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Pakistan Research Repository PAKISTAN’S ENGAGEMENT AS A FRONTLINE STATE IN THE US-LED ‘WAR ON TERROR’: POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND STRATEGIC DIMENSIONS PhD Dissertation By Sadaf Bashir Department of International Relations & Political Science Qurtuba University of Science & Information Technology Peshawar (Pakistan) 2015 16 In The Name Of The Most Beneficent The Most Merciful 17 PAKISTAN’S ENGAGEMENT AS A FRONTLINE STATE IN THE US-LED ‘WAR ON TERROR’: POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND STRATEGIC DIMENSIONS PhD Dissertation By Sadaf Bashir Department of International Relations & Political Science Qurtuba University of Science & Information Technology Peshawar (Pakistan) 2015 CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL 18 THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT A DISSERTATION TITLED, “PAKISTAN’S ENGAGEMENT AS A FRONTLINE STATE IN THE US-LED ‘WAR ON TERROR’: POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND STRATEGIC DIMENSIONS” SUBMITTED BY SADAF BASHIR D/O MUHAMMAD BASHIR, IS OF SUFFICIENT STANDARD TO JUSTIFY ITS ACCEPTANCE BY DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS & POLITICAL SCIENCE, QURTUBA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, PESHAWAR, FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY. -------------------------------- (Supervisor) External Examiners: 1. ---------------------------------- Dr. 2. ---------------------------------- Dr. 19 This Dissertation is Dedicated to My Parents, Muhammad Bashir and Shahnaz Parveen ─Whose Prayers are Great Source of Strength to Me in Every Noble Venture. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 20 All praises to Almighty ALLAH for the strengths and His blessing in completing this thesis. The completion of my PhD dissertation has been a long journey but I could not have succeeded without the constant support of the select few I’m about to mention. First and foremost, I am highly indebted to my Research Supervisor, Dr. A. Z. Hilali, who has supported me throughout my thesis with his wealth of knowledge, invaluable guidance and patience whilst allowing me the room to work in my own way. I doubt that I will ever be able to convey my appreciation fully, but I owe him my eternal gratitude. I am most grateful to the Department of International Relations & Political Science, Qurtuba University of Science & Information Technology, Peshawar for their academic and research support. I expand my thanks to all the staff in the University for their Assistance and kindness. My sincerest appreciation extends to Professor Dr. Saleem whose distilled wisdom was very helpful, sometimes in most surprising ways. I am very thankful as well, to the Higher Education Commission, Islamabad, for granting me a scholarship to pursue my studies. I also want to express my gratitude to my best friend Shabana Noureen, not only for her excellent comments, but also for listening to me whenever I got excited about a new idea. Sincere thanks to her for intellectual and moral support during my study. Of course no acknowledgments would be complete without giving thanks to my beloved parents. They’ve taught me about hard work, self-respect and determination. Words cannot express the gratitude I have for my grandfather Fazl-ur-Rehman (Late) and my sister Aasya Bashir for their endless affection, prayers and encouragement. I must acknowledge my brothers Muhammad Basharat and Muhammad Bilal for helping me get through the difficult times, and for all the support and caring they provided. Sadaf Bashir 21 ABSTRACT This study examines the political, economic and strategic dimensions of Pakistan’s engagement as a frontline state in the US-led ‘War on Terror’. Pakistan’s objectives in the ‘War on Terror’ seek to protect the country from an internal backlash from militants and extremists and from the external threat emanating from India. In line with these objectives, Pakistan seeks to retain a delicate ‘balancing act’ in its relations with United States and Afghan Taliban. This ‘balancing act’ involves extending significant counterterrorism assistance to the US-led coalition by combating Al-Qaeda operatives and anti-Pakistani state, Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan, while also ‘continue investing’ its political and financial capital in Afghan Taliban fighting the US-led coalition forces in Afghanistan. As a result, Pakistan is feeling the heat on both sides, with extremists and Taliban rebels have turned against the state for joining the US- led coalition ‘War on Terror,’ while the US officials criticize Islamabad for declining to cooperate wholeheartedly. United States has repeatedly pressured Pakistan to fall in line with its objectives which seek to disrupt and dismantle Al-Qaeda network, stabilize ‘AfPak’ region, encircle China, purge the threat of the emergence of Nuclear Iran, and shore up the US political and military influence in Central Asia. Pakistan’s concerns, however, revolve around the emerging US-India nexus in South Asia, which Islamabad perceives is directed to minimize its influence in Afghanistan and the region and put its vital security interests at risk. In fact, the US ‘tilt’ toward India forced Pakistan to avoid complementing the US objectives fully. Islamabad, therefore, insists to recognize the benefits of partnering against combating terrorism which must be balanced against Pakistan’s security interests. In this regard, well-crafted US policies are needed to address Pakistan’s insecurities vis-à-vis India and Afghanistan, its economy and internal stability and acknowledge Pakistan’s growing relationship with China and Iran before the US can expect Pakistan to support its objectives in the ‘War on Terror’. 22 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ANP Awami National Party ATC Anti-Terrorism Court BCC Border Coordination Centre CARs Central Asian Republics CIA Central Intelligence Agency CSF Coalition Support Funds CTBT Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty CBM Confidence Building Measures CTC Counter-Terrorism Committee ESF Economic Support Funds EU European Union FATA Federally Administered Tribal Areas FDI Foreign Direct Investment FC Frontier Corps FCR Frontier Crimes Regulations FMF Foreign Military Financing FY Fiscal Year GDP Gross Domestic Product GHQ General Headquarter GNP Gross National Product IDPs Internally Displaced Persons IED Improvised Explosive Device ISAF International Security and Assistance Forces ISI Inter Services Intelligence ISPR Inter Services Public Relations JD/JuD Jamaat-ud-Dawa 23 JI Jamiat-e-Islami JM/JeM Jaish-e-Mohammed JSOC Joint Special Operations Command JUI-F Jamiat-e-Ulema-e-Islam (Fazl-ur-Rehman Faction) JUI-S Jamiat-e-Ulema-e-Islam (Sami-ul-Haq Faction) KPK Khyber Pakhtunkhawa (Province of Pakistan) LJ/LeJ Lashkar-e-Jhangvi LoC Line of Control (Kashmir) LT/LeT Lashkar-e-Tayyaba MMA Muttahida-Majlis-e-Amal MQM Mutahiddah Qaumi Movement NACTA National Counter Terrorism Authority NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NGO Non-Governmental Organization NWA North Waziristan Agency OEF Operation Enduring Freedom (Afghanistan) PML-N Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz Sharif Faction) PML-Q Pakistan Muslim League (Quaid-e-Azam Faction) PPP Pakistan Peoples Party QST Quetta Shura Taliban RAW Research and Intelligence Wing (of India) ROZ/ROZs Reconstruction Opportunity Zone(s) SMP Sipah-e-Muhammad Pakistan SSP Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan SWA South Waziristan Agency TAPI Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India Gas pipeline TJP Tehreek-e-Jafria Pakistan TNFJ Tehreek-e-Nifaz-e-Fiqah Jaffria TNSM Tehrik-e-Nifaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi TTP Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan UK United Kingdom 24 UN United Nations UNSC United Nations Security Council US United States USAID United States Agency for International Development 25 Chapter – 01 INTRODUCTION The 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center (New York) and the Pentagon (Washington), totally transformed Pakistan’s relations with United States. The George Bush administration quickly blamed that Al-Qaeda network led by Osama bin Laden, based in Afghanistan, was involved in the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Given Pakistan’s proximity to Afghanistan and its diplomatic and military relations with the Taliban, the Bush administration sought Pakistani military ruler, General Pervez Musharraf’s cooperation to dismantle Al-Qaeda’s network in Afghanistan and to overthrow the Taliban regime that allegedly provided safe haven to Al-Qaeda’s central leadership.1 Pakistan’s dilemma was that it had supported the Taliban regime (1996-2001) in Afghanistan as part of its traditional ‘strategic depth’2 policy against India and Taliban had extensive ethnic, economic, and political ‘connections’ to Pakistan’s tribal areas. In fact, Taliban had access to more influential lobbies such as state institutions, Inter Services Intelligence (ISI), major political parties, militant groups, the extensive madaris (Islamic religious schools) network, the drug mafia, business community and transport groups in Pakistan than most Pakistanis.3 Islamabad, therefore, “feared that an abrupt reversal in [Afghan] policy would cause an internal backlash” from Islamic parties, militant groups and ISI. 4 In this context, the tragic events of 9/11 hit the Musharraf regime like a ‘thunderbolt’, compelling it to choose between the Taliban and America. Faced with intense pressure from United States and its Western allies, General Musharraf agreed to modify the pro-Taliban policy of the state and align it with that of the US objectives in the region. 5 General Musharraf presumed that engagement in the US-led ‘War on Terror’ would provide Islamabad the opportunities to secure its core national security interests which included: protecting territorial integrity and sovereignty of the country, safeguarding its nuclear and strategic
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