in stainless steel, or other corrosion resisting material. HENDRICK MANUFACTURING CO. 37 Dundafl Street Carbondale, Pa. Sales Offices in Principal Cities Please C o n su lt Telephone Directory Manufacturers of Mitco Open Steel Flooring; Eleva­ tor Buckets; Light and Heavy Steel Plate Construction

MANAGEMENT COUNSEL

Mr. Richardson is counselor on foundry practices, equipment, facilities and standardi­ zation of alloys for specific applications. He is a registered, licensed, professional engineer with a B.S. degree in administrative engineer­ ing from Yale University. He also studied at Rutgers University and Stevens Institute. He was formerly foundry engineer with nationally known steel companies and foundry superintendent and production manager with ferrous and non-ferrous Alan H. Richardson foundries. Foundry Engineer • Industrial Engineering • Wage Incentive • Methods • Architecture ANY SHAPE • ANY MATERIAL • COMPLETE FACILITIES • Work Standards and costs • Structural Engineering • Job Evaluation • Civil Engineering Write for Free Forging Data Folder. Helpful, Informative ASSOCIATED ENGINEERS, Inc. hH.\NllUAMS&CO.,“{ffieDrofi-Forgi>igPeop/e”BUTFALO,N.Y. 230 East Berry St. Fort Wayne 2, Indiana

ASK FOR INFORMATION ANO QUOTATIONS ON USTRIAL TRUCKS AND TRAILERS" liniHGM&GNETS—Improved Design—GreoterUfllng'Capacity Castor and Fifth Wheel SEPARATION MAGNETS— Stronger Polling Capacity Type* MAGNET CONTRO UERS-W ith Automatic Quick Drop THE OHIO GALVANIZING & MFG. CO. THÉ O H IO ELECTRIC MFG. CO, 5 9 0 * MAURICE AVE. CIEVEIAND. OHIC Penn St., Nile«, Ohle

MERRILL BROTHERS NEW DROP FORGED VOLZ PLATE-LIFTINQ CLAMPS Now Give You More *»»» • STRONGER HOLD! •' • •'». PERFORATED METALS • GREATER LIFTING POWIRI HBK TO YOUR REQUIREMENTS • QUICK RELEASE! • PLUS GREATER PLATE-HAN­ KKB FOR DLING RANGE FROM O' KKK THICKNESS UP. ALL INDUSTRIAL USES Designed for: “Come-along«” on welded KKB assemblies; lifting oil and ash barrels KKK STEEL GRILLES NOW AVAILABLE and other metal barrels or box t con­ SEND FOR CATALOG NO. 34 tainers; lifting large stamped tank beads KKK or tops; angles and structural *ssen»- HBH lilies. Drop forged completely in si-ten. DIAMOND MFG. CO. 1-ton, and 3-ton capacities. BOX 32 WYOMING, PA. Bulletins and Prices on Request MERRILL BROTHERS 56-20 Arnold Ave., M aspeth, New York

¡SIMPLEST TIE-UP OF POWER SPEED-PRODUCTION Longer life of drive and driven machinery is assured because of simple design and free floating load cushions. No other construction so free from power-wasting Internal friction. L-R FLEXIBLE COUPLINGS—Nan-lubricated. Correct misalignment, insure smooth power flow. Send for Catalog and Selector Charts. Special Couplings engineered. Write LOVEJOY FLEXIBLE COUPLING CO., 5071W. Lake St., CHICAGO 44, ILL

February 26, 1945 IMMEDIATE DELIVERY ALLOY and CARBON GRADES AS ROLLED, ANNEALED and HEAT TREATED MACHINERY STEELS COLD FINISHED and HOT ROLLED

TOOL STEELS HIGH SPEED and CARBON GRADES DRILL ROD—TOOL BITS—FLAT GROUND STOCK WILL FURNISH COPIES OF CURRENT STOCK SPECIAL PLATES—FLAME CUTTING LIST O N REQUEST BROACH TYPE HACK SAWS

WILLIAM JESSSP & SOHS, INC BENEDICT-MILLER, INC. Principal Officer 627-629 Sixth Ave., New York City N. I PSon: Mftrkil 3-*<0Ö . N. Y. Phoic: REtlor 2-373! ¿HICAOO • BOSTON - DETROIT • TOROMrn Î16 CLIFFORD ST., NEWARK 5, N. J.

e l m o n t ■ r o n 1 1 / o r k s Full Warehouse Service ) B PHILADELPHIA ■ NEW Y O R K W W EDDYSTONE STEEL BARS • STRUCTURALS Engineers - Contractors - E xporters P L A T E S •SHEETS STRUCTURAL STEEL— BUILDINGS & BRIDGES from COLD FINISHED • ETC. R i v e t e d — a r c W e l d e d Write for Monthly Stock List B e l m o n t interlocking c h a n n e l f l o o r STOCK Write for Catalogue AMERICAN PETROMETAL CORP. Main Office—Phila., Pa. New York Office—44 Whitehall St. Broadway at 11th St.. Lono Island City 2. N. Y,

TO ECONOWIItA "iV A N I» a_I PIPI SHUTS

GALVANIZING CO 2525 E. CUMBERLAND ST.—PHILA., PA ViUUURG VttU tOMOUUOH VifttEUHG, VilSI N 6\H\L OVER 40 YEARS IN ONE LOCATION

DIFFERENTIAL STEEL CAR CO., FINDLAY, OHIO

Air Dump Cars, Mine Cars, gOVciMA 0F fVF»vV V Locomotives, Lorries v- Promptly made to yonr -.\L‘ exact specifications. We can furnish Ar •J any size or style of perforations desired. Complete Haulage System> CHICAGO PERFORATING CO. 2443 W. 24th Place Canal 1459 Chicago 8. Til.

COMPLETE M em ber Metal Treating Institute HEAT TREATING Pickling of Iron and Steel — Bv W allace C. Im hoff FACILITIES ' This book covers many phases of pick­ for Ferrous and •' ling room practice and construction and ITTSBURGH Nonierrous Metals maintenance of pickling equipment. Pr«« THB PENTON PUBLISHING CO. Poatpaid Book department COMMERCIAL HEAT TREATING CO »S.15 (25.0d.) 121A W. 3rd St Cleveland. O. PITTSBURGH, PA

GASOLINE - DIESEl We are DESIGNERS & MANUFACTURERS of

STEAM - ELECTRIC

m iBio t m t m i crane c»