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Processing of Heavy Crude Oils Edited by Ramasamy Marappa Gounder Processing Heavy of Crude Oils - Challenges and Opportunities Unconventional heavy crude oils are replacing the conventional light crude oils slowly but steadily as a major energy source. Heavy crude oils are cheaper and present an opportunity to the refiners to process them with higher profit margins. However, the unfavourable characteristics of heavy crude oils such as high viscosity, low API gravity, low H/C ratio, chemical complexity with high asphaltenes content, high acidity, high sulfur and increased level of metal and heteroatom impurities impede extraction, Processing of pumping, transportation and processing. Very poor mobility of the heavy oils, due to very high viscosities, significantly affects production and transportation. Techniques Heavy Crude Oils for viscosity reduction, drag reduction and in-situ upgrading of the crude oil to improve the flow characteristics in pipelines are presented in this book. The heavier Challenges and Opportunities and complex molecules of asphaltenes with low H/C ratios present many technological challenges during the refining of the crude oil, such as heavy coking on catalysts. Hydrogen addition and carbon removal are the two approaches used to improve the Edited by Ramasamy Marappa Gounder recovery of value-added products such as gasoline and diesel. In addition, the heavy crude oil needs pre-treatment to remove the high levels of impurities before the crude oil can be refined. This book introduces the major challenges and some of the methods to overcome them. ISBN 978-1-83968-409-8 Published in London, UK © 2019 IntechOpen © triocean / iStock Processing of Heavy Crude Oils - Challenges and Opportunities Edited by Ramasamy Marappa Gounder Published in London, United Kingdom Supporting open minds since 2005 Processing of Heavy Crude Oils - Challenges and Opportunities http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.74912 Edited by Ramasamy Marappa Gounder Contributors Samuel Sojinu, Onome Ejeromedoghene, Abdelaziz Nasr El-Hoshoudy, Saad M. Desouky, Emad Soliman, Sayeed Rushd, Rasel A Sultan, Shahriar Mahmud, Tarek Ganat, Cs Khor, Hazlina Husin, Mysara Mohyaldinn, Pradip Mandal, Nurul Aini Amran, Shafirah Samsuri, Mohd Afnan Ahmad, Feyisayo Victoria Adams, Chikaodili Chukwuneke, Bolade Agboola, Mahshad Pazouki, Faith Uchenna Uchenna Babalola, Alfred Susu, Ching Thian Tye, Ramasamy Marappa Gounder © The Editor(s) and the Author(s) 2019 The rights of the editor(s) and the author(s) have been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights to the book as a whole are reserved by INTECHOPEN LIMITED. The book as a whole (compilation) cannot be reproduced, distributed or used for commercial or non-commercial purposes without INTECHOPEN LIMITED’s written permission. Enquiries concerning the use of the book should be directed to INTECHOPEN LIMITED rights and permissions department ([email protected]). Violations are liable to prosecution under the governing Copyright Law. Individual chapters of this publication are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial 4.0 International which permits use, distribution and reproduction of the individual chapters for non-commercial purposes, provided the original author(s) and source publication are appropriately acknowledged. More details and guidelines concerning content reuse and adaptation can be found at http://www.intechopen.com/copyright-policy.html. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. First published in London, United Kingdom, 2019 by IntechOpen IntechOpen is the global imprint of INTECHOPEN LIMITED, registered in England and Wales, registration number: 11086078, 7th floor, 10 Lower Thames Street, London, EC3R 6AF, United Kingdom Printed in Croatia British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Additional hard and PDF copies can be obtained from [email protected] Processing of Heavy Crude Oils - Challenges and Opportunities Edited by Ramasamy Marappa Gounder p. cm. Print ISBN 978-1-83968-409-8 Online ISBN 978-1-83968-410-4 eBook (PDF) ISBN 978-1-83968-411-1 An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access for the public good. More information about the initiative and links to the Open Access version can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org We are IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists 4,500+ 118,000+ 130M+ Open access books available International authors and editors Downloads Our authors are among the 151 Top 1% 12.2% Countries delivered to most cited scientists Contributors from top 500 universities Selection of our books indexed in the Book Citation Index in Web of Science™ Core Collection (BKCI) Interested in publishing with us? Contact [email protected] Numbers displayed above are based on latest data collected. For more information visit www.intechopen.com Meet the editor Dr. M. Ramasamy is currently an Associate Professor in the Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP). He has been in teaching and research for more than 30 years. He is specialized in process simulation, optimization and control. His current research interests include advanced process control, heat exchanger fouling, thermal management of crude oil pipelines and energy management in oil and gas industries. He has supervised 7 PhD and 5 M.Sc. students. He has also published several research articles in reputed international journals, book chapters and a book. He has also delivered several invited lectures and short courses. He ob- tained his B.Tech. degree in Chemical Engineering from Madras University, India; his M.Tech. from the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur and his PhD from the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras. He is a Chartered Engineer (Engineer- ing Council, UK), Senior Professional Engineer (Engineering Council, India) and a Certified Energy Manager (GreenTech, Malaysia). Contents Preface III Chapter 1 1 Introductory Chapter: Heavy Crude Oil Processing - An Overview by Ramasamy Marappa Gounder Chapter 2 7 Methods for Enhancing Recovery of Heavy Crude Oil by Mohd Afnan Ahmad, Shafirah Samsuri and Nurul Aini Amran Chapter 3 23 PVT Properties of Black Crude Oil by Abdelaziz El-Hoshoudy and Saad Desouky Chapter 4 47 Pumping System of Heavy Oil Production by Tarek Ganat Chapter 5 73 Modeling Friction Losses in the Water-Assisted Pipeline Transportation of Heavy Oil by Sayeed Rushd, Rasel A. Sultan and Shahriar Mahmud Chapter 6 95 Ablation of Oil-Sand Lumps in Hydrotransport Pipelines by Mahshad Pazouki and Sayeed Rushd Chapter 7 115 Evaluation of Asphaltenes Deposition Inhibition Factors in Heavy Crude Oil Pipelines by Hazlina Husin, Mysara Eissa Mohyaldinn Elhaj and Colin D. Wood Chapter 8 125 Flow of Heavy Oils at Low Temperatures: Potential Challenges and Solutions by Emad Soliman Chapter 9 153 Challenges during Operation and Shutdown of Waxy Crude Pipelines by Mysara Eissa Mohyaldinn, Hazlina Husin, Nurul Hasan, Mohamed M.B. Elmubarak, Ahmed M.E. Genefid and Mahmood E.A. Dheeb Contents Preface XIII Chapter 1 1 Introductory Chapter: Heavy Crude Oil Processing - An Overview by Ramasamy Marappa Gounder Chapter 2 7 Methods for Enhancing Recovery of Heavy Crude Oil by Mohd Afnan Ahmad, Shafirah Samsuri and Nurul Aini Amran Chapter 3 23 PVT Properties of Black Crude Oil by Abdelaziz El-Hoshoudy and Saad Desouky Chapter 4 47 Pumping System of Heavy Oil Production by Tarek Ganat Chapter 5 73 Modeling Friction Losses in the Water-Assisted Pipeline Transportation of Heavy Oil by Sayeed Rushd, Rasel A. Sultan and Shahriar Mahmud Chapter 6 95 Ablation of Oil-Sand Lumps in Hydrotransport Pipelines by Mahshad Pazouki and Sayeed Rushd Chapter 7 115 Evaluation of Asphaltenes Deposition Inhibition Factors in Heavy Crude Oil Pipelines by Hazlina Husin, Mysara Eissa Mohyaldinn Elhaj and Colin D. Wood Chapter 8 125 Flow of Heavy Oils at Low Temperatures: Potential Challenges and Solutions by Emad Soliman Chapter 9 153 Challenges during Operation and Shutdown of Waxy Crude Pipelines by Mysara Eissa Mohyaldinn, Hazlina Husin, Nurul Hasan, Mohamed M.B. Elmubarak, Ahmed M.E. Genefid and Mahmood E.A. Dheeb Chapter 10 167 Pre-Treatment of Heavy Crude Oils for Refining Preface by Faith Uchenna Babalola and Alfred Akpoveta Susu Chapter 11 185 Recent Techniques for the Removal of Naphthenic Acid from Heavy Crude Oils by Feyisayo Victoria Adams, Chikaodili E. Chukwuneke and Bolade O. Agboola I am delighted to present this book titled Processing of Heavy Crude Oils - Challenges and Opportunities in an attempt to present the current status and technologies in Chapter 12 197 this field. Nickel Tetraphenylporphine Extraction from Model Heavy Oil Using Ionic Liquids It is envisaged that heavy crude oils will become a major energy source in the by Pradip Chandra Mandal near future, replacing the conventional light crude oils, the reserves of which are depleting
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