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Risks Factors and Resiliency in Secondary School Students After the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill

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Risks Factors and Resiliency in Secondary School Students After the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill University of New Orleans ScholarWorks@UNO University of New Orleans Theses and Dissertations Dissertations and Theses Fall 5-17-2013 Risks Factors and Resiliency in Secondary School Students after the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Walt W. Hammerli Dr. [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td Part of the Counseling Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Hammerli, Walt W. Dr., "Risks Factors and Resiliency in Secondary School Students after the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill" (2013). University of New Orleans Theses and Dissertations. 1633. https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1633 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by ScholarWorks@UNO with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in University of New Orleans Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UNO. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Risks Factors and Resiliency in Secondary School Students after the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of New Orleans in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Counselor Education by Walt Hammerli B.S. University of West Florida, 2001 M.A. Nicholls State University, 2004 May 2013 © 2013, Walt Hammerli ii Acknowledgement Thank you to my friends and family for all of your support and encouragement. Thank you to my committee members Dr. Watson and Dr. Herlihy for your knowledgeable feedback and guidance. Thank you Dr. Dufrene for all of your hard work in chairing my study and the countless hours of improving the design. iii Table of Contents List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ vii Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ viii Chapter I: Introduction .....................................................................................................................1 Background .................................................................................................................................2 Importance of the Study and Key Constructs .............................................................................5 Purpose of the Study ...................................................................................................................8 Research Questions .....................................................................................................................8 Limitations of the Study..............................................................................................................9 Assumptions of the Study .........................................................................................................10 Definitions of Terms .................................................................................................................10 Chapter II: Literature Review ........................................................................................................13 Disaster Mental Health: Lessons Learned from Previous Disasters .........................................13 Crisis Intervention Counseling and Theories ............................................................................14 Crisis Intervention Approaches .................................................................................................16 Natural and man-made disasters ..........................................................................................19 Impact of the Exxon Valdez oil spill ...................................................................................21 Ecological Systems Theory.......................................................................................................25 Basic concepts of EST .........................................................................................................27 Child Characteristics and the Environment ..............................................................................32 Stress reactions.....................................................................................................................33 Exposure to disasters............................................................................................................34 Gender differences ...............................................................................................................35 Socioeconomic status ...........................................................................................................37 Resilience and protective factors .........................................................................................38 Summary ...................................................................................................................................43 Chapter III: Methodology ..............................................................................................................45 Introduction ...............................................................................................................................45 Purpose of the Study .................................................................................................................45 Research Questions ...................................................................................................................46 Variables ...................................................................................................................................46 Instruments ................................................................................................................................49 Impact of event scale ...........................................................................................................49 Exposure index.....................................................................................................................52 Resilience scale ....................................................................................................................52 Data Collection .........................................................................................................................55 Methods of Analysis .................................................................................................................57 Research question 1 .............................................................................................................58 Data analysis ........................................................................................................................59 Research question 2 .............................................................................................................59 Data analysis ........................................................................................................................59 Research question 3 .............................................................................................................59 Data analysis ........................................................................................................................59 Research question 4 .............................................................................................................60 iv Data analysis ........................................................................................................................60 Research question 5 .............................................................................................................60 Data analysis ........................................................................................................................60 Chapter IV: Results ........................................................................................................................61 Scales of Measurement .............................................................................................................69 Impact of event (IES) descriptive statistics .........................................................................69 Exposure index (EI) descriptive statistics ............................................................................72 Resilience scale (RS) descriptive statistics ..........................................................................74 Results of Research Questions ..................................................................................................76 Research question 1 .............................................................................................................76 Research question 2 .............................................................................................................77 Research question 3 .............................................................................................................83 Research question 4 .............................................................................................................84 Research question 5 .............................................................................................................88
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