Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for Petroleum Refining
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Amorphous Silica Containers for Germanium Ultrapurification by Zone Refining O
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Siberian Federal University Digital Repository ISSN 0020-1685, Inorganic Materials, 2016, Vol. 52, No. 11, pp. 1091–1095. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2016. Original Russian Text © O.I. Podkopaev, A.F. Shimanskii, T.V. Kulakovskaya, A.N. Gorodishcheva, N.O. Golubovskaya, 2016, published in Neorganicheskie Materialy, 2016, Vol. 52, No. 11, pp. 1163–1167. Amorphous Silica Containers for Germanium Ultrapurification by Zone Refining O. I. Podkopaeva, *, A. F. Shimanskiib, **, T. V. Kulakovskayaa, A. N. Gorodishchevac, ***, and N. O. Golubovskayab aOJSC Germanium, Transportnyi proezd 1, Krasnoyarsk, 660027 Russia bSiberian Federal University, Svobodnyi pr. 79, Krasnoyarsk, 660047 Russia cReshetnev Siberian State Aerospace University, pr. im. gazety Krasnoyarskii rabochii 31, Krasnoyarsk, 660014 Russia *e-mail: [email protected] **e-mail: [email protected] ***e-mail: [email protected] Received March 2, 2016 Abstract—We have studied the wetting behavior of molten germanium on silica ceramics and amorphous sil- ica coatings in vacuum at a pressure of 1 Pa and a temperature of 1273 K. The results demonstrate that the wetting of rough surfaces of ceramic samples and coatings by liquid Ge is significantly poorer than that of the smooth surface of quartz glass. The contact angle of polished glass is ~100°, and that of the ceramics and coatings increases from 112° to 137° as the total impurity content of the material decreases from 0.120 to 1 × 10–3 wt %. Using experimental contact angle data, we calculated the work of adhesion of molten Ge to the materials studied. -
Sulfur Recovery
Sulfur Recovery Chapter 16 Based on presentation by Prof. Art Kidnay Plant Block Schematic Adapted from Figure 7.1, Fundamentals of Natural Gas Processing, 2nd ed. Kidnay, Parrish, & McCartney Updated: January 4, 2019 2 Copyright © 2019 John Jechura ([email protected]) Topics Introduction Properties of sulfur Sulfur recovery processes ▪ Claus Process ▪ Claus Tail Gas Cleanup Sulfur storage Safety and environmental considerations Updated: January 4, 2019 3 Copyright © 2019 John Jechura ([email protected]) Introduction & Properties of Sulfur Updated: January 4, 2019 Copyright © 2017 John Jechura ([email protected]) Sulfur Crystals http://www.irocks.com/minerals/specimen/34046 http://www.mccullagh.org/image/10d-5/sulfur.html Updated: January 4, 2019 5 Copyright © 2019 John Jechura ([email protected]) Molten Sulfur http://www.kamgroupltd.com/En/Post/7/Basic-info-on-elemental-Sulfur(HSE) Updated: January 4, 2019 6 Copyright © 2019 John Jechura ([email protected]) World Consumption of Sulfur Primary usage of sulfur to make sulfuric acid (90 – 95%) ▪ Other major uses are rubber processing, cosmetics, & pharmaceutical applications China primary market Ref: https://ihsmarkit.com/products/sulfur-chemical-economics-handbook.html Report published December 2017 Updated: January 4, 2019 7 Copyright © 2019 John Jechura ([email protected]) Sulfur Usage & Prices Natural gas & petroleum production accounts for the majority of sulfur production Primary consumption is agriculture & industry ▪ 65% for farm fertilizer: sulfur → sulfuric acid → phosphoric acid → fertilizer $50 per ton essentially disposal cost ▪ Chinese demand caused run- up in 2007-2008 Ref: http://ictulsa.com/energy/ “Cleaning up their act”, Gordon Cope, Updated December 24, 2018 Hydrocarbon Engineering, pp 24-27, March 2011 Updated: January 4, 2019 8 Copyright © 2019 John Jechura ([email protected]) U.S. -
APPENDIX M SUMMARY of MAJOR TYPES of Carfg2 REFINERY
APPENDIX M SUMMARY OF MAJOR TYPES OF CaRFG2 REFINERY MODIFICATIONS Appendix M: Summan/ of Major Types of CaRFG2 Refinery Modifications: Alkylation Units A process unit that combines small-molecule hydrocarbon gases produced in the FCCU with a branched chain hydrocarbon called isobutane, producing a material called alkylate, which is blended into gasoline to raise the octane rating. Alkylate is a high octane, low vapor pressure gasoline blending component that essentially contains no olefins, aromatics, or sulfur. This plant improves the ultimate gasoline-making ability of the FCC plant. Therefore, many California refineries built new or modified existing units to increase alkylate production to blend and to produce greater amounts of CaRFG2. Alkylate is produced by combining C3, C4, and C5 components with isobutane (nC4). The process of alkylation is the reverse of cracking. Olefins (such as butenes and propenes) and isobutane are used as feedstocks and combined to produce alkylate. This process enables refiners to utilize lighter components that otherwise could not be blended into gasoline due to their high vapor pressures. Feed to alkylation unit can include pentanes from light cracked gasoline treaters, isobutanes from butane isomerization unit, and C3/C4 streams from delayed coking units. Isomerization Units - C4/C5/C6 A refinery that has an alkylation plant is not likely to have exactly enough is-butane to match the proplylene and butylene (olefin) feeds. The refiner usually has two choices - buy iso-butane or make it in a butane isomerization (Bl) plant. Isomerization is the rearrangement of straight chain hydrocarbon molecules to form branched chain products or to convert normal paraffins to their isomer. -
Refining Crude Oil
REFINING CRUDE OIL New Zealand buys crude oil from overseas, as well as drilling for some oil locally. This oil is a mixture of many hydrocarbons that has to be refined before it can be used for fuel. All crude oil in New Zealand is refined by The New Zealand Refining Company at their Marsden Point refinery where it is converted to petrol, diesel, kerosene, aviation fuel, bitumen, refinery gas (which fuels the refinery) and sulfur. The refining process depends on the chemical processes of distillation (separating liquids by their different boiling points) and catalysis (which speeds up reaction rates), and uses the principles of chemical equilibria. Chemical equilibrium exists when the reactants in a reaction are producing products, but those products are being recombined again into reactants. By altering the reaction conditions the amount of either products or reactants can be increased. Refining is carried out in three main steps. Step 1 - Separation The oil is separated into its constituents by distillation, and some of these components (such as the refinery gas) are further separated with chemical reactions and by using solvents which dissolve one component of a mixture significantly better than another. Step 2 - Conversion The various hydrocarbons produced are then chemically altered to make them more suitable for their intended purpose. For example, naphthas are "reformed" from paraffins and naphthenes into aromatics. These reactions often use catalysis, and so sulfur is removed from the hydrocarbons before they are reacted, as it would 'poison' the catalysts used. The chemical equilibria are also manipulated to ensure a maximum yield of the desired product. -
1 Refinery and Petrochemical Processes
3 1 Refinery and Petrochemical Processes 1.1 Introduction The combination of high demand for electric cars and higher automobile engine effi- ciency in the future will mean less conversion of petroleum into fuels. However, the demand for petrochemicals is forecast to rise due to the increase in world popula- tion. With this, it is expected that modern and more innovative technologies will be developed to serve the growth of the petrochemical market. In a refinery process, petroleum is converted into petroleum intermediate prod- ucts, including gases, light/heavy naphtha, kerosene, diesel, light gas oil, heavy gas oil, and residue. From these intermediate refinery product streams, several fuels such as fuel gas, liquefied petroleum gas, gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene, auto diesel, and other heavy products such as lubricants, bunker oil, asphalt, and coke are obtained. In addition, these petroleum intermediates can be further processed and separated into products for petrochemical applications. In this chapter, petroleum will be introduced first. Petrochemicals will be intro- duced in the second part of the chapter. Petrochemicals – the main subject of this book – will address three major areas, (i) the production of the seven cornerstone petrochemicals: methane and synthesis gas, ethylene, propylene, butene, benzene, toluene, and xylenes; (ii) the uses of the seven cornerstone petrochemicals, and (iii) the technology to separate petrochemicals into individual components. 1.2 Petroleum Petroleum is derived from the Latin words “petra” and “oleum,” which means “rock” and “oil,” respectively. Petroleum also is known as crude oil or fossil fuel. It is a thick, flammable, yellow-to-black mixture of gaseous, liquid, and solid hydrocarbons formed from the remains of plants and animals. -
The Chemistry of Refining Crude Oil SPN#12
The Chemistry of Refining Crude Oil SPN LESSON #12 LEARNING OUTCOME: Students come to view energy from several viewpoints. They work with the processes of • Phase changes and the many energy transformations and transfers involved in that physical change; • chemical change and the energy it releases. LESSON OVERVIEW: The fractional distillation of crude oil is featured. This major fossil fuel of the modern age is viewed as an example of stored chemical energy. Alcohol and water are separated and recaptured by taking advantage of the differences in the two substances’ boiling points. The many components of crude oil are explored and students are introduced to organic chemical formulas, characteristics of changes in phases, and laboratory distillation procedures. GRADE-LEVEL APPROPRIATENESS: This Level II Physical Setting, technology education lesson is intended for students in grades 5–8. MATERIALS (per group) Safety goggles (per person) Lab apron (per person) Bunsen burner Ring stand with utility clamp Metal pan 3 medium test tubes Test tube rack Boiling chip 2-hole stopper 10 cm glass tubing with 90o bend Thermometer 15 mL of isopropyl alcohol–water mixture nyserda.ny.gov/School-Power-Naturally Stirring rod Graduated cylinder Grease pencil or marker 4 paper strips, 10 cm x 1 cm 60 cm rubber tubing SAFETY Students should be made familiar with proper laboratory safety procedures including the location of fire extinguishers, fire blankets, and safety showers (where available). Instruct students regarding the proper and safe use of Bunsen burners and matches, and stress the importance of keeping the volatile components of the fractional distillation away from the flame during the collection of distillates. -
US Foreign-Trade Zones: Trade Agreement Parity
Order Code RL34688 U.S. Foreign-Trade Zones: Trade Agreement Parity (TAP) Proposal September 29, 2008 Mary Jane Bolle Specialist in International Trade and Finance Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division U.S. Foreign-Trade Zones: Trade Agreement Parity (TAP)Proposal Summary The National Association of Foreign Trade Zones (NAFTZ) has developed the Trade Agreement Parity (TAP) proposal, introduced as H.R. 6415 (Pascrell) to address what NAFTZ claims as the “unintended consequences” of free trade agreements. These are that free trade agreements (FTAs), in granting tariff advantages to businesses that import components or products from FTA countries, put companies that import components from third countries (not a party to an FTA) at a tariff disadvantage. Critics, however, say the effects the bill generally seeks to address are the exact intended consequences of FTAs: the United States extends preferential tariff treatment to components from an FTA partner country in exchange for that country’s lowering of its tariff rates on U.S. products. The TAP proposal would permit certain businesses to permanently “borrow”U.S. free trade agreements (FTAs) in order to import components at rates below those they would normally be charged under U.S. tariff law. There would be two stipulations: (1) the products using third-country components would have to be produced in a U.S. foreign-trade zone; and (2) the product would have to meet the rules-of-origin (domestic content) requirements of any FTA – which could be satisfied by using entirely third country parts and U.S. labor, without input from any other FTA partner country. -
Oil Refinery Sector
Gujarat Cleaner Production Centre - ENVIS Centre CLEANER PRODUCTION OPPURTUNITIES IN OIL REFINERY SECTOR Gujarat Cleaner Production Centre - ENVIS Centre OIL REFINERY An oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial process plant where crude oil is processed and refined into more useful products such as petroleum naphtha, gasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt base, heating oil, kerosene and liquefied petroleum gas. Oil refineries are typically large, sprawling industrial complexes with extensive piping running throughout, carrying streams of fluids between large chemical processing units. Common process units found in a refinery: • Desalter unit washes out salt from the crude oil before it enters the atmospheric distillation unit. • Atmospheric distillation unit distills crude oil into fractions. • Vacuum distillation unit further distills residual bottoms after atmospheric distillation. • Naphtha hydrotreater unit uses hydrogen to desulfurize naphtha from atmospheric distillation. Must hydrotreat the naphtha before sending to a Catalytic Reformer unit. • Catalytic reformer unit is used to conver t the naphtha-boiling range molecules into higher octane reformate (reformer product). The reformate has higher content of aromatics and cyclic hydrocarbons). An important byproduct of a r eformer is hydrogen released during the catalyst reaction. The hydrogen is used either in the hydrotreater or the hydrocracker. • Distillate hydrotreater unit desulfurizes distillates (such as diesel) after atmospheric distillation. • Fluid catalytic cracker (FCC) unit upgrades heavier fractions into lighter, more valuable products. • Hydrocracker unit uses hydrogen to upgrade heavier fractions into lighter, more valuable products. • Visbreaking unit upgrades heavy residual oils by thermally cracking them into li ghter, more valuable reduced viscosity products. • Merox unit treats LPG, kerosene or jet fuel by oxidizing mercaptans to organic disulfides. -
Background and Rationale Document Proposed Petroleum Refining Industry Standard
BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE DOCUMENT PROPOSED PETROLEUM REFINING INDUSTRY STANDARD (for selected contaminants) UNDER ONTARIO’S LOCAL AIR QUALITY REGULATION February 2016 Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change Environmental Sciences and Standards Division Standards Development Branch The information contained in this document is confidential and proprietary to the Government of Ontario. Unauthorized distribution or use of this document or the information contained herein is strictly prohibited. Copyright & Disclaimer The Government of Ontario reserves the right to make changes in the information contained in this publication without prior notice. 2016 Government of Ontario. All rights reserved. Other product or brand names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders. This document contains proprietary and confidential information about Government of Ontario, disclosure or reproduction is prohibited without the prior express written permission from Government of Ontario. Cette publication hautement spécialisée Background and Rationale Document Proposed Petroleum Refining Industry Standard February 2016 n'est disponible qu'en anglais conformément au Règlement 671/92, selon lequel il n’est pas obligatoire de la traduire en vertu de la Loi sur les services en français. Pour obtenir des renseignements en français, veuillez communiquer avec le ministère de l'Environnement et de l’Action en matière de changement climatique au 327-5519 ou par courriel à [email protected]. Translation: This highly specialized publication Background and Rationale Document Proposed Petroleum Refining Industry Standard under Ontario's Local Air Quality Regulation February 2016 is available in English only in accordance with Regulation 671/92, which exempts it from translation under the French Language Services Act. -
Olefins Recovery CRYO–PLUS ™ TECHNOLOGY 02
Olefins Recovery CRYO–PLUS ™ TECHNOLOGY 02 Refining & petrochemical experience. Linde Engineering North America Inc. (LENA) has constructed more than twenty (20) CRYO-PLUS™ units since 1984. Proprietary technology. Higher recovery with less energy. Refinery configuration. Designed to be used in low-pressure hydrogen-bearing Some of the principal crude oil conversion processes are off-gas applications, the patented CRYO-PLUS™ process fluid catalytic cracking and catalytic reforming. Both recovers approximately 98% of the propylene and heavier processes convert crude products (naphtha and gas oils) components with less energy required than traditional into high-octane unleaded gasoline blending components liquid recovery processes. (reformate and FCC gasoline). Cracking and reforming processes produce large quantities of both saturated and Higher product yields. unsaturated gases. The resulting incremental recovery of the olefins such as propylene and butylene by the CRYO-PLUS™ process means Excess fuel gas in refineries. that more feedstock is available for alkylation and polym- The additional gas that is produced overloads refinery erization. The result is an overall increase in production of gas recovery processes. As a result, large quantities of high-octane, zero sulfur, gasoline. propylene and propane (C3’s), and butylenes and butanes (C4’s) are being lost to the fuel system. Many refineries Our advanced design for ethylene recovery. produce more fuel gas than they use and flaring of the ™ The CRYO-PLUS C2= technology was specifically excess gas is all too frequently the result. designed to recover ethylene and heavier hydrocarbons from low-pressure hydrogen-bearing refinery off-gas streams. Our patented design has eliminated many of the problems associated with technologies that predate the CRYO-PLUS C2=™ technology. -
Hydrocarbon Processing®
HYDROCARBON PROCESSING® 2012 Gas Processes Handbook HOME PROCESSES INDEX COMPANY INDEX Sponsors: SRTTA HYDROCARBON PROCESSING® 2012 Gas Processes Handbook HOME PROCESSES INDEX COMPANY INDEX Sponsors: Hydrocarbon Processing’s Gas Processes 2012 handbook showcases recent advances in licensed technologies for gas processing, particularly in the area of liquefied natural gas (LNG). The LNG industry is poised to expand worldwide as new natural gas discoveries and production technologies compliment increasing demand for gas as a low-emissions fuel. With the discovery of new reserves come new challenges, such as how to treat gas produced from shale rock—a topic of particular interest for the growing shale gas industry in the US. The Gas Processes 2012 handbook addresses this technology topic and updates many others. The handbook includes new technologies for shale gas treating, synthesis gas production and treating, LNG and NGL production, hydrogen generation, and others. Additional technology topics covered include drying, gas treating, liquid treating, effluent cleanup and sulfur removal. To maintain as complete a listing as possible, the Gas Processes 2012 handbook is available on CD-ROM and at our website for paid subscribers. Additional copies may be ordered from our website. Photo: Lurgi’s synthesis gas complex in Malaysia. Photo courtesy of Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions. Please read the TERMS AND CONDITIONS carefully before using this interactive CD-ROM. Using the CD-ROM or the enclosed files indicates your acceptance of the terms and conditions. www.HydrocarbonProcessing.com HYDROCARBON PROCESSING® 2012 Gas Processes Handbook HOME PROCESSES INDEX COMPANY INDEX Sponsors: Terms and Conditions Gulf Publishing Company provides this program and licenses its use throughout the Some states do not allow the exclusion of implied warranties, so the above exclu- world. -
Natural Gas Acid Gas Removal and Sulfur Recovery Process Economics Program Report 216A
` IHS CHEMICAL Natural Gas Acid Gas Removal and Sulfur Recovery Process Economics Program Report 216A December 2016 ihs.com PEP Report 216A Natural Gas Acid Gas Removal and Sulfur Recovery Anshuman Agrawal Principal Analyst, Technologies Analysis Downloaded 3 January 2017 10:20 AM UTC by Anandpadman Vijayakumar, IHS ([email protected]) IHS Chemical | PEP Report 216A Natural Gas Acid Gas Removal and Sulfur Recovery PEP Report 216A Natural Gas Acid Gas Removal and Sulfur Recovery Anshuman Agrawal, Principal Analyst Abstract Natural gas is generally defined as a naturally occurring mixture of gases containing both hydrocarbon and nonhydrocarbon gases. The hydrocarbon components are methane and a small amount of higher hydrocarbons. The nonhydrocarbon components are mainly the acid gases hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and carbon dioxide (CO2) along with other sulfur species such as mercaptans (RSH), organic sulfides (RSR), and carbonyl sulfide (COS). Nitrogen (N2) and helium (He) can also be found in some natural gas fields. Natural gas must be purified before it is liquefied, sold, or transported to commercial gas pipelines due to toxicity and corrosion-forming components. H2S is highly toxic in nature. The acid gases H2S and CO2 both form weak corrosive acids in the presence of small amounts of water that can lead to first corrosion and later rupture and fire in pipelines. CO2 is usually a burden during transportation of natural gas over long distances. CO2 removal from natural gas increases the heating value of the natural gas as well as reduces its greenhouse gas content. Separation of methane from other major components contributes to significant savings in the transport of raw materials over long distances, as well as savings from technical difficulties such as corrosion and potential pipeline rupture.