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International Review of the Red Cross, March 1998, Thirty-Eigth Year

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International Review of the Red Cross, March 1998, Thirty-Eigth Year MARCH 1998 THIRTY·EIGTH YEAR No. 322 NTERNATIONAL I OF THE RED CROSS +c Published four times a year by the International Commillee of the Red Cross for the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement "S+ INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS CORNELIO SOMMARUGA. Doctor of Laws of the University of Zurich. Doctor h.c. of Fribourg University (Switzerland), Minho University, Braga (Portugal), Bologna University (Italy), Nice-Sopbia Antipolis University (France), Seoul National University (Republic of Korea) and Geneva University, President (member since 1986) ERIC ROETHLISBERGER, Doctorate of Political Science from the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva, permanent Vice-President (1994) ANNE PETlTPIERRE. Doctor of Laws, Barrister, Professor at the Law Faculty of the University of Geneva, Vice-President (1987) ULRICH GAUDENZ MIDDENDORP, Doctor of Medicine, lecturer at the Faculty of Medicine. University of Zurich, former head of the surgical department of the Cantonal Hospital, Winterthur (1973) RENEE GUISAN, General Secretary of the Jnstitut de la Vie international, head of medico-social institutions in the Canton of Vaud. member of the International Association for Volunteer Effort (1986) PAOLO BERNASCONI, Barrister, Bachelor of Laws. lecturer in fiscal law and economic criminal law at the Universities of St. Gallen, Zurich and Milan (Bocconi), former Public Prosecutor at Lugano (1987) LISELOTIE KRAUS-GURNY. Doctor of Laws of the University of Zurich (1988) SUSY BRUSCHWEILER, nurse, former Director of the Swiss Red Cross College of Nursing in Aarau, Chairwoman, SV-Service, Contract Catering (1988) JACQUES FORSTER, Doctor of Economics. Professor at the Graduate Institute of Development Studies in Geneva (1988) JACQUES MOREILLON, Bachelor of Laws, Doctor of Political Science, Secretary General of the World Organization of the Scout Movement, former Director General at the ICRC (1988) RODOLPHE DE HALLER, Doctor of Medicine, lecturer at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Geneva, former President of the Swiss Association Against Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (1991) DANIEL THURER, Doctor of Laws. LL. M. (Cambridge), Professor at the University of Zurich (1991) JEAN-FRAN<;:OIS AUBERT, Doctor ofLaws, Professor at the University of Neuchiitel, former member of the Swiss National Council and Council of States (1993) GEORGES-ANDRE CUENDET, Bachelor of Laws of the University of Geneva, graduate of the Institute of Political Studies of the University of Paris, Master ofArts of Stanford University (USA), member of the Administrative Council of Cologny, Geneva (1993) ERNST A. BRUGGER, Doctor of Natural Science. consultant'for economic development issues, professor at the University of Zurich (1995) JEAN-ROGER BONVIN, Doctor of Economics of the University of St Gallen, President of the Development Centre of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Paris (1996) JAKOB NOESCH, diploma in agricultural engineering and doctorate in technical sciences from the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, Professor of Microbiology at the University of Basle, former President of the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (1997) PETER ARBENZ. graduate in Economics, former Swiss Federal Council Delegate for Refugee Affairs, Chairman of the Zurich branch of the Swiss Red Cross, Consultant for Strategic and Enterprise Development (1983-1987, 1997). EXECUTIVE BOARD Cornelio Sommaruga, President Eric ROETHLISBERGER, pennanenl Jean DE COURTEN, Director ofOperations Vice-President Yves SANDOZ, Directorfor International Jacques FORSTER. member of the JCRC Law and Policy Ernst A. BRUGGER, member ofthe JCRC Paul GROSS RIEDER, Directorfor General Affairs The International Committee ofthe Red Cross (ICRC) and the International Federation ofRed Cross and Red Crescent Societies. together with the National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, form the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. The ICRC. which gave rise to the Movement. is an independent humanitarian institution. As a neutral intermediary in the event of armed conflict or unrest it endeavours. on its own initiative or on the basis of the Geneva Conventions. to bring protection and assistance to the victims of international and non-international armed conflict and internal disturbances and tension. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF THE RED CROSS No.322 March 1998 A note from the Editor 3 Promoting norms to limit violence in crisis situations: challenges, strategies and alliances Marion Harroff-Tavel........................................... .............................. 5 The establishment of a permanent international criminal court ICRC expectations of the Rome Diplomatic Conference Toni Pfanner................................................... .................................... 21 Individual criminal responsibility for violations of international humanitarian law committed in non-international armed con­ flicts Thomas Graditzky............ 29 The first proposal for a permanent international criminal court Christopher Keith Hall....................................................................... 57 Restoring a just order in post-conflict situations in the light of the social teachings of the Catholic Church Giorgio Filibeck 75 Force versus law: The International Committee of the Red Cross and chemical warfare in the Halo-Ethiopian war 1935-1936 Rainer Baudendistel 81 1 International Committee of the Red Cross The involvement of children in armed conflict Stephane Jeanne! and Joel Mermet................................................... 105 Position of the International Committee of the Red Cross.............. 107 The ICRC looks to the future 126 In the Red Cross and Red Crescent world Council of Delegates, Seville, 25-27 November 1997............ 137 Resolutions of the Council of Delegates.............. 140 Agreement on the Organization of the International Activities of the Components of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement.................. 159 Eleventh General Assembly of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Seville, Spain, 20-25 November 1997 177 Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocols Geneva Conventions for the protection of war victims of 12 August 1949 and Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977 Ratifications, accessions and successions as at 31 December 1997 178 Accession to the Additional Protocols by the Kingdom of Cambodia 186 Ratification of the Additional Protocols by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 186 Republic of Paraguay: Declaration in accordance with Article 90 of Protocol I 190 Lao People's Democratic Republic: Declaration in accordance with Article 90 of Protocol I I91 Greece: Declaration in accordance with Article 90 of Protocol I........ 191 * * * * * Announcement From 1998 the International Review ofthe Red Cross will be pub­ lished quarterly instead of every two months. This decision has been taken as a cost-cutting measure. The editors will endeavour to make the Review even more interesting by offering a rich and varied selec­ tion of items and contributions by a wide range of authors. We trust that the Review will continue to attract the same loyal readership. International Committee of the Red Cross 2 A note from the Editor This issue of the Review is devoted to two aspects of ICRC action in behalf of conflict victims: the implementation of international humanitar­ ian law, notably as regards criminal prosecution at the international level, and recent developments within the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. In June of this year a United Nations diplomatic conference will be held in Rome to discuss and, hopefully, to decide on the establishment of an international criminal court - the first ever to be instituted on a pennanent basis. The court would have jurisdiction to try serious viola­ tions of international humanitarian law and would thus make a valuable contribution towards ensuring greater respect for at least the minimum standards of humanity in times of war. Much will be at stake in Rome for all those who deplore the current lack of mechanisms capable of guaranteeing the implementation of humanitarian law and the punishment of serious violations thereof. The present issue includes an article by the head of the IeRC's Legal Division, who sets out the organization's position regarding the United Nations' proposal for the creation of such a court. A further article, based on historical research, draws attention to the remarkable suggestion made in this respect by Gustave Moynier as early as 1872. Other authors explore the difficult issue of impunity as a factor in the restoration of peace and attempt to clarify the scope of criminal responsibility in the law applicable to internal conflicts. One of the fundamental objectives of any humanitarian activity is to ensure that all parties to an armed conflict respect their obligations under humanitarian law. An article entitled "Promoting norms to limit violence in crisis situations: challenges, strategies and alliances", ex­ plores different ways of achieving this goal. Another article on the use of chemical weapons during the Italian invasion of Abyssinia in 1935-1936 and the ICRC' s subsequent response opens a little-known chapter in the history of humanitarian law. 3 INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF THE RED CROSS The second part of the issue contains the resolutions adopted by the Council of Delegates at its meeting from 25 to 27 November 1997 in Seville, Spain.
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