National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places U.S. Department of the Interior Liberty Ships and Victory Ships, America's Lifeline in War Liberty Ships and Victory Ships, America's Lifeline in War (Courtesy U.S. Maritime Administration) The officers and men of the Merchant Marine, by their devotion to duty in the face of enemy action, as well as natural dangers of the sea, have brought us the tools to finish the job. Their contribution to final victory will be long remembered. --General Dwight D. Eisenhower on National Maritime Day, 1945¹ In the nearly 20 years following the end of the World War I, America's merchant fleet, including its cargo and passenger ships, was becoming obsolete and declining in numbers. A shipbuilding program began with the passage of the Merchant Marine Act of 1936. However, World War II provided the impetus to intensify those efforts eventually leading to a ship- building program that produced 5,500 vessels. Among them were 2,710 mass-produced ships known as Liberty ships. While reviewing blueprints of the Liberty ships at the White House, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who loved naval vessels and had an eye for design, mused aloud to Maritime Commission administrator Admiral Emory S. Land, "I think this ship will do us very well. She'll carry a good load. She isn't much to look at, though, is she? .A real ugly duckling."² Thus, the Liberty ships received their second nickname, "the ugly ducklings." 1 National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places U.S. Department of the Interior Liberty Ships and Victory Ships, America's Lifeline in War When the United States entered World War II at the end of 1941, it had the beginnings of a great merchant fleet. But the lethal U-Boats, submarines of the German Navy, prowled the shipping lanes hunting American merchant ships. The Liberty ships proved to be too slow and too small to carry the tons of supplies the United States and her Allies would need to win the war. In 1943, the United States began a new ship-building program. These new ships would be faster, larger, and able to carry cargo long after the war was finished. These were the Victory ships. The Liberty and Victory ships fulfilled President Roosevelt's prophetic words, serving the nation well in war and peace. Today, of the thousands of Liberty ships and Victory ships built during World War II, only a handful remain. 2 National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places U.S. Department of the Interior Liberty Ships and Victory Ships, America's Lifeline in War Document Contents National Curriculum Standards About This Lesson Getting Started: Inquiry Question Setting the Stage: Historical Context Locating the Site: Map 1. Map 1: Selected Shipyards in the United States 2. Map 2: North Atlantic Ocean Determining the Facts: Readings 1. Reading 1: Liberty Ships 2. Reading 2: Victory Ships 3. Reading 3: Selected Ships' Histories Visual Evidence: Images 1. Photo 1: "Your Merchant Marine Has Grown.”. 2. Photo 2: "Salute Your Merchant Marine on Maritime Day--May 22." 3. Photo 3: North Atlantic Convoy, 1941 4. Illustration 1: U.S. Merchant Marine Commemorative Stamp 5. Photo 4: Liberty Ship, 1941 Putting It All Together: Activities 1. Activity 1: Pay Tribute to Local History 2. Activity 2: Serving the War Effort 3. Activity 3: Carrying the Supplies 3 National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places U.S. Department of the Interior Liberty Ships and Victory Ships, America's Lifeline in War Where this lesson fits into the curriculum Time Period: World War II Topics: This lesson can be used in U.S. history, world history, social studies, and geography courses on World War II. Relevant United States History Standards for Grades 5-12 This lesson relates to the following National Standards for History from the UCLA National Center for History in the Schools: US History Era 8 • Standard 3A: The student understands the international background of World War II. • Standard 3B: The student understands World War II and how the Allies prevailed. • Standard 3C: The student understands the effects of World War II at home. Relevant Curriculum Standards for Social Studies This lesson relates to the following Curriculum Standards for Social Studies from the National Council for the Social Studies: Theme II: Time, Continuity and Change • Standard B: The student identifies and uses key concepts such as chronology, causality, change, conflict, and complexity to explain, analyze, and show connections among patterns of historical change and continuity. • Standard C: The student identifies and describes selected historical periods and patterns of change within and across cultures, such as the rise of civilizations, the development of transportation systems, the growth and breakdown of colonial systems, and others. Theme III: People, Places and Environments • Standard A: The student elaborates mental maps of locales, regions, and the world that demonstrate understanding of relative location, direction, size, and shape. 4 National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places U.S. Department of the Interior Liberty Ships and Victory Ships, America's Lifeline in War Theme V: Individuals, Groups, and Institutions • Standard A: The student demonstrates an understanding of concepts such as role, status, and social class in describing the interactions of individuals and social groups. • Standard B: The student analyzes group and institutional influences on people, events, and elements of culture. • Standard G: The student applies knowledge of how groups and institutions work to meet individual needs and promote the common good. Theme VI: Power, Authority and Governance • Standard C: The student analyzes and explains ideas and governmental mechanisms to meet wants and needs of citizens, regulate territory, manage conflict, and establish order and security. • Standard G: The student describes and analyzes the role of technology in communications, transportation, information-processing, weapons development, and other areas as it contributes to or helps resolves issues. Theme VII: Production, Distribution and Consumption • Standard A: The student gives and explains examples of ways that economic systems structure choices about how goods and services are to be produced and distributed. • Standard D: The student describes a range of examples of the various institutions that make up economic systems such as households, business firms, banks, government agencies, labor unions, and corporations. Relevant Common Core Standards This lesson relates to the following Common Core English and Language Arts Standards for History and Social Studies for middle school and high students: Key Ideas and Details CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RH.6-8.2 Craft and Structure • CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RH.6-8.4 Integration of Knowledge and Ideas • CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RH.6-8.7 Range of Reading and Level of Text Complexity • CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RH.6-8.10 5 National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places U.S. Department of the Interior Liberty Ships and Victory Ships, America's Lifeline in War About This Lesson This lesson is based on the National Register of Historic Places registration files for the SS John W. Brown, the SS Jeremiah O'Brien (http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NHLS/Text/78003405.pdf), (with photographs http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NHLS/Photos/78003405.pdf), the SS American Victory, and the SS Red Oak Victory, the National Historic Landmark nomination file for the SS Lane Victory (http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NHLS/Text/90002222.pdf) (with photographs http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NHLS/Photos/90002222.pdf ), and other sources It was published in 2004. This lesson was written by Jay Michalsky, a historical researcher. It was edited by Jean West, education consultant and Teaching with Historic Places staff. This lesson is one in a series that brings the important stories of historic places into classrooms across the country. Objectives 1. To outline the reasons behind the massive merchant-ship building program the United States undertook in the years before its entry in World War II; 2. To examine how changing technology affected the conduct of warfare; 3. To compare and contrast the Liberty ships and the Victory ships; 4. To conduct oral histories with local people involved in supporting the war effort. Materials for students The materials listed below can either be used directly on the computer or can be printed out, photocopied, and distributed to students. 1. Two maps showing selected shipyards in the United States and the North Atlantic Ocean; 2. Three readings about Liberty ships and Victory ships; 3. Four photographs of Liberty ships, Victory ships, and convoys; 4. One stamp showing a Liberty ship. 6 National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places U.S. Department of the Interior Liberty Ships and Victory Ships, America's Lifeline in War Visiting the site The Liberty Ship SS Jeremiah O'Brien is located at Pier 45 on Fisherman's Wharf in San Francisco, California. The ship is open to the public and cruises are available. The ship is open daily from 10:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m., except on New Year's Day, Thanksgiving, and Christmas. There is an admission charge. For more information, contact the National Liberty Ship Memorial, Pier 23, San Francisco, CA 94111, or visit the ship's website at http://www.ssjeremiahobrien.org/. The Liberty Ship SS John W. Brown is located in Baltimore, Maryland. The ship is open to the public and cruises are available. The ship is open Sundays and Wednesdays from 9:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m., except on Christmas. From I-95 take the Keith Avenue exit. Follow Keith Avenue west to Clinton Street. Turn right on Clinton Street and proceed to 2000 S. Clinton Street, Pier 1. For more information, contact Project Liberty Ship, P.O.